Barack Obama: Difference between revisions
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==Early life and career== |
==Early life and career== |
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{{main|Early life and career of Barack Obama}} |
{{main|Early life and career of Barack Obama}} |
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Barack Obama was born at the [[Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]],<ref name="maraniss">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html|title=Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible|last=Maraniss|first=David|work=Politics|publisher=Washington Post|date=August 24, 2008|accessdate=October 27, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20090201/COLUMNISTS17/902010311/1153|title=Daniel Dae Kim next to take turn as King of Siam|work=Honolulu Advertiser|author=Harada, Wayne|date=February 1, 2009|accessdate=February 10, 2009|quote=Abercrombie read a letter from President Obama, who set the record straight about his origins: 'Kapi'olani is the place of my birth.'}}</ref> to [[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]],<ref>For Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19</ref> a [[European American]] from [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]], [[Kansas]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[FactCheck]]|url=http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html|title=Born in the U.S.A.|date=August 21, 2008|dateformat=mdy|accessdate=October 24 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/368961,CST-NWS-ireland03.article|title=For sure, Obama's South Side Irish|last=Hutton|first=Brian|work=Politics|publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times|The Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=May 3, 2007|accessdate=November 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html|title=Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own - washingtonpost.com|publisher=Washingtonpost.com|date=|accessdate=November 8, 2008}}</ref> and [[Barack Obama, Sr.]], a [[Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)|Luo]] from [[Nyang’oma Kogelo]], [[Nyanza Province]], [[Kenya]]. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a [[Russian language]] class at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaii at Mānoa]], where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see {{cite news|title=Barack Obama: Creation of Tales|date=November 1, 2004|url=http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-2212.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927225314/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-2212.html|archivedate=September 27, 2007|work=East African|accessdate=April 13, 2008}}</ref><ref name="baltimoresun2007">{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nation/politics/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,91024,full.story|title=Obama's mom: Not just a girl from Kansas: Strong personalities shaped a future senator|first=Tim|last=Jones|publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', reprinted in ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]''|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=October 27, 2008}}</ref> The couple married on February 2, 1961<ref>{{cite news|author=Ripley, Amanda|title=The Story of Barack Obama's Mother|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html|date=April 9, 2008|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=April 9, 2007}}</ref>, and Obama was born later that year. Obama's parents separated when Obama was two years old, and they divorced in 1964.<ref name="baltimoresun2007"/> Obama's father returned to Kenya and saw his son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kevin|last=Merida|title=The Ghost of a Father|date=December 14, 2007|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html|work=Washington Post|accessdate=June 24, 2008}} See also: {{cite news|first=Philip|last=Ochieng|title=From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found|date=November 1, 2004|url=http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html|archivedate=September 27, 2007|work=East African|accessdate=June 24, 2008}} In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near [[Kisumu]] in rural western Kenya. {{cite news|first=Nico|last=Gnecchi|title=Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya|date=February 27, 2006|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/August 27, 2006-voa17.cfm|work=Voice of America|accessdate=June 24, 2008}}</ref> |
Barack Obama was born at the [[Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States]],<ref name="maraniss">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html|title=Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible|last=Maraniss|first=David|work=Politics|publisher=Washington Post|date=August 24, 2008|accessdate=October 27, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20090201/COLUMNISTS17/902010311/1153|title=Daniel Dae Kim next to take turn as King of Siam|work=Honolulu Advertiser|author=Harada, Wayne|date=February 1, 2009|accessdate=February 10, 2009|quote=Abercrombie read a letter from President Obama, who set the record straight about his origins: 'Kapi'olani is the place of my birth.'}}</ref> to [[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]],<ref>For Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19</ref> a [[European American]] from [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]], [[Kansas]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[FactCheck]]|url=http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html|title=Born in the U.S.A.|date=August 21, 2008|dateformat=mdy|accessdate=October 24 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/368961,CST-NWS-ireland03.article|title=For sure, Obama's South Side Irish|last=Hutton|first=Brian|work=Politics|publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times|The Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=May 3, 2007|accessdate=November 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html|title=Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own - washingtonpost.com|publisher=Washingtonpost.com|date=|accessdate=November 8, 2008}}</ref> and [[Barack Obama, Sr.]], a [[Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)|Luo]] from [[Nyang’oma Kogelo]], [[Nyanza Province]], [[Kenya]]. Obama is the first President of the United States to have been born a [[British Citizen]] since [[William Henry Harrison]].<ref>When Barack Obama Jr. was born in 1961 Kenya was a British colony. As a Kenyan native, Barack Obama Sr. was a British subject whose citizenship status and the citizenship of his children was governed by The British Nationality Act of 1948 (Part II, Section 5): "Subject to the provisions of this section, a person born after the commencement of this Act shall be a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies by descent if his father is a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies at the time of the birth." Therefore, at the time of his birth, Barack Obama Jr. was both a U.S. citizen (by virtue of being born in Hawaii) and a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies (or the UKC) by virtue of being born to a father who was a citizen of the UKC. see also http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/does_barack_obama_have_kenyan_citizenship.html & http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_citizen & http://www.uniset.ca/naty/BNA1948.htm and http://www.uniset.ca/naty/BNA1965.htm (European Nationality law finder at http://uniset.ca/). </ref> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a [[Russian language]] class at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaii at Mānoa]], where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see {{cite news|title=Barack Obama: Creation of Tales|date=November 1, 2004|url=http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-2212.