Ngaju language

Ngaju
Ngaju
	Warning sign prohibiting land burning in Ngaju language
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Kalimantan
Ethnicity	Ngaju
Native speakers	890,000 (2003)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian West Barito South Ngaju; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	nij
Glottolog	ngaj1237
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ngaju (also Ngaju Dayak or Dayak Ngaju) is an Austronesian language spoken along the Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya Rivers in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is closely related to the Bakumpai language. There are three dialects—Pulopetak, Ba'amang, and Mantangai.^[2]

Phonology

Consonants

Ngaju has the following consonants.

Ngaju consonants^[3]
	Biabial		Coronal		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m		n		ɲ		ŋ
Stop	p	b	t	d	c	ɟ	k	g
Fricative			s						h
Approximant (Lateral)						j		w
Approximant (Lateral)				l
Trill				r

Vowels

Ngaju has the following vowels. All vowels except ə can be long.^[3]

Ngaju vowels^[3]
	Front	Central	Back rounded
High	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

Orthography

Vowels and diphthongs

a – [a]
e – [e/ə]
i – [i]
o – [o]
u – [u]
ai – [aj]
au – [aw]
ei – [ej]

Consonants

b – [b]
c – [c]
d – [d]
g – [g]
h – [h]
j – [ɟ]
k – [k/ʔ]
l – [l]
m – [m]
n – [n]
ng – [ŋ]
ny – [ɲ]
p – [p]
r – [r]
s – [s]
t – [t]
w – [w]
y – [j]^[4]

Vocabulary

Vocabulary comparison between Bakumpai, Ngaju, Indonesian and English languages.

Bakumpai	Ngaju	Indonesian	English
Jida	Dia	Tidak	No
Beken	Beken	Bukan	Not
Pai	Pai	Kaki	Foot/Leg
Kueh	Kueh	Mana	Which/Where
Si-kueh	Bara-kueh	Dari mana	Where from
Hituh	Hetuh	Sini	Here
Si-hituh	Intu-hetuh	Di sini	Here
Bara	Bara	Dari	From
Kejaw	Kejaw	Jauh	Far
Tukep/Parak	Tukep	Dekat	Near
Kuman	Kuman	Makan	Eat
Mihup	Mihop	Minum	Drink
Lebu	Lewu	Kampung	Village
Batatapas	Bapukan	Mencuci pakaian	To wash clothes

Notes

^ Ngaju at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mihing & Stokhof (1977)
^ "Ngaju language". Omniglot. Retrieved 30 August 2021.

References

Ashn E. Johannes (1971). An Introduction to Dayak Ngaju Morphology (MA thesis). Malang.
Mihing, T. W. J.; Stokhof, W. A. L. (1977). "On the Ngaju Dayak sound system (Pulau Petak dialect)" (PDF). In Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo (ed.). Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part III. NUSA 4. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 49–59.

[e18-1] Ngaju at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

[Mihing_&_Stokhof_1977-3] Mihing & Stokhof (1977)

[4] "Ngaju language". Omniglot. Retrieved 30 August 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]