Jump to content

Avianca

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ju98 5 (talk | contribs) at 09:53, 22 June 2013 (→External links). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Avianca
Aerovías del Continente Americano S.A.
File:Avianca.png
IATA ICAO Call sign
AV AVA AVIANCA
FoundedDecember 5, 1919 as SCADTA
Hubs
Secondary hubs
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer programLifeMiles
AllianceStar Alliance
SubsidiariesAvianca Colombia
Avianca Peru
Avianca El Salvador
Avianca Costa Rica
Avianca Ecuador
Avianca Nicaragua
Avianca Honduras
Avianca Guatemala
Avianca Cargo
Avianca Taxi
Fleet size151
Destinations100
Parent companyAvianca Holdings S.A.
HeadquartersMain: Bogotá, Colombia
Secondary: San Salvador, El Salvador
Key people
Operating incomeIncrease COP 2.8 B[1] (FY 2009)
Total assetsIncrease COP 2.403.632 M (FY 2008)
Websitewww.avianca.com

Avianca S.A. (acronym in Spanish formerly for Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia S.A. (National Airways of Colombia), currently Aerovías del Continente Americano S.A. (Airways of the American Continent)) is the flag carrier airline of Colombia[2][3] since December 5, 1919 when it was initially registered under the name SCADTA.[4][5] It is headquartered in Bogotá, D.C. with its main hub at the El Dorado International Airport. Also Avianca is trademark comprising a group of seven independently IATA-coded and -owned Latin American airlines, whose operations are combined to function as one airline using a code sharing system. Avianca is the largest airline in Colombia and second one in Latin America: Avianca together with its subsidiaries has the most extended network of (both passenger and cargo) destinations in the Americas and one of the largest and most modern aircraft fleet in the continent.[6] It is wholly owned by Avianca Holdings S.A., a Latin American holding company established in Panama and specializing in air transport. The company is part of the Synergy Group and is listed in the Colombia Stock Exchange.[7]

On October 7, 2009, it was announced that Avianca would merge with TACA.[8] In 2009 Avianca reached its 90th anniversary and is the world's second oldest airline still in operation (behind KLM);[9][10] It is actually the oldest continuously operating airline in the Western Hemisphere.[11]

On June 21, 2012,[12] Avianca was introduced as an official member of Star Alliance after a process that lasted for around 18 months since their initial announcement[13] of being invited in joining the Alliance.

History

SCADTA (1919–1940)

Avianca Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation at Miami International Airport (1965).
Avianca Douglas DC-4 (1972).
Avianca Boeing 707 at El Dorado International Airport (1972).
Avianca Boeing 720 at El Dorado International Airport (1972).
Avianca Boeing 727 (1975).

The airline traces its history back to 5 December 1919, in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. Colombians Ernesto Cortissoz (the first President of the Airline), Rafael Palacio, Cristóbal Restrepo, Jacobo Correa and Aristides Noguera and Germans Werner Kämerer, Stuart Hosie and Alberto Tietjen founded the Colombo-German Company, called Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transporte Aéreo or SCADTA. The company accomplished its first flight between Barranquilla and the nearby town of Puerto Colombia, aboard a Junkers F.13, wherein 57 pieces of mail were transported; the flight was piloted by German Helmuth von Krohn. This and another aircraft of the same type were completely mechanically constructed monoplanes, the engines of which had to be modified to be able to efficiently operate in the climatic conditions of the country; there were nine aircraft in the fleet with a total range of 850 km (528 mi) (525 Mi) and could carry up to four passengers and two crewmen. Due to the topographic characteristics of the country and the lack of airports at the time, two seaplanes were adapted to the Junkers aircraft, in order for them to accomplish water landings in the rivers of different towns. Using these floats, Helmuth von Krohn was able to perform the first inland flight over Colombia on 20 October 1920, following the course of the Magdalena River; the flight took eight hours and had to make four emergency landings in the water.

