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Telangana

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Telangana
తెలంగాణ
state (proposed)
Map of India with Telangana highlighted in red
Map of India with Telangana highlighted in red
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
Area
[1]
 • Total114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total35,286,757
 • Density310/km2 (800/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Largest cityHyderabad, India
Telangana marked in white within the state of Andhra Pradesh

Telangana (Telugu: తెలంగాణ) is a state carved out from the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. Hyderabad would serve as the joint capital of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh(residual state) for ten years.[2][3] On 30 July 2013 the ruling Congress party announced its intention to carve Telangana out of Andhra Pradesh as the 29th state of Republic of India. The timeline for the creation of the new state involves an elaborate process, which has been allotted a 122 days, or at least four months.[4] [5] The split has to be approved by the Indian Parliament before the state is officially created.

When created, Telangana will consist of 10 districts: Hyderabad, Adilabad, Khammam, Karimnagar, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddy, and Warangal. With a population of over 35 million people, the new state will have 17 Lok Sabha seats and 119 Assembly seats.

Since Telangana was merged with Andhra state to form Andhra Pradesh in 1956, there were several agitations in Telangana to invalidate the merger and to nullify the decision to unify the two entities. On 9 December, 2009, the Government of India announced the process of formation of the Telangana state. After violent protests shook Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions upon the announcement, the state-making process was halted for two weeks.

Etymology

The origin of "Telangana" is uncertain. The word may be derived from Trilinga, as in Trilinga Desa, "the country of the three lingas". According to a Hindu legend, Shiva descended as linga on three mountains namely, Kaleshwaram, Srisailam and Draksharama, which marked the boundaries of the Telangana[6] and the language spoken by Telangana people is known as Telugu. But Telugu is also spoken outside the borders created by these three lingas.[7]

History

The Satavahana dynasty had its roots in Kotilingala on the banks of the Godavari River, in present day Karimnagar district
Painting of Lord Rama on a temple at Bhadrachalam in Khammam District
Charminar in Hyderabad

Early history

After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE to 220 CE) became the dominant power in the region. It originated from the lands between the Godavari and Krishna Rivers. Kotilingala in Karimnagar was their first capital, before moving to Dharanikota.[8] Excavations at Kotilingala revealed coinage of Srimukha, the first Satavahana emperor. After the decline of the Satavahanas, various dynasties ruled the region such as the Vakatakas, Vishnukundinas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and Western Chalukyas.

Kakatiyas

The region experienced its golden age during the reign of the Kakatiya dynasty that ruled most parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh from 1083 to 1323 AD. Ganapatideva, who came to power in 1199, was known as the greatest of the Kakatiyas, and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Telugu Cholas, who accepted his suzerainty in the year 1210. He established order in his vast dominion that stretched from the Godavari delta in the east to Raichur (in modern day Karnataka) in the west and from Karimnagar and Bastar (in modern day Chhattisgarh) in the north to Srisailam and Tripurantakam, near Ongole, in the south. It was during his reign that the Golkonda fort was constructed. Rudrama Devi and Prataparudra were prominent rulers from the Kakatiya dynasty. Kakatiya dynasty weakened with the attack of Malik Kafur in 1309 and was dissolved with the defeat of Prataparudra in 1323 by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1323.

Qutbshahis and Nizams

The region came under the Muslim rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century, followed by Bahmanis. Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[9]

In 1712, Asif Jah I was appointed to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, starting what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. He named the region Hyderabad Deccan. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. When Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighboring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. Nizam signed Subsidiary alliance in 1799 with British and lost its control over the state's defense and foreign affairs. Hyderabad state became princely state in British India.

The Telangana region was the heart of numerous dynasties. Chowmahalla Palace was home to the Nizams of Hyderabad State.

Post-independence

When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad did not want to merge with Indian Union and wanted to remain independent under the special provisions given to princely states. The Government of India annexed Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948, in an operation by the Indian Army called Operation Polo. When India became independent, Telugu speaking people were distributed in about 22 districts, 9 of them in the former Nizam's dominions of the princely state of Hyderabad, 12 in the Madras Presidency, and one in French-controlled Yanam.

