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The automotive industry in China has been the largest in the world measured by automobile unit production since 2008.^[1]^[2]^[3] Since 2009 annual production of automobiles in China exceeds that of the European Union or that of the United States and Japan combined.

Of the automobiles produced, 44.3% were local brands (including BYD, Dongfeng Motor, FAW Group, SAIC Motor, Lifan, Chang'an (Chana), Geely, Chery, Hafei, Jianghuai (JAC), Great Wall and Roewe), and the rest were produced by joint ventures with foreign car makers such as Volkswagen, General Motors, Hyundai, Nissan, Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi etc. While most of the cars manufactured in China are sold within China, exports reached 814,300 units in 2011.^[4] China's home market provides its automakers a solid base and Chinese economic planners hope to build globally competitive auto companies.^[5]^[6]

China's automobile industry had Soviet origins mainly (plants and licensed auto design were founded in 1950s with the help of USSR) and had small volume for the first 30 years of the republic, not exceeding 100-200 thousands per year. It has developed rapidly since the early 1990s. China's annual automobile production capacity first exceeded one million in 1992. By 2000, China was producing over two million vehicles. After China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the development of the automobile market further accelerated. Between 2002 and 2007, China's national automobile market grew by an average 21 percent, or one million vehicles year-on-year. In 2006, China’s vehicle production capacity successively exceeded six, then seven million, and in 2007, China produced over eight million automobiles.^[7] In 2009, China produced 13.79 million automobiles, of which 8 million were passenger cars and 3.41 million were commercial vehicles and surpassed the United States as the world's largest automobile producer by volume. In 2010, both sales and production topped 18 million units, with 13.76 million passenger cars delivered, in each case the largest by any nation in history.^[8]

The number of registered cars, buses, vans, and trucks on the road in China reached 62 million in 2009, and is expected to exceed 200 million by 2020.^[9] The consultancy McKinsey & Company estimates that China's car market will grow tenfold between 2005 and 2030.^[10]

The main industry group for the Chinese automotive industry is the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (中国汽车工业协会).

History

1949 to 1980

1956: First Automobile Works The first car Jiefang CA-30 began production of a modern automobile plant.^[11]
March 10, 1958: The first 2½ ton light duty truck (NJ130), which was based on Russian GAZ-51, was produced in Nanjing. The truck was named Yuejin (meaning "leap forward") by China's First Ministry of Industrial Machinery.
June 1958: Nanjing Automobile Works, previously a vehicle servicing unit of the Army, was established. The truck production continued until the last truck (NJ134) rolled off the assembly line on July 9, 1987. Cumulative production was 161,988 units (including models NJ130, NJ230, NJ135 and NJ134).
late 1950s to 1960s: Several automobile factories were set up in Nanjing (today is Nanjing Automobile (Group) Corporation), Shanghai (today is Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation), Jinan (evolving into China National Heavy Duty Truck Group), and Beijing (today is Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation).
1968: The Second Automobile Works (later Dongfeng Motor Corporation) was founded.

1980 to 1990

The passenger car industry was a minor part of vehicle production during the first three decades of China’s socialist economy. As late as 1985, the country produced a total of only 5,200 cars. To announce that the desire for consumer goods was no longer politically suspect and stimulate personal spending, while also advertising the opening of the Chinese market to foreign producers, a fabricated news story about China's first peasant to own a car was distributed across the world.^[12] Sun Guiying, a chicken farmer from near Beijing was touted has having purchased a silver Toyota Publica with her earnings.^[13] While the article was largely fraudulent (Mrs. Guiying did not know how to drive, and her husband was a senior official rather than a peasant),^[14] the message came across loud and clear. Car sales shot through the roof, although they were almost entirely purchased by danweis (work units - private car ownership was virtually unknown at the time, in spite of the Sun Guiying story).^[15]

As domestic production was very limited, import totals rose dramatically, despite a 260 per cent import duty on foreign vehicles. Before 1984, the dominant exporter of cars to China had been the Soviet Union. In 1984, Japan's vehicle exports to China increased sevenfold (from 10,800 to 85,000) and by mid-1985 China had become Japan's second biggest export market after the US.^[16] The country spent some $3 billion to import more than 350,000 vehicles (including 106,000 cars and 111,000 trucks) in 1985 alone. Three taxi companies in particular thirsted for Japanese cars, such as Toyota Crowns and Nissan Bluebirds.^[17]

As this spending binge began to lead to a severe trade deficit, the Chinese leadership put on the brakes, both through propaganda efforts and by making foreign exchange much less accessible.^[18] Customs duties on imported goods were raised in March 1985 and a new "regulatory tax" was added a little later. In September 1985 a two-year moratorium on nearly all vehicle imports was imposed.^[18]

While limiting imports, China also tried to increase local production by boosting the various existing joint-venture passenger car production agreements, as well as adding new ones. In 1983, American Motors Corporation (AMC, later acquired by Chrysler Corporation) signed a 20-year contract to produce their Jeep-model vehicles in Beijing. The following year, Germany’s Volkswagen signed a 25-year contract to make passenger cars in Shanghai, and France’s Peugeot agreed to another passenger car project to make vehicles in the prosperous southern city of Guangzhou.^[17] These early joint ventures did not allow the Chinese to borrowing much foreign technology, as knock-down kit assembly made up the majority of manufacturing activities;^[19] tooling may not have been allowed to slip past borders.

Three big joint-ventures and three small joint-ventures:

Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation - Volkswagen: Volkswagen Santana mid-size/compact car.
First Automobile Works - Volkswagen: Volkswagen Jetta compact car.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation - Citroën: Citroën Fukang compact car.