Soon after the vision of the founding group had become a reality, German scientist and philanthropist Peter von Bauer became interested in the airline and contributed general knowledge, capital and a tenth aircraft for the company, as well as obtaining concessions from the Colombian government to operate the country's airmail transportation division using the airline. This new contract allowed SCADTA to thrive in a new frontier of aviation. By the mid-1920s, SCADTA, having overcome many obstacles, inaugurated its first international routes that initially covered destinations in Venezuela and the United States. Regretfully, in 1924, the aircraft that both Ernesto Cortissoz and Helmuth von Krohn were piloting, crashed into an area currently known as Bocas de Ceniza in Barranquilla, causing their deaths. Despite this tragedy, the airline continued to thrive under the guidance of German Peter von Bauer until the early 1940s, where circumstances related to the outbreak of World War II forced him to sell his shares in the airline to the US-owned Pan American World Airways.

National Airways of Colombia (1940–1994)

On 14 June 1940, in the city of Barranquilla, SCADTA, under ownership by United States businessmen, merged with Colombian Air Carrier SACO, (acronym of Servicio Aéreo Colombiano), forming the new Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia S.A. or Avianca. Five Colombians participated in this act: (Rafael María Palacio, Jacobo A. Corea, Cristobal Restrepo, Aristides Noguera) and German citizens Alberto Teitjen, Werner Kaemerer and Stuart Hosie, while the post of first President of Avianca was filled by Martín del Corral. There had been decades of dedicated work and contribution to Colombia's development through actions, among which the following may be highlighted:

  • In September 1920, with Fritz Hammer as pilot, Wilhem Schnurrbush as copilot and Stuart Hosie as a passenger, SCADTA accomplished its first flight between Barranquilla and Puerto Berrío.
  • On 19 October of that same year, Helmuth Von Krohn accomplished the first flight between Barranquilla and Girardot and by 1921 routes between Barranquilla, Girardot and Neiva were established.
  • In 1922, SCADTA began to provide airmail service.
  • In August 1922, General Pedro Nel Ospina, then President of Colombia, used a SCADTA aircraft to conduct official business for the first time.
  • On 19 July 1923, to save the country from bankruptcy, SCADTA transported a gold and currency load from Puerto Berrío to Girardot.
  • On 12 July 1928, a SCADTA Junkers F.13, commanded by Pilot Herbert Boy, crossed the Equator.
  • On 23 July 1929, regular routes between Girardot and Bogotá were established.
  • The cost of the first SCADTA air tickets were as follows: from Bogotá to Barranquilla, COP $75; from Bogotá to Cartagena, COP $85; from Bogotá to Cartago, COP $35; and from Bogotá to Santiago de Cali, COP $50.
  • On 16 July 1931, SCADTA established the first mail service between Bogotá and New York City.
  • In 1937, the airline acquired 10 Boeing 247 twin-engine aircraft, extending its domestic routes.
  • By October 1939, Avianca acquired the first Douglas DC-3 aircraft arriving in the country, flying at the then-incredible speed of 200 miles per hour.
  • Beginning in 1946, Avianca inaugurated flights to Quito, Lima, Panama City, Miami, New York City and finally Europe, using Douglas DC-4 and C-54 Skymaster aircraft,.
  • In 1951, Avianca acquired the Lockheed 749 Constellation and the 1049 Super Constellation aircraft, the biggest and fastest at the time.
  • A grand feat in Colombian commercial aviation was also conducted by Avianca in 1956, when the airline committed to take the Colombian delegation, that was to participate in the Melbourne Olympic Games in Australia. There were 61 hours of continuous operation, with only one stop for refueling allowed.
  • Four years later, in 1961, Avianca leased two Boeing 707 aircraft, to operate its international routes and on November 2, 1961, it acquired its own Boeing 720s, baptizing them with the names Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander.
Avianca's Boeing 747-100 at El Dorado International Airport in 1976.
  • 1976 was an important one for Avianca, becoming the first Latin American airline to continuously operate a Boeing 747. Three years later, it started operations with another 747, this time a 747 Combi, mixing cargo and passenger operations.
  • In 1981, the possibilities for in-ground service for passengers in Bogotá expanded, thanks to the modern air terminal that Avianca commissioned: Avianca's Air Bridge. The new terminal originally operated routes to Miami, New York City, Santiago de Cali, Medellín, Pasto and Montería.
  • By 1990, Avianca had acquired the most modern aircraft in the world: two Boeing 767-200ERs, which were baptized with the names Cristóbal Colón and Américo Vespucio.

