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[[simple:Maroda]]
[[simple:Maroda]]


{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox state
| name = Uttarakhand
| native_name = उत्तराखंड
| type = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_blank_emblem = Seal of Uttarakhand.png
| blank_emblem_type = Uttarakhand Rajya
| blank_emblem_size = 220px
| seal_alt =
| image_map = India Uttarakhand locator map.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Uttarakhand in [[India]]
| image_map1 = Uttarakhand locator map.svg
| map_caption1 = Map of Uttarakhand
| latd = 30.33
| longd = 78.06
| coor_pinpoint = [[Dehradun]]
| coordinates_type = region:IN-UT_type:adm1st
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coordinates_region = IN-UT
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 9 November 2000
| parts_type = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 13
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Dehradun]]{{ref|cap|†}}
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = [[Dehradun]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Governors of Uttarakhand|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Aziz Qureshi]]
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = [[Vijay Bahuguna]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title2 = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]
| leader_name2 = [[Unicameral]] (70 seats)
| leader_title5 = [[Speaker of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader_name5 = Harbans Kapoor<ref>http://www.harbanskapoor.com</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[14th Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name3 = 5
| leader_title4 = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]
| leader_name4 = [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 51,125
| area_note =
| area_rank = 18th
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 10116752
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 19th
| population_density_km2 = 189
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-UT]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.515<ref>{{cite web|title=Inequality- adjusted Human Development Index for India’s States-2011|url=http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/inequality_adjusted_human_development_index_for_indias_state1.pdf|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank
| blank1_info_sec1 = 7th (2011)
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec2 = 79.63%
| blank1_name_sec2 = Sex ratio
| blank1_info_sec2 = 963
| blank2_name_sec2 = Languages spoken
| blank2_info_sec2 = Hindi, Garhwali, Kumaoni,Urdu
| blank3_name_sec2 = Official languages
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]]
| website = [http://uk.gov.in/ uk.gov.in]
| footnotes = {{note|cap|†}} Dehradun is the provisional capital of the state. The new capital has not yet been chosen.
}}
'''Uttarakhand'''{{IPAc-en|,|ʉ|t|@r|ɑː||_|k|h|@|n|d|}}, formerly '''Uttaranchal''', is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in the [[North India|northern]] part of the [[India]]. It is often referred to as the "Land of the Gods" due to the many holy [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]]s and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is mainly known for its natural beauty of the [[Himalayas]], the [[Bhabhar]] and the [[Terai]]. On 9 November 2000, this 27th state of the [[Republic of India]] was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining northwestern districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref> It borders the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] on the north; the [[Mahakali Zone]] of the [[Far-Western Region, Nepal|Far-Western Region]], [[Nepal]] on the east; and the Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the south and [[Himachal Pradesh]] to the northwest. The state is divided into two divisions, [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], with a total of 13 districts. The provisional capital of Uttarakhand is [[Dehradun]], the largest city in the region, which is a railhead. The [[Uttarakhand High Court|high court]] of the state is in [[Nainital]].

Archaeological evidence support the existence of humans in the region since [[prehistoric times]]. Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the [[Kuninda]]s in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of [[Shaivism]]. [[Ashoka]]n edicts at [[Kalsi]] show the early presence of [[Buddhism]] in this region. During the medieval period the region was consolidated under the Kumaon and Garhwal kingdom. By 1803 the region fell to the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Gurkha Empire]] of [[Nepal]] and with the conclusion of the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] in 1816 most of modern Uttarakhand was ceded to the [[British Raj|British]] as part of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]]. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals, the proximity of different neighbouring ethnic groups and the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions which further strengthened during the movement for statehood in the 1990s.

The natives of the state are generally called either [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] or [[Kumauni people|Kumaoni]] depending on their place of origin. According to the [[2011 census of India]], Uttarakhand has a population of 10,116,752, making it the 19th [[List of states and union territories of India by population|most populous state]] in India. A large portion of the population consists of [[Rajput]]s and [[Brahmin]]s. More than 88% of the population follow [[Hinduism]]. [[Muslim]]s are the largest minority in the state with [[Sikh]]s, [[Christian]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, and [[Jainism|Jains]] being the other major religions. [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] are the two main regional languages, whereas [[Hindi]] is the most widely spoken language.

Two of the most important rivers in Hinduism originate in the region, the [[Ganga]] at [[Gangotri]] and the [[Yamuna]] at [[Yamunotri]]. These two along with [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]] form the [[Chota Char Dham]], a holy pilgrimage for the Hindus. The state hosts the [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Jim Corbett National Park]], the oldest national park of the Indian subcontinent. The [[Valley of Flowers]], a [[Unesco World Heritage Site]] located here, is known for the variety and rarity of the flowers and plants found there.

==Etymology==
Uttarakhand's name is derived from the Sanskrit words ''uttara'' (उत्तर) meaning north, and ''khaṇḍ'' (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. The name finds mention in early [[Hindu scriptures]] as the combined region of Kedarkhand (present day [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]]) and Manaskhand (present day [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]). Uttarakhand was also the ancient [[Puranic]] (पौराणिक) term for the central stretch of the Indian [[Himalayas]].<ref name="autogenerated2001">Kandari, O. P., & Gusain, O. P. (Eds.). (2001). Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture & Society. Srinagar, Garhwal: Transmedia.</ref>

However, the region was given the name ''Uttaranchal'' by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)-led central government and Uttar Pradesh state government when they started a new round of state reorganization in 1998. Chosen for its allegedly less separatist connotations, the name change generated enormous controversy among many activists for a separate state who saw it as a political act.<ref>Negi, B. (2001). "Round One to the Lobbyists, Politicians and Bureaucrats." ''The Indian Express'', 2 January.</ref> The name Uttarakhand remained popular in the region, even while Uttaranchal was promulgated through official usage.

In August 2006, India's Union Cabinet assented to the demands of the Uttaranchal state assembly and leading members of the Uttarakhand movement to rename Uttaranchal state as Uttarakhand. Legislation to that effect was passed by the State Legislative Assembly in October 2006,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061013/nation.htm#5 | work = UNI | title = Uttaranchal becomes Uttarakhand | publisher = The Tribune (India) | date = {{date|13 October 2006|dmy}} | accessdate = {{date|22 January 2013|dmy}} }}</ref> and the Union Cabinet brought in the bill in the winter session of Parliament. The bill was passed by Parliament and signed into law by the President [[Abdul Kalam]] in December 2006, and since 2007, the state is known as Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls | title = Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul | last = Chopra | first = Jasi Kiran | work = TNN | publisher = The Time of India | date = {{date|2 January 2007|dmy}} | accessdate = {{date|22 January 2013|dmy}} }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Uttarakhand}}

[[File:Jageshwar main.JPG|right|thumb|290px|alt=Historical temples at Jageshwar|The historical temples at [[Jageshwar]], preserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]]]
Ancient rock paintings, rock shelters, [[Paleolithic|Paleolithic stone]] tools (hundreds of thousands of years old), and [[megaliths]] provide evidence that the mountains of the region have been inhabited since prehistoric times. There are also archaeological remains which show the existence of early [[Vedic period|Vedic]] (c. 1500 BCE) practices in the area.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736432/Uttarakhand|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref>

The [[Pauravas]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]], [[Kuninda Kingdom|Kunindas]], [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara]], [[Katyuri Kings|Katyuris]], [[Doti|Raikas]], [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Chand Kings|Chands]], [[Parmar]]s or Panwars, [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], and the [[British Raj|British]] have ruled Uttarakhand in turns.<ref name="autogenerated2001"/>
The region was originally settled by [[Kol people|Kols]], an aboriginal people of the austro-Asiatic physical type who were later joined by [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] [[Khas]] tribes that arrived from the northwest by the Vedic period (1700–1100 BCE). At that time, present-day Uttarakhand also served as a habitat for [[Rishis]] and [[Sadhus]]. It is believed that the sage [[Vyasa]] scripted the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' in the state. Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of [[Shaivism]] and traded salt with Western [[Tibet]]. It is evident from the [[Ashoka]]n edict at Kalsi in Western Garhwal that [[Buddhism]] made inroads in this region. Folk [[shamanic]] practices deviating from Hindu orthodoxy also persisted here. However, Garhwal and Kumaon were restored to nominal [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] rule due to the travails of [[Shankaracharya]] and the arrival of migrants from the plains. Between the 4th and 14th centuries, the Katyuri dynasty dominated lands of varying extent from the Katyur (modern day [[Baijnath]]) valley in Kumaon. The historically significant temples at [[Jageshwar]] are believed to have been built by the Katyuris and later remodelled by the Chands. Other peoples of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] group known as [[Kiratas]] are thought to have settled in the northern highlands as well as in pockets throughout the region, and are believed to be ancestors of the modern day [[Bhotiya]], Raji, Buksha, and [[Tharu people|Tharu]] peoples.<ref>Saklani, D. P. (1998). Ancient communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.</ref>

[[File:Tehga.svg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Princely flag of Garhwal Kingdom|Princely flag of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Kingdom of Garhwal]]]]
By the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] in the west and the [[Kumaon Kingdom]] in the east. During this period, learning and new forms of painting (the [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] school of art) developed.<ref>Pande, B. D. (1993). History of Kumaun: English version of "Kumaun ka itihas". Almora, U.P., India: Shyam Prakashan: Shree Almora Book Depot.</ref> Modern-day Garhwal was likewise unified under the rule of Parmars who, along with many [[Brahmins]] and [[Rajputs]], also arrived from the plains.<ref>Rawat, A. S. (1989). History of Garhwal, 1358–1947: an erstwhile kingdom in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.</ref> In 1791 the expanding [[Gurkha|Gurkha Empire]] of [[Nepal]] overran [[Almora]], the seat of the Kumaon Kingdom. In 1803 the Garhwal Kingdom also fell to the Gurkhas. With the conclusion of the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] in 1816, the Garhwal Kingdom was re-established from a smaller region in [[Tehri]], as the larger portion of Tehri, along with eastern Garhwal and Kumaon ceded to the British as part of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]].

