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Urban rail transit in India

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For Rapid Bus transit, see List of bus rapid transit systems in India.

Map of cities in India with Urban Transit Systems such as rapid transit, suburban rail, monorail, bus rapid transit and tram.
The Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro.
An EMU of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.
The Mumbai Monorail.

Urban rail transit in India plays an important role in intracity transportation in the major cities which are highly populated. It comprises of rapid transit, suburban rail, monorail and tram systems. According to a report published in 2021, a total of 2,636 million people travel annually in metro systems across India's thirteen major cities, placing the country as one of the busiest urban rapid transit hub in the world in terms of ridership. The combined length of metro systems in India makes it the fifth longest in the world with 731.5 km (454.5 mi) in operation.[1]

The Ministry of Urban Development's Urban Transport wing is the nodal division for coordination, appraisal and approval of Urban Transport matters including Metro Rail Projects at the central level. All the interventions in the urban transport by the Ministry of Urban Development are carried out as per the provisions of National Urban Transport Policy, 2006.[2]

Terminology

Indian cities have various types of urban transit systems operational, under construction and planned. These systems are being implemented based on the population of a city, financial feasibility and demand.

History

The first EMU service, launched in 1925
See caption
Life-size model of a horse-drawn tram at the City Centre arcade, Salt Lake

The first-ever mode of the urban rail transit system in India was commuter rail (or suburban rail), built in Mumbai on 16 April 1853. The first passenger train was flagged off from Bori Bunder (present-day Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai) from where it travelled to Thane, covering a distance of 34 km in an hour and fifteen minutes. This made it the Asia's first suburban railway.[3] At the turn of 20th century, tram systems began to sprawl across four major cities of India and helped local population to meet their intracity transportation needs. Horse-drawn tram was first introduced in Kolkata in 1873 and the electric trams began to operate in Chennai in 1895, later the cities of Mumbai, Kanpur, and Delhi saw trams being introduced. These services were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for Kolkata where they operate on streets till the present day.[4]

In September 1919, during a session of the Imperial Legislative Council at Shimla, a committee was set up by W. E. Crum that recommended a metro line for Kolkata.[5] The next proposal for a metro system was mooted by government of West Bengal in 1949-50 and a survey was conducted by French experts. However, the proposal could not be brought into the effect and India had to wait for its first metro service. It was 23 years later when the foundation stone was laid in Kolkata in 1972 to commence the construction of the ambitious metro system. On 24 October 1984, India saw its first metro system operational in Kolkata. After several struggles and bureaucratic hurdles, a stretch of 3.4 km was opened with five stations on the line.[6]

In 1905, the capital of India was moved from Kolkata to Delhi. This created a massive urban sprawl, which boosted the city's population by many folds. The first concept of an urban rapid transit system came out during 1969,[7] when a traffic and travel characteristics study was conducted. The bus systems which catered the public transportation in the city added to the traffic problems, this soon became a growing concern. The concepts for an urban transit system were considered as the need for the country's capital.[7] After planning, a proposal was made in 1984, which revealed plans for constructing three underground corridors and augmentation of the existing suburban rail system. The construction began on 1 October 1998 and the first line was operational on 24 December 2002.[6][8] With 348.51 kilometres (216.55 mi), the Delhi Metro went on to be the longest and by far the busiest metro system in India.[9]

While the political capital of India was expanding on its success by constructing new metro lines, suburban railways remained as the dominant mode of transport in the financial capital, Mumbai. According to Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) the city bus services operating in narrow and crowded areas of the city were slow-moving and caused traffic congestion and hence a rapid transit system was necessary. Since the city already had planned metro services and since the suburban railways also connected major parts of the city, a feeder system to these services was proposed in the form of Monorail.[10] After the construction was completed, On 1 February 2014, Mumbai Monorail became the first of its kind in India.[11][12]

Following the grand success of Delhi Metro, India soon had its first metro system operate in southern India in the form of Namma Metro of Bengaluru, which aimed at solving the massive traffic problems in the city.[6][13] Later in the following decade, several metro systems began to spring up in the major cities, expanding number of such systems to thirteen in the country.[6]

Rapid transit systems

The Blue Line of the Delhi Metro, the largest metro system in India.
The Kolkata Metro at Salt Lake Stadium. This is the oldest metro system in India built in 1984.
An underground station of the Chennai Metro.