Avianca's System (1994–2002)

In 1994, a strategic alliance was established to merge three of the most important enterprises of the aeronautical sector of Colombia: Avianca, the regional carrier SAM and the helicopter operator Helicol, which brought life to Avianca's new system of operations. This system offered specialized services in Cargo (Avianca Cargo) and postal services, as well as the most modern fleet in Latin America made up of: Boeing 767–200, Boeing 767–300, Boeing 757–200, McDonnell Douglas MD-83, Fokker 50 and Bell helicopters.

This new system covered the following destinations:

By 1996, Avianca Postal Services evolved into Deprisa, providing express mail services through its products Deprisa and Deprisa Empresarial, traditional mail, certified mail, shipment airport-to-airport and P.O. boxes.

On 10 December 1998, Avianca announced the inception of a new "connections center" in Bogotá, offering around 6,000 possible weekly connecting flights and an increased number of frequencies, schedules and destinations, taking advantage of the privileged geographical location of the country's capital, for the benefit of Colombian and international travellers between South America, Europe and North America.

In addition to its Avianca Connection, and alliance partnerships, Avianca offers frequent flyer partnerships with the following airlines:

Summa Alliance (2002–2004)

An Avianca Boeing 767-200ER at El Dorado International Airport, Bogotá, Colombia. (2007)

After a rigorous and complex process, the worldwide aviation industry came through after the September 11 attacks. Avianca, the regional carrier SAM Colombia and its major rival ACES Colombia, joined efforts to create Alianza Summa, which began merged operations on 20 May 2002. These three airlines decided to strategically merge their strengths, to offer a more efficient service, with concerns to quality, quantity, security and competition in a new struggling marketplace. However, adverse circumstances within the industry and markets, forced the alliance to disband and airline shareholders decided to initiate the liquidation of Alianza Summa in November 2003, to focus in strengthening the Avianca trademark. These decisions resulted in the liquidation of ACES Colombia altogether and the acquisition of SAM Colombia, as a regional carrier under Avianca's system.

American Continent Airways (2004–2009)

Avianca Airbus A330-200 at El Dorado International Airport (2009).
Avianca logo 2005-2013

On 10 December 2004, Avianca concluded one of the most important and ambitious reorganization processes, undertaken after filing for 'Chapter 11' bankruptcy protection, by obtaining confirmation of its reorganization plan, which was financially backed by the Brazilian consortium, OceanAir/Synergy Group and the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia, allowing the airline to obtain funds for US$63 million dollars, in the 13 months following withdrawal from C-11.

Avianca Airbus A330 economy class cabin.

The plan, with the support of 99.8% of the voting creditors and which obtained the majority endorsement of the Creditors Committee, will enter into force once the Company emerges from bankruptcy. In accordance with United States laws, the administration has the trust obligation to consider any other investment proposal until the final term expiration stipulated. Notwithstanding, such an offer, besides being better than the one that has been approved by Avianca's domestic and international creditors and confirmed today by the Court, must be final, i.e. fully financed and backed with non-reimbursable cash deposits or equivalent mechanisms. Likewise, such proposal must be binding. As known, the only investment that complies with these requirements is that of OceanAir/Synergy Group and the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia, which already makes part of the reorganization plan already voted favorably, by the creditors and confirmed by the Judge.

Synergy Group is an evidenced, credit-worthy Brazilian entrepreneurial conglomerate. Its strength lies in the oil sector, building, installing and offering maintenance to offshore oil platforms; it is currently carrying out exploration work in Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia. Other businesses include: the extraction of gas in the United States, naval construction, telephony infrastructure, hydroelectric power plants, communications and a hydrocarbons marine exploration company, which extends throughout nine countries, with more than 5,000 workers.

