Jump to content

1240s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by يوسف قناوة (talk | contribs) at 10:51, 7 August 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
Categories

The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.

Events

1240

This section is transcluded from 1240. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
Africa
Levant
  • October 10 – Richard of Cornwall, brother of King Henry III, arrives at Acre for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. His pilgrimage has the approval of Emperor Frederick II, who is married to his younger sister, Isabella of England, and gives him the task to make arrangements with the Military Orders. On his arrival, Richard travels to Ascalon, where he is met by ambassadors from As-Salih Ayyub. As a negotiator, he is successful in the release of prisoners captured at Gaza (see 1239), and he also assists with the building of the citadel in Ascalon.[5]
Mongol Empire
  • Winter – The Mongols under Batu Khan cross the frozen Dnieper River and lay siege to the city of Kiev. On December 6, the walls are rendered rubble by Chinese catapults and the Mongols pour into the city. Brutal hand-to-hand street fighting occurs, the Kievans are eventually forced to fall back to the central parts of the city. Many people take refuge in the Church of the Blessed Virgin. As scores of terrified Kievans climb onto the Church's upper balcony to shield themselves from Mongol arrows, their collective weight strain its infrastructure, causing the roof to collapse and crush countless citizens under its weight. Of a total population of 50,000, all but 2,000 are massacred.[6]

By topic

Religion

1241

This section is transcluded from 1241. (edit | history)

1242

This section is transcluded from 1242. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
Mongol Empire
England
  • May – Isabella of Angoulême, mother of Henry III, persuades him to mount an expedition to retake Poitou. On May 20, Henry arrives at Royan and joins the rebelling French nobles – forming an army (some 30,000 men). Louis IX exchanges letters with Henry to resolve the conflict, but the dispute escalates further.
Africa
Middle East
Dirham of al-Mustansir, Abbasid caliph
Asia

By topic

Religion
Science

1243

This section is transcluded from 1243. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
England
Levant
Mongol Empire

By topic

Religion

1244

This section is transcluded from 1244. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
Levant
  • June – Khwarazmian forces (some 10,000 men) invade Syrian territory, ravaging the land and burning the villages. As Damascus is too strong for a siege, they attack Galilee, past the town of Tiberias – which they capture. The Khwarazmians attack further southward through Nablus towards Jerusalem.[44]
  • July 15 – Siege of Jerusalem: Khwarazmian horsemen attack and sack the 'holy city' of Jerusalem. There is bloody fighting in the streets, the Khwarazmian force their way into the Armenian Quarter, where they decimate the Christian population, and drive out the Jews. The city is left in a state of ruin.[45]
  • August 23 – The Tower of David surrenders to the Khwarazmian forces, some 6,000 Christian men, women and children march out of Jerusalem. As they move along the road toward Jaffa, they see crusader flags waving on the Walls of Jerusalem. Returning, some 2,000 of them are massacred.[46]
  • October 4 – The Crusaders assemble a force of some 1,000 cavalry and 6,000 men outside Acre, after hearing that Jerusalem is sacked by the Khwarazmians. They are joined by the Ayyubid forces (some 4,000 men) of Damascus and Homs – while Emir An-Nasir Dawud brings his army from Kerak.[47]
  • October 17 – Battle of La Forbie: A Crusader army (some 10,000 men) under Walter IV of Brienne and Ayyubid allies are defeated near Hiribya (or La Forbie) by Egyptian and Khwarazmian forces. The army is destroyed, with about 7,500 men killed. Walter and William of Chastelneuf are captured.[48]

By topic

Religion

1245

This section is transcluded from 1245. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
  • Winter – Siege of Jaén: Castilian forces under King Ferdinand III (the Saint) besiege the Moorish-held city of Jaén. During the siege Moorish knights sally out and manage to capture a Castilian supply caravan. Meanwhile, Ferdinand tries to launch attacks on the various city gates, but all are ineffective.
  • In witness of the toll taken by war and fiscal pressure in the Kingdom of Castile, the region of Segovia is described this year as depopulated and sterile.[49]
England
Levant