The Central Government appointed a civil servant, M. K. Vellodi, as First Chief Minister of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras State and Bombay State. In 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State in the first democratic election. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement rule by natives of Hyderabad.[10]

Meanwhile, Telugu-speaking areas in the Northern Circars and Rayalaseema regions were carved out of the erstwhile Madras state on the fast unto death by Potti Sri Ramulu to create Andhra State in 1953, with Kurnool as its capital.[11][12][13]

Telangana Rebellion

Main article: Telangana Rebellion

The Telangana Rebellion was a peasant revolt which was later supported by the Communists. It took place in the former princely state of Hyderabad between 1946 and 1951. This was led by the Communist Party of India.[14]

The revolt began in the Nalgonda district against the Feudal Lords of Reddys and Velamas castes. It quickly spread to the Warangal and Bidar districts. Peasant farmers and labourers revolted against the local feudal landlords (jagirdars and deshmukhs) and later against the Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII. The violent phase of the movement ended after the central government sent in the army. Starting in 1951, the CPI shifted to a more moderate strategy of seeking to bring communism to India within the constraints of Indian democracy.[15]

Formation of Andhra Pradesh

In December 1953, the States Reorganization Commission was appointed to recommend the reorganization of state boundaries.[16] The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was not in favor of an immediate merger of Telangana region with Andhra state, despite their common language.

Hyderabad state in 1956(in yellowish green). After reorganization in 1956, Regions of the state west of Red and Blue lines merged with Bombay and Mysore states respectively and rest of the state(Telangana) was merged with Andhra state to form Andhra Pradesh state

Paragraph 382 of the States Reorganisation Commission Report (SRC) said "opinion in Andhra is overwhelmingly in favor of the larger unit; public opinion in Telangana has still to crystallize itself. Important leaders of public opinion in Andhra themselves seem to appreciate that the unification of Telangana with Andhra, though desirable, should be based on a voluntary and willing association of the people and that it is primarily for the people of Telangana to take a decision about their future".

The people of Telangana had several concerns. The region had a less-developed economy than Andhra, but had a larger revenue base which people of Telangana feared might be diverted for use in Andhra. They feared that planned irrigation projects on the Krishna and Godavari rivers would not benefit Telangana proportionately, even though people of Telangana controlled the headwaters of the rivers. It was feared that the people of Andhra, who had access to higher standards of education under the British rule, would have an unfair advantage in seeking government and educational jobs.[17] The commission proposed that the Telangana region be constituted as a separate state with a provision for unification with Andhra state, after the 1961 general elections, if a resolution could be passed in the Telangana state assembly with a two-thirds majority.

The Chief Minister of Hyderabad State, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, expressed his view that a majority of Telangana people were against the merger.[18]. He supported the Congress party's central leadership decision to merge Telangana and Andhra despite opposition in Telangana.[19] Andhra state assembly passed a resolution on 25 November 1955 to provide safeguards to Telangana. The resolution said, "Assembly would further like to assure the people in Telangana that the development of that area would be deemed to be special charge, and that certain priorities and special protection will be given for the improvement of that area, such as reservation in services and educational institutions on the basis of population and irrigational development."[20] Telangana leaders did not believe the safeguards would work.[21][22] An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.[23][24]

Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru initially was skeptical of merging Telangana with Andhra State, fearing a "tint of expansionist imperialism" in it.[25][26] He compared the merger to a matrimonial alliance having "provisions for divorce" if the partners in the alliance cannot get on well.[27][28]

Following the Gentlemen's agreement, the central government established a unified Andhra Pradesh on November 1, 1956.[11][29][30] The agreement provided reassurances to Telangana in terms of power-sharing as well as administrative domicile rules and distribution of expenses of various regions.

