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**** Movement: Shanghainese nationalism
**** Movement: Shanghainese nationalism



[[Chongqing]]{{main|Basurian Independence Movement}}

* Ethnic group: [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese People]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Basuria Independence Movement and the Republic of Basuria.png|alt=|border|23x23px]] Basuria
*** Political parties: [https://freebasuria.org Free Basuria]
*** Movement: Basurian nationalism, Basurian independence movement
=== Chinese provinces ===
=== Chinese provinces ===
[[Guangdong]]
[[Guangdong]]

Revision as of 19:41, 28 July 2020

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with current, active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are the citizens/people of the conflicted area and doesn't come from other countries.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Azerbaijan

Location of Nagorno-Karabakh
Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh War
Further information: List of active separatist movements in Europe
See also: Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan, Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, Storming of Lankaran, Lezgins, Avars (Caucasus), Treaty of Gulistan, and Treaty of Turkmenchay
Breakaway state

 Artsakh

Bangladesh

See also: Languages of Bangladesh and Demographics of Bangladesh
Languages of Bangladesh

Bangabhumi & sonarbangla ( led by manmatha kar)

Chittagong Hill Tracts

Tripura

Zale'n-gam

China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau)

Main article: Secession in China
See also: Political status of Taiwan; One country, two systems; and Ethnic minorities in China
See also: Languages of China and Demographics of China

Ethnic issues in China

Main article: Ethnic issues in China

Ethnic issues in China arise from Chinese history, nationalism, and other factors. They have driven historical movements such as the Red Turban Rebellion (which targeted the Mongol leadership of the Yuan Dynasty) and the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Ethnic tensions have led to incidents in the country such as the July 2009 Ürümqi riots.

List of significant secessionist movements in China

Significant Secessionist Movements in China
No. Claimed Territory Capital City Area (km2) Population (~) Ethnic Group Primary Independence Movement
1 Xinjiang (East Turkestan) Ürümqi 1,664,897 25,000,000 Uyghur people East Turkestan independence movement
2 Xizang (Tibet) Lhasa 1,228,400 3,200,000 Tibetan people Tibetan independence movement
3 Inner Mongolia Hohhot 1,183,000 25,000,000 Chinese Mongols Inner Mongolian independence movement
4 Hong Kong Hong Kong 2,755 7,500,000 Hong Kong people Hong Kong independence movement
5 Macau Macau 115 700,000 Macau people Macau independence movement
Total China Beijing 4,079,167 61,400,000 Chinese people Chinese nationalism

List of fringe secessionist movements in China

Fringe Secessionist Movements in China
No. Claimed Territory Capital City Area Population Ethnic group Primary independence movements and advocacy group
1 Dongbei (Manchuria) Harbin (Halbin) 787,000 112,000,000 Manchu people Manchurian nationalism and the Manchukuo Temporary Government
2 File:Flag of Basuria Independence Movement and the Republic of Basuria.png Basuria (Szechwan) Chengdu (Tcndu) 485,000 81,000,000 Sichuanese people Basurian nationalism
3 Guangdong (Kwangtung) Guangzhou (Canton) 179,800 113,000,000 Cantonese people Cantonese nationalism
4 Yunnan Kunming (Yunnan-Fu) 394,000 46,000,000 Yunnanese people Yunnanese/Diantnamese regionalism.
5 Shanghai Shanghai (Shanghai) 6,341 24,000,000 Shanghainese people Shanghainese nationalism
6 Hunan Changsha (Changsha) 210,000 67,000,000 Hunanese people Hunanese nationalism
Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia within the Qing dynasty, c. 1820
Autonomous regions of China
Map of Manchukuo, usually claimed by the Manchurian nationalists

Chinese autonomous counties

Lahu

Chinese municipalities

Shanghai

  • Ethnic group: Shanghainese people (Shanghainese)
    • Proposed state: Shanghai
      • Political party: Shanghai National Party (formed in New York)[1]
        • Movement: Shanghainese nationalism


Chongqing

Main article: Basurian Independence Movement

Chinese provinces

Guangdong

Main article: Cantonese nationalism

Manchuria

Main article: Manchurian nationalism
Further information: Inner Manchuria and Outer Manchuria

Chinese autonomous regions

See also: Ethnic minorities in China, Autonomous regions of China, and Autonomous administrative divisions of China

There are five province-level autonomous regions within the People's Republic of China.