There are currently thirteen operational rapid transit (popularly known as 'metro') systems in thirteen cities across India. With Delhi Metro being the largest metro system which connects to few other nearby cities in the National Capital Region.[14] As of January 2021, India has 731.5 kilometres (454.5 miles) of operational metro lines and 540 stations across 13 systems.[15] A further 578.34 km of lines are under construction. Metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly standard gauge. Projects like the Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines but all new projects in India are on standard gauge as rolling stock is of standard gauge.

Apart from the Kolkata metro (which forms its zone of Indian Railways), these rapid transit metro lines are not operated by Indian Railways, but a separate set of local authorities. In addition to their metro systems, the cities of Chennai and Hyderabad have mass transit systems operated by the Indian Railways, known as the Chennai MRTS and the Hyderabad MMTS, respectively. The first rapid transit system in India is the Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. The Delhi Metro has the largest network in the entire country.[16]

In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of 20 lakh (2 million).[17][18] On 11 August 2014, Union Government announced that it would provide financial assistance, for the implementation of a metro rail system, to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million.[19][20] In May 2015, the Union Government approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities. The majority of the planned projects will be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The Union Government will invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$60 billion).[21][22] In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems.[23] In August 2017, the Union Government announced that it would not provide financial assistance to new metro rail project, unless some sort of private partnership is involved.[24][25][26]

Operational

As of 2 September 2021
System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened Annual Ridership (in millions)
Operational Under Construction Planned
Delhi Metro
Delhi 10[27] 253[Nb 1] 348.51 km (216.55 mi)[27] 110.18 km (68.46 mi) 30.07 km (18.68 mi) 24 December 2002[28] 926.1[1]
Hyderabad Metro Hyderabad and Secunderabad Telangana 3 57 67 km (42 mi) 2.94 km (1.83 mi) 11.20 km (6.96 mi) 29 November 2017[29] 173[1]
Namma Metro Bengaluru Karnataka 2 52[30] 56.1 km (34.9 mi)[31] 118.84 km (73.84 mi) 145 km (90 mi) 20 October 2011[13] 174.22[32]
Chennai Metro Chennai Tamil Nadu 2 42[33] 54.15 km (33.65 mi)[34] 118.91 km (73.89 mi) 16.00 km (9.94 mi) 29 June 2015[35] 42[1]
Kolkata Metro Kolkata West Bengal 2[36] 33[37] 38.56 km (23.96 mi)[36] 101.86 km (63.29 mi) 17.90 km (11.12 mi) 24 October 1984[38] 256[1]
Nagpur Metro Nagpur Maharashtra 2 24 26.10 km (16.22 mi) 18.80 km (11.68 mi) 48.30 km (30.01 mi) 8 March 2019[39] 4[1]
Kochi Metro Kochi Kerala 1 22 25.6 km (15.9 mi) 2.94 km (1.83 mi) 11.20 km (6.96 mi) 17 June 2017[40] 17[1]
Noida Metro Noida and Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 1 21 25.6 km (15.9 mi) – 80.95 km (50.30 mi) 25 January 2019[41] 5[1]
Lucknow Metro File:Lucknow Metro Logo.svg Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 1 21 22.87 km (14.21 mi) – 85.00 km (52.82 mi) 5 September 2017[42] 22[1]
Jaipur Metro Jaipur Rajasthan 1[43] 11[43] 11.97 km (7.44 mi) – 26.36 km (16.38 mi) 3 June 2015[43] 7[1]
Rapid Metro Gurgaon Gurugram Haryana 1 11 11.7 km (7.3 mi)[44] 17.00 km (10.56 mi) – 14 November 2013[45] 18[1]
Mumbai Metro Mumbai Maharashtra 1 12[46] 11.4 km (7.1 mi)[46] 193.35 km (120.14 mi) 136.4 km (84.8 mi) 8 June 2014[46] 126[47]
Ahmedabad Metro Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar Gujarat 1 6 6 km (3.7 mi) 54.10 km (33.62 mi) 7.41 km (4.60 mi) 4 March 2019[48] 0.4[1]