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927225314/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-2212.html|archivedate=September 27, 2007|work=East African|accessdate=April 13, 2008}}</ref><ref name="baltimoresun2007">{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nation/politics/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,91024,full.story|title=Obama's mom: Not just a girl from Kansas: Strong personalities shaped a future senator|first=Tim|last=Jones|publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', reprinted in ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]''|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=October 27, 2008}}</ref> The couple married on February 2, 1961<ref>{{cite news|author=Ripley, Amanda|title=The Story of Barack Obama's Mother|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html|date=April 9, 2008|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=April 9, 2007}}</ref>, and Obama was born later that year. Obama's parents separated when Obama was two years old, and they divorced in 1964.<ref name="baltimoresun2007"/> Obama's father returned to Kenya and saw his son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kevin|last=Merida|title=The Ghost of a Father|date=December 14, 2007|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html|work=Washington Post|accessdate=June 24, 2008}} See also: {{cite news|first=Philip|last=Ochieng|title=From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found|date=November 1, 2004|url=http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html|archivedate=September 27, 2007|work=East African|accessdate=June 24, 2008}} In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near [[Kisumu]] in rural western Kenya. {{cite news|first=Nico|last=Gnecchi|title=Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya|date=February 27, 2006|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/August 27, 2006-voa17.cfm|work=Voice of America|accessdate=June 24, 2008}}</ref> |
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After her divorce, Dunham married [[Indonesia]]n student [[Lolo Soetoro]], who was attending college in Hawaii. When [[Suharto|Soeharto]], a military leader in Soetoro's home country, [[Transition to the New Order|came to power]] in 1967, all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to [[Indonesia]].<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.</ref> There Obama attended local schools in [[Jakarta]], such as Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School, from ages six to ten. |
After her divorce, Dunham married [[Indonesia]]n student [[Lolo Soetoro]], who was attending college in Hawaii. When [[Suharto|Soeharto]], a military leader in Soetoro's home country, [[Transition to the New Order|came to power]] in 1967, all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to [[Indonesia]].<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.</ref> There Obama attended local schools in [[Jakarta]], such as Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School, from ages six to ten. |
Revision as of 05:27, 22 February 2009
Template:Redirect4 Template:Active editnotice Template:FixBunching
Barack Obama | |
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![]() | |
44th President of the United States | |
Assumed office January 20, 2009 | |
Vice President | Joe Biden |
Preceded by | George W. Bush |
United States Senator from Illinois | |
In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008 | |
Preceded by | Peter Fitzgerald |
Succeeded by | Roland Burris |
Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th district | |
In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004 | |
Preceded by | Alice Palmer |
Succeeded by | Kwame Raoul |
Personal details | |
Born | Barack Hussein Obama II[1] August 4, 1961[2] Honolulu, Hawaii[1] |
Nationality | American |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | Michelle Obama (m. 1992) |
Children | Malia Ann (b.1998) Natasha (Sasha) (b.2001) |
Residence(s) | Chicago, IL (private) White House, Washington, D.C. (official) |
Alma mater | Occidental College Columbia University (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
Occupation | Community Organizer Lawyer Constitutional law professor Author |
Signature | ![]() |
Website | The White House |
This article is part of a series about Barack Obama | |
Barack Hussein Obama II (Template:Pron-en; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama was the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until November 2008, when he resigned following his election to the presidency.
Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review. He worked as a community organizer in Chicago prior to earning his law degree, and practiced as a civil rights attorney in Chicago before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He also taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, Obama was elected to the United States Senate in November 2004. Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004.
While serving as a Senator, he belonged to several committees, including the Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works, Veterans' Affairs, Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
After a particularly close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primary against rival Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination as a candidate for president, becoming the first major African American candidate for president. In the 2008 general election he defeated Republican candidate John McCain and was sworn in as president on January 20, 2009.
Early life and career
Barack Obama was born at the Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States,[6][7] to Stanley Ann Dunham,[8] a European American from Wichita, Kansas,[9][10][11] and Barack Obama, Sr., a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. Obama is the first President of the United States to have been born a British Citizen since William Henry Harrison.[12] Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[13][14] The couple married on February 2, 1961[15], and Obama was born later that year. Obama's parents separated when Obama was two years old, and they divorced in 1964.[14] Obama's father returned to Kenya and saw his son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.[16]
After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Soeharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to Indonesia.[17] There Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, such as Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School, from ages six to ten.