By topic

Religion

1246

This section is transcluded from 1246. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
Mongol Empire
Levant
Asia

By topic

Arts
Nature
Religion

1247

This section is transcluded from 1247. (edit | history)

By place

Europe
Levant
  • June 17 – Egyptian forces under Sultan As-Salih Ayyub capture Tiberias and his castle. Mount Tabor and Belvoir Castle are occupied soon afterward. Next, Ayyub moves his army to siege Ascalon – which is defended by a garrison of Knights Hospitaller. They summon the help from Acre and Cyprus.[61]
  • Summer – King Henry I ("the Fat") sends a Cypriot squadron of 8 galleys with 100 knights led by Baldwin of Ibelin, to Acre. With the support of the Italian colonists, they fitted out 7 more galleys and some 50 lighter ships, to relieve the siege at Ascalon – which is now blockaded by the Egyptian fleet.[62]
  • The Egyptian fleet (some 20 galleys) confronts the Crusader ships led by Baldwin of Ibelin at Ascalon. But before contact is made, it is caught in a sudden Mediterranean storm. Many of the Muslim ships are driven ashore and wrecked; the survivors sail back to Egypt.
  • October 15 – Egyptian forces under As-Salih Ayyub capture Ascalon by surprise – while a battering-ram forces a passageway under the walls right into the citadel. Most of the defenders are massacred, and the remainder of the garrison is taken prisoner.[63]
British Isles
Asia

By topic

Mathematics
Medicine

1248

This section is transcluded from 1248. (edit | history)

By place

Seventh Crusade
Europe

By topic

Cities and Towns
Religion

1249

This section is transcluded from 1249. (edit | history)

By place

Seventh Crusade
  • May 13 – King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") assembles a Crusader fleet of 120 transports and embarks an army (some 15,000 men) at Limassol. Unfortunately, a storm scatters the ships a few days later. On May 30, Louis sets sail to Egypt – only a quarter of his forces sails with him, the others make their way independently to the Egyptian coast. Finally, the royal squadron arrives off Damietta on June 4 aboard Louis' flagship the Montjoie. The king's advisers urges a delay until the rest of his transports arrive before attempting to disembark, but Louis refuses.[71]
  • June 5 – Siege of Damietta: Louis IX lands with a Crusader force and captures Damietta, after a fierce battle at the edge of the sea. The onslaught of the knights of France and those of Outremer under John of Ibelin, force the Ayyubids back with heavy losses. At nightfall, Fakhr ad-Din withdraws his army over a bridge of boats to Damietta. Finding the population there in panic and the garrison wavering, Fakhr ad-Din decides to evacuate the city. On June 6, Louis marches triumphantly over the bridge into Damietta and builds a camp to attack Cairo.[72]
  • November 20 – Louis IX sets out (against the advice of his nobles) with a Crusader force from Damietta, along the southern road to Mansourah. A garrison is left to guard the city – where Queen Margaret of Provence and Patriarch Robert of Nantes remain. The Crusaders make slow progress along the Nile, carrying a number of supplies and equipment. After 32 days, Louis orders to make camp opposite the Ayyubid camp near Mansourah, protected by a branch of the river and fortifications. Both camps use their catapults to bombard each other.[73]
  • December – Louis IX consolidates his forces at Mansourah. After the death of Sultan As-Salih Ayyub, Fakhr ad-Din effectively becomes the ruler of Egypt. He takes command of the city's defense and his cavalry harasses the Crusaders but none of these skirmishes is successful in holding up the Crusader's advance. Meanwhile, Louis orders the construction of a dyke at Mansourah, although the Crusaders build covered galleries to protect the workmen, the Egyptian bombardment (particularly Greek fire), is so formidable that the work is halted.[74]
Europe
Asia