Guangxi

Guangxi Autonomous Region (Guangxi AR) — Independence movement

  • Ethnic group: Zuhangs
    • Proposed independent state: Guangxi
Ningxia

Ningxia (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR))

Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia AR) — Independence or Irredentist movement (Greater Mongolia)

Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement

Tibet (Xizang) Autonomous Region (Tibet AR) — Independence movement

Main articles: Tibetan independence movement and Greater Tibet
Greater Tibet
Xinjiang

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang UAR) — Independence (East Turkestan) or Irredentist (Turkestan) or Islamic extremist movement

Main article: East Turkestan independence movement
Further information: Central Asia

Chinese special administrative regions

See also: Special administrative regions of China and One country, two systems
Taiwan
Hong Kong
Macau

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Hong Kong SAR)[6][7] — Autonomist or Independence movement

Main articles: Localism in Hong Kong, Hong Kong independence movement, and Hong Kong autonomy movement

Prominent autonomist and independence movements in Hong Kong SAR

Sovereignty-related fringe movements in Hong Kong SAR

Macao (Macau) Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Macau/Macao SAR) — Autonomist or Independence movement

Prominent autonomist and independence movements in Macau SAR

  • Ethnic group: Macau people
    • Proposed independent state: Macau Independent City-State
    • Proposed autonomous region: Permanent Macao (Macau) Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (no expiration date)
      • Movement: Macau autonomy movement

Sovereignty-related fringe movements in Macau SAR

Cyprus

Main article: Taksim (politics)
See also: Turkish invasion of Cyprus
The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots
Breakaway state

 Northern Cyprus

Georgia

Main article: Occupied territories of Georgia
Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Russian-occupied territories (Abkhazia and South Ossetia) are shown in pink.

Breakaway states:

 Abkhazia

 South Ossetia

Proposed autonomous movements:[when?] Armenians in Javakheti

India

Main article: Separatist movements of India
Main articles: Autonomous administrative divisions of India, Northeast India, and Sikkim
Further information: South Asian ethnic groups, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, and Insurgency in Northeast India
See also: Languages of India and Demographics of India
Autonomous councils in India
Autonomous councils in North East India
Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.

Assam

Main article: Assamese nationalism

Bodoland

Main article: Bodo nationalism

Jammu & Kashmir

Kamtapur[12][13][14]

Karbistan

Manipur

Nagaland

Main article: Naga nationalism

Punjab

Tripura

Main article: Tripuri nationalism

Indonesia

The map of native ethnic groups in Indonesia, foreign ethnic groups such as Chinese, Arab, and Indian are not shown, but usually inhabit urban areas.
Aceh
Bali
North Sumatra
Riau
Papua
West Papua
See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § Indonesia
See also: Great Timor, East Timor, West Timor, Free Papua Movement, Territory of Papua, West Papua (province), Papua (province), Republic of West Papua, and Papuan unification
See also: Languages of Indonesia and Ethnic groups in Indonesia
See also: Republic of the United States of Indonesia

Aceh

  • Ethnic groups: Acehnese
    • Proposed state: Republic of Aceh
    • Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)

Bali

Batakia

Minahasa[18][19]

  • Ethnic group: Minahasan
    • Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa

Riau

South Moluccas

Tana Toraja

  • Ethnic group: Torajan
    • Proposed state:Tana Toraja[21]
    • Advocacy group: Bonggakaradeng

Papua[22]

Iran

Further information: Ethnicities in Iran, Ethnic minorities in Iran, Ethnic groups in the Middle East, and Demographics of Iran

Khūzestān

Iranian Kurdistan

Balochistan

Iraq

Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan

Proposed state:  Republic of Kurdistan

Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017

Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains

Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region

  • Ethnic groups: Assyrians, Turkmen, Yazidis
    • Political parties: Turkmen Rescue Foundation, Yazidi Independent Supreme Council and the Al-Rafidain Organization

Japan

Map of the distribution of Ainu in Hokkaidō
Political map of Okinawa before unification.