Beijing Automotive Industry - Hyundai Motor - DaimlerChrysler: Jeep Cherokee (XJ).
Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group - Peugeot : Peugeot 504 (subsequently defunct). However, in the nineties, Honda replaced Peugeot as the partner of Guangzhou Auto, and began producing the Accord and later the Fit with huge success. In 2006, it started to manufacture Toyota Camry, also with considerable success. Guangdong province is now the center of the manufacturing of Japanese makes in China.
Tianjin Automotive Industry - Daihatsu : Daihatsu Charade (since merged with FAW/Toyota joint-venture).

1990 to present

Several enterprises entered the automobile industry since 1994. Some of them are originated from defense industry, such as Chang'an Motors, Changhe, and Hafei Motor; some were developed from old state-owned companies, such as BYD Auto, Brilliance China Auto, Chery Automobile, and Changfeng Automobile. Others are private-owned companies, such as Geely Automobile and Great Wall Motors.

Sectors

China had a total of 6,322 automotive enterprises as of the end of November 2006.^{[citation needed]} The total output value of the automotive sector for the first three quarters of 2006 was US$143 billion^{[citation needed]}. As incomes increase the high annual growth rate of private ownership is expected to accelerate.

Automobile production

China surpassed Japan to become the world's second-largest vehicle market in 2006, and passed the United States to become the largest in 2009.^{[citation needed]} This growth is spurring demand for automotive parts, services, and after-care products. China is presently capable of manufacturing a complete line of automobile products and large automotive enterprises. Major domestic firms include the China First Automobile Group Corp. (FAW), Dongfeng Motor Corp. (DMC) and Shanghai Automotive Industry (Group) Corp. (SAIC).

Alternate fuel vehicles

China encourages the development of clean and fuel efficient vehicles in an effort to sustain continued growth of the country’s automobile industry (see Fuel economy in automobiles). By the end of 2007, China plans to reduce the average fuel consumption per 100 km for all types of vehicles by 10%. The proportion of vehicles burning alternate fuel will be increased to help optimize the country's energy consumption. Priority will be given to facilitating the research and development of electric and hybrid vehicles as well as alternate fuel vehicles, especially CNG/LNG. Major cities like Beijing and Shanghai already require Euro III emission standards. In 2009, Beijing will be the first city to require GUO IV emission standards (Euro IV emission standards).

Electric vehicles

The Chinese Automotive Industry Plan, announced on the main Web site of China's central government, said China aims to create capacity to produce 500,000 "new energy" vehicles, such as battery electric cars and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The plan aims to increase sales of such new-energy cars to account for about 5% of China's passenger vehicle sales.^[20] At the 2010 Beijing Motor Show, more than 20 electric vehicles were on display, most of which came from native automakers. As of May 2010, at least 10 all-electric models have been reported to be on track for volume-production.^[21] The first mass-produced plug-in hybrid car (BYD F3DM), all-electric minivan (Luxgen 7 MPV EV) and all-electric long-range bus (500 km range Zonda Bus) are Chinese.

China subsidies oil^[22] ^[23] ^[24] and some Chinese automakers see opportunities in less mature electric vehicles because Western companies have yet to develop much of a lead in the technology.^[25]^[26]

Auto parts

Currently^[when?] auto parts and accessories enjoy lower levels of tariffs than cars (the average tariff is 10-13% for parts/accessories and 25% for cars).^{[citation needed]}

China has agreed to lower tariffs on imported auto parts and accessories to 10%. Although this difference in duty rate was initially^[when?] responsible for an increase in motorcycle and car kit imports, the loophole has been tightened. Now, only replacement parts and accessories enter China under the lower duty level.^{[citation needed]}

Used motor vehicles and used/refurbished auto parts

Used cars can be imported to China although some restrictions apply. Refurbished heavy construction equipment can be imported with a special permit. Used and refurbished auto parts are not allowed to be imported into China.

Automotive after-sales products and services

Although improvements have been made in this field in the past decade, China's after-sales products and services still lag far behind those of developed countries.^{[citation needed]} However, WTO commitments have brought about significant changes in the after-sale market. China’s aftercare market now faces the following challenges:

Establishing an information feedback system with end-users in order to improve service;
Modernizing outdated sales systems;
Increasing the competitiveness of domestic auto parts, accessories and aftermarket kits;
Clamping down on counterfeit products.

Car dealerships

In China, authorized car dealership are called 4S car shops. The 4S represents Sale, Sparepart, Service and Survey. 整車销售(Sale)、零配件(Sparepart)、售後服务(Service)、信息反馈(Survey).

In most cases, brand-name new cars can be purchased only from 4S shops. For new cars in high demand, a high premium is added for instant delivery or just placing an order.

The profit of car dealers in China is quite high comparing to the rest of the world, in most cases 10%. This is due to the non-transparent invoice price as announced by manufactures and to the premiums they charge for quick delivery. Due to the lack of knowledge for most customers, dealers can sell add-ons at much higher prices than the aftermarket.

There is no regulation by either the government or associations.

Exports

As of 2012 exports of Chinese automobiles were about 1 million vehicles per year and rapidly increasing. Most sales were made to emerging economies such as Algeria, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, or Syria^[4] where a Chinese-made automobile such as a Geely, Great Wall, or Chery sells for about half of what a comparable model manufactured by a multinational brand such as Toyota does. The Chinese cars are based on multinational designs but cheaply made; they are particularly lacking in safety features. Cars made in China by multinational joint ventures are generally not exported. The quality of Chinese cars is rapidly increasing but, according to J. D. Power and Associates, is not expected to reach parity with multinational manufacturers until about 2018.^[27]

Domestic manufacturers

Foreign manufacturers

In 2005, 5,707,688 motor vehicles were manufactured in China. The following 13 foreign makers have joint venture factories, with local partners, in China.