[[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|thumb|right|200px|alt=Map of Uttarakhand as part of United Province|Uttarakhand as a part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Province]], 1903]]
After India attained independence from the British, the Garhwal Kingdom was merged into the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], where Uttarakhand composed the Garhwal and Kumaon Divisions.<ref>Saklani, A. (1987). The history of a Himalayan princely state: change, conflicts and awakening: an interpretative history of princely state of Tehri Garhwal, U.P., A.D. 1815 to 1949 A.D. (1st ed.). Delhi: Durga Publications.</ref> Until 1998, Uttarakhand was the name most commonly used to refer to the region, as various political groups, including the [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] (Uttarakhand Revolutionary Party), began agitating for separate statehood under its banner. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions.<ref>Aggarwal, J. C., Agrawal, S. P., & Gupta, S. S. (Eds.). (1995). Uttarakhand: past, present, and future. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co.</ref> These bonds formed the basis of the new political identity of Uttarakhand, which gained significant momentum in 1994, when demand for separate statehood achieved almost unanimous acceptance among both the local populace and national political parties.<ref>Kumar, P. (2000). The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.</ref> The most notable incident during this period was the [[Rampur Tiraha firing case]] on the night of 1 October 1994, which led to a public uproar.<ref>{{cite news|title=HC quashes CBI report on Rampur Tiraha firing|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-31/india/27185864_1_quashes-rampur-tiraha-open-fire|accessdate=28 July 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 07 2003}}</ref> On 24 September 1998, the Uttar Pradesh [[Legislative Assembly]] passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, which began the process of creating a new state.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html Reorganisation Bill passed by UP Govt] ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 24 September 1998.</ref> Two years later the [[Parliament of India]] passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000, and thus, on 9 November 2000, Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the [[Republic of India]].

{{Rquote|left|''"Maatu hamru, paani hamru, hamra hi chhan yi baun bhi... Pitron na lagai baun, hamunahi ta bachon bhi''" <br />Soil ours, water ours, ours are these forests. Our forefathers raised them, it’s we who must protect them. <br />--<small> ''Old Chipko Song'' ([[Garhwali language]])<ref name=teh>{{cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Amit|title=Chipko! Hill conservationists|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main6.asp?filename=Ne090411Chipko.asp|publisher=tehelka.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref></small>}}
Uttarakhand is also well known for the mass agitation of the 1990s that led to the formation of the [[Chipko movement|Chipko environmental movement]]<ref>Guha, R. (2000). The unquiet woods: ecological change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya (Expanded ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.</ref> and other social movements. Though primarily a [[livelihood]] movement rather than a forest conservation movement, it went on to become a rallying point for many future [[environmentalists]], environmental protests, and movements the world over and created a precedent for non-violent protest.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=BLFoFf3fbi0C&pg=PA194&dq=Chipko+movement#PPA194,M1 Hijacking Chipko] Political ecology: a critical introduction'', by Paul Robbins. Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. ISBN 1-4051-0266-7. ''Page 194''.</ref> It stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalized people. So much so that, a quarter of a century later, ''[[India Today]]'' mentioned the people behind the "forest satyagraha" of the Chipko movement as amongst "100 people who shaped India".<ref name=ITD>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Anil|title=The Chipko Movement|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/chipko.html|publisher=india-today.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers.<ref>Mishra, A., & Tripathi, (1978). '''Chipko''' movement: Uttaranchal women's bid to save forest wealth. New Delhi: People's Action/Gandhi Book House.</ref> Both female and male activists played pivotal roles in the movement, including [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]], [[Sundarlal Bahuguna]], and Ghanasyam Raturi, the popular Chipko poet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chipko Movement, India|url=http://www.iisd.org/50comm/commdb/desc/d07.htm|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Uttarakhand}}

[[File:Nanda devi.jpg|thumb|250px|left|alt=Mountain of Nanda Devi|[[Nanda Devi]], the second-highest mountain in India]]
Uttarakhand has a total area of 51,125&nbsp;km²,<ref name="Uttarakhand" /> of which 93% is mountainous and 64% is covered by [[forest]].<ref name=Uttarakhand /> Most of the northern part of the state is covered by high [[Himalaya]]n peaks and glaciers, while the lower foothills were densely forested till logged by British log merchants and, after independence, by forest contractors. Recent efforts in reforestation, however, have begun to restore the historical environment. The Himalayan ecosystem provides habitat for many animals (including [[bharal]], [[snow leopard]]s, [[leopard]]s and [[tiger]]s), plants, and rare herbs. Two of India's largest rivers, the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] and the [[Yamuna]], originate in the glaciers of Uttarakhand, where they are fed by myriad lakes, glacial melts and streams.<ref>Negi, S. S. (1991). Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.</ref>

Uttarakhand lies on the southern slope of the Himalaya range, and the climate and vegetation vary greatly with elevation, from glaciers at the highest elevations to [[subtropical]] forests at the lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered by ice and bare rock. Below them, between {{convert|3000|and|5000|m|ft}} are the [[western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]. The temperate [[western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] grow just below the tree line. At {{convert|3000|to|2600|m|ft}} elevation they transition to the temperate [[western Himalayan broadleaf forests]], which lie in a belt from {{convert|2600|to|1500|m|ft}} elevation. Below {{convert|1500|m|ft}} elevation lie the [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]. The [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]] and the drier [[Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands]] cover the lowlands along the Uttar Pradesh border in a belt locally known as [[Bhabhar]]. These lowland forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture, but a few pockets remain.<ref>Negi, S. S. (1995). Uttarakhand: land and people. New Delhi: MD Pub.</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Garhwali people|Kumauni People}}

The native people of Uttarakhand are generally called either [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] or [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] depending on their place of origin in either the Kumaon or Garhwal region. According to the 2011 census of India, Uttarakhand has a population of 10,116,752 comprising 5,154,178 males and 4,962,574 females, with 69.45% of the population living in rural areas. The state is the 20th most populous state of the country having 0.84% of the population on 1.69% of the land. The population density of the state is 189 people per square kilometre having a 2001–2011 decadal growth rate of 19.17%. The gender ratio is 963 females per 1000 males.<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=Census of India-2011 (Uttarakhand) [[Hindi]]|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/uttarakhand/ppt_figures_press_rel.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (ORGI)|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals (Uttarakhand)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/uttrakhand/4-fig-uttra-2.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (ORGI)|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Demography">{{cite web|title=Demography|url=http://www.uk.gov.in/pages/view/428-demography%20Uttarakhand%20Government%20Portal,%20India|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref> The crude birth rate in the state is 18.6 with the [[total fertility rate]] being 2.3. The state has an [[infant mortality rate]] of 43, a [[maternal mortality rate]] of 188 and a [[crude death rate]] of 6.6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Health Survey 2010–2011 Fact Sheet|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Baseline_Factsheets/Uttarakhand.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref>

Uttarakhand has a multiethnic population spread across two geocultural regions: the Gahrwal, and the Kumaon. A large portion of the population is Rajput (various clans of landowning rulers and their descendants)—including members of the native Garhwali, Gujjar, and Kumaoni communities, as well as a number of immigrants. Approximately one-fifth of the population belongs to the Scheduled Castes (an official term for the lower castes in the traditional Hindu caste system). Scheduled Tribes (an official term for natives outside the Indian social system), such as the Raji, who live near the border with Nepal, constitute less than 5 percent of the population. More than four-fifths of Uttarakhand’s residents are Hindus. Uttarakhand comprise of Hindus 86.6%, Muslims 11.8%(Mostly concentrated in plains areas of Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital District), Sikhs 2.3% (Mostly in Udham Singh Nagar District, also called "Mini Punjab") Christians 1.5% and Others including Buddhist, Jains, Parsees comprise a total of 0.8% out of total population. According to a 2007 study, Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of Brahmins of any state in India, with approximately 20% of the population being [[Brahmin]].
<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmins In India|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?234783|publisher=Outlook (magazine)|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref> Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, and Jains make up the remaining population with the Muslims being the largest minority.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Demography"/>

The [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] dialects of Central [[Pahari languages|Pahari]] are spoken in Kumaon and Garhwal regions, respectively. [[Jaunsar bawar|Jaunsari]] and Bhotiya dialects are spoken by tribal communities in the west and north, respectively. The urban population, however, converses mostly in [[Hindi]], which is an official language of the state. Uttarakhand is the only Indian state to give official language status to Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Anupam|title=Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndia/Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-499467.aspx|accessdate=29 July 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=19 January 2010}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Government of Uttarakhand|Legislature of Uttarakhand}}

Following the [[Constitution of India]], the State of Uttarakhand, like all Indian states, has a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]] for its government.

The [[Governors of states of India|Governor]] is the constitutional and formal head of the government and is appointed for a five-year term by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the [[Government of India|Union government]]. The Chief Minister, who holds the real executive powers, is the head of the party or coalition garnering the majority in the state elections. The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker, or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. A [[Cabinet of India|Council of Ministers]] is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister and reports to the Legislative Assembly. Uttarakhand has a unicameral house with 70 [[Members of the Legislative Assembly]] or MLAs.<ref name="UTTARAKHAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/uttranchal.htm|publisher=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in|accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref> Auxiliary authorities that govern at a local level are known as panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. All state and local government offices have a five-year term. The state also contributes 5 seats to [[Lok Sabha]] and 3 seats to [[Rajya Sabha]] of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Parliament|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|publisher=Parliamentofindia.nic.in|accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref> The judiciary consists of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]], located at [[Nainital]], and a system of lower courts. The present Chief Justice of the High Court is Barin Ghosh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hon'ble Chief Justice|url=http://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/221-honorable-chief-justice|publisher=highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in|accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref>

Politics in Uttarakhand is dominated by the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Since the formation of the state these parties have ruled the state in turns. Following the hung mandate in the Uttarakhand State Assembly Election in 2011, the Indian National Congress, having the maximum number of seats, formed a coalition government and [[Vijay Bahuguna]] became the Chief Minister.<ref name="UTTARAKHAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY"/>

==Sub-divisions==
[[File:Kumaon Garhwal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|alt=Map of Uttarkhand|[[Districts of Uttarakhand]]]]
{{Main|List of districts of Uttarakhand}}

There are 13 [[Districts of Uttarakhand|districts in Uttarakhand]] which are grouped into two divisions, Kumaon and Garhwal. Four new districts named Didihat, Ranikhet, Kotdwar, and Yamunotri were declared by the then CM of Uttarakhand, [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]], on 15 August 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand CM announces four new districts|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-cm-announces-four-new-districts_726353.html|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref>

The Kumaon division includes the following districts:

* [[Almora district|Almora]]
* [[Bageshwar District|Bageshwar]]
* [[Champawat district|Champawat]]
* [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
* [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
* [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]

The Garhwal division includes the following districts:

* [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
* [[Haridwar District|Haridwar]]
* [[Tehri Garhwal]]
* [[Uttarkashi District|Uttarkashi]]
* [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
* [[Pauri Garhwal]] (commonly known as Garhwal)
* [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]

Each district is governed by a district commissioner or district magistrate. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are governed by sub-divisional magistrates; sub-divisions comprise blocks containing panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.

