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Android version history

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Global Android version distribution since December 2009, as of May 2018. Android Marshmallow the oldest supported version has running on 26.0% of all Android devices accessing Google Play; Android Nougat the most popular versions on 30.8% (while Nougat 7.0 only, is a little less popular at 23.0%), and all supported including Oreo on 61.4%.

The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of the Android beta in November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance, and it has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since the initial release.

Versions 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names. Android code names are confectionery-themed and have been in alphabetical order since 2009's Android 1.5 Cupcake, with the most recent major version being Android 8.1 Oreo, released in December 2017.

Code name Version number Initial release date API level Security patches[1]
(No codename)[2] Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 September 23, 2008 1 Unsupported
(Internally known as "Petit Four")[2] Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1 February 9, 2009 2 Unsupported
Cupcake Old version, no longer maintained: 1.5 April 27, 2009 3 Unsupported
Donut[3] Old version, no longer maintained: 1.6 September 15, 2009 4 Unsupported
Eclair[4] Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 – 2.1 October 26, 2009 5 – 7 Unsupported
Froyo[5] Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 – 2.2.3 May 20, 2010 8 Unsupported
Gingerbread[6] Old version, no longer maintained: 2.3 – 2.3.7 December 6, 2010 9 – 10 Unsupported
Honeycomb[7] Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 – 3.2.6 February 22, 2011 11 – 13 Unsupported
Ice Cream Sandwich[8] Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 – 4.0.4 October 18, 2011 14 – 15 Unsupported
Jelly Bean[9] Old version, no longer maintained: 4.1 – 4.3.1 July 9, 2012 16 – 18 Unsupported
KitKat[10] Old version, no longer maintained: 4.4 – 4.4.4 October 31, 2013 19 – 20 Unsupported[11]
Lollipop[12] Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 – 5.1.1 November 12, 2014 21 – 22 Unsupported[13]
Marshmallow[14] Old version, yet still maintained: 6.0 – 6.0.1 October 5, 2015 23 Supported
Nougat[15] Old version, yet still maintained: 7.0 – 7.1.2 August 22, 2016 24 – 25 Supported
Oreo[16] Current stable version: 8.0 – 8.1 August 21, 2017 26 – 27 Supported
Android P[17] Latest preview version of a future release: 9 May 8, 2018 28 Supported
Legend:
Old version, not maintained
Old version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

A version of Android KitKat exclusive to Android Wear devices was released on June 25, 2014, with an API level of 20, and it has since been renamed to Wear OS.

Pre-commercial release versions

The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.[18]

Alpha

There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the OHA before the beta version was released.[19][20]

To avoid confusion, the code names "Astro Boy" and "Bender" were only known to be tagged internally on some early pre-1.0 milestone builds, and thus were never used as the actual code names of the 1.0 and 1.1 release of the OS, as many people are mistakenly calling and repeating on the web.[2] Dan Morrill created some of the first mascot logos, but the current Android logo was designed by Irina Blok.[21] The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived the confectionery-themed naming scheme that has been used for the majority of the public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake.

Beta

The beta was released on November 5, 2007, [22][23] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[24] The November 5 date is popularly celebrated as Android's "birthday".[25] Public beta versions of the SDK were released in the following order:[26]

  • November 12, 2007: m3-rc20a (milestone 3, release code 20a)[27]
  • November 16, 2007: m3-rc22a (milestone 3, release code 22a)[28]
  • December 14, 2007: m3-rc37a (milestone 3, release code 37a)[29]
  • February 13, 2008: m5-rc14 (milestone 5, release code 14)[30]
  • March 3, 2008: m5-rc15 (milestone 5, release code 15)[26]
  • August 18, 2008: 0.9 Beta[31][32]
  • September 23, 2008: 1.0-r1[33][34]

Version history by API level

The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels. Template:Android version table Template:Android version table Template:Android version table

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Template:Android version table

Hardware requirements

See also: Android (operating system) § Hardware

The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures; formerly also ARMv5), with x86[a] and MIPS[b] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android, but MIPS support has since been deprecated.[37]

Unofficial Android-x86 project used to provide support for the x86 and MIPS architectures ahead of the official support.[38][39] In 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[40] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.[41][42] Since Android 5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.

Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 depend on screen size and density and type of CPU, ranging from 816 MB–1.8 GB for 64-bit and 512 MB–1.3 GB for 32-bit meaning in practice 1 GB for the most common type of display (while minimum for Android watch is 416 MB).[43] The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM,[44] while for "low RAM" devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.[45] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor (latter two through unofficial ports),[38][39] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[46] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan (and version 1.1 available for some devices[47]). Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.[46]

Android used to require an autofocus camera, which was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera[48] if present at all, since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely (except for smartphones) when Android started to be used on set-top boxes.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lowest supported x86 generation is the P6 microarchitecture, also called i686.[35]
  2. ^ Supported is revision 1 of MIPS32[36] and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64[35]

References

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