Toyota

Currently Toyota is the only company making hybrids in China. It sold 2,000 in 2006.

Toyota (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks	Buses
150 078	146 943	3 635

Nissan

Nissan (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks	Buses
179 034	166 938	12 096

Honda

Honda (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks
254 820	254 820

Suzuki

Suzuki (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks
139 536	139 536

Mazda

Mazda-AutoAlliance (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks
107 929	107 929

Daihatsu

Daihatsu (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks	Buses
1 290	1 290

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks	Buses
278 540	178 540	49 450	28 660	21 890

FIAT

FIAT-Iveco (2005)
	Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks	Buses
FIAT	32 856	32 856
Iveco	18 235		5 620		12 615

Isuzu

Isuzu (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks
23 214		23 214

Ford

Chang'an Motors (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks	Bus and Coaches
145 498	59 827	85 671

General Motors

GM Shanghai & SAIC (2005)
Total motor vehicles 250365454	Passenger cars 25487	Light commercial vehicles 2654	Heavy trucks 26587	Buses
346 697	308 290	38 407

PSA Peugeot-Citroën

Peugeot-Citroën (2005)
	Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks	Buses
Citroën	101 839	101 839

Volkswagen

VW (2005)
Total motor vehicles	Passenger cars	Light commercial vehicles	Heavy trucks
430 600	430 592

Controversies

Copying claims controversy

Several Chinese car makers have been accused of copying designs of other companies.^[28]

BYD

Some BYD cars may look similar to those of other brands including Lexus,^[29] Toyota,Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

^[30] Honda,^[31] Mercedes Benz,^[32]
^[33]
^[34] and Porsche.</ref>^[35] For example, the BYD S8 bears similarity to the Mercedes CLK from the front, and the Renault Megane CC or third generation Chrysler Sebring convertible from the rear.^[36]

An anonymous staff member at Honda claimed that the BYD F3 was "a known copy" of the Toyota Corolla (with Honda Fit design cues).^[37] Another model too, the BYD F1, has been described by an industry observer as "a clear copy" - this one of the Toyota Aygo.^[38]

Domestic dealerships have been known to take advantage of this and replace the badging of BYD vehicles with those of other car manufacturers, including Toyota.^[37] Micheal Austin, vice president of BYD America, has acknowledged the issue saying that the practices done by dealers (which are franchised) has made BYD "uncomfortable".^[37] Even the US government has criticized BYD's practices, with a WikiLeaked document from the US Consul-General to Guangzhou (Brian Goldbeck) referring to BYD's practice of copying in a document entitled "BYD seeks to 'Build Your Dreams' -- based on Someone Else's Designs".^[37]

BYD established its North American headquarters in Los Angeles, California in 2012.^[39]

Chery

In June, 2003, General Motors, a U.S. company, sued Chery, accusing the Chinese manufacturer of copying the first generation Daewoo Matiz (developed by GM Korea) with the design for the Chery QQ.^[40] General Motors then went on to accuse Chery of using a Matiz in a crash test for the Chery QQ.^[40]

GM executives claimed design duplication,^[41] which may extend to interchangeable parts,^[42] and GM China Group stated the two vehicles, "shared remarkably identical body structure, exterior design, interior design and key components."^[41]

After mediation attempts failed, GM Daewoo brought a case against Chery in a Shanghai court, but by 2005 jurisdiction had been moved^[42] to the Beijing No.1 Intermediate People's Court.^[43]

Around that time Chinese state officials, including a vice-minister of commerce and a vice-director of the State Intellectual Property Office, publicly supported Chery.^[43] It was suggested that GM may have not patented its technology.^[43] In late 2005 the lawsuit was settled.^[40]

Great Wall Motor

Fiat company has claimed that a Great Wall A-segment car, the Peri (Jing Ling in China), is a copy of its 2nd-generation Fiat Panda.^[44]

A 2008 Italian Turin court ruling substantiated the claim stating that the Great Wall Peri, “doesn’t look like a different car but is a [Fiat] Panda with a different front end.”^[45]

A copyright infringement case in China did not see a similar outcome.^{[clarification needed]}^{[citation needed]}

Other Great Wall models may resemble those of other automakers: The Great Wall Florid, may look similar to a Toyota ist; and some older Great Wall Hover models may look like Isuzu Axioms, etc.^{[citation needed]}

Shuanghuan

The Shuanghuan Noble has caused numerous controversies, with Mercedes-Benz even filing a lawsuit against Shuanghuan because of its similarities with the Smart Fortwo.^[46] Mercedes-Benz also persuaded the Italian court to prohibit the car from being exhibited at the Bologna Motor Show,^{[citation needed]} but the Shuanghuan Noble car was put on display anyway.^[47]

In May 2009 a Greek judge ruled against Daimler and cleared the car allowing sales to begin in Greece. The judge answering to Daimler's demand to ban the Chinese vehicle from entering the Greek market said that “The impression the Noble makes on a third and informed party by its visual appearance is different to the one that is made to the same person by the Smart . . . It is commonly accepted that the decision over buying a new car cannot be based only on the exterior characteristics but many other technical specifications such as the power of the engine, fuel consumption, trim specification, retail price and dealers’ network.”^[48]

The ruling states that the latter party’s doings “cannot possibly misguide the public” as the German company claimed in its legal request. The judge noted the salient fact that “the plaintiff is no longer selling the specific generation of the Smart which claims to have been copied, but a different vehicle, with much different characteristics.”