It also owns and operates OceanAir, which services around thirty cities in Brazil, as well as VIP, an airline in Ecuador, Taxi Aero, a charter airline in Brazil and the recently acquired Wayra, in Peru, as well as Turb Serv, dedicated to the maintenance of turbines.

In 2009, OceanAir and VIP Ecuador will be rebranded as Avianca, to consolidate as one airline, following the ambitious expansion plans of the airline.

Avianca-TACA Alliance (2009-2013)

The merger of Colombia's Avianca and Salvadoran-based TACA is the latest sign that consolidation in the Latin American airline sector is picking up.

The newly formed Holdco – which will be controlled jointly by Avianca and TACA – instantly becomes one of the region's largest airlines after Brazil's TAM and GOL, with 129 aircraft and flights to more than 100 destinations.

In November 2009, the airline's Chief Executive Fabio Villegas announced that the airline is looking to replace its Fokker 50 and Fokker 100 aircraft with newer aircraft of 100 seats or less. The 10 Fokker 50s and 15 Fokker 100s are currently operated on flights shorter than one-and-a-half hours. Aircraft manufactured by Brazil's Embraer, Canada's Bombardier Aerospace and the Airbus A318 are being considered for the replacement.[14]

In December 2010, The airline made the decision to retire the Fokker 100 aircraft in 2011 and replace them with 10 Airbus A318 leased from GECAS from 2011–2018. The aircraft will be delivered during January to February 2011.

Star Alliance (from 2012)

On November 10, 2010, Star Alliance announced Avianca (and its merger counterpart, TACA) to become full member in mid-2012. Due to Avianca's entry into Star Alliance, it has ended its codeshare agreement with Delta Air Lines and began a new codeshare agreement with United Airlines. TACA had been codesharing with United Airlines since 2006.[15] On June 21, 2012, Avianca and TACA were both officially admitted into Star Alliance.

Avianca Holdings S.A. (2013-Present)

Avianca and TACA changed their image to the Avianca brand on May 28, 2013 in order to have only one brand in the aviation industry.

On March 21, 2013, at the Annual General Meeting, the shareholders approved the change of corporate name from AviancaTaca Holdings S.A. to Avianca Holdings S.A.[16]

Destinations

Main article: Avianca destinations

Avianca's hub is in Bogotá at El Dorado International Airport and in San Salvador at Comalapa International Airport. Its focus cities are: Medellín, Cali, Cartagena and Barranquilla, as well as Miami, where Avianca is the largest foreign carrier by number of passengers. The airline covers 87 destinations in 22 countries.

Subsidiaries

Avianca's subsidiaries destinations
Company № of destinations Coming destinations Notes
Avianca 69 – Main article: Avianca destinations
Avianca Brazil 23 – Main article: Avianca Brazil destinations
Avianca Ecuador 9 – Main article: Avianca Ecuador destinations
Helicol ? – Main article: Helicol destinations
Tampa Cargo 20 – Main article: Tampa Cargo destinations

Frequent Flyer Program

Avianca headquarters

Avianca launched their new LifeMiles programme in 2011, replacing the old AviancaPlus system for frequent flyers. The levels include Silver, Gold and Diamond, replacing the old AviancaPlus Basic, AviancaPlus Gold, AviancaPlus Platinum, and AviancaPlus Platinum Executive levels. The new LifeMiles system also incorporates TACA passengers' flights, unifying the two rewards systems as a result of Avianca's recent merger with TACA.