Upcoming

As of 2 September 2021

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Planned Opening
Pune Metro Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad Maharashtra 3 53 54.58 km (33.91 mi) 2021[49]
Navi Mumbai Metro Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 1 20 23.40 km (14.54 mi) 2021[50]
Kanpur Metro File:Lucknow Metro Logo.svg Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 2 31 32.37 km (20.11 mi) 2022[51]
Bhoj Metro Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2 28 105 km (65 mi) 2023[52]
Indore Metro Indore Madhya Pradesh 5 89 124 km (77 mi) 2023[53]
Patna Metro Patna Bihar 2 26 30.91 km (19.21 mi) 2024[54]
Agra Metro File:Lucknow Metro Logo.svg Agra Uttar Pradesh 2 27 29.40 km (18.27 mi) 2024[55]
Surat Metro Surat Gujarat 2 38 40.35 km (25.07 mi) 2024[56]
Meerut Metro Meerut Uttar Pradesh 2 24 54.58 km (33.91 mi) 2025[57]
Guwahati Metro Guwahati Assam 4 54 61.40 km (38.15 mi) TBD[58]
Coimbatore Metro Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 5 TBD 144 km (89 mi)[59] TBD[60][61]

Abandoned

  Defunct
  Scrapped

System Locale State / Union Territory Length Notes
Skybus Metro Margao Goa 1.60 km (0.99 mi) Defunct and Scrapped after the operation. Deemed unsafe by KRC.[62]
Chandigarh Metro Chandigarh Tricity Chandigarh 37.50 km (23.30 mi) Rejected due to commercial viability.

[63]

Cuttack Metro Cuttack and Bhubaneswar Odisha – Rejected due to infeasibility. May be considered after 2040.[64]
Western Railway Elevated Corridor Mumbai Maharashtra 63.27 km (39.31 mi) Rejected due to infeasibility.[65]
Ludhiana Metro Ludhiana Punjab 28.30 km (17.58 mi) Rejected and replaced by bus rapid transit system.[66]

Suburban Rail

An EMU of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, the oldest Suburban Railway Network in India built in 1853
An elevated stretch of the Chennai MRTS.

Suburban rail plays a major role in the public transport system of many major Indian cities. These services are operated by Indian Railways. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people on a daily basis. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long-distance trains. The suburban rail system of Chennai and Mumbai have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long-distance trains.

The first suburban rail system in India is Mumbai Suburban Railway which started operations in 1853. The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network in the entire country. The Chennai Suburban Railway started its operations in 1931.

Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25 kV AC.[67] Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai account for about 7.1% of the Indian Railways 20819.3  million train kilometres but contribute 53.2% of all railway passengers.[68] In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems have led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.

Operational

As of 5 September 2021
System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened Annual Ridership (in Billions)
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Maharashtra 7 150 427.50 km (265.64 mi) 16 April 1853[3] 2.2
Kolkata Suburban Railway
West Bengal 24 458 1,501 km (933 mi) 15 August 1854[69] 1.2
Chennai Suburban Railway
Tamil Nadu 8 300+ 1,174 km (729 mi) 1931[70] 0.9
Delhi Suburban Railway National Capital Region Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana 85 km (53 mi) 1 October 1975[71] –
Pune Suburban Railway
Maharashtra 2 17 63 km (39 mi) 11 March 1978[72] 0.3
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System

Telengana 3 28 50 km (31 mi) 9 August 2003[73] 0.8
Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System Chennai Tamil Nadu 2 18 19.34 km (12.02 mi) 1 November 1995[74] 0.1