Hokkaido[25][26]

Okinawa

Laos

ChaoFa

Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

Malaysia

Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia
See also: Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia and Separation of Singapore from Malaysia
See also: Languages of Malaysia and Ethnic groups in Malaysia

Johor

Kelantan

Sarawak[30][31][32][33]

  • Proposed state: Sarawak
    • Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement[30][34][35]

Sabah[30][31]

Terengganu

Myanmar

Further information: Internal conflict in Myanmar
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Burma/Myanmar
Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.

Arakan

Zo Asia

Kachin

Kawthoolei

Karenni

Kokang

Mon State

Northern Rakhine State

Shan States

File:Flag of the Wa State.png Wa State

Zale'n-gam

Nepal

Further information: Languages of Nepal
Nepal ethnic groups

Kirat Autonomous State

Madhesh

Terai

Pakistan

Main articles: Secession in Pakistan and Separatist movements of Pakistan
Further information: Insurgency in Balochistan
See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan
Balochistan
Location of Gilgit-Baltistan
Districts of Sindh

Azad Kashmir

Balochistan

Main article: Sindhi nationalism

Sindh[46][47]

File:Flag of Gilgit Baltistan.svg Gilgit-Baltistan

Philippines

Bangsamoro
Cordillera

Bangsamoro Region

Cordillera Administrative Region

National Capital Region

Russia

Main article: Secession in Russia
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Asian Russia, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Summary

This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.

Number Land Capital Area Population Ethnic Main Political Party
All of Asian Russia
1 Siberian Republic Novosibirsk 13,100,000 40,000,000 Sibiryak people Siberian regionalism
Far Eastern Federal District of Asian Russia
2 Sakha Republic Yakutsk 3,083,523 1,000,000 Yakuts Sakha-Amuk
3 Far Eastern Republic Chita 1,900,000 3,000,000 Far Eastern Russians Alliance of the Pacific Peoples
4 Chukotka Anadyr 737,700 50,000 Chukchis
5 Buryatia Ulan-Ude 351,300 1,000,000 Buryats All-Buryat Association
6 Koryakia Palana 292,600 15,000 Koryaks
7 Nanaia Troitskoye 27,644 15,000 Nanais Nanai People's Platform
8 Jewish Autonomous Oblast Birobidzhan 36,000 36,000 Ashkenazi Jews
9 Sakhalin Oblast Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 87,100 497,973 Japanese People, Sakhalin Koreans, Ainu people
Siberian Federal District of Asian Russia
10 Taymyria Dudinka 879,929 40,000 Dolgans
11 Evenkia Tura 763,197 20,000 Evenks
12 Tuva Kyzyl 170,500 300,000 Tuvanians People's Party of Sovereign Tuva
13 Altai Republic Gorno-Altaysk 92,600 220,000 Altaians Altai-Sayan United Movement
14 Khakassia Abakan 61,900 550,000 Khakhas
15 Shoria Tashtagol 25,000 15,000 Shors
16 Ust-Orda Buryatia Ust-Ordynsky 22,138 150,000 Orda-Buryats All-Buryat Association
17 Agin Buryatia Aginskoye 19,600 80,000 Agin-Buryats All-Buryat Association
Ural Federal District of Asian Russia
18 Yamalia Salekhard 750,300 500,000 Yamal Nenets Yamal for Future Generations
19 Khanty-Mansiysk (Yugra) Khanty-Mansiysk 534,800 1,500,000 Ob-Ugrians Association to Save Yurga

