Jump to content

Lahore

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Apuldram (talk | contribs) at 14:20, 19 October 2016 (→Others: rem duplication of entry in tombs list). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the Pakistani city. For the district of Lahore, see Lahore District.

Lahore
لہور
لاہور
Megacity
Country Pakistan
Province Punjab
City District Government11 September 2008
City CouncilLahore
Towns10
Government
 • TypeCity District
 • District AdministratorCaptain (R) Muhammad Usman Younis
 • District Coordination OfficerCaptain (R) Muhammad Usman Younis
 • Capital City Police ChiefCaptain (R) Amin Venus
Area
[1]
 • Total1,772 km2 (684 sq mi)
Elevation
217 m (712 ft)
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total10,355,000
 Lahore Urban agglomeration
DemonymLahori
Time zoneUTC+5 (PKT)
Postal code
54000
Dialling code042[3]
HDI0.806 Increase
HDI CategoryVery High
Lahore Cantonment is a legally separate military-administered settlement.

Lahore (/ləˈhɔːr/) (Punjabi: لہور, Template:Lang-ur) is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the second largest and most populous city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and the 32nd most populous urban city in the world.[2] The city is located in the north east part of Punjab province, near the border with India. Lahore is ranked as a Gamma+ world city,[4] and is one of Pakistan's wealthiest cities with an estimated total nominal GDP of $58.14 billion.[5]

Lahore is the historic cultural centre of the Punjab region,[6][7][8] and is the largest Punjabi city in the world.[9] The city has a long history, and was once under the rule of the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Lodis, Marathas and the Delhi Sultanate. Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire, serving as its capital city for a number of years. The city then became capital of the Sikh Empire, before becoming the capital of the Punjab under British rule.[10] Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan, with the city being site of both the declaration of Indian Independence, and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan. Following the Partition of British India, Lahore became the capital of Pakistan's Punjab province.

Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and cosmopolitan cities with a Muslim majority and a large Christian population.[11][12] Additionally, Lahore is one of Sikhism's holiest cities and a major Sikh pilgrimage site.[13][14] The city exerts a strong cultural influence over Pakistan.[7] Lahore is a major centre for Pakistan's publishing industry, and remains the foremost centre of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education in Pakistan,[15] with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city, among them include LUMS, GCU, UET and Forman[16] Lahore is also home to Pakistan's film industry, Lollywood, and is a major centre of Qawwali music.[17] The city is a major tourist destination, particularly the areas surrounding the ancient Walled City which is home to several World Heritage Sites.[18] More recently, the city is center of Pakistan's technology sector.[19]

History

Main article: History of Lahore
See also: Timeline of Lahore

Toponymy

The etymology of Lahore in uncertain, but according to legend the city was once known as Lavapura,[20] in honour of Prince Lava of the Hindu epic poem, the Ramayana.[21][22] Lahore Fort also contains a vacant Lava temple, dedicated to the mythological founder of the city.[23][24]

Ancient Lahore

Main articles: Etymology of Lahore and Origins of Lahore

Lahore was called by different names throughout history. To date there is no conclusive evidence as to when it was founded. Some historians trace the history of the city as far back as 4000 years ago.[25] Ptolemy, the celebrated 2nd-century Egyptian astronomer and geographer, mentions in his Geographia a city called Labokla situated on the route east of the Indus River, in a region described as extending along the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers which may have been in reference to the ancient settlement of Lahore.[26]

The earliest recorded definitive mention of Lahore was written by the Chinese pilgrim Hieun-tsang, who gave a vivid description of Lahore when he visited the city in 630 C.E.[27] The oldest authentic surviving document about Lahore is the Hudud al-'Alam (The Regions of the World), written in 982 C.E.[28] in which Lahore is mentioned as a town invaded by Arab invaders that had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards."[29][30]