Upcoming

As of 5 September 2021

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Planned Opening
Bengaluru Commuter Rail Bengaluru Karnataka 4 TBD 148.17 km (92.07 mi) 2026[75][76]
Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Ahmedabad Gujarat 2 41 52.96 km (32.91 mi) TBD[77]
Nagpur Broad Gauge Metro Nagpur Maharashtra 4[78] TBD 268.63 km (166.92 mi) TBD[79][80]
Coimbatore Suburban Railway Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 5 TBD TBD TBD[81]

Regional rail

Regional Rapid Transit systems in India are passenger rail services that operate beyond the limits of urban areas, and either connect similarly-sized cities, or metropolitan cities and surrounding towns/cities, outside at the outer rim of a suburban belt. The following list excludes Passenger Train services provided by Indian Railways.

Operational

As of 5 September 2021
Service State / Union Territory Stations Length Opened
Pernem–Karwar Suburban Railway Goa and Karnataka 12 117.20 km (72.82 mi) 2015[82]
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway Uttar Pradesh 16 72 km (45 mi) 1867
Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway Uttar Pradesh 10 37 km (23 mi) 30 June 2013[83]

Upcoming

As of 5 September 2021

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System State / Union Territory Stations Length Planned Opening
Delhi–Meerut RRTS Delhi and Uttar Pradesh 22 82 km (51 mi) 2023[84]
Delhi–Alwar RRTS Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan 22 164 km (102 mi) 2025[85]
Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat RRTS Delhi and Haryana 15 103 km (64 mi) 2025[86]

Monorail

The Mumbai Monorail The only operational Monorail system in India.

The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014, is the first operational monorail system used for rapid transit in independent India.[87] Many other Indian cities had planned monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, but after the Mumbai monorail failed with multiple issues, other cities are reconsidering the plan and may go ahead with much efficient and proven modes of transport such as the Light rail transit system.[88][89]

Operational

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened Annual Ridership (in millions)
Mumbai Monorail Mumbai Maharashtra 1 17 19.53 km (12.14 mi) 2 February 2014[11] 1.2

Other

  Approved
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Notes
Coimbatore Monorail Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 1 TBD TBD Proposed.[90]
Warangal Monorail Warangal Telangana 1 TBD 15 km (9.3 mi) Proposed.[91]
Aizawl Monorail Aizawl Mizoram 1 TBD 5 km (3.1 mi) On paper since 2012.[92]
Tiruchirappalli Monorail Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu 2 16 TBD On paper since 2014.[93]
Madurai Monorail Madurai Tamil Nadu 7 TBD TBD On paper since 2014.[93]


Abandoned

  Defunct
  Scrapped

System Locale State / Union Territory Length Notes
Chennai Monorail Chennai Tamil Nadu 57 km (35 mi) Replaced with Metro Rail project.[94]
Kolkata Monorail Kolkata West Bengal 177 km (110 mi) New Town route was converted into a Ropeway project.[95]
Kanpur Monorail Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 63 km (39 mi) Unheard of since 2010, it is most probably scrapped since construction of Metro system commenced.[96]

Light rail

Light rail transit (LRT) or Metrolite is a form of urban rail transit using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. Several tier-2 cities in India have opted it since it is a cheap and efficient mode of urban transit which serves for a lower demand.

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Type Planned opening
Greater Nashik Metro Nashik Maharashtra 2 30 32 km (20 mi) Rubber-tyred metro 2023[97] [98]
Jammu metro Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 2 40 43.50 km (27.03 mi)[99] 25 kV AC railway electrification 2024[100]
Srinagar Metro Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 2 24 25 km (16 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification 2024[101]
Thane Metro Thane Maharashtra 1 22 29 km (18 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification 2025[102]
Delhi Metrolite Delhi Delhi 2 37 40.88 km (25.40 mi) Rubber-tyred metro[103] TBD[104]
Gorakhpur Metro Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 2 27 27.41 km (17.03 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[105]
Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 1 19 21.82 km (13.56 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[106]
Kozhikode Light Metro Kozhikode Kerala 1 14 13.30 km (8.26 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[107]
Namma Metrolite Bangalore Karnataka 3 TBD 60 km (37 mi) Rubber-tyred metro TBD[108]
Prayagraj Metro Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 2 39 42 km (26 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[109]
Varanasi Metro Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 2 26 29.23 km (18.16 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[110]
Uttarakhand Metro Dehradun Uttarakhand 2 25 22.42 km (13.93 mi) Rubber-tyred metro TBD[111]
Chennai Light Rail Chennai Tamil Nadu 1 TBD 15.50 km (9.63 mi) Rubber-tyred metro[112] TBD
Mysuru Metro Neo Mysuru Karnataka 1 TBD TBD Rubber-tyred metro TBD[113]