Asian Russia

Siberia

Siberia or Siberian Federal District[60][61]

Far Eastern Federal District

Chukotka

 Chukotka

Koryakia

 Koryakia

Far Eastern Republic

Far Eastern Republic

Sakha Republic

 Sakha Republic

Buryatia

 Buryatia[63]

  • Ethnic group: Buryats
    • Proposed state:  Buryatia
    • Political party:All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture
Nanaia

Nanaia

Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Sakhalin Oblast

 Sakhalin Oblast

Siberian Federal District

Regions commonly associated with Mongol irredentism.
Taymyria
Evenkia
Khakassia

Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District[64][65]

 Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug

 Altai Republic

  • Ethnic group: Altai people
    • Proposed state: Confederated Republic of Altai
    • Movement: Altai-Sayun United Movement
    • Organizations: Altai Turks Associstion, Kurualtai of the Altai People
    • Political parties: Confederal Nation of the Altai Tribes, Ene-Bayat

Evenkia

 Khakassia

Shor Mountain

  • Ethnic group: Shor
    • Proposed state: Shoria
    • Organization: Berikulian Sishkars

 Tuva

  • Ethnic group: Tuvans
  • Proposed state: Tuva
    • Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva", Tiva Turu

Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug

Ural Federal District

 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug[67][68][69]

  • Ethnic group: Khanty people and Mansi people
    • Proposed state:  Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
    • Advocacy movements: Association to Save Yurga, Khanty Way, Mansi Way, Ob-Ugrian Union, Society for the Survival and Socio-Economic Development of the Mansi People, Ugrian Association, Youth Public Organization, Yurga Restoration

Yamalia/Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Saudi Arabia

Further information: Ahrar al-Najran and Qatif conflict
See also: Languages of Saudi Arabia and Demographics of Saudi Arabia

Summary

Number Land Capital Area Population Ethnic Main Political Party
1 Najran Najran 149,511 550,000 Shia Arab Ahrar al-Najran
2 Asir Abha 76,693 2,250,000 Arabs Asser Regional Movement (ARM)
3 Jabal Shammar Ha'il 103,887 600,000 Arabs Shammar Revival Movement
4 Al-Hassa Dammam 672,522 5,000,000 Shia Arab
Total Saudi Arabia Riyadh 1,002,603 8,400,000 Saudi Arabia no legalised political parties in Saudi Arabia
The Arabian Peninsula in 1914
Jabal Shammar
Asir
Najran
Map of Saudi Arabia with the Eastern Province highlighted

In 2013 Robin Wright’s colorful map of a politically re-divided Middle East in the New York Times, which illustrated her article “Imagining a Remapped Middle East.” The map, entitled “How 5 Could Become 14,” shows a hypothetical future division of Libya, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia into 14 potential new countries along with two additional city-states. I was immediately reminded of Ralph Peters’ troublesome remapping of the same region. As explained in a previous GeoCurrents post, Peters’ intriguing mental exercise in redrawing national boundaries was widely misinterpreted across the Muslim world as indicating a nefarious plot to enhance US power. As a result, the region’s pronounced anti-Americanism was further inflamed.[70][71][72][73]

Furthermore, in June 2012 the Yemeni newspaper Al-Shareh revealed the names of high-ranking Yemeni state officials and tribal sheikhs who had been receiving monthly bribes from Saudi Arabia. This sparked anger among Yemenis, and a group of Yemeni activists founded the "Asir Movement" in order to reclaim the provinces of Asir, Najran, and Jizan, which Yemen conceded in the 2000 Treaty of Jeddah. A "rights organization which has worked to denounce Saudi Arabia’s abuses in northern Yemen",[74] the Asir Movement described itself as a “civil popular” movement that seeks to raise "internal Yemeni awareness" about the situation and to explore legal remedies against Saudi Arabia "for their involvement and assistance in abdicating Yemen’s historical right to its territories", all while emphasizing Yemeni unity. The movement sought to speak out against the 2000 Jeddah border agreement as well as the 1934 Taif Agreement that was signed in 1934 to end the Saudi–Yemeni War.[75]