Threats to disclose industry secrets

The Wall Street Journal reported that the government of China will be forcing foreign carmakers to disclose their electric vehicle technology secrets before the vehicles are allowed to be sold in China. The current Chinese automotive policy states that a foreign carmaker must form a joint-venture with a Chinese carmaker if the former plans to sell its electric vehicles there, with the Chinese carmaker owning 51% of the joint venture.

Due to this threat by the Chinese government, Toyota postponed the launch of the current-generation Prius until they learn more about the plan.^[49]

References

^ "RIA Novosti - World - China becomes world's largest car market". En.rian.ru. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
^ "China emerges as world's auto epicenter - Politics- msnbc.com". MSNBC. 2009-05-20. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "More cars are now sold in China than in America". The Economist. 2009-10-23.
^ ^a ^b http://www.inautonews.com/china-car-exports-up-almost-50-percent-in-2011
^ Anderson, Greg
^ Designated Drivers: How China Plans to Dominate the Global Auto Industry
^ "China's 10 millionth vehicle this year comes off the production line - People's Daily Online". English.people.com.cn. 2009-10-21. Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Chinese Auto Sales Set New World Record of 18 Million Units in 2010". ChinaAutoWeb.com.
^ "How Many Cars are There in China?". ChinaAutoWeb.com.
^ "China's E6 electric car: 'We're not trying to save the world – we're trying to make money' - 03 Apr 2009". BusinessGreen.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ http://www.chinatechgadget.com/chinas-first-home-made-automobile-jiefang-truck.html
^ Mann, Jim (1997) [1989], Beijing Jeep: A Case Study of Western Business in China, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 139–140, ISBN 0-8133-3327-X
^ Mazzocchi, Gianni (1984). "Anche i Cinesi vogliono l'auto". Quattroruote (in Italian). 29 (347). Milan, Italy: Editoriale Domus: 57. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
^ Dale, David (1984-04-17). "Great Moments in Media". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
^ Mann, p. 145
^ Mann, p. 149
^ ^a ^b Harwit, Eric (2001). "The Impact of WTO Membership on the Automobile Industry in China" (PDF). The China Quarterly: 655–670. Retrieved 2010-09-16. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ ^a ^b Mann, pp. 151-152
^ Chang, Crystal (2009). Developmental Strategies in a Global Economy: The Unexpected Emergence of China’s Independent Auto Industry. p. 7. Retrieved 01/04/2012. {{cite conference}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ "Obama's Briefing; Sandalow To DOE; Automaker News; Nat'l Wildlife Federation Embraces PHEVs". Calcars.org. 2009-03-27. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "A List of High-speed Electric Cars from Chinese Automakers". ChinaAutoWeb.com. 2010-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ China's fuel subsidy costs the world reuters.com, Wed Jun 4, 2008 8:08am EDT]
^ A rounder world threatens Asia's economies reuters.com, Fri Jul 4, 2008 7:13am EDT
^ China to raise the price of fuel bbc.co.uk, 18:04 GMT, Thursday, 19 June 2008
^ Mr. Heyi Xu，the president of Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co., Ltd. delivered a speech at the 2009 China (Changchun) International Automobile Forum BAIC Official Site, 2009-07-20
^ Big bet on better battery-run cars chinadaily.com.cn, 2011-01-03
^ Keith Bradsher (July 5, 2012). "Chinese Cars Make Valuable Gains in Emerging Markets". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
^ Brierley, David (2007-09-09). "Road rage in the West as copycat cars from China start to make their marque overseas". The Independent. London, UK. Archived from the original on 2010-04-22.
^ CCT (7 December 2009). "BYD SUV Revealed! – Its not a Lexus RV, its not a Lexus RV…". chinacartimes.com. China Car Times. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
^ China's F1 entry... sorta autoblog.com, Oct 23rd 2007
^ Beijing '08 Preview: BYD e6 electrifies family hauling autoblog.com, Apr 17th 2008
^ BYD S8 - ready for the warm days chinacartimes.com, Mon Apr 13 2009
^ BYD B8 Convertible: Impending Doom Never Looked So Good, SL-like jalopnik.com, Tue Apr 21 2009
^ Chinese Byd for entry into sports car market autoblog.com, Nov 5th 2006
^ BYD T6: Is it photoshop tuesday at BYD? chinacartimes.com, Mon May 4, 2009
^ MotorAuthority: Another Chinese copy, the BYD F8
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ben Berkowitz, Kevin Krolicki and Lee Chyen Yee (2011-03-09). "Special Report: Warren Buffett's China car deal could backfire". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
^ "BYD's bid to break the Chinese mould". Easier Cars. 2008-03-05. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
^ (Chinese investment in the U.S.: BYD).
^ ^a ^b ^c "Lawsuits". China Motor Vehicle Documentation Centre. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
^ ^a ^b "China to Foreign Automakers: Drop Dead". Frank Williams. 2007-08-16. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
^ ^a ^b "GM Daewoo claimed their investigation results showed the Chery QQ shared a remarkably identical body structure, exterior design, interior design and key components". BBC News. 2005-05-09. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-05. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Chery even used a camouflaged Matiz car to pass auto tests to acquire authorization from the government over production and sales of QQ". Chinadaily.com.cn. 2005-05-09. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ FIAT IS CONSIDERING TAKING LEGAL ACTION TO STOP GREAT WALL'S PANDA CLONE BEING SOLD IN EUROPE - Italiaspeed.com
^ Great Wall banned from importing GWPeri minicar
^ Frank Filipponio (2007-08-21). "Shuanghuan Noble — Autoblog". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ Blanco, Sebastian (2007-12-11). "Good idea? Smart-clone importers violate court injunction at Bologna Auto Show — Autoblog Green". Autobloggreen.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Greek court rules against Daimler on China SUV - China automotive news". Autonews.gasgoo.com. 2009-05-26. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Alexander, Jacob Mathew (2010-09-22). "China wants foreign companies to disclose EV secrets". paultan.org. Retrieved 2011-04-14.