According to the 2011 census, Haridwar, Dehradun, and Udham Singh Nagar are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of over one million.<ref name="census"/>

==Culture==
[[File:Sumitra nandan pant museum, kausani.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Sumitranandan Pant museum, Kausani|Sumitranandan Pant museum, Kausani]]

Uttarakhand's diverse ethnicities have created a rich literary tradition in languages including Hindi, [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Garhwali]], Jaunsari, and Bhotiya. Many of its traditional tales originated in the form of lyrical ballads and folklore chanted by itinerant singers and are now considered classics of Hindi literature. [[Ganga Prasad Vimal]], [[Manohar Shyam Joshi]], [[Shekhar Joshi]], [[Shailesh Matiyani]], [[Shivani]], [[Mohan Upreti]], and [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith awardee]] [[Sumitranandan Pant]] are some of the major literary figures from the region. Prominent philosopher and environmental activist [[Vandana Shiva]] is also from Uttarakhand.

The dances of the region are connected to life and human existence and exhibit myriad human emotions. Langvir nritya is a dance form for males that resembles gymnastic movements. Barada nati folk dance is another famous dance of Dehradun, which is practised during some religious festivals. Other well-known dances include hurka baul, jhumeila, chaufula, and [[chholiya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Folk Dances Of North India|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/north-india.html|publisher=culturalindia.net|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> Music is an integral part of the Uttarakhand culture. Popular types of folk songs include mangals, basanti, khuded and chhopati.<ref>{{cite web|title=Folk Songs of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Know-Abouts/Folk-Song/Folk-Songs.html|publisher=aboututtarakhand.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> These folk songs are played on instruments including [[dhol]], damoun, turri, [[ransingha]], [[dholki]], daur, thali, [[bhankora]], and masakbhaja. Music is also used as a medium through which the gods are invoked. ''[[Jaagar]]'' is a form of ghost worship in which the singer, or ''jagariya'', sings a ballad of the gods, with allusions to great epics, like [[Mahabharat]] and [[Ramayana]], that describe the adventures and exploits of the god being invoked. [[Narendra Singh Negi]] is a popular singer of the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dylan of hills singes CM|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070130/asp/nation/story_7324156.asp|accessdate=29 July 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=30 January 2007}}</ref>[[File:Architectural details of a Dharamshala, estb. 1822, Haridwar.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=building|Architectural details of a Dharamshala, estb. 1822, Haridwar]]
[[File:Abhisarika-nayika-mola-ram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|alt=painting|''Abhisarika nayika'', a painting by [[Mola Ram]]]]Among the prominent local crafts is wood carving, which appears most frequently in the ornately decorated temples of Uttarakhand. Intricately carved designs of floral patterns, deities, and geometrical motifs also decorate the doors, windows, ceilings, and walls of village houses. Beautifully worked paintings and murals are used to decorate both homes and temples. Pahari painting is a form of painting that flourished in the region between the 17th and 19th century. [[Mola Ram]] started the Garhwal Branch of the [[Kangra painting|Kangra school]] of painting. [[Haripur Guler]] was famous as the cradle of Kangra paintings. Kumaoni art often is geometrical in nature, while Garhwali art is known for its closeness to nature. Other crafts of Uttarakhand include handcrafted gold jewellery, basketry from Garhwal, woollen shawls, scarves, and rugs. The latter are mainly produced by the Bhotias of northern Uttarakhand.

The primary food of Uttarakhand is vegetables with wheat being a staple, although non-vegeterian food is also served. A distinctive characteristic of Uttarakhand cuisine is the sparing use of tomatoes, milk, and milk based products. Coarse grain with high fibre content is very common in Uttarakhand due to the harsh terrain. Other food items which are famous are ''madua'' ([[Buck wheat]]) in the interior regions of Kumaun. Generally, either pure ghee or mustard oil is used for the purpose of cooking food. Simple recipes are made interesting with the use of hash seeds as spice. Bal mithai is a popular fudge-like sweet. Other popular dishes include dubuk, chains, kaap, churkani, bhatt ki churdkani, sei, and gulgula. Jhoi, a regional variation of [[kadhi]], is also popular.

[[File:Bathing ghat on the Ganges during Kumbh Mela, 2010, Haridwar.jpg|thumb|left|230px|alt=Kumbh Mela|Bathing ghat on the Ganges during Kumbh Mela, 2010, Haridwar]]One of the major Hindu pilgrimages, [[Kumbh Mela]], takes place in Uttarakhand. [[Haridwar]] is one of the four places in India where this mela is organised. Haridwar most recently hosted the Purna Kumbha Mela from [[Makar Sankranti]] (14 January 2010) to Shakh Purnima Snan (28 April 2010). Hundreds of foreigners joined Indian pilgrims in the festival which is considered the largest religious gathering in the world.<ref name=AFP>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jD7rnh8P4MtjMlNmzhcud7Xx47cw Millions dip in Ganges at world's biggest festival], Agence France-Presse, 13 April 2010</ref> [[Kumauni Holi]] in forms including Baithki Holi, Khari Holi and Mahila Holi, all of which start from Basant Panchmi, are festivals and musical affairs that can last almost a month. Ganga Dussehra, [[Vasant Panchami]], Makar Sankranti, Ghee Sankranti, Khatarua, Bat Savitri, and Phool Dei are other major festivals. In addition, various fairs like [[Harela mela]], [[Nanda Devi Raj Jat|Nanda Devi Mela]] take place.

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Uttarakhand}}

The Uttarakhand state has been one of the fastest growing economies in India. Its gross state domestic product (GSDP) (at constant prices) more than doubled from {{Indian Rupees}}24,786 crore in FY2005 to {{Indian Rupees}}60,898 crore in FY2012. The real GSDP grew at 13.7% (CAGR) during the FY2005–FY2012 period. The contribution of the services sector to the GSDP of Uttarakhand was just over 50% during FY 2012. Per capita income in Uttarakhand is {{Indian Rupees}}82,193 (FY 2012) which is higher than the national average of {{Indian Rupees}}60,603 (FY2012).<ref>{{cite web|title=State Domestic Product and other aggregates|url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/site/inner.aspx?status=3&menu_id=82|publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref> According to the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the total foreign direct investment in the state from April 2000 to October 2009 amounted to US$ 46.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttarakhand_060710.pdf|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Vannage du riz, Uttarakhand, India.jpg||left|thumb|150px|alt=Rice winnowing|Winnowing rice, an important food crop in Uttarakhand.]]
Like most of India, agriculture is one of the most significant sectors of the economy of Uttarakhand. Basmati rice, wheat, soybeans, groundnuts, coarse cereals, pulses, and [[oil seeds]] are the most widely grown crops. Fruits like apples, oranges, pears, peaches, litchis, and plums are widely grown and important to the large food processing industry. Agricultural export zones have been set up in the state for leechi, horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants, and basmati rice. During 2010, wheat production was 831 thousand tonnes and rice production was 610 thousand tonnes, while the main cash crop of the state, sugarcane, had a production of 5058 thousand tonnes. As 90% of the state consists of hills, the yield per hectare is not very high. 86% of all croplands are in the plains while the remaining is from the hills.<ref name="phd">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand: The State Profile|url=http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttarakhand.pdf|publisher=PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="1" style="float:right; width:260px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| Uttarakhand Economy at a Glance<ref name=http://mospi.nic.in>{{cite web
| url = http://mospi.nic.in | title = Uttarakhand Economy at a Glance |date=1 August 2012
| accessdate =1 August 2012|work=State Domestic Product and other aggregates (2004–05 series)| publisher = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
}}</ref>'''

figures in [[crore]]s of [[Indian rupee|Indian Rupees]]
|-
! Economy at a Glance (FY-2012) || In Indian Rupees
|-
| GSDP (current) || 95,201
|-
| Per capita income|| 82,193
|}
Other key industries include tourism and hydropower, and there is prospective development in IT, ITES, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobile industries. The service sector of Uttarakhand mainly includes tourism, information technology, higher education, and banking.<ref name="phd"/>

During 2005–2006, the state successfully developed three Integrated Industrial Estates (IIEs) at Haridwar, [[Pantnagar]], and [[Sitarganj]]; Pharma City at Salequi; Information Technology Park at Sahastradhara (Dehradun); and a growth centre at Siggadi (Kotdwar). Also in 2006, 20 industrial sectors in public private partnership mode were developed in the state.<ref name=ppp>{{cite web|title=Uttaranchal|url=http://www.pppinindia.com/infrastructure-uttaranchal.php|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
{{Infobox state symbols
| state = Uttarakhand<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/|title=Various State Symbols of Uttarakhand |accessdate=1 April 2012|publisher= gmvnl-Garhwal mandal vikas nigam limited}}</ref>
| country = India
| animal = [[Image:Moschustier.jpg|40px|left]] [[White-bellied musk deer]]
| bird = [[Image:Lophophorus impejanus (Jardin Acclimatation).jpg|40px|left]] [[Monal]]
| flower = [[Image:The Bramha Kamal.JPG|40px|left]] [[Saussurea obvallata|Brahma kamal]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |title=Uttarakhand State Signs &#124; Uttarakhand State Tree |publisher=uttaraguide.com |year=2012 |quote=State Flower : Brahm Kamal |accessdate=8 October 2012}}</ref>
| tree = [[File:Rhododendron arboreumC .jpg|40px|left]] [[Burans]]
}}