Anti-Nehru politics emerged with the repression of the Telengana movement; many within the Congress Party extended their hands to leftist causes. Feroze Gandhi was among them.[31]

Separate Telangana Movement

Main article: Telangana movement

There have been several movements to invalidate the merger of Telangana and Andhra, major ones occurring in 1969, 1972 and 2000s onwards. The Telangana movement gained momentum over decades becoming a widespread political demand of creating a new state from the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh.[32]

On 9 December 2009 the Government of India announced process of formation of Telangana state. Due to violent protests raised in Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions immediately after the announcement, the decision to form to new state was put on hold on December 23, 2009. The movement continued in Hyderabad and other districts of Telangana.[33][34]

Grievances of Telangana proponents

A map showing several rivers including the Godavari and Krishna. Both the rivers flow into Coastal Andhra and through Telangana

Telangana is the largest of the three regions of Andhra Pradesh state, covering 41.47% of its total area. It is inhabited by 40.54% of the state's population and contributes about 15% of the state's revenues, excluding the contribution of the central government. When the central government's contribution to revenue is included, Andhra Pradesh's revenue sources come from Telangana: 12.47% (including 7.17% from Hyderabad); from the central government: 19.86%; from Andhra: 65.71%; and from Rayalaseema: 23.90%.[35] Proponents of a separate Telangana state cite perceived injustices in the distribution of water, budget allocations, and jobs. Within the state of Andhra Pradesh, 68.5% of the catchment area of the Krishna River and 69% of the catchment area of the Godavari River are in the Telangana region. Telangana supporters state that the benefits of irrigation through the canal system under major irrigation projects is accruing substantially, 74.25%, to the Coastal Andhra region, while the share to Telangana is 18.20%. The remaining 7.55% goes to the Rayalaseema region.

As per Volume-II of Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal Award - "The area which we are considering for irrigation formed part of Hyderabad State and had there been no division of that State, there were better chances for the residents of this area to get irrigation facilities in Mahboobnagar District. We are of the opinion that this area should not be deprived of the benefit of irrigation on account of the reorganisation of States.".[36]

There are allegations that in most years, funds allocated to Telangana were never spent. According to Professor Jayashankar only 20% of the total Government employees, less than 10% of employees in the secretariat, and less than 5% of department heads in the Andhra Pradesh government are from Telangana; those from other regions make up the bulk of employment.[37][38][39] He also alleged that the state was represented by Telangana chief ministers for only 6 1/2 years out of over five decades of its existence, with no chief minister from the region being in power continuously for more than 2 1/2 years.[37] As per Srikrishna committee on Telangana, Telangana held the position of CM for 10.5 years while Seema-Andhra region held it for 42 years.[40] Proponents of a separate Telangana state feel that the agreements, plans, and assurances from the legislature and Lok Sabha over the last fifty years have not been honoured, and as a consequence Telangana has remained neglected, exploited, and backward. They allege that the experiment to remain as one state has proven to be a futile exercise and that separation is the best solution.[34][41][42][43]

According to activists, from 2010-12 over 300 young people killed themselves - sixteen by self-immolation - demanding more political control for the locals of Telangana.[44]

Formation of Telengana

On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the break-off of Telengana from Andhra Pradesh to the INC-led central government. Hyderabad was proposed to be the joint capital for both Andhra Pradesh and Telegana for 10 years. This resolution needs to be ratified as law by the Indian parliament.

Geography

Telangana is situated in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. Of the three regions of the state of Andhra Pradesh,[45] Telangana has the largest area, with 114,800 square kilometres (44,300 sq mi). The Deccan plateau is drained by two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna. Some 69% of the Krishna River and some 79% of the Godavari River catchment area is in Telangana. Telangana is also drained by minor rivers such as Manair, Bhima, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Munneru, Moosi, Penganga, Praanahita, and Peddavagu and Taliperu. The area is divided into two main regions, the Eastern Ghats and the plains. The surface is dotted with depressions.

Climate

Telangana is a semi-arid region of Andhra Pradesh and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the 42 °C (108 °F) range. The monsoon arrives in June and lasts until September with about 755 mm (29.7 inch) of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February. With little humidity and average temperatures in the 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) range, this is the best time to visit the region.