By topic

Cities and Towns
Education
Microhistory
  • Jean Mouflet makes an agreement with the abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif in the Senonais region in France: in return for an annual payment, the monastery will recognize Jean as a "citizen of Sens". He is a leather merchant, with a leather shop that he leases for the rent of 50 shillings a year. The agreement is witnessed by Jean's wife, Douce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent citizen of Sens, Felis Charpentier.
Science

Significant people

Fibonacci. Fibonacci sequence and Liber Abbaci

Births

Transcluding articles: 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, and 1249

1240

1241

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249

Deaths

Transcluding articles: 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, and 1249

1240

1241

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249

References

  1. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, pp. 51–53. ISBN 1-85532-553-5.
  2. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, p. 53. ISBN 1-85532-553-5.
  3. ^ a b c Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
  4. ^ Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, p. 268. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.
  5. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  6. ^ Perfecky, George (1973). The Hypatian Codex, pp. 43–49. Munich, Germany: Wilhelm Fink Publishing House.
  7. ^ Gabriel, Richard A. (2006). Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 9780806137346.
  8. ^ Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. London and New York: Routledge. p. 310. ISBN 9781135954949.
  9. ^ Britannica Educational Publishing (2011). War on Land. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 9781615307524.
  10. ^ Jackson, Peter (2014). The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410. London and New York: Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 9781317878995.
  11. ^ May, Timothy (2016). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 102–104. ISBN 9781610693400.
  12. ^ Eggenberger, David (2012). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. New York: Courier Corporation. p. 280. ISBN 9780486142012.
  13. ^ Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword. p. 128. ISBN 9781781592519.
  14. ^ Whalen, Brett Edward (2019). The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 9780812296129.
  15. ^ Keenan, Desmond (2010). Ireland 1170-1509, Society and History. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation. p. 443. ISBN 9781453584316.
  16. ^ Cope, Tim (2013). On the Trail of Genghis Khan: An Epic Journey Through the Land of the Nomads. London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: A&C Black. pp. 487–488. ISBN 9781408825051.
  17. ^ Trawinski, Allan (2017). The Clash of Civilizations. New York: Page Publishing Inc. ISBN 9781635687125.
  18. ^ Stephenson, David (2019). Medieval Wales c.1050-1332: Centuries of Ambiguity. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 19. ISBN 9781786833877.
  19. ^ Breverton, Terry (2017). Owen Tudor: Founding Father of the Tudor Dynasty. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445654195.
  20. ^ a b Ruud, Jay (2006). Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature. New York: Facts on File. p. 593. ISBN 0-8160-5497-5.
  21. ^ a b Wanner, Kevin J. (2008). Snorri Sturluson and the Edda: The Conversion of Cultural Capital in Medieval Scandinavia. Toronto, Buffalo, NY and London: University of Toronto Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780802098016.
  22. ^ of Sarrant, Arnald (2010). Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor. Translated by Noel Muscat. Malta: Ordo Fratrum Minorum.
  23. ^ Bartlett, Robert (2001). Medieval Panorama. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications. p. 314. ISBN 9780892366422.
  24. ^ Murray, Julia K. (2014). "Confucian Iconography". In Lagerwey, John; Marsone, Pierre (eds.). Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vols): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 815. ISBN 9789004271647.
  25. ^ Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (2003). Cua, Antonio S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy. New York, London: Routledge. p. 903. ISBN 9781135367480.
  26. ^ Miljan, Toivo (2015). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xxvii. ISBN 9780810875135.
  27. ^ Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Vol. II. London and New York: Routledge. p. 933. ISBN 9781579580414.
  28. ^ "Universidad de Valladolid".
  29. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, p. 60. ISBN 1-85532-553-5.
  30. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, pp. 62–63. ISBN 1-85532-553-5.
  31. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Lake Peipus 1242 – Battle on the Ice, pp. 72–73. ISBN 1-85532-553-5.
  32. ^ Zoé Oldenbourg (1961), Massacre at Montségur: A History of the Albiegensian Crusade, translated by Peter Green, Pantheon Books, p. 394.
  33. ^ Aunovsky, V (1869).Ethnograpical Essay of Mordva-Moksha. Governorate Memorial Book for 1869, Simbirsk, pp. 85–108.
  34. ^ Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algénie cœr du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; pp. 38.
  35. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  36. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 140. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  37. ^ Dennis Showalter (2013). The Encyclopedia of Warfare: Medieval Wars 500–1500, p. 77. ISBN 978-1-78274-119-0.