Uttarakhand has a great diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 34651&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> which constitutes 65% of the total area of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand Annual Plan 2011–12 Finalisation Meeting Between Hon'ble Dputy Chairman, Planning Commission & Hon’ble Chief Minister, Uttarakhand|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/present/Uttarakhand.pdf|publisher=planningcommission.nic.in|accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref> Uttarakhand is home to rare species of plants and animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. [[National parks of India|National parks]] in Uttarakhand include the Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park of India) at [[Ramnagar, Uttarakhand|Ramnagar]] in [[Nainital District]], and [[Valley of Flowers|Valley of Flowers National Park]] and [[Nanda Devi National Park]] in [[Chamoli District]], which together are a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. A number of plant species in the valley are internationally threatened, including several that have not been recorded from elsewhere in Uttarakhand.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335/|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref> [[Rajaji National Park]] in [[Haridwar District]] and [[Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Sanctuary]] and [[Gangotri National Park]] in [[Uttarkashi District]] are some other protected areas in the state.<ref name=wildlife>{{cite web|title=Wildlife Eco-Tourism In Uttarakhand|url=http://www.uttarakhandforest.org/Data/SC_WildlifeEco-tourism.pdf|publisher=uttarakhandforest.org|accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Chestnut headed bee-eaters at Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|left|230px|alt=Two birds|[[Green Bee-eater|Little green bee-eaters]] at [[Jim Corbett National Park]]]]

[[Leopards]] are found in areas which are abundant in hills but may also venture into the lowland jungles. Smaller felines include the [[jungle cat]], [[fishing cat]], and [[leopard cat]]. Other mammals include four kinds of deer ([[Muntjac|barking]], [[Sambar Deer|sambar]], [[hog deer|hog]] and [[chital]]), [[Sloth bear|sloth]] and [[Asiatic Black Bear|Himalayan black bears]], [[Indian Gray Mongoose|Indian grey mongooses]], [[otter]]s, [[Martes flavigula|yellow-throated martens]], ghoral ([[Goat antelope|goat-antelopes]]), [[Indian Pangolin|Indian pangolins]], and [[langur]] and [[Rhesus Macaque|rhesus]] monkeys. In the summer, [[Asian elephant|elephants]] can be seen in [[herd]]s of several hundred. [[Marsh crocodile]]s (''Crocodylus palustris''), [[gharial]]s (''Gavialis gangeticus'') and other reptiles are also found in the region. Local crocodiles were saved from extinction by captive breeding programs and subsequently re-released into the [[Ramganga]] river.<ref>Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005):208. Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12219-9.</ref> Several freshwater terrapins and turtles like the [[Indian sawback turtle]] (''Kachuga tecta''), [[Brahminy river turtle]] (''Hardella thurgii''), and [[Ganges softshell turtle]] (''Trionyx gangeticus'') are found in the rivers. Butterflies and birds of the region include [[Papilio helenus|red Helen]] (''Papilio helenus''), the [[Hypolimnas bolina|great eggfly]] (''Hypolimnos bolina''), [[Danaus genutia|common tiger]] (''Danaus genutia''), [[Pareronia avatar|pale wanderer]] (''Pareronia avatar avatar''), [[Jungle Babbler]], [[Tawny-bellied Babbler]], [[Great Slaty Woodpecker]], [[Red-breasted Parakeet]], [[Orange-breasted Green Pigeon]] and [[Chestnut-winged Cuckoo]].<ref name="Sharma1998">{{cite book|author=K. P. Sharma|title=Garhwal & Kumaon: A Guide for Trekkers and Tourists|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jSelsX-adscC&pg=PA56|accessdate=9 July 2012|year=1998|publisher=Cicerone Press Limited|isbn=978-1-85284-264-2|pages=56–}}</ref>

[[Oak|Evergreen oaks]], [[rhododendrons]], and [[conifers]] predominate in the hills. ''[[Shorea robusta]]'' (sal), [[silk cotton tree]] (''Bombax ciliata''), ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'', ''[[Mallotus philippensis]]'', ''[[Acacia catechu]]'', ''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'', and ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' (camel's foot tree) are some of the other trees of the region. ''[[Albizia chinensis]]'', the sweet sticky flowers of which are favoured by sloth bears, are also part of the region's flora.<ref name="Sharma1998"/> A decade long study by Prof. C.P. Kala concluded that the Valley of Flowers is endowed with 520 species of higher plants (''[[angiosperms]]'', ''[[gymnosperms]]'' and ''[[pteridophytes]]''), of these 498 are [[flowering plants]]. The park has many species of medicinal plants including ''[[Dactylorhiza hatagirea]]'', ''[[Picrorhiza kurroa]]'', ''[[Aconitum violaceum]]'', ''[[Polygonatum multiflorum]]'', ''[[Fritillaria roylei]]'', and ''[[Podophyllum hexandrum]]''.<ref>Kala, C.P. 2005. The Valley of Flowers; A newly declared World Heritage Site. Current Science, 89 (6): 919–920.</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. 2004. The Valley of Flowers; Myth and Reality. International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India</ref>

==Transport==
Uttarakhand has 28,508&nbsp;km of roads, of which 1,328&nbsp;km are national highways and 1,543&nbsp;km are state highways.<ref name="ppp" /> The State Road Transport Corporation (SRTC), which has been reorganized in Uttarakhand as the "Uttarakhand Transport Corporation", is a major constituent of the transportation system in the state. The Corporation began to work on 31 October 2003 and provides services on interstate and nationalized routes. As of 2012, approximately 1000 buses are being plied by the "Uttarakhand Transport Corporation" on 35 nationalized routes along with many other non-nationalized routes. There are also private transport operators operating approximately 3000 buses on non-nationalised routes along with a few interstate routes in Uttarakhand and the neighbouring state of U.P.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Information|url=http://transport.uk.gov.in/pages/display/54-history|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> For travelling locally, the state, like most of the country, has [[auto rickshaws]] and [[cycle rickshaws]]. In addition, remote towns and villages in the hills are connected to important road junctions and bus routes by a vast network of crowded share jeeps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal) Getting there & around|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttarakhand-uttaranchal/transport/getting-around|publisher=lonelyplanet.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>

The state air transport is not very well developed, although there have been efforts to develop [[Naini Saini Airport]] in Pithoragarh district, Chaniyalisaur in Uttarkashi and Gauchar in Chamoli district. The major airport in the state is the [[Jolly Grant Airport]] in Dehradun, which is well connected to Delhi. Another domestic [[Pantnagar Airport|airport]] is located in the Kumaon region of Pantnagar. There are plans to launch helipad service in Pant Nagar and Jolly Grant Airports and other important tourist destinations like Ghangharia and Hemkund Sahib.<ref>{{cite web|title=Airports in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.uttaranchal-india.com/airports-in-uttarakhand.html|publisher=uttaranchal-india.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>

As over 90% of Uttarakhand's terrain consists of hills, railway services are very limited in the state and are largely confined to the plains. As of 2011, the total length of railway tracks was about 345&nbsp;km.<ref name=ppp/> Rail, being the cheapest mode of transport, is most popular. The most important railway station in Kumaun Division of Uttarakhand is at [[Kathgodam]], 35 kilometres away from Nainital. Kathgodam is the last terminus of the broad gauge line of North East Railways that connects Nainital with Delhi, Dehradun, and Howrah. Other notable railway stations are at [[Lalkuan]] and [[Haldwani]].

Dehradun Railway Station is a railhead of the Northern Railways.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dehradun Railway Station|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/dehradun-railway-station.php|publisher=euttaranchal.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>
Haridwar station is situated on the Delhi–Dehradun and Howrah–Dehradun railway lines. One of the main railheads of the Northern Railways, Haridwar Junction Railway Station is connected by meter gauge and broad gauge lines. Roorkee comes under Northern Railway region of Indian Railways on the main [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] – [[Mughal Sarai]] trunk route and is connected to major Indian cities.
Other railheads are [[Rishikesh]], Kotdwar and Ramnagar linked to Delhi by daily trains.

==Tourism==
{{Main|Tourism in Uttarakhand}}
{{Chota Char Dham}}
Uttarakhand has many tourist spots due to its location in the Himalayas. There are many ancient temples, forest reserves, national parks, hill stations, and mountain peaks that draw large number of tourists. There are 44 nationally protected monuments in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments&nbsp;— Uttranchal|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttranchal.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>[[Oak Grove School (Jharipani, Mussoorie)|Oak Grove School]] in the state is on the tentative list for World Heritage Sites.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tentative Lists|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=in|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> Two of the most holy rivers in [[Hinduism]] the [[Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]], originate in Uttarakhand.
[[File:Ali bugyal2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|View of a [[bugyal]] (meadow) in Uttarakhand.]]
[[File:Hemkunt-003.jpg|right|220px|thumb|alt=a pilgrimage site for Sikhs|Gurudwara [[Hemkund]] Sahib, an important pilgrimage site for [[Sikhs]].]]
Uttarakhand has long been called "abode of the gods" (''Devbhumi''),<ref name=Uttarakhand>{{cite web|url=http://www.nainitaltourism.com/Uttarakhand_Uttaranchal.html|title=Info about Uttarakhand|publisher=Nainital Tours & Package|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref> as the state has some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for more than a thousand years, pilgrims have been visiting the region in the hopes of salvation and purification from sin. [[Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]], the sources of the Ganga and Yamuna, respectively, fall in the upper reaches of the state and together with [[Badrinath]] (dedicated to [[Vishnu]]) and [[Kedarnath]] (dedicated to [[Shiva]]) form the [[Chota Char Dham]], one of Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious pilgrimage circuits. Haridwar, meaning "Gateway to God", is a prime Hindu destination. Haridwar hosts the [[Kumbha Mela]] every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take part from all parts of India and the world. [[Rishikesh]] near Haridwar is known as the preeminent yoga centre of India. The state has an abundance of temples and shrines, many dedicated to local deities or manifestations of Shiva and [[Durga]], references to many of which can be found in Hindu scriptures and legends.<ref>Dilwali, A., & Pant, P. (1987). The [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] Himalayas, ramparts of heaven. New Delhi: Lustre Press.</ref> Uttarakhand is, however, a place of pilgrimage not only for the Hindus. [[Hemkund]], nested in the Himalayas, is a prime pilgrimage center for the [[Sikhs]]. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] has also made itself felt with the reconstruction of [[Mindrolling_Monastery#Mindrolling_in_India|Mindroling Monastery]] and its Buddha Stupa, described as the world's highest, southwest of [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mindrolling Monastery|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttarakhand-uttaranchal/dehra-dun/sights/other/mindrolling-monastery|publisher=lonelyplanet.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dalai Lama Consecrates Stupa at Mindroling Monastery|url=http://www.voatibetanenglish.com/content/a-28-a-2002-10-29-4-1-90251907/1267487.html|publisher=Voice of America Tibetan|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>