Codeshare agreements

Avianca currently maintains codeshare agreements with airlines[17] in North America, South America, and Europe (January 2011):

Cargo Codeshare Agreements

From 2012 Avianca has codeshare agreements with all members of the Star Alliance.[31]

Other Agreements

Fleet

As of July 2012, the Avianca fleet consists of the following aircraft:[33][34]

Avianca current fleet
Aircraft In Fleet Orders Options Passengers Notes
J Y Total
Fokker 50 10 — — — 52 52 To be phased out
ATR 72-600[35] — 15 15
TBA
First delivery scheduled for June 2013 & replacing the Fokker 50's
ATR 42 8 — — — 50 50 Ex-TACA Aircraft
Airbus A318-100 10 — — 12 88 100
Airbus A319-100 27 10 — 12 108 120 9 are Ex-TACA Aircraft
Airbus A320-200 53 37 — 12 138 150 19 are Ex-TACA Aircraft
Airbus A320neo
—
33
TBA
Airbus A321-200 5 — — 12 182 194 Ex-TACA Aircraft
Airbus A330-200 10 9 — 30 222 252
Airbus A350-900 — 10 10
TBA
First delivery scheduled for 2015.
Boeing 787–8 — 15 5
TBA
First delivery scheduled for 2014.
Embraer 190 12 1 15 8 88 96 Ex-TACA Aircraft
Total 134 130

The Boeing customer code for Avianca is 59, yielding a model number such as 787–859

Retired

Avianca fleet following the jet era[36][37]
Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes
Airbus A318 2011 In operation -
Airbus A319-100 2008 In operation -
Airbus A320-200 2008 In operation -
Airbus A330-200 2008 In operation -
Fokker 100 2005 2011 replaced by Airbus A318. Operated total of 15
McDonnell Douglas MD-11ER 1999 1999 All leased
Fokker 50 1993 In operation 11 replaced by Airbus A319
McDonnell Douglas MD-83 1992 2011 Operated total of 31
Boeing 757–236 1992 2010 Operated total of 22
Boeing 767-3Y0 1994 2010 Operated total of 10
Boeing 767–259 1989 2011 Operated total of 10
Boeing 727–259 1978 1998 -
Boeing 727–159 1966 1992 -
Boeing 747–259 1979 1995 -
Boeing 747–123 1981 1986 First Latin American airline to continuously operate the Boeing 747, Operated total of 8
Boeing 707–359 1969 1993 -
Boeing 720 1961 1984 Ordered 2 plus 2 options on June 30, 1960
Boeing 737–159 1968 1971 Operated a total of two. First Latin American airline to operate them
Avianca fleet prior to the jet era[36][37]
Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes
Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation 1958 1968 -
Lockheed L-749 Constellation 1956 1968 -
Douglas C-54 Skymaster 1948 1975 -
Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar C-60 ? ? -
Douglas DC-4 1945 1970 -
Douglas DC-3 1939 1975 -
Boeing 247D ? ? -
Junkers Ju 52 ? ? -
Fokker Super Universal ? ? -
Ford Trimotor 5-AT-DS ? ? -
Sikorsky S-38 ? ? -
de Havilland Tiger Moth ? ? -
de Havilland Giant Moth ? ? -
Junkers W 34 ? ? -
Junkers W 33 ? ? -
Dornier Do J ? ? -
Dornier Merkur ? ? -
Dornier Komet ? ? -
Junkers F.13 1919 ? -
An Avianca Airbus A320-200 at Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport in Barranquilla, Colombia in 2009.
An Avianca Boeing 767-200ER taxiing at Madrid Barajas Airport, Spain in 2008.
An Avianca McDonnell Douglas MD-83 at José María Córdova International Airport, Colombia in 2006.

Incidents and accidents

The airline suffered a few incidents during the 1980s and early 1990s. The deadliest of those incidents was Avianca Flight 203, which was bombed in 1989, following orders from Pablo Escobar to kill presidential candidate César Gaviria Trujillo. In the aftermath, it was found that Gaviria had not boarded the aircraft. Only one successful bombing has occurred in the airline's history, while most other gang related incidents were related to hijackings or shootings on board. In most hijackings, all passengers and crew members, unaffiliated with the hijacker's cause, were immediately released.