Tram

Main article: Trams in India
The Kolkata Tram built in 1873, the only tram in India still operational. Mostly used as a heritage ride.

In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in the late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The Kolkata Tram is currently the only tram system in the country.

Operational

System City State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened
Kolkata Tram Kolkata West Bengal 6 N/A 28 km (17 mi) 1873[114]

Defunct

System City State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened Discontinued
Mumbai Tram[Nb 2] Mumbai Maharashtra 1873 1964
Nashik Tram Nashik Maharashtra 10 km (6.2 mi) 1889 1931
Chennai Tram Chennai Tamil Nadu 1895 1953
Patna Tram Patna Bihar 1903
Kanpur Tram Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 6.04 km (3.75 mi) 1907 16 May 1933
Kochi Tram Kochi Kerala 1907 1963
Delhi Tram Delhi Delhi 1908 1963
Bhavnagar Tram Bhavnagar Gujarat 1926 1960s

Manufacturing

There are three metro rolling stock manufacturers in India under the Union Government's Make in India program, 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.[116]

Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)

BEML is a Bengaluru-based Public Sector Undertaking company that manufactures mining equipment, heavy engineering as well as metro rail coaches. It manufactures of Rolling Stock consortium with Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Rotem.

  • Delhi Metro – 1,184 coaches[117]
  • Hyderabad Metro – 171 coaches
  • Namma Metro – 150 coaches
  • Kolkata Metro (Line 2) – 84 coaches
  • Jaipur Metro – 40 coaches
  • Mumbai Metro (Red & Yellow Line) – 378 coaches[118]

Bombardier India

Bombardier (Now, Alstom India) built a £26m factory in Savli, Gujarat after it won a contract to supply 614 cars to the Delhi Metro.[119] Production at Savli began in June 2009.[120] In June 2012, the plant won an order to supply semi-finished bogies to Australia.[120] In July 2020, Bombardier won a contract to supply 201 coaches along with the train control & signaling system for the Kanpur and Agra metro projects with extremely tight deadline of just 65 Weeks.[121] Bombardier was acquired by Alstom on 29 January 2021.[122][123]

  • Delhi Metro – 816 Coaches[124]
  • Agra & Kanpur Metro – 201 Coaches
  • Mumbai Metro (Green Line) - 234 Coaches

Alstom India

In 2013, Alstom built a factory in Sri City, Andhra Pradesh after it won a €243 million contract to supply 168 cars to the Chennai Metro.[125] The 156-acre plant will be used to supply trains to cities in India and abroad.[126] It also provides signalling & telecommunications systems.

  • Chennai Metro – 208 coaches
  • Lucknow Metro – 80 coaches
  • Kochi Metro – 75 coaches
  • Mumbai Metro (Aqua Line) – 248 coaches[127]

Integral Coach Factory (ICF)

Integral Coach Factory manufactures rolling stock (under Kolkata Urban Transit). ICF has manufactured "Medha Rakes" and is in the process of supplying them to various suburban systems.

  • Kolkata Metro (Line 1,3,4) – 456 coaches

Titagarh Firema

In 2019, Titagarh Firema was awarded the contract to supply 102 aluminum bodied metro rail coaches for the Pune Metro by Mahametro.[128]

Others

Legislation

Main articles: The Metro Railways Act, 1978 and Metro Railway Act, 2002

The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to former Minister of Urban Development Kamal Nath, "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts."[131]

Construction of metros in India is governed by the centrally enacted The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978 which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith.[132] Operation and maintenance of metros are governed by The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002. Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009.[133] The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India.