Some of the most famous hill stations in India are in Uttarakhand. [[Mussoorie]], [[Nainital]], [[Dhanaulti]], [[Lansdowne, Garhwal|Lansdowne]], [[Sattal]], [[Almora]], [[Kausani]], [[Bhimtal]], and [[Ranikhet]] are some of the popular hill stations in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places in Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal)|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttarakhand-uttaranchal/places|publisher=lonelyplanet.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> The state has 12 National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries which cover 13.8
percent of the total area of the state. They are located at different altitudes varying from 800 to 5400 meters. The oldest national park on the Indian sub-continent, Jim Corbett National Park, is a major tourist attraction.<ref name=wildlife/> The park is famous for its varied wildlife and [[Project Tiger]] run by the Government of India. In addition the state boasts Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [[Vasudhara Falls]], near [[Badrinath]] is a waterfall with a height of {{convert|122|m|ft}} set in a backdrop of snow-clad mountains.<ref name=harsh>{{cite book|last=Bisht|first=Harshwanti|title=Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya : with special reference to mountaineering and trekking in Uttarkashi and Chamoli Districts|year=1994|publisher=Indus Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173870064|pages=41, 43|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=vasudhara+fall&source=bl&ots=Dr4S3vxnB9&sig=iiUpccgd0qHfVtV_LgD8KsqcSag&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AdYPUNSrLtGtrAfBm4CoDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=vasudhara%20fall&f=false}}</ref>
The state has always been a destination for [[mountaineering]], [[hiking]], and [[rock climbing]] in India. A recent development in [[adventure tourism]] in the region has been whitewater [[rafting]] in Rishikesh. Due to its proximity to the Himalaya ranges, the place is full of hills and mountains and is suitable for trekking, climbing, skiing, camping, rock climbing, and paragliding.<ref>{{cite web|title=Destination for Adventure Sports|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/uttaranchaltourist.htm|publisher=mapsofindia.com|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>[[Roopkund]] is a popular trekking site, famous for the mysterious skeletons found in a lake, which was covered by [[National Geographic Channel]] in a documentary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Riddles of the Dead|url=http://natgeotv.com/asia/riddles-of-the-dead/about|work=National Geographic|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> The trek to Roopkund passes through the beautiful meadows of [[Bugyal]].

==Education==
[[Image:The Doon School.jpg|right|2oopx|thumb|alt=building of The Doon School|Main Building of [[The Doon School]].]]
As of 30 September 2010 there were 15,331 primary schools with 1,040,139 students and 22,118 working teachers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Primary schools in Uttarakhand as of 30 September 2010 [[Hindi{{!}}in Hindi]]|url=http://schooleducation.uk.gov.in/files/statistics/primary_schools.pdf|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Enrollment of (General) Children in Primary School|url=http://schooleducation.uk.gov.in/files/statistics/Primary.pdf|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Status of teachers (districtwise) as of 30 September 2010|url=http://schooleducation.uk.gov.in/files/statistics/teachers/Primary_teacher.pdf|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref> As of the 2011 census the literacy rate of the state was 79.63% with 88.33% literacy for males and 70.70% literacy for females.<ref name="Demography"/> The language of instruction in the schools is either English or Hindi. There are mainly government-run, private unaided (no government help), and private aided schools in the state. The main school affiliations are [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]] or the state syllabus defined by the Department of Education of the Government of Uttarakhand.
[[Image:Forest Research Institute campus, Dehradun, India.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=building of the Forest Research Institute|[[Forest Research Institute]], [[Dehradun]], distant view.]]
Uttarakhand is home to several important educational institutions including the [[Indian Institute of Management]] in [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in [[Roorkee]], [[Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology]] in Pantnagar, and the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Forest Research Institute]] [[University of Petroleum and Energy Studies]] and [[Uttaranchal Institute of Technology]] in Dehradun.nehru institute of mountaineering uttarkashi Uttarakhand also has several prominent day and boarding schools including [[G D Birla Memorial School]], Ranikhet, [[St Joseph's College, Nainital|St. Joseph's College]] (Nainital), [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC)]] (Dehradun), [[The Doon School]] (Dehradun), [[Welham Girls School]] (Dehradun), [[Welham Boys School]] (Dehradun), Hopetown Girls' School (Dehradun), [[St. Joseph's Academy, Dehradun|St. Joseph's Academy]] (Dehradun), [[Brightlands School]] (Dehradun), [[Birla Vidya Mandir|Birla Vidya Mandir (Nainital)]], Wynberg Allen (Mussoorie), Mussoorie International School (Mussoorie), St. Georges colleges (Mussoorie),Oak Grove School (Mussoorie) [[Woodstock School]] ( Mussoorie), C.S.T (Mussoorie), CJM Waverly (Mussoorie) and Sherwood College (Nainital). Several Indian luminaries have attended these schools including prime ministers and film stars such as [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Reshmi R|title=Dooned if you do, damned if...|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-05-10/news/27376408_1_doon-school-doscos-singh-and-vishvjeet-singh|accessdate=18 July 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=10 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chopra|first=Jaskiran|title=Big B’s alma mater completes 143 yrs|url=http://dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/77449-big-bs-alma-mater-completes-143-yrs.html|accessdate=18 July 2012|newspaper=The Pioneer|location=India|date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==See also==
{{portal|Geography|Asia|South Asia|India|Himalaya region}}
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Kumaon Regiment]]
* [[Baitada]]
* [[Doti]]
* [[Special Frontier Force]]
* [[Bedupako]]
*[[Garhwal rifles]]
{{Div col end}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Rivett-Carnac|first=J. H.|title=Archaeological notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/archaeologicalno00rive#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1879|publisher=Calcutta : G.H. Rouse}}
*{{cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924089930774#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1894|publisher=Lodiana Mission Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Oakley|first= E Sherman|title=Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal)|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1905|publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London}}
*{{cite book|last=of Kumaon|first=Raja Rudradeva|coauthors=(Ed. with English tr. Haraprasada Shastri)|title=Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/syanikasatraorbo00rudruoft#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1910|publisher=Asiatic Society, Calcutta}}
* Umachand Handa (2002). ''History of Uttaranchal''. Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-134-5. [http://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&pg=PA153&dq=Uttaranchal&lr=&as_brr=0#PPP1,M1 Excerpts]
* Husain, Z. (1995). ''Uttarakhand movement: the politics of identity and frustration, a psycho-analytical study of the separate state movement, 1815–1995''. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot. ISBN 81-85897-17-4
* Śarmā, D. (1989). ''Tibeto-Himalayan languages of Uttarakhand''. Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages, 3. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-171-4
* Fonia, K. S. (1987). ''Uttarakhand, the land of jungles, temples, and snows''. New Delhi, India: Lancer Books.
* Mukhopadhyay, R. (1987). ''Uttarakhand movement a sociological analysis''. Centre for Himalayan Studies special lecture, 8. Raja Rammohunpur, Dt. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal.
* Uma Prasad Thapliyal (2005). ''Uttaranchal: Historical and cultural perspectives''. B.R. Pub. Corp., ISBN 81-7646-463-5.
* Vijaypal Singh Negi, Jawahernagar, Post-Agastyamuni,Dist.-Rudraprayag, ''The Great Himalays'' 1998,

==External links==
{{Commons category|Uttarakhand}}
{{Sister project links|voy=Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand}}
; Government
* [http://www.uk.gov.in/ Official web-site of Uttarakhand Government]
; Other
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand}}

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Uttarakhand
|North =
|Northeast = {{flagicon|China}}[[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Far-Western Region, Nepal|Far-Western Region]], {{flag|Nepal}}
|South = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Haryana]]
|Northwest = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
}}
{{Uttarakhand}}
{{states and territories of India}}
{{Education in India}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
{{Kumaon}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Uttarakhand| ]]
[[Category:States and territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2000]]

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Revision as of 09:20, 1 February 2013

Maroda (Hindi: मरोड़ा गाँव) is a village located in Patti Kandwalsyun, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand of India. It is located 9km ahead of Devprayag on the way to Sabdar Khal and Pauri. It;'s situated in the laps of the mountains of Uttarakhand and on the foot-hills of the Jai Danda Nagraja Mandir, this temple is dedicated to the Lord Sri Krishna which is a very holy place for the Hindus. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settled in the urban areas like Delhi for their bread & butter but they are still very much attached with their roots back in the beautiful village of Maroda. The village is situated on the foot-hills of Shri Danda Nagraja Temple.

Maroda come under the Pauri Garhwal district. Pauri is a very important market for Maroda and near by villages and patti's because they got very necessary and important facilities there, like Hospital, Market, Cinema Hall, and Administrative Offices of Uttarakhand Government. Though some other markets are also there near by Maroda like, Devpryag, Sabdarkhal, & Sirala but these markets are only capable to provide the basic commodities for the house-holds of the area. Garhwali is the main dialect(language) of Maroda and Pauri Garhwal.