Other incidents include:

Headquarters

Avianca's current headquarters is on Avenida El Dorado and between Avenida la Esmeralda and Gobernación de Cundinamarca, located in the Ciudad Salitre area of Bogota. The building is located next to the Gran Estación. The current headquarters, which opened in 2009, is a 46 meters (151 ft) tall, 34,536 square meters (371,740 sq ft) building with a 13,800 square meters (149,000 sq ft) glass façade and a shading coefficient of 0.71% to allow natural air and lighting in the floors of the building. The first floor has stores and a parking area.[48] Its previous head office was at Avenida El Dorado No. 93-30.[49]

References

  1. ^ "Resultados Avianca 2009" (PDF). Avianca.com. Retrieved 2012-0928. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. ^ (Excelentísimo Señor Presidente de la República de Colombia) Álvaro Uribe Vélez (March 7, 2005). "Decreto número 604 de 2005 por el cual se concede la Orden del Mérito Comercial en la Categoría de Gran Oficial a Avianca" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo de la República de Colombia. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Discurso de entrega de la Orden del Mérito Comercial en la Categoría de Gran Oficial a Avianca" (.htm) (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Presidencia de la República de Colombia. March 7, 2005. Nosotros no podemos perder la oportunidad de tener en Bogotá ese gran centro de conexiones. Y por supuesto, que lo haga la compañía bandera de Colombia, que es Avianca. Eso lo tiene que explicar el Gobierno a la opinión pública clara y paladinamente, sin malicias, sin cartas escondidas, y salir a defenderlo y decir por qué hay que hacerlo. {{cite web}}: Text "(Excelentísimo Señor Presidente de la República de Colombia) Álvaro Uribe Vélez" ignored (help)
  4. ^ (Honorable Magistrado Consejero de Estado de la República de Colombia) Simón Rodríguez Rodríguez (September 21, 1989). "Sentencia del Honorable Consejo de Estado de la República de Colombia con relación al proceso número 132 que reposa en el expediente del año 1989 (ce-sec1-exp1989-n132)" (.doc) (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Consejo de Estado de la República de Colombia. pp. 10, 16, 5th paragraph. Desde ningún punto de vista puede abrigarse duda alguna acerca del carácter eminentemente privado de la empresa Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia AVIANCA S. A. La prueba por excelencia en este caso, como es el certificado expedido por el Secretario de la Cámara de Comercio de Barranquilla así lo determina (fls. 2 a 10). En él se lee que la empresa se constituyó por escritura pública número 2374, otorgada ante Notaría Segunda de Barranquilla, el día 5 de diciembre de 1919, registrada en el Juzgado Tercero del mismo Circuito, llamada inicialmente Sociedad Colombo – Alemana de Transportes Aéreos -SCADTA-. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Friedman, Max Paul (2000). "Specter of a Nazi Threat: United States-Colombian Relations, 1939–1945". The Americas. 4. 56. Washington, D.C. (United States): Catholic University of America Press on behalf of Academy of American Franciscan History: 563–589 [566 2nd paragraph]. JSTOR 1008173. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "Avianca-TACA joint venture ready for implementation". Flightglobal. 02/02/2010. Retrieved 02/02/2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  7. ^ "Flightgobal: Avianca-TACA joint venture ready for implementation". Flightglobal.com. February 2, 2010. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
  8. ^ "Avianca confirms 'strategic merger' with TACA". Flightglobal. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  9. ^ "Avianca cumple 90 años" (PDF) (in Spanish). Avianca. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  10. ^ "90th anniversary sticker on Avianca's airliner". Retrieved 2011-12-04.
  11. ^ Brown, Claire (1998-07-28). "National Air and Space Museum Exhibition Examines the Development of Latino Aviation". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 07/28/1998. SCADTA Junkers F 13, one of the first commercial airlines in Colombia. SCADTA (now known as AVIANCA) is the oldest, continuously operating airline in the Western Hemisphere. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Avianca, Taca Airlines and Copa Airlines join Star Alliance". Star Alliance. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 06/21/2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  13. ^ "Avianca-Taca and Copa Airlines to join Star Alliance". Star Alliance. 11 October 2010. Retrieved 11/10/2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ^ "Avianca looking to replace Fokkers". Eturbonews.com. 2009-11-30. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
  15. ^ "Copa Airlines, Copa Airlines Colombia, United Airlines and Avianca-TACA announce their intention to establish close cooperation agreements". avianca.co.uk. 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