External links

Anderson, Greg, Designated Drivers: How China Plans to Dominate the Global Auto Industry, book talk at the USC U.S.-China Institute, 2012.

[1] "RIA Novosti - World - China becomes world's largest car market". En.rian.ru. Retrieved 2009-04-28.

[2] "China emerges as world's auto epicenter - Politics- msnbc.com". MSNBC. 2009-05-20. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[3] "More cars are now sold in China than in America". The Economist. 2009-10-23.

[2011_exports-4] ttp://www.inautonews.com/china-car-exports-up-almost-50-percent-in-2011

[5] Anderson, Greg

[6] Designated Drivers: How China Plans to Dominate the Global Auto Industry

[7] "China's 10 millionth vehicle this year comes off the production line - People's Daily Online". English.people.com.cn. 2009-10-21. Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[8] "Chinese Auto Sales Set New World Record of 18 Million Units in 2010". ChinaAutoWeb.com.

[9] "How Many Cars are There in China?". ChinaAutoWeb.com.

[10] "China's E6 electric car: 'We're not trying to save the world – we're trying to make money' - 03 Apr 2009". BusinessGreen.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[11] ttp://www.chinatechgadget.com/chinas-first-home-made-automobile-jiefang-truck.html

[BJ139-12] Mann, Jim (1997) [1989], Beijing Jeep: A Case Study of Western Business in China, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 139–140, ISBN 0-8133-3327-X

[13] Mazzocchi, Gianni (1984). "Anche i Cinesi vogliono l'auto". Quattroruote (in Italian). 29 (347). Milan, Italy: Editoriale Domus: 57. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[14] Dale, David (1984-04-17). "Great Moments in Media". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 2012-02-06.

[15] Mann, p. 145

[16] Mann, p. 149

[Harwik-17] Harwit, Eric (2001). "The Impact of WTO Membership on the Automobile Industry in China" (PDF). The China Quarterly: 655–670. Retrieved 2010-09-16. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[BJ151-18] Mann, pp. 151-152

[19] Chang, Crystal (2009). Developmental Strategies in a Global Economy: The Unexpected Emergence of China’s Independent Auto Industry. p. 7. Retrieved 01/04/2012. {{cite conference}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[20] "Obama's Briefing; Sandalow To DOE; Automaker News; Nat'l Wildlife Federation Embraces PHEVs". Calcars.org. 2009-03-27. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[21] "A List of High-speed Electric Cars from Chinese Automakers". ChinaAutoWeb.com. 2010-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[22] China's fuel subsidy costs the world reuters.com, Wed Jun 4, 2008 8:08am EDT]

[23] A rounder world threatens Asia's economies reuters.com, Fri Jul 4, 2008 7:13am EDT

[24] China to raise the price of fuel bbc.co.uk, 18:04 GMT, Thursday, 19 June 2008

[25] Mr. Heyi Xu，the president of Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co., Ltd. delivered a speech at the 2009 China (Changchun) International Automobile Forum BAIC Official Site, 2009-07-20

[26] Big bet on better battery-run cars chinadaily.com.cn, 2011-01-03

[NYT070512-27] Keith Bradsher (July 5, 2012). "Chinese Cars Make Valuable Gains in Emerging Markets". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2012.

[Many-28] Brierley, David (2007-09-09). "Road rage in the West as copycat cars from China start to make their marque overseas". The Independent. London, UK. Archived from the original on 2010-04-22.

[29] CCT (7 December 2009). "BYD SUV Revealed! – Its not a Lexus RV, its not a Lexus RV…". chinacartimes.com. China Car Times. Retrieved 9 April 2011.

[30] China's F1 entry... sorta autoblog.com, Oct 23rd 2007

[31] Beijing '08 Preview: BYD e6 electrifies family hauling autoblog.com, Apr 17th 2008

[32] BYD S8 - ready for the warm days chinacartimes.com, Mon Apr 13 2009

[33] BYD B8 Convertible: Impending Doom Never Looked So Good, SL-like jalopnik.com, Tue Apr 21 2009

[34] Chinese Byd for entry into sports car market autoblog.com, Nov 5th 2006

[JK1-35] BYD T6: Is it photoshop tuesday at BYD? chinacartimes.com, Mon May 4, 2009

[36] MotorAuthority: Another Chinese copy, the BYD F8

[reuterssp-37] Ben Berkowitz, Kevin Krolicki and Lee Chyen Yee (2011-03-09). "Special Report: Warren Buffett's China car deal could backfire". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

[38] "BYD's bid to break the Chinese mould". Easier Cars. 2008-03-05. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

[39] (Chinese investment in the U.S.: BYD).

[lawsuit-40] "Lawsuits". China Motor Vehicle Documentation Centre. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

[chdaily-41] "China to Foreign Automakers: Drop Dead". Frank Williams. 2007-08-16. Retrieved 2007-12-17.