He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, while attending Punahou School from the fifth grade in 1971 until his graduation from high school in 1979.[18] Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972 for five years, and then in 1977 went back to Indonesia, where she worked as an anthropological field worker. She stayed there most of the rest of her life, returning to Hawaii in 1994. She died of ovarian cancer in 1995.[19]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/220px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg)
Of his early childhood, Obama has recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me — that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk — barely registered in my mind."[20] In his 1995 memoir, he described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[21] He wrote that he used alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[22] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama identified his high-school drug use as his "greatest moral failure."[23]
Some of his fellow students at Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age, and that he sometimes attended college parties and other events in order to associate with African American students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[24]
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College.[25] After two years he transferred in 1981 to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.[26] Obama graduated with a B.A. from Columbia in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation[27][28] and then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[29][30]
After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago, where he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side. He worked there for three years from June 1985 to May 1988.[29][31] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from one to thirteen and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000. His achievements included helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[32] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[33] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[34]
Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[35] and president of the journal in his second year.[36] During his summers, he returned to Chicago where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[37] After graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude[38][39] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[35]
Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[36] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations.[40] In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the University of Chicago Law School provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.[40] He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[40]
From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration drive with a staff of ten and 700 volunteers; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[41][42]
For twelve years, Obama served as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School teaching constitutional law. He was first classified as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996 and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.[43] He also joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a twelve-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[29][44][45]
Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[29][46] He served from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and also from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Joyce Foundation.[29] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[29] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[29]
Political career: 1996–2008
State legislator: 1997–2004
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which then spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park-Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[47] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.[48] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[49] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[50]
Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.[51] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[52][53]
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[54] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[49][55] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[56] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[57]
2004 U.S. Senate campaign
In mid-2002, Obama began considering a run for the U.S. Senate; he enlisted political strategist David Axelrod that fall and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[58] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[59] Obama's candidacy was boosted by Axelrod's advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and an endorsement by the daughter of the late Paul Simon, former U.S. Senator for Illinois.[60] He won the March primary with 52% of the vote.[61]
In July 2004, Obama wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.[62] He spoke about changing the U.S. government's economic and social priorities, while questioning the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War and speaking about obligations to American soldiers. He criticized heavily partisan views of the electorate and asked Americans to find unity, saying, "There is not a liberal America and a conservative America; there's the United States of America."[63] Though it was not televised by the three major broadcast news networks, a combined 9.1 million viewers saw Obama's speech, which was a highlight of the convention and elevated his status as a star in the Democratic Party.[64]
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[65] Two months later, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.[66] A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.[67] In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes' 27%, the largest victory margin for a statewide race in Illinois history.[68]
U.S. Senator: 2005–2008
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, 2005.[69] Obama was the fifth African-American Senator in U.S. history, and the third to have been popularly elected.[70] He was the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[71] CQ Weekly, a nonpartisan publication, characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. The National Journal ranked him as the "most liberal" senator based on an assessment of selected votes during 2007; in 2005 he was ranked sixteenth most liberal, and in 2006 he was ranked tenth.[72][73] In 2008, Congress.org ranked him as the eleventh most powerful Senator.[74] Obama announced on November 13, 2008 that he would resign his senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[75][76] This enabled him to avoid the conflict of dual roles as President-elect and Senator in the lame duck session of Congress, which no sitting member of Congress had faced since Warren Harding.[77]
Legislation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coburn_and_Obama_discuss_S._2590.jpg/220px-Coburn_and_Obama_discuss_S._2590.jpg)
Obama voted in favor of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[79] In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act.[80] Obama introduced two initiatives bearing his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons,[81] and the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[82] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama, along with Senators Thomas R. Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain, introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[83]
Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[84] Obama is not hostile to tort reform and voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[85]
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[86] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[87] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections[88] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,[89] neither of which have been signed into law.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg)
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges.[91] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[92] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee, and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[93][94] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[95]
Committees
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[96] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[97] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[98] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before he became President of the Palestinian Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi condemning corruption in the Kenyan government.[99][100][101][102]
2008 Presidential campaign
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[103][104][105] The choice of the announcement site was symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.[105] Throughout the campaign, Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence and providing universal health care.[106]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg)
A large number of candidates initially entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a contest between Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton after initial contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process.[107][108][109][110] On May 31, the Democratic National Committee agreed to seat all of the disputed Michigan and Florida delegates at the national convention, each with a half-vote, narrowing Obama's delegate lead.[111] On June 3, with all states counted, Obama was named the presumptive nominee[112][113] and delivered a victory speech in St. Paul, Minnesota. Clinton suspended her campaign and endorsed him on June 7.[114] Obama now campaigned in the general election against Senator John McCain, the Republican nominee. On August 23, 2008, Obama announced that he had selected Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[115]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Obama08acceptance.jpg/170px-Obama08acceptance.jpg)
At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton gave a speech in support of Obama's candidacy and called for him to be nominated by acclamation as the Democratic candidate.[116][117] Obama delivered his acceptance speech to 84,000 supporters and presented his policy goals; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.[118][119]
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[120][121][122] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[123]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg)
After McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, three presidential debates were held between the contenders spanning September and October 2008.[124][125] In November, Obama won the presidency with 52.9% of the popular vote to McCain's 45.6%,[126] and 349 electoral votes to 173.[127][128] to become the first African American president.[129][130][131][132] In his victory speech, delivered before thousands of his supporters in Chicago's Grant Park, Obama proclaimed that "change has come to America".[133] Thus began the transition period from the Bush to Obama administration.