Initially, state governments attempted to implement metro rail projects through various Tramways Act. However, the Commissioner of Railways Safety (CRS), who operates under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is tasked with providing safety certification for metro rail projects. The CRS refused safety certification unless the projects were implemented under a Metro Act enacted by the state government and published in The Gazette of India.[134] Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO), another railway entity, also refused certification to projects not implemented under the criteria. Subsequently, several state governments have enacted their own Metro Acts.[134]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 229 stations. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 285 stations[27]
  2. ^ Almost 60 years after being decommissioned, the trams might make a comeback on the streets of Mumbai like old times to decongest the Bandra Kurla Complex area.[115]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ashish Chandrorkar (19 February 2021). "A comprehensive report on India's metro rail systems" (PDF). Swarajyamag.
  2. ^ "Urban Transport". Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
  3. ^ a b "The History Of Mumbai's Local Trains In 1 Minute". The Culture Tip. 13 September 2016.
  4. ^ Smith, R.V. "When trams plied". The Hindu.
  5. ^ "Kolkata's Tube Railway plan nipped in bud a century ago". Times of India. 5 February 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d "History of Metro rail in India: Trams to driverless metro". Urban Transport News. 21 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b Siemiatycki, Matti (June 2006). "Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 30.2: 277–292.
  8. ^ "History of Delhi Metro". DMRC. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  9. ^ "Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. | ABOUT US". www.delhimetrorail.com.
  10. ^ "Mumbai monorail to run in two years". The Times of India. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  11. ^ a b "First mono runs crowded like the good old local". Mumbai Mirror. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  12. ^ Ateeq Shaikh (1 February 2014). "India's first monorail flagged off by Maharashtra's Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan". DNA. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  13. ^ a b "South India's first underground Metro launch on April 29". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  14. ^ Sood, Jyotika (26 July 2017). "How metro rail networks are spreading across India". livemint.com.
  15. ^ "Metro lines cover only 3% of Gurugram | Gurgaon News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  16. ^ Tanwar, Sangeeta. "As India readies an underwater line, here's a look at its various metro networks". Quartz.
  17. ^ Bhatt, Himansshu (2 May 2015). "Feasibility report on Surat metro soon". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Jaipal's push set metro rail projects on track". 28 July 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
  19. ^ "Centre to aid Metro projects in cities with 10 lakh people". Business Standard. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  20. ^ "10 lakh to be new population norm for Metro Rail projects". Smart City. Elets Technomedia Pvt Ltd. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  21. ^ "- mydigitalfc". www.mydigitalfc.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  22. ^ "Indian Metro Rail Network".
  23. ^ "Metro no more Government's first carrier". The New Indian Express. 19 March 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  24. ^ "Union Cabinet approves new Metro Rail Policy; Focus on compact urban development, cost reduction and multi-modal integration". Press Information Bureau of India. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  25. ^ Nair, Sobhana (16 August 2017). "Union Cabinet approves new metro rail policy". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  26. ^ Nair, Shalini (17 August 2017). "For Metro rail, states must bring private players: Govt". The Indian Express. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  27. ^ a b c "Present Network". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 8 March 2019.
  28. ^ "Indian PM launches Delhi metro". BBC News. 24 December 2002. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  29. ^ "Hyderabad Metro rail flagged off today: See fares, timings, routes and other features". The Indian Express. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  30. ^ "Metro Phase I Will be Ready by May, to Miss Deadline". The New Indian Express. 22 October 2015.
  31. ^ "Bengaluru Metro: CM Bommai, Hardeep Puri inaugurate extended stretch on Purple Line". Indian Express. 30 August 2021.
  32. ^ "BMRCL Annual Report 2019-20" (PDF).
  33. ^ "Stations in Chennai Metro rails Phase I extension will be renamed". The Hindu. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
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