  38. ^ Claude Lebédel (2011). Understanding the tragedy of the Cathars, p. 109. Editions Quest-France. ISBN 978-2-7373-5267-6.
  39. ^ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 88. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
  40. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 185. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  41. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 140. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  42. ^ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 96. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
  43. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 214. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  44. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 187. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  45. ^ Gilbert, Martin (1978). Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas, p. 25. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
  46. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 188. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  47. ^ Dougherty, Martin J. (2007). Battles of the Crusades, pp. 176–77. ISBN 978-1-905704-58-3.
  48. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 189. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  49. ^ Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–699 [670]. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
  50. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-0241-29877-0.
  51. ^ Yule, Henry; Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Carpini, Joannes de Piano". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 397–399.
  52. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 141. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  53. ^ Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–699 [670]. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
  54. ^ Žemlička, Josef (2011). "The Realm of Přemysl Ottokar II and Wenceslas II", p. 107. In Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (eds.). A History of the Czech Lands, pp. 106–116. Charles University in Prague. ISBN 978-80-246-1645-2.
  55. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 141. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  56. ^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–420. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
  57. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 192. ISBN 978-0241-29877-0.
  58. ^ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
  59. ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2004). Reconquest and crusade in Medieval Spain, pp. 113–116. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1889-3.
  60. ^ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 108. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
  61. ^ Irwin, Robert (1986). The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382, p. 19. Southern Illinois University Press/Croom Helm. ISBN 1-5974-0466-7.
  62. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 191. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  63. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 192. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  64. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 215. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  65. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  66. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 216. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  67. ^ Atwood, C. P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York. p. 213. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  68. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 218. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  69. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 217. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  70. ^ Fort, Monique; et al. (2009), "Geomorphic impacts of large and rapid mass movements: a review", Géomorphologie, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 47–64, doi:10.4000/geomorphologie.7495, retrieved 2015-08-25
  71. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 219–220. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  72. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 220. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  73. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 221. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  74. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  75. ^ Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Andrew of Longjumeau". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 972–973.
  76. ^ Macrides, Ruth (2007). George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary, pp. 246–248. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1.
  77. ^ Robertson, E. William (1862). Scotland Under Her Early Kings: A History of the Kingdom to the Close of the 13th Century. Vol. II. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas. p. 33.
  78. ^ Dalrymple, Sir David (1819). Annals of Scotland: From the Accession of Malcolm III in the Year MLVII to the Accession of the House of Stewart in the Year MCCCLXXI, to which are Added, Tracts Relative to the History and Antiquities of Scotland. Vol. I. Edinburgh: A. Constable. p. 16.
  79. ^ Cockerill, Sara (2014). Eleanor of Castile: The Shadow Queen. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445636054.