Uttarakhand
उत्तराखंड
Location of Uttarakhand in India
Location of Uttarakhand in India
Map of Uttarakhand
Map of Uttarakhand
CountryIndia
Established9 November 2000
CapitalDehradun
Largest cityDehradun
Districts13
Government
 • GovernorAziz Qureshi
 • Chief MinisterVijay Bahuguna (INC)
 • LegislatureUnicameral (70 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituency5
 • High CourtUttarakhand High Court
Area
 • Total51,125 km2 (19,739 sq mi)
 • Rank18th
Population
 (2011)
 • Total10,116,752
 • Rank19th
 • Density189/km2 (490/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-UT
HDI0.515[1]
HDI rank7th (2011)
Literacy79.63%
Sex ratio963
Languages spokenHindi, Garhwali, Kumaoni,Urdu
Official languagesHindi, Sanskrit
Websiteuk.gov.in
^† Dehradun is the provisional capital of the state. The new capital has not yet been chosen.

Uttarakhand/ˌ[invalid input: 'ʉ']tərɑː khənd/, formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of the India. It is often referred to as the "Land of the Gods" due to the many holy Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is mainly known for its natural beauty of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai. On 9 November 2000, this 27th state of the Republic of India was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh.[3] It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north; the Mahakali Zone of the Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east; and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the northwest. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon, with a total of 13 districts. The provisional capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city in the region, which is a railhead. The high court of the state is in Nainital.

Archaeological evidence support the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times. Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism. Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region. During the medieval period the region was consolidated under the Kumaon and Garhwal kingdom. By 1803 the region fell to the Gurkha Empire of Nepal and with the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1816 most of modern Uttarakhand was ceded to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals, the proximity of different neighbouring ethnic groups and the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions which further strengthened during the movement for statehood in the 1990s.

The natives of the state are generally called either Garhwali or Kumaoni depending on their place of origin. According to the 2011 census of India, Uttarakhand has a population of 10,116,752, making it the 19th most populous state in India. A large portion of the population consists of Rajputs and Brahmins. More than 88% of the population follow Hinduism. Muslims are the largest minority in the state with Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, and Jains being the other major religions. Garhwali and Kumaoni are the two main regional languages, whereas Hindi is the most widely spoken language.

Two of the most important rivers in Hinduism originate in the region, the Ganga at Gangotri and the Yamuna at Yamunotri. These two along with Badrinath and Kedarnath form the Chota Char Dham, a holy pilgrimage for the Hindus. The state hosts the Bengal tiger in Jim Corbett National Park, the oldest national park of the Indian subcontinent. The Valley of Flowers, a Unesco World Heritage Site located here, is known for the variety and rarity of the flowers and plants found there.

Etymology

Uttarakhand's name is derived from the Sanskrit words uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. The name finds mention in early Hindu scriptures as the combined region of Kedarkhand (present day Garhwal) and Manaskhand (present day Kumaon). Uttarakhand was also the ancient Puranic (पौराणिक) term for the central stretch of the Indian Himalayas.[4]

However, the region was given the name Uttaranchal by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led central government and Uttar Pradesh state government when they started a new round of state reorganization in 1998. Chosen for its allegedly less separatist connotations, the name change generated enormous controversy among many activists for a separate state who saw it as a political act.[5] The name Uttarakhand remained popular in the region, even while Uttaranchal was promulgated through official usage.

In August 2006, India's Union Cabinet assented to the demands of the Uttaranchal state assembly and leading members of the Uttarakhand movement to rename Uttaranchal state as Uttarakhand. Legislation to that effect was passed by the State Legislative Assembly in October 2006,[6] and the Union Cabinet brought in the bill in the winter session of Parliament. The bill was passed by Parliament and signed into law by the President Abdul Kalam in December 2006, and since 2007, the state is known as Uttarakhand.[7]

History

Historical temples at Jageshwar
The historical temples at Jageshwar, preserved by the Archaeological Survey of India

Ancient rock paintings, rock shelters, Paleolithic stone tools (hundreds of thousands of years old), and megaliths provide evidence that the mountains of the region have been inhabited since prehistoric times. There are also archaeological remains which show the existence of early Vedic (c. 1500 BCE) practices in the area.[8]

The Pauravas, Kushanas, Kunindas, Guptas, Gurjara-Pratihara, Katyuris, Raikas, Palas, Chands, Parmars or Panwars, Sikhs, and the British have ruled Uttarakhand in turns.[4] The region was originally settled by Kols, an aboriginal people of the austro-Asiatic physical type who were later joined by Indo-Aryan Khas tribes that arrived from the northwest by the Vedic period (1700–1100 BCE). At that time, present-day Uttarakhand also served as a habitat for Rishis and Sadhus. It is believed that the sage Vyasa scripted the Hindu epic Mahabharata in the state. Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism and traded salt with Western Tibet. It is evident from the Ashokan edict at Kalsi in Western Garhwal that Buddhism made inroads in this region. Folk shamanic practices deviating from Hindu orthodoxy also persisted here. However, Garhwal and Kumaon were restored to nominal Brahmanical rule due to the travails of Shankaracharya and the arrival of migrants from the plains. Between the 4th and 14th centuries, the Katyuri dynasty dominated lands of varying extent from the Katyur (modern day Baijnath) valley in Kumaon. The historically significant temples at Jageshwar are believed to have been built by the Katyuris and later remodelled by the Chands. Other peoples of the Tibeto-Burman group known as Kiratas are thought to have settled in the northern highlands as well as in pockets throughout the region, and are believed to be ancestors of the modern day Bhotiya, Raji, Buksha, and Tharu peoples.[9]

Princely flag of Garhwal Kingdom
Princely flag of Kingdom of Garhwal

By the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the Garhwal Kingdom in the west and the Kumaon Kingdom in the east. During this period, learning and new forms of painting (the Pahari school of art) developed.[10] Modern-day Garhwal was likewise unified under the rule of Parmars who, along with many Brahmins and Rajputs, also arrived from the plains.[11] In 1791 the expanding Gurkha Empire of Nepal overran Almora, the seat of the Kumaon Kingdom. In 1803 the Garhwal Kingdom also fell to the Gurkhas. With the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1816, the Garhwal Kingdom was re-established from a smaller region in Tehri, as the larger portion of Tehri, along with eastern Garhwal and Kumaon ceded to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli.

Map of Uttarakhand as part of United Province
Uttarakhand as a part of the United Province, 1903

After India attained independence from the British, the Garhwal Kingdom was merged into the state of Uttar Pradesh, where Uttarakhand composed the Garhwal and Kumaon Divisions.[12] Until 1998, Uttarakhand was the name most commonly used to refer to the region, as various political groups, including the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (Uttarakhand Revolutionary Party), began agitating for separate statehood under its banner. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions.[13] These bonds formed the basis of the new political identity of Uttarakhand, which gained significant momentum in 1994, when demand for separate statehood achieved almost unanimous acceptance among both the local populace and national political parties.[14] The most notable incident during this period was the Rampur Tiraha firing case on the night of 1 October 1994, which led to a public uproar.[15] On 24 September 1998, the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, which began the process of creating a new state.[16] Two years later the Parliament of India passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000, and thus, on 9 November 2000, Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India.

"Maatu hamru, paani hamru, hamra hi chhan yi baun bhi... Pitron na lagai baun, hamunahi ta bachon bhi"
Soil ours, water ours, ours are these forests. Our forefathers raised them, it’s we who must protect them.
-- Old Chipko Song (Garhwali language)[17]

Uttarakhand is also well known for the mass agitation of the 1990s that led to the formation of the Chipko environmental movement[18] and other social movements. Though primarily a livelihood movement rather than a forest conservation movement, it went on to become a rallying point for many future environmentalists, environmental protests, and movements the world over and created a precedent for non-violent protest.[19] It stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalized people. So much so that, a quarter of a century later, India Today mentioned the people behind the "forest satyagraha" of the Chipko movement as amongst "100 people who shaped India".[20] One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers.[21] Both female and male activists played pivotal roles in the movement, including Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Sundarlal Bahuguna, and Ghanasyam Raturi, the popular Chipko poet.[22]

Geography

Mountain of Nanda Devi
Nanda Devi, the second-highest mountain in India

Uttarakhand has a total area of 51,125 km²,[23] of which 93% is mountainous and 64% is covered by forest.[23] Most of the northern part of the state is covered by high Himalayan peaks and glaciers, while the lower foothills were densely forested till logged by British log merchants and, after independence, by forest contractors. Recent efforts in reforestation, however, have begun to restore the historical environment. The Himalayan ecosystem provides habitat for many animals (including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and tigers), plants, and rare herbs. Two of India's largest rivers, the Ganges and the Yamuna, originate in the glaciers of Uttarakhand, where they are fed by myriad lakes, glacial melts and streams.[24]

Uttarakhand lies on the southern slope of the Himalaya range, and the climate and vegetation vary greatly with elevation, from glaciers at the highest elevations to subtropical forests at the lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered by ice and bare rock. Below them, between 3,000 and 5,000 metres (9,800 and 16,400 ft) are the western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. The temperate western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests grow just below the tree line. At 3,000 to 2,600 metres (9,800 to 8,500 ft) elevation they transition to the temperate western Himalayan broadleaf forests, which lie in a belt from 2,600 to 1,500 metres (8,500 to 4,900 ft) elevation. Below 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) elevation lie the Himalayan subtropical pine forests. The Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests and the drier Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands cover the lowlands along the Uttar Pradesh border in a belt locally known as Bhabhar. These lowland forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture, but a few pockets remain.[25]

Demographics

The native people of Uttarakhand are generally called either Garhwali or Kumaoni depending on their place of origin in either the Kumaon or Garhwal region. According to the 2011 census of India, Uttarakhand has a population of 10,116,752 comprising 5,154,178 males and 4,962,574 females, with 69.45% of the population living in rural areas. The state is the 20th most populous state of the country having 0.84% of the population on 1.69% of the land. The population density of the state is 189 people per square kilometre having a 2001–2011 decadal growth rate of 19.17%. The gender ratio is 963 females per 1000 males.[26] [27] [28] The crude birth rate in the state is 18.6 with the total fertility rate being 2.3. The state has an infant mortality rate of 43, a maternal mortality rate of 188 and a crude death rate of 6.6.[29]