  16. ^ http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/economia/articulo-411841-avianca-se-quito-el-apellido-taca
  17. ^ Avianca.com (March 18, 2011). "Aerolíneas aliadas" (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Avianca. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Avianca (March 16, 2010). "Avianca y AeroGal inician operación con código compartido" (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Avianca. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  19. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  20. ^ Avianca. "Avianca y Aerolíneas Argentinas inician operación con código compartido" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Avianca. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Avianca (June 1, 2008). "Aerolíneas aliadas: Air Canada" (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Avianca. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Avianca (June 1, 2008). "Aerolíneas aliadas: Avianca Brasil" (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Avianca. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  23. ^ aeroespacio.com.ar (June 14, 2008). "Iberia y Avianca en código compartido" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires (Argentina): aerospacio. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  24. ^ Avianca (November 3, 2010). "Avianca y Lufthansa firman acuerdo de operación en código compartido" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá DC (Colombia): Avianca.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Emisora Ejercito (July 18, 2007). "Satena y Avianca firman acuerdo de ampliación de servicios" (in Spanish). Bogotá DC (Colombia): emisoraejercito.mil.co. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  26. ^ "Chilean, Colombian airlines reach codeshare agreement – Colombia news". Colombia Reports. 23 November 2011.
  27. ^ El Tiempo (April 20, 2003). "Acuerdo De Summa Y Taca" (in Spanish). Bogotá DC (Colombia): eltiempo.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  28. ^ La Republica (January 27, 2011). "Avianca-Taca, Copa Airlines y United Airlines establecen acuerdos de cooperación" (in Spanish). Bogotá DC (Colombia): larepublica.com.co. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  29. ^ "US Airways Expands Customer Access To Central And South America With Avianca Codeshare Agreement". Yahoo! Finance. December 19, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ "Alianza Estrategica Deprisa – UPS" (PDF). Avianca.com.
  31. ^ Star Alliance (March 18, 2011). "Star Alliance Members". Franckfort (Germany): staralliance.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  32. ^ "Payment at retailers". volaris.com.mx.
  33. ^ "Avianca fleet list". Airfleets.net. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
  34. ^ "Avianca Brazil fleet list". Airfleets.net. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
  35. ^ "Avianca-Taca encargan 15 aviones regionales ATR por $700 millones". Terra.com. 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
  36. ^ a b "Avianca cumple 90 años" (PDF) (in Spanish). Avianca. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  37. ^ a b Avianca (April 4, 2010). "Nace una historia con alas" (.htm) (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Avianca. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "Avianca Constellation aircrash". Aviation-safety.net. 1954-08-09. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
  39. ^ Jamaica Observer, "From Avianca to CanJet: MoBay Airport at Centre of J'can Aviation History", 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  40. ^ "Hijacking description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  41. ^ "HK-107 Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  42. ^ "HK-1341 Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  43. ^ "HK-111 Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  44. ^ "HK-508 Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  45. ^ "Colombia". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  46. ^ "Americas | Massive security at Colombia's airports". BBC News. 2002-07-19. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  47. ^ "Recordando los 10 años del secuestro del Fokker de Avianca". Noticias ABC colombia. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
  48. ^ Buitrago, Alejandra. "Avianca tendrá nueva sede administrativa a comienzos del 2009 en Eje Empresarial del Salitre." Portafolio. Retrieved on July 11, 2010. "Será un edificio con 13.800 metros cuadrados de vidrio en sus fachadas, con un coeficiente de sombra de solo el 0,71% en diseño bioclimático que permitirá luz y aire naturales incluso en los sótanos." and "Su altura será de 46 metros y tres sótanos, para un área construida de 34.536 metros cuadrados. El primer piso tendrá locales comerciales y una amplia zona de parqueaderos."
  49. ^ Oficinas Colombia." Avianca. March 9, 2000. Retrieved on January 30, 2011.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avianca.

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avianca&oldid=561040523"