The Qatif conflict refers to the modern phase of sectarian tensions and violence in Eastern Arabia between Arab Shi'a Muslims and Arab Sunni majority, which has ruled Saudi Arabia since early 20th century. The conflict encompasses civil unrest which has been sporadically ongoing since 1979 events, pro-democracy and pro-human rights protests and occasional armed incidents, which increased in 2017 as part of the 2017–19 Qatif unrest.

Najran

Asir

Jabal Shammar (Ha'il Region)[76]

Al-Hassa (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) (Qatif conflict)

Sri Lanka

Tamil Eelam
Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

 Tamil Eelam

Syria

Main article: Syrian Civil War
Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria
See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Taiwan (de facto state)

Main articles: Secession in China, Taiwan independence movement, and Retrocession Day
See also: Political status of Taiwan, Cross-Strait relations, and Foreign relations of Taiwan
See also: Languages of Taiwan and Demographics of Taiwan

The Republic of China (Taiwan or ROC) is a state that has diplomatic relations with 14 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).

Taiwan

Indigenous Taiwanese autonomy movement

See also: Taiwanese indigenous peoples, History of Taiwan, and Prehistory of Taiwan

Taiwan independence movement

Main article: Taiwan independence movement
See also: History of Taiwan, Taiwanese nationalism, and Taiwanese identity

Republic of China (Taiwan) ( Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taiwan-Penghu, Taoyuan)

See also: Administrative divisions of Taiwan, Geography of Taiwan, and List of islands of Taiwan

Kinmen County, Republic of China (Taiwan) (Kinmen) — Independence movement

See also: Kinmen and Taiwan independence movement § The issue of Kinmen (Quemoy) and Matsu (Lienchiang)
  • Ethnic group: Kinmenese people, Taiwanese people
    • Proposed unification with a proposed state: Kinmen County, Republic of Taiwan
      • Movement: Kinmen-Taiwan unification movement, Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
        • Note: Kinmen is currently ruled by the Republic of China (Taiwan), so it and Taiwan are de facto already united. However, Kinmen's history is highly distinct from Taiwan's, and they've only really had a shared history since 1949, when the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. Furthermore, Kinmen's recent history has been largely shaped by military conflict between the ROC and the PRC and by the fact that martial law was abolished in Kinmen in 1992, five years after it was abolished in Taiwan (in 1987). If the "Republic of Taiwan" were to be established, many people are uncertain of whether Kinmen should be included in this new country. Some young people in Kinmen identify as Taiwanese but the Kinmen County government is pushing a pro-(re)unification (with the PRC) agenda.
      • Area of Kinmen: Roughly 150 km2
      • Population of Kinmen: Roughly 130,000 people

Tajikistan

Badakhshan
Further information: Badakhshan

Badakhshan

Thailand

Patani
Main article: South Thailand insurgency
See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand

Patani

Turkey

Ethnic Groups of Turkey
Map showing Kurdish majority areas within Turkey
See also: Minorities in Turkey
See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Kurdish Genocide (Turkey), Greek genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Treaty of Sèvres, and Treaty of Lausanne

Northern Kurdistan[85]

Main articles: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan, and Kurdish Question

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan
Main article: Uzbekification
See also: Languages of Uzbekistan and Demographics of Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan

Vietnam

Central Highlands
Mekong Delta
Further information: Partition of Vietnam and Reunification of Vietnam
See also: Languages of Vietnam and Demographics of Vietnam

Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation

Montagnard Foundation, Inc.

Yemen

Yemen prior to unification
Hadhramaut - Map of the Federation and the Protectorate of South Arabia
The Arabian Peninsula in 1914
Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen Civil War, Federation of South Arabia, South Yemen, Aden Protectorate, and Aden Protectorate

See also

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