Uttarakhand has a multiethnic population spread across two geocultural regions: the Gahrwal, and the Kumaon. A large portion of the population is Rajput (various clans of landowning rulers and their descendants)—including members of the native Garhwali, Gujjar, and Kumaoni communities, as well as a number of immigrants. Approximately one-fifth of the population belongs to the Scheduled Castes (an official term for the lower castes in the traditional Hindu caste system). Scheduled Tribes (an official term for natives outside the Indian social system), such as the Raji, who live near the border with Nepal, constitute less than 5 percent of the population. More than four-fifths of Uttarakhand’s residents are Hindus. Uttarakhand comprise of Hindus 86.6%, Muslims 11.8%(Mostly concentrated in plains areas of Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital District), Sikhs 2.3% (Mostly in Udham Singh Nagar District, also called "Mini Punjab") Christians 1.5% and Others including Buddhist, Jains, Parsees comprise a total of 0.8% out of total population. According to a 2007 study, Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of Brahmins of any state in India, with approximately 20% of the population being Brahmin. [30] Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, and Jains make up the remaining population with the Muslims being the largest minority.[8][28]

The Garhwali and Kumaoni dialects of Central Pahari are spoken in Kumaon and Garhwal regions, respectively. Jaunsari and Bhotiya dialects are spoken by tribal communities in the west and north, respectively. The urban population, however, converses mostly in Hindi, which is an official language of the state. Uttarakhand is the only Indian state to give official language status to Sanskrit.[31]

Government and politics

Following the Constitution of India, the State of Uttarakhand, like all Indian states, has a parliamentary system of representative democracy for its government.

The Governor is the constitutional and formal head of the government and is appointed for a five-year term by the President of India on the advice of the Union government. The Chief Minister, who holds the real executive powers, is the head of the party or coalition garnering the majority in the state elections. The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker, or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. A Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister and reports to the Legislative Assembly. Uttarakhand has a unicameral house with 70 Members of the Legislative Assembly or MLAs.[32] Auxiliary authorities that govern at a local level are known as panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. All state and local government offices have a five-year term. The state also contributes 5 seats to Lok Sabha and 3 seats to Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[33] The judiciary consists of the Uttarakhand High Court, located at Nainital, and a system of lower courts. The present Chief Justice of the High Court is Barin Ghosh.[34]

Politics in Uttarakhand is dominated by the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party. Since the formation of the state these parties have ruled the state in turns. Following the hung mandate in the Uttarakhand State Assembly Election in 2011, the Indian National Congress, having the maximum number of seats, formed a coalition government and Vijay Bahuguna became the Chief Minister.[32]

Sub-divisions

Map of Uttarkhand
Districts of Uttarakhand

There are 13 districts in Uttarakhand which are grouped into two divisions, Kumaon and Garhwal. Four new districts named Didihat, Ranikhet, Kotdwar, and Yamunotri were declared by the then CM of Uttarakhand, Ramesh Pokhriyal, on 15 August 2011.[35]

The Kumaon division includes the following districts:

The Garhwal division includes the following districts:

Each district is governed by a district commissioner or district magistrate. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are governed by sub-divisional magistrates; sub-divisions comprise blocks containing panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.

According to the 2011 census, Haridwar, Dehradun, and Udham Singh Nagar are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of over one million.[26]

Culture

Sumitranandan Pant museum, Kausani
Sumitranandan Pant museum, Kausani

Uttarakhand's diverse ethnicities have created a rich literary tradition in languages including Hindi, Kumaoni, Garhwali, Jaunsari, and Bhotiya. Many of its traditional tales originated in the form of lyrical ballads and folklore chanted by itinerant singers and are now considered classics of Hindi literature. Ganga Prasad Vimal, Manohar Shyam Joshi, Shekhar Joshi, Shailesh Matiyani, Shivani, Mohan Upreti, and Jnanpith awardee Sumitranandan Pant are some of the major literary figures from the region. Prominent philosopher and environmental activist Vandana Shiva is also from Uttarakhand.

The dances of the region are connected to life and human existence and exhibit myriad human emotions. Langvir nritya is a dance form for males that resembles gymnastic movements. Barada nati folk dance is another famous dance of Dehradun, which is practised during some religious festivals. Other well-known dances include hurka baul, jhumeila, chaufula, and chholiya.[36] Music is an integral part of the Uttarakhand culture. Popular types of folk songs include mangals, basanti, khuded and chhopati.[37] These folk songs are played on instruments including dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora, and masakbhaja. Music is also used as a medium through which the gods are invoked. Jaagar is a form of ghost worship in which the singer, or jagariya, sings a ballad of the gods, with allusions to great epics, like Mahabharat and Ramayana, that describe the adventures and exploits of the god being invoked. Narendra Singh Negi is a popular singer of the region.[38]

building
Architectural details of a Dharamshala, estb. 1822, Haridwar
painting
Abhisarika nayika, a painting by Mola Ram

Among the prominent local crafts is wood carving, which appears most frequently in the ornately decorated temples of Uttarakhand. Intricately carved designs of floral patterns, deities, and geometrical motifs also decorate the doors, windows, ceilings, and walls of village houses. Beautifully worked paintings and murals are used to decorate both homes and temples. Pahari painting is a form of painting that flourished in the region between the 17th and 19th century. Mola Ram started the Garhwal Branch of the Kangra school of painting. Haripur Guler was famous as the cradle of Kangra paintings. Kumaoni art often is geometrical in nature, while Garhwali art is known for its closeness to nature. Other crafts of Uttarakhand include handcrafted gold jewellery, basketry from Garhwal, woollen shawls, scarves, and rugs. The latter are mainly produced by the Bhotias of northern Uttarakhand.

The primary food of Uttarakhand is vegetables with wheat being a staple, although non-vegeterian food is also served. A distinctive characteristic of Uttarakhand cuisine is the sparing use of tomatoes, milk, and milk based products. Coarse grain with high fibre content is very common in Uttarakhand due to the harsh terrain. Other food items which are famous are madua (Buck wheat) in the interior regions of Kumaun. Generally, either pure ghee or mustard oil is used for the purpose of cooking food. Simple recipes are made interesting with the use of hash seeds as spice. Bal mithai is a popular fudge-like sweet. Other popular dishes include dubuk, chains, kaap, churkani, bhatt ki churdkani, sei, and gulgula. Jhoi, a regional variation of kadhi, is also popular.

Kumbh Mela
Bathing ghat on the Ganges during Kumbh Mela, 2010, Haridwar

One of the major Hindu pilgrimages, Kumbh Mela, takes place in Uttarakhand. Haridwar is one of the four places in India where this mela is organised. Haridwar most recently hosted the Purna Kumbha Mela from Makar Sankranti (14 January 2010) to Shakh Purnima Snan (28 April 2010). Hundreds of foreigners joined Indian pilgrims in the festival which is considered the largest religious gathering in the world.[39] Kumauni Holi in forms including Baithki Holi, Khari Holi and Mahila Holi, all of which start from Basant Panchmi, are festivals and musical affairs that can last almost a month. Ganga Dussehra, Vasant Panchami, Makar Sankranti, Ghee Sankranti, Khatarua, Bat Savitri, and Phool Dei are other major festivals. In addition, various fairs like Harela mela, Nanda Devi Mela take place.

Economy

The Uttarakhand state has been one of the fastest growing economies in India. Its gross state domestic product (GSDP) (at constant prices) more than doubled from 24,786 crore in FY2005 to 60,898 crore in FY2012. The real GSDP grew at 13.7% (CAGR) during the FY2005–FY2012 period. The contribution of the services sector to the GSDP of Uttarakhand was just over 50% during FY 2012. Per capita income in Uttarakhand is 82,193 (FY 2012) which is higher than the national average of 60,603 (FY2012).[40] According to the Reserve Bank of India, the total foreign direct investment in the state from April 2000 to October 2009 amounted to US$ 46.7 million.[41]

Rice winnowing
Winnowing rice, an important food crop in Uttarakhand.

Like most of India, agriculture is one of the most significant sectors of the economy of Uttarakhand. Basmati rice, wheat, soybeans, groundnuts, coarse cereals, pulses, and oil seeds are the most widely grown crops. Fruits like apples, oranges, pears, peaches, litchis, and plums are widely grown and important to the large food processing industry. Agricultural export zones have been set up in the state for leechi, horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants, and basmati rice. During 2010, wheat production was 831 thousand tonnes and rice production was 610 thousand tonnes, while the main cash crop of the state, sugarcane, had a production of 5058 thousand tonnes. As 90% of the state consists of hills, the yield per hectare is not very high. 86% of all croplands are in the plains while the remaining is from the hills.[42]

Uttarakhand Economy at a Glance[43]

figures in crores of Indian Rupees

Economy at a Glance (FY-2012) In Indian Rupees
GSDP (current) 95,201
Per capita income 82,193

Other key industries include tourism and hydropower, and there is prospective development in IT, ITES, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobile industries. The service sector of Uttarakhand mainly includes tourism, information technology, higher education, and banking.[42]

During 2005–2006, the state successfully developed three Integrated Industrial Estates (IIEs) at Haridwar, Pantnagar, and Sitarganj; Pharma City at Salequi; Information Technology Park at Sahastradhara (Dehradun); and a growth centre at Siggadi (Kotdwar). Also in 2006, 20 industrial sectors in public private partnership mode were developed in the state.[44]

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Uttarakhand[45]
Bird
Monal
Flower
Brahma kamal[46]
Tree
Burans

Uttarakhand has a great diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 34651 km2 which constitutes 65% of the total area of the state.[47] Uttarakhand is home to rare species of plants and animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. National parks in Uttarakhand include the Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park of India) at Ramnagar in Nainital District, and Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A number of plant species in the valley are internationally threatened, including several that have not been recorded from elsewhere in Uttarakhand.[48] Rajaji National Park in Haridwar District and Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Sanctuary and Gangotri National Park in Uttarkashi District are some other protected areas in the state.[49]