Presidency
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the forty-fourth President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. The theme of the inauguration was "A New Birth of Freedom," commemorating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln.[134]
In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda reversing President Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions (known as the Mexico City Policy and referred by critics as the "Global Gag Rule"),[135] changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act,[136] directed the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq,[137] and reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.[138] He also issued orders closing Guantanamo Bay detention camp "as soon as practicable and no later than" January 2010.[139]
On February 17, Obama signed into law an $787 billion economic stimulus package with the intended goal of ameliorating the effects of the economic downturn brought about by the subprime mortgage crisis and the resulting credit crunch. The legislation was the third version of the bill, which had been under debate for over three weeks in the House of Representatives and Senate.[140]
Political positions
A method that some political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU).[141] Based on his years in Congress, Obama has a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the ACU,[142] and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the ADA.[143]
Obama was an early opponent of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq.[144] On October 2, 2002, the day President George W. Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[145] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza,[146] speaking out against the war.[147][148] On March 16, 2003, the day Bush issued his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the U.S. invasion of Iraq,[149] Obama addressed the largest Chicago anti-Iraq War rally to date in Daley Plaza and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[150] Although Obama had previously said he wanted all the U.S. troops out of Iraq within 16 months of becoming President, after he won the primary, he said he might refine plans as further developments unfold.[151]
Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not weaponize space, "slow development of Future Combat Systems," and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia in order to make it less necessary to have ICBMs on high-alert status.[152]
In November 2006, Obama called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.[153] In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although he did not rule out military action.[154] Obama has indicated that he would engage in "direct presidential diplomacy" with Iran without preconditions.[155][156][157] Detailing his strategy for fighting global terrorism in August 2007, Obama said "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.[158]
In a December 2005, Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.[159] He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.[160] In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. Saying that "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission," he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example."[161]
In economic affairs, in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.[162] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.[163] Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama said he supports universal health care in the United States.[164] Obama proposes to reward teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.[165]
In September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.[166] His plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, repeal income tax cuts for those making over $250,000 as well as the capital gains and dividends tax cut,[167] close corporate tax loopholes, lift the income cap on Social Security taxes, restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.[168] Announcing his presidential campaign's energy plan in October 2007, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a ten year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.[169] Obama proposed that all pollution credits must be auctioned, with no grandfathering of credits for oil and gas companies, and the spending of the revenue obtained on energy development and economic transition costs.[170]
Family and personal life
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Barack_and_michelle.jpg/220px-Barack_and_michelle.jpg)
In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[171] Obama has seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living, and a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband.[172] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham[173] until her death on November 2, 2008.[174] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, president of the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War.[175] Obama's great-uncle served in the 89th Division that overran Ohrdruf,[176] the first Nazi camp liberated by U.S. troops during World War II.[177]
Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.[178] Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, which he learned during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[179][180] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.[181]
In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[183] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[184] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[185] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,[186] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.[187] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.[188]
Applying the proceeds of a book deal, in 2005 the family moved from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to their current $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood.[189] The purchase of the property was coordinated with Tony Rezko, a major political contributor to Obama, who bought an undeveloped lot adjecent to the Obama property on the same day as Obama,[190] and later sold part of the adjacent lot to the Obamas.[190] The transaction attracted media attention because of Rezko's later indictment and subsequent conviction on political corruption charges for unrelated activities.[191][192] Nonetheless, Obama later said that the deal was a "mistake on my part and I regret it."[190]
In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[193] Their 2007 tax return showed a household income of $4.2 million—up from about $1 million in 2006 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[194]
Obama is a Christian whose religious views have evolved in his adult life. In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household." He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists") to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He describes his father as "raised a Muslim," but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."[195][196] He was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ in 1988 and was an active member there for two decades.[197][198]
While he has never been a heavy smoker,[citation needed] Obama has tried to quit smoking several times.[199] Smoking is not permitted in the White House, and Obama has said he will not smoke there.[199]
Cultural and political image
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Five_Presidents_2009.jpg/220px-Five_Presidents_2009.jpg)
Obama's family history, early life and upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[200] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."[201] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[202]
Many have acknowledged that Obama is an adept orator on par with other renowned speakers in the past such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ronald Reagan.[203][204] University of Virginia professor Jonathan Haidt researched the effectiveness of Obama's public speaking and concluded that part of his success is because he is adept at inspiring the emotion of elevation.[205] Obama delivered a series of weekly internet video addresses during his pre-inauguration transition period;[206] he has suggested he will make a series of addresses similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous fireside chats throughout his term as president to explain his policies and actions.[207]
Many commentators mentioned Obama's international appeal as a defining factor for his public image.[208] Not only did several polls show strong support for him in other countries,[209] but Obama established relationships with prominent foreign figures before his presidential candidacy, including with then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[210] with Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,[211] and with French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[212]
Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[213] His "Yes We Can" speech, which artists independently set to music, was viewed by 10 million people on YouTube in the first month,[214] and received an Emmy Award.[215] In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments."[216]
Notes
- ^ a b "Birth Certificate of Barack Obama". Department of Health, Hawaii. PolitiFact.com. August 8, 1961. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ "President Barack Obama". www.whitehouse.gov.
- ^ "American President: Barack Obama". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
- ^ "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President" (Press release). United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.
- ^ An Associated Press wire story on Obama's resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ in the course of the Jeremiah Wright controversy stated that he had, in doing so, disaffiliated himself with the UCC. (See "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. msnbc.com. November 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-1-20.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help).) - ^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible". Politics. Washington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
- ^ Harada, Wayne (February 1, 2009). "Daniel Dae Kim next to take turn as King of Siam". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
Abercrombie read a letter from President Obama, who set the record straight about his origins: 'Kapi'olani is the place of my birth.'