  80. ^ Carlquist, Erik; Hogg, Peter C.; Österberg, Eva (2011). The Chronicle of Duke Erik: A Verse Epic from Medieval Sweden. Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press. p. 238. ISBN 9789185509577.
  81. ^ "John XXII". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  82. ^ István Vásáry (24 March 2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-139-44408-8.
  83. ^ Wise, Leonard F.; Hansen, Mark Hillary; Egan, E. W. (2005). Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 82. ISBN 9781402725920.
  84. ^ Bain, R. Nisbet (2013) [1905]. Scandinavia: A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781107688858.
  85. ^ Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 411. ISBN 9780521815390. 1241 Pousa transylvania.
  86. ^ Sălăgean, Tudor (2016). Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 28. ISBN 9789004311343.
  87. ^ Bretschneider, E. (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. London: Trübner & Company. p. 87.
  88. ^ Jackson, Guida M.; Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 164. ISBN 9781576070918. 1241 Henry II Poland.
  89. ^ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. New York: Chartwell Books. p. 168. ISBN 9780785835530.
  90. ^ a b c d e Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon [Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Helikon Kiadó. p. 251, 256, 269, 364, 451. ISBN 963-208-970-7.
  91. ^ Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 313. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.
  92. ^ a b c d e B. Szabó, János (2007). A tatárjárás. A mongol hódítás és Magyarország [The Mongol Invasion of Hungary] (in Hungarian). Corvina. p. 141. ISBN 978-963-13-6348-7.
  93. ^ Font, Marta (2010). Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. I. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 286. ISBN 9780195334036.
  94. ^ Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 66. ISBN 9781139444088.
  95. ^ Everard, Judith; Jones, Michael C. E. (1999). The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and Her Family, 1171-1221. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. p. 164. ISBN 9780851157511.
  96. ^ Seabourne, Dr Gwen (2013). Imprisoning Medieval Women: The Non-Judicial Confinement and Abduction of Women in England, c.1170-1509. Surrey, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 82. ISBN 9781409482321.
  97. ^ Rist, Rebecca (2009). The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 119. ISBN 9781441179524.
  98. ^ Bird, Jessalynn; Peters, Edward; Powell, James M. (2013). Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 397. ISBN 9780812244786.
  99. ^ Hinz, Johannes (1996). Pommern: Wegweiser durch ein unvergessenes Land (in German). Augsburg, Germany: Bechtermünz. p. 73. ISBN 9783860471814.
  100. ^ Mostow, Joshua S. (1996). Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780824817053.
  101. ^ Vieillard-Baron, Michel (2014). "Power of Words: Forging Fujiwara no Teika's Poetic Theory. A Philological Approach to Japanese Poetics". In Hockx, Michel; Smits, Ivo (eds.). Reading East Asian Writing: The Limits of Literary Theory. London and New York: Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 9781136134029.
  102. ^ Ullmann, Walter (2003). A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge. p. 252. ISBN 9781134415359.
  103. ^ Cheney, C. R.; Cheney, Christopher Robert; Jones, Michael (2000). A Handbook of Dates: For Students of British History. Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780521778459.
  104. ^ Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Lanham, MA and Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 263. ISBN 9780810874978.
  105. ^ Huffman, Joseph P. (2000). The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066-1307). Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Civilization. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 264. ISBN 9780472110612.
  106. ^ Ruh, Kurt (2002) [1993]. Storia della mistica occidentale (in Italian). Vol. II: Mistica femminile e mistica francescana delle origini. Milan, italy: Vita e Pensiero. p. 412. ISBN 9788834336755.
  107. ^ Wispelwey, Berend (2011). Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. Munich, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 748. ISBN 9783110914160.
  108. ^ Kerékgyártó, Árpád (1858). Magyarok életrajzai: Hajdankor 1600 (in Hungarian). Pest, Hungary: Magyar Mihál. p. 214.
  109. ^ Font, Márta; Barabás, Gábor (2019). Coloman, King of Galicia and Duke of Slavonia (1208–1241): Medieval Central Europe and Hungarian Power. Amsterdam University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-164-1890-24-3.
  110. ^ Bauer, S. Wise (2013). The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 352. ISBN 9780393059762.
  111. ^ Saunders, J. J. (2001). The History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780812217667.
  112. ^ Heywood, Colin (1999). "The Frontier in Ottoman History: Old Ideas and New Myths". In Power, Daniel; Standen, Naomi (eds.). Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700. Basingstoke, UK and New York: Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 236. ISBN 9781349274390.
  113. ^ Can, Sefik (2009) [1999]. Fundamentals Of Rumis Thought (in Turkish). Somerset, NJ: Tughra Books. p. 2. ISBN 9781597846134.
  114. ^ Mohan Lal (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. p. 3987. ISBN 978-81-260-1221-3.
  115. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferrers". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 286.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1240s&oldid=971640086"