Warangal
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
15
 
 
30
16
 
 
5
 
 
33
18
 
 
5
 
 
37
22
 
 
7
 
 
40
26
 
 
15
 
 
42
28
 
 
50
 
 
37
28
 
 
85
 
 
32
25
 
 
170
 
 
31
25
 
 
160
 
 
33
23
 
 
70
 
 
33
22
 
 
10
 
 
31
18
 
 
0
 
 
30
15
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: mustseeindia.com
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.6
 
 
86
61
 
 
0.2
 
 
91
64
 
 
0.2
 
 
99
72
 
 
0.3
 
 
104
79
 
 
0.6
 
 
108
82
 
 
2
 
 
99
82
 
 
3.3
 
 
90
77
 
 
6.7
 
 
88
77
 
 
6.3
 
 
91
73
 
 
2.8
 
 
91
72
 
 
0.4
 
 
88
64
 
 
0
 
 
86
59
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Hyderabad (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.9
(96.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		42.2
(108.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		44.5
(112.1) 		45.5
(113.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.7
(98.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		45.5
(113.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.6
(83.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.0
(89.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.0
(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		20.0
(67.9)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.1
(43.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 9.2
(0.36) 		10.2
(0.40) 		12.3
(0.48) 		27.2
(1.07) 		34.5
(1.36) 		113.8
(4.48) 		162.0
(6.38) 		203.9
(8.03) 		148.5
(5.85) 		113.9
(4.48) 		19.1
(0.75) 		5.0
(0.20) 		859.6
(33.84)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) 1.1 1 1.4 3.7 4.2 10.9 15.4 16.3 12.3 7.6 2.5 0.5 76.9
Average rainy days 0.6 0.6 0.9 2.0 2.5 6.8 9.5 11.3 8.4 5.6 1.3 0.3 49.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 41 33 29 30 31 52 65 70 67 59 49 44 48
Average dew point °C (°F) 12
(54) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		15
(59) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		16
(61)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 265.6 272.8 276.0 279.0 180.0 136.4 133.3 162.0 226.3 243.0 251.1 2,698.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.8 9.4 8.8 9.2 9.0 6.0 4.4 4.3 5.4 7.3 8.1 8.1 7.4
Average ultraviolet index 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 8 11
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[46][47][48] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[49][50]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[51] Weather Atlas[52]

Natural resources

Telangana region is situated on an elevated plateuu. Two major rivers, Godavari and Krishna, flow through the region, but most of the land is arid.[53] Northern Telangana gets between 900 to 1500mm rainfall per year from the southwest monsoons. Various soil types abound here, including chalkas, red sandy soils, dubbas, deep red loamy soils, and very deep b.c. soils that facilitate planting mangoes, oranges and flowers. Southern Telangana gets 700 to 900mm rainfall per year, also from the southwest monsoons. The red earths with loamy sub-soils (chalkas) in these parts facilitate planting oranges, mangoes, vegetables, sapotas and flowers.[54]. Some 45% of the forest area in Andhra Pradesh state is located in Telangana, spread across five districts. Some 20% of the coal deposits of India are found in Telangana. The Singareni Collieries Company excavates coal for industrial purposes and for fueling power generating plants. The power generated here supplies the entire south India. There are limestone deposits in the region, which are exploited by cement factories. Telangana has deposits of bauxite and mica.

Demography and language

According to the Backward Regions Grant Fund 2009–10, 13 backward districts are located in Andhra Pradesh; 9 (Except Hyderabad) are from Telangana region and the rest are from other regions.[55][56][57]

Telangana has 86% Hindu, 12.4% Muslim, and 1.2% Christian population.[58][59]

About 77% of Telangana people speak Telugu, 12% speak Urdu, 11% speak other languages.[60][61] Before 1948, with Urdu being state language of Nizam state and due to lack of Telugu educations institutions, Urdu was popular language among educated and elite of Telangana. After 1948, with Hyderabad state joining Indian repuiblic, Telugu became the language of government and with introduction Telugu instruction in schools and colleges, use of Urdu language among non-Muslims decreased. [62]

Culture and identity

Hyderabadi biryani

The Hyderabad's Deccani or Dakkini culture is evolved on its own as a distinctive culture due to confluence of different people who came from different places to serve under the Golkonda rulers.[63][64]

Festivals

Bonalu, Bathukamma, Sankranti, Ugadi, Vijayadashami, Diwali, Sri Rama Navami, Vinayaka Chaviti, Tholi ekadasi, Sammakka Saralamma Jatara, Mahashivarathri, Varalaxmi Vratam, Nagula Panchami, Nagula Chavithi, Sri Krishnastami, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Moharram, Milad un Nabi & Christmas, are prominent festivals in Telangana. Other festivals of Hindus and Muslims such as Holi, Raksha Bandhan, Eid-ul-Fitr and Milad un Nabi are also celebrated with equal enthusiasm as in rest of India. Bathukamma and Bonalu are regional festivals of Telangana.