- ^ For Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19
- ^ "Born in the U.S.A." FactCheck. August 21, 2008. Retrieved October 24 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help); Unknown parameter|dateformat=
ignored (help) - ^ Hutton, Brian (May 3, 2007). "For sure, Obama's South Side Irish". Politics. The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
- ^ "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own - washingtonpost.com". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ When Barack Obama Jr. was born in 1961 Kenya was a British colony. As a Kenyan native, Barack Obama Sr. was a British subject whose citizenship status and the citizenship of his children was governed by The British Nationality Act of 1948 (Part II, Section 5): "Subject to the provisions of this section, a person born after the commencement of this Act shall be a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies by descent if his father is a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies at the time of the birth." Therefore, at the time of his birth, Barack Obama Jr. was both a U.S. citizen (by virtue of being born in Hawaii) and a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies (or the UKC) by virtue of being born to a father who was a citizen of the UKC. see also http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/does_barack_obama_have_kenyan_citizenship.html & http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_citizen & http://www.uniset.ca/naty/BNA1948.htm and http://www.uniset.ca/naty/BNA1965.htm (European Nationality law finder at http://uniset.ca/).
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see "Barack Obama: Creation of Tales". East African. November 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ a b Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Obama's mom: Not just a girl from Kansas: Strong personalities shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune, reprinted in The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
- ^ Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The Ghost of a Father". Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found". East African. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008. In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya. Gnecchi, Nico (February 27, 2006). 27, 2006-voa17.cfm "Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya". Voice of America. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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value (help) - ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.
- ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou Grad Stirs Up Illinois Politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved April 13, 2008. See also: Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
- ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother". Time. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President... of Indonesia". Jakarta Post. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Obama (1995), pp. 9–10.
- ^ Obama (1995), Chapters 4 and 5. See also: Serrano, Richard A (March 11, 2007). "Obama's Peers Didn't See His Angst" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Gets Blunt with N.H. Students". Boston Globe. Associated Press. November 21, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008. In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it." Obama (1995), pp. 93–94. For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see: Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's Candor Remains to Be Seen". Washington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Seelye, Katharine Q (October 24, 2006). "Obama Offers More Variations From the Norm". New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". LAKE FOREST, California: CNN.com. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
- ^ Reyes, B. J (February 8, 2007). "Punahou Left Lasting Impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 4, 2008. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."
- ^ "Oxy Remembers "Barry" Obama '83". Occidental College. January 29, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
- ^ "Curriculum Vitae". The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from the original on May 9, 2001. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
- ^ Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). "Obama shows hints of his year in global finance: Tied markets to social aid". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 9780837970110. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ Scott, Janny (October 30, 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
- ^ Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education" (alternate link). New Republic. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83. - ^ Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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value (help) Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008. - ^ Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. 14 (8–9): 40–42.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
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ignored (help) reprinted in: Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0962087335.{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help);|author=
has generic name (help) Tayler, Letta; Herbert, Keith (March 2, 2008). "Obama forged path as Chicago community organizer". Newsday. p. A06. Retrieved June 6, 2008.{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
- ^ a b Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kodama, Marie C (January 19, 2007). "Obama left mark on HLS". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Heilemann, John (October 22, 2007). "When they were young". New York. 40 (37): 32–7, 132–3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92. - ^ a b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). "Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama". Black Issues in Higher Education. p. 5. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (paid archive). The Miami Herald. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008. - ^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago
- ^ Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). "Barack Obama". The Guardian. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Mendell, David. "Barack Obama (American politician)". Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ a b c Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.
- ^ White, Jesse (ed.) (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed. Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ Jarrett, Vernon (August 11, 1992). "'Project Vote' brings power to the people" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 23. Retrieved June 6, 2008. Reynolds, Gretchen (1993). "Vote of Confidence". Chicago. 42 (1): 53–54. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) Anderson, Veronica (1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business. 16 (39): 43.{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ University of Chicago Law School (March 27, 2008). "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.<
- ^ Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) (February 10, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.[dead link] Pallasch, Abdon M (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved June 15, 2008. "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1993. p. 9 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008. "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times. July 5, 1993. p. 40. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Miner, Barnhill & Galland (2008). "About Us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439, Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