[beeb-42] "GM Daewoo claimed their investigation results showed the Chery QQ shared a remarkably identical body structure, exterior design, interior design and key components". BBC News. 2005-05-09. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-05. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[cdbei-43] "Chery even used a camouflaged Matiz car to pass auto tests to acquire authorization from the government over production and sales of QQ". Chinadaily.com.cn. 2005-05-09. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[44] FIAT IS CONSIDERING TAKING LEGAL ACTION TO STOP GREAT WALL'S PANDA CLONE BEING SOLD IN EUROPE - Italiaspeed.com

[45] Great Wall banned from importing GWPeri minicar

[46] Frank Filipponio (2007-08-21). "Shuanghuan Noble — Autoblog". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2009-12-05.

[47] Blanco, Sebastian (2007-12-11). "Good idea? Smart-clone importers violate court injunction at Bologna Auto Show — Autoblog Green". Autobloggreen.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[48] "Greek court rules against Daimler on China SUV - China automotive news". Autonews.gasgoo.com. 2009-05-26. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[49] Alexander, Jacob Mathew (2010-09-22). "China wants foreign companies to disclose EV secrets". paultan.org. Retrieved 2011-04-14.

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+{{linkrot}}
 {{External links|date=July 2010}}
 [[File:Chang'an avenue in Beijing.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Chang'an Avenue]] in [[Beijing]].]]
 The '''automotive industry in China''' has been the largest in the world measured by automobile unit production since 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20090206/120007709.html |title=RIA Novosti - World - China becomes world's largest car market |publisher=En.rian.ru |date= |accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30802161/ |title=China emerges as world's auto epicenter - Politics- msnbc.com |publisher=MSNBC |date=2009-05-20 |accessdate=2009-05-25| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090519194322/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30802161/| archivedate= 19 May 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14732026&fsrc=nwl |title=More cars are now sold in China than in America |publisher=The Economist|date=2009-10-23 }}</ref> Since 2009 annual production of automobiles in China exceeds that of the European Union or that of the United States and Japan combined.
-Of the automobiles produced, 44.3% were local brands (including [[BYD Auto|BYD]], [[Dongfeng Motor]], [[FAW Group]], [[SAIC Motor]],  [[Lifan Group|Lifan]], [[Chang'an Motors|Chang'an (Chana)]], [[Geely Automobile|Geely]], [[Chery Automobile|Chery]],  [[Hafei]], [[Anhui Jianghuai Automobile|Jianghuai (JAC)]],  [[Great Wall Motor|Great Wall]] and [[Roewe]]), and the rest were produced by joint ventures with foreign car makers such as [[Volkswagen]], [[General Motors]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Nissan]], [[Honda]], [[Toyota]], [[Mitsubishi]] etc. While most of the cars manufactured in China are sold within China, exports reached 814,300 units in 2011.<ref name = "2011 exports">http://www.inautonews.com/china-car-exports-up-almost-50-percent-in-2011</ref> China's home market provides its automakers a solid base and Chinese economic planners hope to build globally competitive auto companies.<ref>[http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2729 Anderson, Greg]. [http://www.designateddrivers.co/ Designated Drivers: How China Plans to Dominate the Global Auto Industry]</ref>
+Of the automobiles produced, 44.3% were local brands (including [[BYD Auto|BYD]], [[Dongfeng Motor]], [[FAW Group]], [[SAIC Motor]],  [[Lifan Group|Lifan]], [[Chang'an Motors|Chang'an (Chana)]], [[Geely Automobile|Geely]], [[Chery Automobile|Chery]],  [[Hafei]], [[Anhui Jianghuai Automobile|Jianghuai (JAC)]],  [[Great Wall Motor|Great Wall]] and [[Roewe]]), and the rest were produced by joint ventures with foreign car makers such as [[Volkswagen]], [[General Motors]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Nissan]], [[Honda]], [[Toyota]], [[Mitsubishi]] etc. While most of the cars manufactured in China are sold within China, exports reached 814,300 units in 2011.<ref name = "2011 exports">http://www.inautonews.com/china-car-exports-up-almost-50-percent-in-2011</ref> China's home market provides its automakers a solid base and Chinese economic planners hope to build globally competitive auto companies.<ref>[http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2729 Anderson, Greg]</ref><ref>[http://www.designateddrivers.co/ Designated Drivers: How China Plans to Dominate the Global Auto Industry]</ref>
 China's automobile industry had Soviet origins mainly (plants and licensed auto design were founded in 1950s with the help of USSR) and had small volume for the first 30 years of the republic, not exceeding 100-200 thousands per year. It has developed rapidly since the early 1990s. China's annual automobile production capacity first exceeded one million in 1992. By 2000, China was producing over two million vehicles. After China's entry into the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) in 2001, the development of the automobile market further accelerated. Between 2002 and 2007, China's national automobile market grew by an average 21 percent, or one million vehicles year-on-year. In 2006, China’s vehicle production capacity successively exceeded six, then seven million, and in 2007, China produced over eight million automobiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/6789987.html |title=China's 10 millionth vehicle this year comes off the production line - People's Daily Online |publisher=English.people.com.cn |date=2009-10-21 |accessdate=2009-12-05| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091117162528/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/6789987.html| archivedate= 17 November 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> In 2009, China produced 13.79 million automobiles, of which 8 million were [[Sedan (automobile)|passenger cars]] and 3.41 million were [[commercial vehicle]]s and surpassed the United States as the world's largest automobile producer by volume. In 2010, both sales and production topped 18 million units, with 13.76 million passenger cars delivered, in each case the largest by any nation in history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2011/01/chinese-auto-sales-set-new-world-record-of-18-million-units-in-2010/ |title=Chinese Auto Sales Set New World Record of 18 Million Units in 2010 |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com}}</ref>