Two birds
Little green bee-eaters at Jim Corbett National Park

Leopards are found in areas which are abundant in hills but may also venture into the lowland jungles. Smaller felines include the jungle cat, fishing cat, and leopard cat. Other mammals include four kinds of deer (barking, sambar, hog and chital), sloth and Himalayan black bears, Indian grey mongooses, otters, yellow-throated martens, ghoral (goat-antelopes), Indian pangolins, and langur and rhesus monkeys. In the summer, elephants can be seen in herds of several hundred. Marsh crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris), gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) and other reptiles are also found in the region. Local crocodiles were saved from extinction by captive breeding programs and subsequently re-released into the Ramganga river.[50] Several freshwater terrapins and turtles like the Indian sawback turtle (Kachuga tecta), Brahminy river turtle (Hardella thurgii), and Ganges softshell turtle (Trionyx gangeticus) are found in the rivers. Butterflies and birds of the region include red Helen (Papilio helenus), the great eggfly (Hypolimnos bolina), common tiger (Danaus genutia), pale wanderer (Pareronia avatar avatar), Jungle Babbler, Tawny-bellied Babbler, Great Slaty Woodpecker, Red-breasted Parakeet, Orange-breasted Green Pigeon and Chestnut-winged Cuckoo.[51]

Evergreen oaks, rhododendrons, and conifers predominate in the hills. Shorea robusta (sal), silk cotton tree (Bombax ciliata), Dalbergia sissoo, Mallotus philippensis, Acacia catechu, Bauhinia racemosa, and Bauhinia variegata (camel's foot tree) are some of the other trees of the region. Albizia chinensis, the sweet sticky flowers of which are favoured by sloth bears, are also part of the region's flora.[51] A decade long study by Prof. C.P. Kala concluded that the Valley of Flowers is endowed with 520 species of higher plants (angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes), of these 498 are flowering plants. The park has many species of medicinal plants including Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Picrorhiza kurroa, Aconitum violaceum, Polygonatum multiflorum, Fritillaria roylei, and Podophyllum hexandrum.[52][53]

Transport

Uttarakhand has 28,508 km of roads, of which 1,328 km are national highways and 1,543 km are state highways.[44] The State Road Transport Corporation (SRTC), which has been reorganized in Uttarakhand as the "Uttarakhand Transport Corporation", is a major constituent of the transportation system in the state. The Corporation began to work on 31 October 2003 and provides services on interstate and nationalized routes. As of 2012, approximately 1000 buses are being plied by the "Uttarakhand Transport Corporation" on 35 nationalized routes along with many other non-nationalized routes. There are also private transport operators operating approximately 3000 buses on non-nationalised routes along with a few interstate routes in Uttarakhand and the neighbouring state of U.P.[54] For travelling locally, the state, like most of the country, has auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws. In addition, remote towns and villages in the hills are connected to important road junctions and bus routes by a vast network of crowded share jeeps.[55]

The state air transport is not very well developed, although there have been efforts to develop Naini Saini Airport in Pithoragarh district, Chaniyalisaur in Uttarkashi and Gauchar in Chamoli district. The major airport in the state is the Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun, which is well connected to Delhi. Another domestic airport is located in the Kumaon region of Pantnagar. There are plans to launch helipad service in Pant Nagar and Jolly Grant Airports and other important tourist destinations like Ghangharia and Hemkund Sahib.[56]

As over 90% of Uttarakhand's terrain consists of hills, railway services are very limited in the state and are largely confined to the plains. As of 2011, the total length of railway tracks was about 345 km.[44] Rail, being the cheapest mode of transport, is most popular. The most important railway station in Kumaun Division of Uttarakhand is at Kathgodam, 35 kilometres away from Nainital. Kathgodam is the last terminus of the broad gauge line of North East Railways that connects Nainital with Delhi, Dehradun, and Howrah. Other notable railway stations are at Lalkuan and Haldwani.

Dehradun Railway Station is a railhead of the Northern Railways.[57] Haridwar station is situated on the Delhi–Dehradun and Howrah–Dehradun railway lines. One of the main railheads of the Northern Railways, Haridwar Junction Railway Station is connected by meter gauge and broad gauge lines. Roorkee comes under Northern Railway region of Indian Railways on the main PunjabMughal Sarai trunk route and is connected to major Indian cities. Other railheads are Rishikesh, Kotdwar and Ramnagar linked to Delhi by daily trains.

Tourism

Uttarakhand has many tourist spots due to its location in the Himalayas. There are many ancient temples, forest reserves, national parks, hill stations, and mountain peaks that draw large number of tourists. There are 44 nationally protected monuments in the state.[58]Oak Grove School in the state is on the tentative list for World Heritage Sites.[59] Two of the most holy rivers in Hinduism the Ganga and Yamuna, originate in Uttarakhand.

View of a bugyal (meadow) in Uttarakhand.
a pilgrimage site for Sikhs
Gurudwara Hemkund Sahib, an important pilgrimage site for Sikhs.

Uttarakhand has long been called "abode of the gods" (Devbhumi),[23] as the state has some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for more than a thousand years, pilgrims have been visiting the region in the hopes of salvation and purification from sin. Gangotri and Yamunotri, the sources of the Ganga and Yamuna, respectively, fall in the upper reaches of the state and together with Badrinath (dedicated to Vishnu) and Kedarnath (dedicated to Shiva) form the Chota Char Dham, one of Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious pilgrimage circuits. Haridwar, meaning "Gateway to God", is a prime Hindu destination. Haridwar hosts the Kumbha Mela every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take part from all parts of India and the world. Rishikesh near Haridwar is known as the preeminent yoga centre of India. The state has an abundance of temples and shrines, many dedicated to local deities or manifestations of Shiva and Durga, references to many of which can be found in Hindu scriptures and legends.[60] Uttarakhand is, however, a place of pilgrimage not only for the Hindus. Hemkund, nested in the Himalayas, is a prime pilgrimage center for the Sikhs. Tibetan Buddhism has also made itself felt with the reconstruction of Mindroling Monastery and its Buddha Stupa, described as the world's highest, southwest of Dehradun.[61][62]

Some of the most famous hill stations in India are in Uttarakhand. Mussoorie, Nainital, Dhanaulti, Lansdowne, Sattal, Almora, Kausani, Bhimtal, and Ranikhet are some of the popular hill stations in India.[63] The state has 12 National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries which cover 13.8 percent of the total area of the state. They are located at different altitudes varying from 800 to 5400 meters. The oldest national park on the Indian sub-continent, Jim Corbett National Park, is a major tourist attraction.[49] The park is famous for its varied wildlife and Project Tiger run by the Government of India. In addition the state boasts Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Vasudhara Falls, near Badrinath is a waterfall with a height of 122 metres (400 ft) set in a backdrop of snow-clad mountains.[64] The state has always been a destination for mountaineering, hiking, and rock climbing in India. A recent development in adventure tourism in the region has been whitewater rafting in Rishikesh. Due to its proximity to the Himalaya ranges, the place is full of hills and mountains and is suitable for trekking, climbing, skiing, camping, rock climbing, and paragliding.[65]Roopkund is a popular trekking site, famous for the mysterious skeletons found in a lake, which was covered by National Geographic Channel in a documentary.[66] The trek to Roopkund passes through the beautiful meadows of Bugyal.

Education

building of The Doon School
Main Building of The Doon School.

As of 30 September 2010 there were 15,331 primary schools with 1,040,139 students and 22,118 working teachers.[67][68][69] As of the 2011 census the literacy rate of the state was 79.63% with 88.33% literacy for males and 70.70% literacy for females.[28] The language of instruction in the schools is either English or Hindi. There are mainly government-run, private unaided (no government help), and private aided schools in the state. The main school affiliations are CBSE, CISCE or the state syllabus defined by the Department of Education of the Government of Uttarakhand.

building of the Forest Research Institute
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, distant view.

Uttarakhand is home to several important educational institutions including the Indian Institute of Management in Kashipur, Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology in Pantnagar, and the Indian Military Academy, Forest Research Institute University of Petroleum and Energy Studies and Uttaranchal Institute of Technology in Dehradun.nehru institute of mountaineering uttarkashi Uttarakhand also has several prominent day and boarding schools including G D Birla Memorial School, Ranikhet, St. Joseph's College (Nainital), Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC) (Dehradun), The Doon School (Dehradun), Welham Girls School (Dehradun), Welham Boys School (Dehradun), Hopetown Girls' School (Dehradun), St. Joseph's Academy (Dehradun), Brightlands School (Dehradun), Birla Vidya Mandir (Nainital), Wynberg Allen (Mussoorie), Mussoorie International School (Mussoorie), St. Georges colleges (Mussoorie),Oak Grove School (Mussoorie) Woodstock School ( Mussoorie), C.S.T (Mussoorie), CJM Waverly (Mussoorie) and Sherwood College (Nainital). Several Indian luminaries have attended these schools including prime ministers and film stars such as Rajiv Gandhi and Amitabh Bachchan.[70][71]

See also

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Further reading

  • Rivett-Carnac, J. H. (1879). Archaeological notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India. Calcutta : G.H. Rouse.
  • Upreti, Ganga Dutt (1894). Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal. Lodiana Mission Press.
  • Oakley, E Sherman (1905). Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal). Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London.
  • of Kumaon, Raja Rudradeva (1910). Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Umachand Handa (2002). History of Uttaranchal. Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-134-5. Excerpts
  • Husain, Z. (1995). Uttarakhand movement: the politics of identity and frustration, a psycho-analytical study of the separate state movement, 1815–1995. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot. ISBN 81-85897-17-4
  • Śarmā, D. (1989). Tibeto-Himalayan languages of Uttarakhand. Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages, 3. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-171-4
  • Fonia, K. S. (1987). Uttarakhand, the land of jungles, temples, and snows. New Delhi, India: Lancer Books.
  • Mukhopadhyay, R. (1987). Uttarakhand movement a sociological analysis. Centre for Himalayan Studies special lecture, 8. Raja Rammohunpur, Dt. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal.
  • Uma Prasad Thapliyal (2005). Uttaranchal: Historical and cultural perspectives. B.R. Pub. Corp., ISBN 81-7646-463-5.
  • Vijaypal Singh Negi, Jawahernagar, Post-Agastyamuni,Dist.-Rudraprayag, The Great Himalays 1998,
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