- ^ "ARDC Individual Attorney Record of Public Registration and Public Disciplinary and Disability Information as of October 17, 2008 at 12:52:13 PM". Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of the Supreme Court of Illinois. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Public Allies (2008). "Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama". Public Allies. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- ^ Jackson, David (April 3, 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)[dead link] White, Jesse (2001). "Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment". Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 65.{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26. - ^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also: "Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics". CBS News. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2008. "In-Depth Look at Obama's Political Career" (video). CLTV. Chicago Tribune. February 9, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ a b Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also: Pearson, Rick (May 3, 2007). "Careful Steps, Looking Ahead". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). "State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 1, 2008. Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa (April 18, 2001). "Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from the original (archive) on April 12, 2000. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; August 24, 2000 suggested (help) "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from the original (archive) on August 2, 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2008. - ^ "Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results - Illinois". Federal Election Commission. Retrieved April 24, 2008.. See also: "Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid". and Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007). "A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007). "How Obama Learned to Be a Natural". Salon. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also: Wolffe, Richard (July 16, 2007). "Across the Divide". Newsweek. MSNBC. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 20, 2008. and Wills, Christopher (October 24, 2007). 24, 2007-3157940059_x.htm "Obama learned from failed Congress run". USA Today. Retrieved September 20, 2008.{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007). "Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003). "Profiling, taping plans pass Senate". Daily Herald (paid archive). p. 17. Retrieved June 1, 2008. Haynes, V. Dion (June 29, 2003). "Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 8. Retrieved June 1, 2008. Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003). "Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1 (Metro). Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ Youngman, Sam (March 14, 2007). 13, 2007.html "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) See also: "US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. November 12, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2008. - ^ Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004). "Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat". HPKCC. Associated Press. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). "Closely Watched Illinois Senate Race Attracts 7 Candidates in Millionaire Range". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Wallace-Wells, Ben (April 1, 2007). "Obama's Narrator". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Davey, Monica (March 17, 2004). "From Crowded Field, Democrats Choose State Legislator to Seek Senate Seat". New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008. See also: Jackson, John S (August 2006). "The Making of a Senator: Barack Obama and the 2004 Illinois Senate Race" (PDF). Occasional Paper of the Paul Simon Public Policy Institute. Southern Illinois University. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Obama, Barack (July 27, 2004). "Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention" (text or video). BarackObama.com. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
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(help)|format=
- ^ . (August 2, 2004). "Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights". Newsweek. pp. 48–51. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
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has numeric name (help) Samuel, Terence (August 2, 2004). "A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats". U.S. News & World Report. p. 25. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Lizza, Ryan (2004). "The Natural. Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry?". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 30, 33. Retrieved November 15, 2008.{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) Davey, Monica (July 26, 2004). "A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Leibovich, Mark (July 27, 2004). "The other man of the hour". The Washington Post. p. C1. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Milligan, Susan (July 27, 2004). "In Obama, Democrats see their future". The Boston Globe. p. B8. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 2004). "Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Broder, David S. (July 28, 2004). "Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Bing, Jonathan; McClintock, Pamela (July 29, 2004). "Auds resist charms of Dem stars". Daily Variety. p. 1. Retrieved November 15, 2008.{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285. - ^ "Ryan Drops Out of Senate Race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Race in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star". Union-Tribune (San Diego). Associated Press. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Liam, Ford (August 13, 2004). "Keyes Sets Up House in Cal City". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
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: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Slevin, Peter (November 13, 2007). "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ "About Barack Obama". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Breaking New Ground: African American Senators". U.S. Senate Historical Office. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "Member Info". Congressional Black Caucus. Retrieved June 25, 2008. See also: Zeleny, Jeff (June 26, 2005). "When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point—With Subtlety". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ Nather, David (January 14, 2008). "The Space Between Clinton and Obama". CQ Weekly. Retrieved June 25, 2008. See also: Curry, Tom (February 21, 2008). "What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal". MSNBC. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007". National Journal. January 31, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ KnowLegis. "Power Rankings: Senate". Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Mason, Jeff (November 16, 2008). "Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved November 21, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ Sidoti, Liz (November 13, 2008). "Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved November 22, 2008.
- ^ Baker, Peter (November 14, 2008). "ON THE WHITE HOUSE; If the Senate Reconvenes, Two Seats May Be Empty". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ "President Bush Signs Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act". White House. September 26, 2006.
{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ "Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: Lugar, Richard G (December 3, 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". Washington Post. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ McCormack, John (December 21, 2007). "Google Government Gone Viral". Weekly Standard. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: "President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act". Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008. and USAspending.gov
- ^ S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008 Govtrack.us, 2007-2008 (110th Congress)
- ^ McIntire, Mike (February 3, 2008). "Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Daniel Fisher (August 11, 2008). "November Election A Lawyer's Delight". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
- ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) "The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo". International Rescue Committee. January 5, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. - ^ Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007). 15, 2007.html "Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel". The Hill. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
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value (help) Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007). 5, 2007.html "Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation". The Hill. Retrieved April 27, 2008.{{cite news}}
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value (help) See also: "Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007". Federal Election Commission. September 24, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. - ^ Stern, Seth (January 31, 2007). "Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation". CQPolitics.com. The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2008. U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007). "S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Nunn–Lugar Report" (PDF). Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. 2005. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action". Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: Dine, Philip (December 23, 2007). "Bond Calls for Review of Military Discharges". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases".