@@ Line 76: / Line 77: @@
 The [[Chinese Automotive Industry Plan]], announced on the main Web site of [[China's central government]], said China aims to create capacity to produce 500,000 "new energy" vehicles, such as [[battery electric car]]s and [[plug-in hybrid vehicle]]s. The plan aims to increase sales of such new-energy cars to account for about 5% of China's [[passenger vehicle]] sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1052.html |title=Obama's Briefing; Sandalow To DOE; Automaker News; Nat'l Wildlife Federation Embraces PHEVs |publisher=Calcars.org |date=2009-03-27 |accessdate=2009-04-28| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090604171038/http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1052.html| archivedate= 4 June 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> At the 2010 [[Beijing Motor Show]], more than 20 electric vehicles were on display, most of which came from native automakers. As of May 2010, at least 10 all-electric models have been reported to be on track for volume-production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/electric-cars/ |title=A List of High-speed Electric Cars from Chinese Automakers |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com |date=2010-05}}</ref> The first mass-produced plug-in hybrid car ([[BYD F3DM]]), all-electric minivan ([[Luxgen]] 7 MPV EV) and all-electric long-range bus (500&nbsp;km range [[Zonda Bus]]) are Chinese.
-China [[subsidy|subsidies]] oil<ref>
+China [[subsidy|subsidies]] oil<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBNG12910820080604 China's fuel subsidy costs the world] reuters.com, Wed Jun 4, 2008 8:08am EDT]</ref>
-*[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBNG12910820080604 China's fuel subsidy costs the world] reuters.com, Wed Jun 4, 2008 8:08am EDT
+<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/04/columns-column-markets-asia-dc-idUSL0329737920080707?pageNumber=2 A rounder world threatens Asia's economies] reuters.com, Fri Jul 4, 2008 7:13am EDT</ref>
+<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7464040.stm China to raise the price of fuel] bbc.co.uk, 18:04 GMT, Thursday, 19 June 2008</ref> and some Chinese automakers see opportunities in less mature [[electric vehicle]]s because Western companies have yet to develop much of a lead in the technology.<ref>[http://www.baihc.com/en/site/news_content.php?id=60&type=1 Mr. Heyi Xu，the president of Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co., Ltd. delivered a speech at the 2009 China (Changchun) International Automobile Forum] BAIC Official Site, 2009-07-20</ref><ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/2011-01/03/content_11787675.htm Big bet on better battery-run cars] chinadaily.com.cn, 2011-01-03</ref>
-*[http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/04/columns-column-markets-asia-dc-idUSL0329737920080707?pageNumber=2 A rounder world threatens Asia's economies] reuters.com, Fri Jul 4, 2008 7:13am EDT
-*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7464040.stm China to raise the price of fuel] bbc.co.uk, 18:04 GMT, Thursday, 19 June 2008</ref> and some Chinese automakers see opportunities in less mature [[electric vehicle]]s because Western companies have yet to develop much of a lead in the technology.<ref>[http://www.baihc.com/en/site/news_content.php?id=60&type=1 Mr. Heyi Xu，the president of Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co., Ltd. delivered a speech at the 2009 China (Changchun) International Automobile Forum] BAIC Official Site, 2009-07-20</ref><ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/2011-01/03/content_11787675.htm Big bet on better battery-run cars] chinadaily.com.cn, 2011-01-03</ref>
 ===Auto parts===
-Currently [http://www.cinaautoparts.com auto parts] and accessories enjoy lower levels of [[tariff]]s than cars (the average tariff is 10-13% for parts/accessories and 25% for cars). China has agreed to lower tariffs on imported auto parts and accessories to 10%. Although this difference in [[duty (economics)|duty]] rate was initially responsible for an increase in motorcycle and  [[car kit]] imports, the [[loophole]] has been tightened. Now, only replacement parts and accessories enter China under the lower duty level.
+Currently{{when}} auto parts and accessories enjoy lower levels of [[tariff]]s than cars (the average tariff is 10-13% for parts/accessories and 25% for cars).{{cn}}
+China has agreed to lower tariffs on imported auto parts and accessories to 10%. Although this difference in [[duty (economics)|duty]] rate was initially{{when}} responsible for an increase in motorcycle and [[car kit]] imports, the [[loophole]] has been tightened. Now, only replacement parts and accessories enter China under the lower duty level.{{cn}}
 ===Used motor vehicles and used/refurbished auto parts===
@@ Line 88: / Line 90: @@
 ===Automotive after-sales products and services===
-Although improvements have been made in this field in the past decade, China's [http://www.cinaautoparts.com after-sales product] s and services still lag far behind those of [[developed countries]]. However, [[WTO]] commitments have brought about significant changes in the [[after-sale market]]. China’s aftercare market now faces the following challenges:
+Although improvements have been made in this field in the past decade, China's after-sales products and services still lag far behind those of [[developed countries]].{{cn}} However, [[WTO]] commitments have brought about significant changes in the [[after-sale market]]. China’s aftercare market now faces the following challenges:
 * Establishing an information [[feedback]] system with [[end-user]]s in order to improve service;
@@ Line 350: / Line 352: @@
  |title=BYD SUV Revealed! – Its not a Lexus RV, its not a Lexus RV… |author=CCT |date=7 December 2009
  |work=chinacartimes.com |publisher=China Car Times |accessdate=9 April 2011 }}</ref> [[Toyota]],<ref>
-*[http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/13/detroit-2009-byd-f3dm-is-the-poor-mans-plug-in-toyota-corolla/3 Detroit 2009: BYD F3DM is the poor man's plug-in Toyota Corolla] autoblog.com, Jan 13th 2009
+*<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/13/detroit-2009-byd-f3dm-is-the-poor-mans-plug-in-toyota-corolla/3 Detroit 2009: BYD F3DM is the poor man's plug-in Toyota Corolla] autoblog.com, Jan 13th 2009</ref>
-*[http://www.autoblog.com/2007/10/23/chinas-f1-entry-sorta/ China's F1 entry... sorta] autoblog.com, Oct 23rd 2007</ref> [[Honda]],<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2008/04/17/beijing-08-preview-byd-e6-electrifies-family-hauling/ Beijing '08 Preview: BYD e6 electrifies family hauling] autoblog.com, Apr 17th 2008</ref> [[Mercedes Benz]],<ref>[http://www.chinacartimes.com/2009/04/14/byd-s8-convertible-ready-for-the-warm-days/: BYD S8 - ready for the warm days] chinacartimes.com, Mon Apr 13 2009
+*<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2007/10/23/chinas-f1-entry-sorta/ China's F1 entry... sorta] autoblog.com, Oct 23rd 2007</ref> [[Honda]],<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2008/04/17/beijing-08-preview-byd-e6-electrifies-family-hauling/ Beijing '08 Preview: BYD e6 electrifies family hauling] autoblog.com, Apr 17th 2008</ref> [[Mercedes Benz]],<ref>[http://www.chinacartimes.com/2009/04/14/byd-s8-convertible-ready-for-the-warm-days/: BYD S8 - ready for the warm days] chinacartimes.com, Mon Apr 13 2009</ref>
-*[http://jalopnik.com/5221646/byd-b8-convertible-impending-doom-never-looked-so-good-sl+like BYD B8 Convertible: Impending Doom Never Looked So Good, SL-like] jalopnik.com, Tue Apr 21 2009
+*<ref>[http://jalopnik.com/5221646/byd-b8-convertible-impending-doom-never-looked-so-good-sl+like BYD B8 Convertible: Impending Doom Never Looked So Good, SL-like] jalopnik.com, Tue Apr 21 2009</ref>
-*[http://www.autoblog.com/2006/11/05/chinese-byd-for-entry-into-sports-car-market/ Chinese Byd for entry into sports car market] autoblog.com, Nov 5th 2006</ref> and [[Porsche]].<ref name="JK1">[http://www.chinacartimes.com/2009/05/05/byd-t6-is-it-photoshop-tuesday/ BYD T6: Is it photoshop tuesday at BYD?] chinacartimes.com, Mon May 4, 2009</ref> For example, the BYD S8 bears similarity to the [[Mercedes CLK]] from the front, and the [[Renault Megane CC]] or third generation [[Chrysler Sebring (convertible)|Chrysler Sebring convertible]] from the rear.<ref>[http://www.motorauthority.com/another-chinese-copy-the-byd-f8.html MotorAuthority: Another Chinese copy, the BYD F8]</ref>
+*<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2006/11/05/chinese-byd-for-entry-into-sports-car-market/ Chinese Byd for entry into sports car market] autoblog.com, Nov 5th 2006</ref> and [[Porsche]].</ref><ref name="JK1">[http://www.chinacartimes.com/2009/05/05/byd-t6-is-it-photoshop-tuesday/ BYD T6: Is it photoshop tuesday at BYD?] chinacartimes.com, Mon May 4, 2009</ref> For example, the BYD S8 bears similarity to the [[Mercedes CLK]] from the front, and the [[Renault Megane CC]] or third generation [[Chrysler Sebring (convertible)|Chrysler Sebring convertible]] from the rear.<ref>[http://www.motorauthority.com/another-chinese-copy-the-byd-f8.html MotorAuthority: Another Chinese copy, the BYD F8]</ref>
 An anonymous staff member at [[Honda]] claimed that the [[BYD F3]] was "a known copy" of the [[Toyota Corolla]] (with [[Honda Fit]] design cues).<ref name=reuterssp/> Another model too, the [[BYD F1]], has been described by an industry observer as "a clear copy" - this one of the [[Toyota Aygo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easier.com/2715-byd-s-bid-to-break-the-chinese-mould.html |title=BYD's bid to break the Chinese mould |author= |publisher=Easier Cars|date=2008-03-05 |accessdate=2011-03-11}}</ref>
@@ Line 359: / Line 361: @@
 Domestic dealerships have been known to take advantage of this and replace the badging of BYD vehicles with those of other car manufacturers, including [[Toyota]].<ref name=reuterssp/> Micheal Austin, vice president of BYD America, has acknowledged the issue saying that the practices done by dealers (which are franchised) has made BYD "uncomfortable".<ref name=reuterssp>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/09/us-wiki-buffett-byd-idUSTRE72848X20110309?pageNumber=4 |title=Special Report: Warren Buffett's China car deal could backfire |author=Ben Berkowitz, Kevin Krolicki and Lee Chyen Yee |publisher=Reuters |date=2011-03-09 |accessdate=2011-03-11}}</ref> Even the US government has criticized BYD's practices, with a WikiLeaked document from the US Consul-General to Guangzhou (Brian Goldbeck) referring to BYD's practice of copying in a document entitled "BYD seeks to 'Build Your Dreams' -- based on Someone Else's Designs".<ref name=reuterssp/>
-BYD established its North American headquarters in [[Los Angeles, California]] in 2012.[http://www.uschina.usc.edu/article@usct?chinese_investment_in_the_us_byd_auto_company_18091.aspx (Chinese investment in the U.S.: BYD).]
+BYD established its North American headquarters in [[Los Angeles, California]] in 2012.<ref>[http://www.uschina.usc.edu/article@usct?chinese_investment_in_the_us_byd_auto_company_18091.aspx (Chinese investment in the U.S.: BYD).]</ref>
 ====Chery====