Bathukamma

Art and Literature

See also: List of Telangana poets

Telangana has rich cultural heritage. Jayapa Senani during Kakatiya dynasty wrote nruththa ratnavali in sanskrit. Perini shiva tandavam and andhra natyam were developed based on his principles. The sculpture dating from the Kakatiya dynasty is similar to the Hoyasala style. Cherial of warangal district is famous for Nakashi painting. Nirmal of Adilabad district is famous for Nirmal paintings. Kapu Rajaiah from Sidhdhi Peta, Chandra , Kondapalli Seshagiri Rao from the Warangal district are famous painters. Nerella Venumadhav is a world famous mimicry artist, and his disciple Mimicry Srinivas is a famous ventriloquist . Both are from the Warangal district.

Bammera Pothana, the poet who composed the classic SriMadh Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatham authored originally by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. Golkonda Nawab Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah had the distinction of being the first Saheb-e-dewan Urdu poet, and is credited with introducing a new sensibility to the main genres of Persian/Urdu poetry. Other prominent poets of Telangana from the early era include Kancherla Gopanna or Bhakta Ramadasu, Gona Budda Reddy, Palkuriki Somanatha, Mallinātha Sūri, and Hulukki Bhaskara. In the modern era poets include such figures as Padma Vibhushan, Kaloji Narayana Rao, a Sahitya Akademy award recipient Dasarathi Krishnamacharya, Vachaspathi Puraskar award recipient Sribhashyam Vijayasarathi, and Jnanpith award recipient Dr. C. Narayana Reddy, as well as Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao, the 9th Prime Minister of India. Samala Sadasiva has been selected for the Kendra Sahitya Puraskaram distinction. His book Swaralayalu on the subject of Hindustani music got the award for the year 2011.

See also

References

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  4. ^ Telangana : Birth of 29th Indian State in 122 days
  5. ^ Telangana: 122 days for the birth of a new state
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  8. ^ "Antiquities unearthed at Kotilingala". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  9. ^ Richards, J. F. (1975). "The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (2). Cambridge University Press: 241–260. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004996. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  10. ^ Mulki agitation in Hyderabad State
  11. ^ a b "History and Culture – History-Post-Independence Era". APonline. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  12. ^ After Sriramulu, Andhra State
  13. ^ Andhra State formed
  14. ^ Elliot, Carolyn M. (November 1974). "Decline of a Patrimonial Regime: The Telangana Rebellion in India, 1946–51". Journal of Asian Studies. 34 (1): 24–47.
  15. ^ History of Communist party in India
  16. ^ SRC submits report
  17. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/India_States_Reorganisation_Commission_Report_Telangana_Andhra#The_Case_for_Telangana
  18. ^ Hyderabad CM's Views on merger (Wikisource)
  19. ^ Pro-Telangana crowd mob Andhra ex-minister at airport; Hyderabad CM appeal to people: Abide by High command decision - Page 8 of Nov 16, 1955 Indian Express
  20. ^ Vishandhra here and now. Special safeguards for Telangana. -Govt motion in Andhra Assembly - Page 5 of Nov 26, 1955 Indian Express
  21. ^ No belief in Safeguards: Hyderabad PCC chief. - Page 4 of Nov 21, 1955 Indian Express
  22. ^ Telangana Leaders must Adhere to Delhi Resolution - High command advise; High command has open mind, Claims Chenna Reddi - Plea for Telangana - Page 7 of Nov 27, 1955 Indian Express
  23. ^ SRC sub committee said no decision on Visalandhra taken.- Page 1 of Feb 1, 1956 Indian Express
  24. ^ New Telugu state to be called Hyderabad. Regional council for Telangana. - Page 1 of Feb 21, 1956 Indian Express
  25. ^ Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953
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