- ^ Graham-Silverman, Adam (September 12, 2007). "Despite Flurry of Action in House, Congress Unlikely to Act Against Iran". CQ Today. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. Template:Wayback
- ^ "Committee Assignments" (archive). Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 9, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Gets New Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Associated Press. November 15, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007). "Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience". Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP". Washington Monthly. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). "Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor". WLS-TV. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud". News24.com. August 28, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006). "Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark". The Standard (Nairobi). Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. Moracha, Vincent (September 4, 2006). "Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims". The Standard (Nairobi). Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
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: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Pearson, Rick (February 10, 2007). "Obama: I'm running for president". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid". BBC News. February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ a b "Presidential Campaign Announcement" (video). BarackObamadotcom. YouTube.com. February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
- ^ "Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?". Washington Post. Retrieved April 14, 2008. See also: Falcone, Michael (December 21, 2007). "Obama's 'One Thing'". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ "2008 Democratic Delegates". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
- ^ Knowlton, Brian (February 21, 2008). "Make That 11 for Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
- ^ "Results: March 4 - Multi-State Events". CNN. March 4, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
- ^ "Superdelegates put Obama within reach". The Associated Press. MSNBC.com. May 12, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
- ^ "Clinton Wins Puerto Rico Primary". The Associated Press. Free Internet Press. June 1, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ "Obama: I will be the Democratic nominee". CNN.com. June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- ^ John Whitesides in Washington (June 4, 2008). "Obama clinches nomination". Herald Sun. Australia. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam and Jeff Zeleny (June 4, 2008). "Obama Clinches Nomination". New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam and Jeff Zeleny (August 23, 2008). "Obama picks Biden for veep". San Francisco Chronicle. New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ Tom Baldwin (August 27, 2008). "Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate'". TimesOnline. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam (August 27, 2008). "Obama Wins Hard-Fought Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
- ^ "Obama accepts Democrat nomination". BBC News. BBC. August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ Marks, Alexandra (August 29, 2008). "Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ Malone, Jim (July 2, 2007). 2, 2007-voa52.cfm?CFID=62046237&CFTOKEN=65376399 "Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination". Voice of America. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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value (help) - ^ Cummings, Jeanne (September 26, 2007). "Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook". Politico. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Cadei, Emily (February 21, 2008). "Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising". CQ Politics. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
- ^ Salant, Jonathan D. (June 19, 2008). "Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
- ^ "Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election". Commission on Presidential Debates. November 19, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
- ^ "Gun Ruling Reverberates". The Hartford Courant. June 27, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
- ^ "General Election: McCain vs. Obama". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Johnson, Alex (November 4, 2008). "Barack Obama elected 44th president". MSNBC. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ "CNN Electoral Map Calculator - Election Center 2008". CNN.com. 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | World | Americas | US Elections 2008 | Obama wins historic US election". News.bbc.co.uk. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). "Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ "Obama: 'This is your victory'". CNN. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ Wallsten, Peter (November 5, 2008). "White Americans play major role in electing the first black president". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Johnson, Wesley (November 5, 2008). "Change has come, says President-elect Obama". The Independent. UK. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ "Senator Feinstein Announces 2009 Inaugural Theme". Press Release. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. November 5, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Gerstein, Josh (January 24, 2009). "Obama: End Abortion 'Politicization'". Politico.com.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Doyle, Michael (January 23, 2009). "Obama restores some of the 'Freedom' to FOIA". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Gearan, Anne (January 22, 2009). "Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown". Associated Press. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Executive Order -- Presidential Records". Retrieved 2009-01-22.
- ^ Glaberson, William (January 21, 2009). "Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ^ "Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan". Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Mayer, William (March 28, 2004). "Kerry's Record Rings a Bell". Washington Post. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU).
- ^ "2005 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. Retrieved September 20, 2008.; "2006 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. Retrieved September 20, 2008.; "2007 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ "ADA's 2005 Congressional Voting Record" (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved September 20, 2008.; "ADA's 2006 Congressional Voting Record" (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved September 20, 2008.; "ADA's 2007 Congressional Voting Record" (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). "Opposition to war mounts" (paid archive). Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). "President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution". The White House. Retrieved February 17, 2008.[dead link] Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). "Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- ^ Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008. Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N." Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.
Bryant, Greg (October 2, 2002). "300 protesters rally to oppose war with Iraq". Medill News Service. Retrieved February 3, 2008. Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). "Five Years Since Our First Action". Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (October 3, 2002). "300 attend rally against Iraq war" (paid archive). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights). p. 8. Retrieved October 28, 2008.{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177. - ^ Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq". BarackObama.com. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- ^ McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). "Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 7. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion.
Pallasch, Abdon M. (October 3, 2007). "Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 26. Retrieved October 28, 2008. - ^ Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003). "President Bush: Monday "Moment of Truth" for World on Iraq". The White House. Retrieved February 17, 2008.[dead link] "'Moment of truth for the world'; Bush, three allies set today as final day for Iraq to disarm or face massive military attack" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. Associated Press. March 17, 2003. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- ^ Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). "Anti-war rally here draws thousands" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 3. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- ^ US election: Barack Obama wobbles on withdrawing Iraq troops, telegraph.co.uk, July 4, 2008
- ^ Barack Obama. Obama-Caucus4Priorities (flv). Obama '08. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
{{cite AV media}}
: Unknown parameter|date2=
ignored (help) - ^ For audio and text, see: Obama, Barack (November 20, 2006). "A Way Forward in Iraq". Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Obama, Barack (March 2, 2007). "AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved January 30, 2008. (Template:Wayback) For Obama's 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see: Mendell, David (September 25, 2004). "Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ "Barack Obama and Joe Biden's Plan to Secure America and Restore Our Standing". Obama for America. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
- ^ Gordon, Michael R. and Zeleny, Jeff (November 2, 2007). "Obama Pledges 'Aggressive' Iran Diplomacy". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Transcript of fourth Democratic debate". The New York Times. July 24, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Warns Pakistan on Al-Qaeda". BBC News. August 1, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008. For video and text of the speech, see: "Policy Address on Terrorism by The Honorable Barack Obama, United States Senator from Illinois". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. August 1, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2008. For details of the aborted 2005 military operation, see Mazzetti, Mark (July 8, 2007). "Rumsfeld Called Off 2005 Plan to Capture Top Qaeda Figures". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Obama, Barack (December 27, 2005). "Policy Adrift on Darfur". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) Doyle, Jim (May 1, 2006). "Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 14, 2008. - ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (Associated Press) (May 17, 2007). "Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 14, 2008.; Obama, Barack (August 30, 2007). 30, 2007_hit_iran_where_it_hurts.html "Hit Iran Where It Hurts". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Obama, Barack (July–August 2007). "Renewing American Leadership". Foreign Affairs. 86 (4). Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Franklin, Ben A (June 1, 2005). "The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon". Washington Spectator. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (September 12, 2005). "Judicious Obama Turns Up Volume". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ Pickler, Nedra (January 25, 2007). "Obama Calls for Universal Health Care within Six Years". Associated Press via Union-Tribune (San Diego). Retrieved January 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Davis, Teddy (November 20, 2007). "Obama Bucks Party Line on Education". ABC News. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "A Speech On the Economy, Opportunity and Tax Policy with Senator Barack Obama". Tax Policy Center. September 18, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ "Study:Bush tax cuts favor wealthy". CBS. August 13, 2004. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Tax Plan: $80 Billion in Cuts, Five-Minute Filings". CNN. September 18, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (October 9, 2007). "Obama Proposes Capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Making Polluters Pay". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Barack Obama. "The Blueprint for Change: Barack Obama's plan for America" (PDF). Obama for America. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: "Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer". CNN. November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see: Nitkin, David (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2008. "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008. - ^ 24, 2008-1654309354_x.htm Obama's great-uncle recalls liberating Nazi camp, USATODAY.com, July 24, 2008
- ^ The 89th Infantry Division, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ^ "When Barry Became Barack". Newsweek. March 31, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's Indonesian Redux".
- ^ "Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan".
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). http://www.hbo.com/realsports/stories/2008/episode.133.s1.html HBO: Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. YouTube (BarackObama.com). April 15, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
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(help)|work=
- ^ "Senator Barack Obama Visit to CJTF-HOA and Camp Lemonier: August 31—September 1, 2006" (video). Combined Joint Task Force—Horn of Africa. YouTube. February 6, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 masters balancing act". The Daily Princetonian. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). "Born on the 4th of July". The Politico. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: "Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama". Gannett News Service. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School", 'International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2008
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). "The First Time Around: Sen. Obama's Freshman Year". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ a b c McKinney, Dave and Chris Fusko (November 5, 2006). "Obama on Rezko deal: It was a mistake". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 209-20-21.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Rezko found guilty in corruption case". The Associated Press. MSNBC.com. June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama Says He Regrets Land Deal With Fundraiser". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's Money". CNNMoney.com. December 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2008. - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 23, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). "'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address". Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois (website). Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (April 30, 2007). "Barack Obama's search for faith". International Herald Tribune. April 30, 2007
- ^ Obama, Barack (October 23, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time.
- ^ a b Elsner, Alan, ed. (December 7, 2008). "Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-20-21.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?". Washington Monthly. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also: Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). "In One Country, a Dual Audience" (paid archive). Newsday. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also: Harnden, Toby (October 15, 2007). "Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ Holmes, Stephanie (November 30, 2008). "Obama: Oratory and originality". The Age. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- ^ Gallo, Carmine (March 3, 2008). "How to Inspire People Like Obama Does". Business Week. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
- ^ "New emotion dubbed 'elevation". Toronto Star. December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- ^ YouTube - ChangeDotGov's Channel
- ^ News from Studio Briefing
- ^ The Root[dead link]; 12, 2008-poll_N.htm USA Today
- ^ "World wants Obama as president: poll". ABC News. Australia. Reuters. September 9, 2008.
- ^ "Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union" (Press release). Obama.senate.gov. August 24, 2005.
- ^ Quel giorno di tre anni fa a Washington Barack mi raccontò la sua speranzaRome Mayor's Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections; VELTRONI A NEW YORK - Il politico prevale sull' amministratore; Libreria Rizzoli Galleria
- ^ Pedder, Sophie (February 20, 2008). "Sarkozy, Obama and McCain". The Economist. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
- ^ Goodman, Dean (February 10, 2008). "Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama". Reuters. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ Strange, Hannah (March 5, 2008). "Celebrities join YouTube revolution". The Times (UK). Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Wappler, Margaret (June 20, 2008). "Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Von Drehle, David (December 16, 2008). "Why History Can't Wait" (Cover article). Person of the Year 2008. Time Magazine. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
References
- Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
- Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
Further reading
- Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
- Curry, Jessica. "Barack Obama: Under the Lights", Chicago Life, Fall 2004. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
- Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
- Koltun, Dave (2005) "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political “Star”" in "The Road to Congress 2004" Editors: Sunil Ahuja (Youngstown State University) and Robert Dewhirst (Northeast Missouri State University), Nova Science Publishers, Haupauge, New York, Binding: Hardcover Pub. Date: 2005, ISBN 1-59454-360-7
- MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", New Yorker, May 7, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
- Mundy, Liza. "A Series of Fortunate Events", The Washington Post Magazine, August 12, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
- Wallace-Wells, Ben. "Destiny's Child", Rolling Stone, February 7, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
- Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8, 1995. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
External links
- Official sites
- President Barack Obama official White House website
- 2008 U.S. presidential campaign site
- Site directory
- News media
- Ongoing news coverage from the BBC News, Chicago Sun-Times, Chicago Tribune, The Guardian, Washington Post
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- FACTBOX: Barack Obama, Democratic President-elect (Reuters, November 5, 2008)
- Congressional links
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Profile at Vote Smart
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