Early Lahore

Lahore is described as a Hindu principality in the Rajput accounts. Keneksen, the founder of Suryavansha is believed to have migrated out from the city.[31] The Solanki tribe, belonging to Amukhara Pattan which included the Bhatti Rajputs of Jaisalmer "point to Lahore" as their place of earliest settlement. In 1241, Lahore was invaded by Mongols. Though Timur captured the city in 1397, he did not loot it because "it was not rich then".[31]

Medieval Lahore

Main article: Early Muhammadan period in Lahore

Lahore appears as the capital of the Punjab for the first time under Anandapala – the Hindu Shahi king who is referred to as the ruler of (hakim i lahur) –after leaving the earlier capital of Waihind.[32] Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi in the 11th century. The sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed Malik Ayaz to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire. As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city. He added many important features, such as city gates and a masonry fort, built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one,[33] which had been demolished in the fighting (as recorded by Munshi Sujan Rae Bhandari, author of the Khulasatut Tawarikh in 1695–96). The present Lahore Fort stands on the same location. Under Ayaz's rule, the city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for poetry.[34] The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the Rang Mahal commercial area of town.[35]

After the fall of the Ghaznavid Empire, Lahore was ruled by Turko-Afghan dynasties based in Delhi, known as the Delhi Sultanate,[36] including the Khiljis, Tughlaqs, Mamluk, Sayyid and Lodhis.[37] During the reign of Qutbu l-Din Aibak, Lahore was known as the 'Ghazni of India'. Scholars and poets from as far away as Kashghar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Iraq, Khorasan and Herat, gathered in Lahore and made it a city of learning. Under Aibak, Lahore had more poets of Persian than any other Islamic city.[38] In 1286, Prince Muhammad, who was the son of Balban was defeated in an encounter with the Mongols in the city.[39]

Mughal era

Main article: Mughal period in Lahore

In the early 16th century, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.[40] The Mughals were descended from Central Asian Turco-Mongols.

Lahore reached the zenith of its glory during the Mughal rule from 1524 to 1752. Many of Lahore's most renowned sites date from this period, and include the Badshahi Mosque, Wazir Khan Mosque, the Lahore Fort, and the Shalimar Gardens.[39]

Humayun, his son married Hamida Banu Begum in Lahore while fleeing to Persia. It was also the headquarters of Mughal rule during Akbar between 1584 and 1598. Thus along with Agra and Delhi, it became an "alternate seat of imperial court". Akbar also held discussions with Portuguese missionaries in the city. Abul Fazl, his court historian calls it a "a great city in Bari Doab, in magnificance and populousness it has few equals".[41]

The Mughal period in Lahore was interrupted with Nader Shah's brief conquest in early 1739.[42] Before leaving Delhi later that same year, he gave it back to the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, as with all other Mughal territories to the east of the Indus which he had overrun.[43] Ahmed Shah Abdali took the city between 1747 and 1758, the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire.[27]

In 1758, the Maratha Empire's general Raghunathrao conquered Lahore, Attock and Peshawar, and drove out Timur Shah Durrani who was the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali.[44] In 1761, following the victory at the Third Battle of Panipat between the Afghan Durrani and the Maratha Empire, Ahmad Shah Abdali captured Lahore from the Marathas.[45] Afghan rule continued until Lahore was captured by the Sikhs in 1799.

Sikh era

Main article: Sikh period in Lahore

During the late 18th century when the Mughal Empire was in decline, frequent invasions by the Durrani Empire and the Maratha Empire led to a power vacuum in Punjab. The Sikh Misls came into conflict with the Durrani Empire, with Bhangi Misl eventually capturing Lahore. After Zaman Shah invaded Punjab in 1799, the region was further destabilized, allowing Ranjit Singh to consolidate his position in the aftermath of the invasion. Singh entered into battle with Zaman, and was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi Misl and their allies.[46] After capturing the Lahore, the Sikh army immediately began plundering the city until their actions were reigned in by Ranjit Singh.[47] Thereafter, Lahore then served as the capital city of the Sikh Empire.

While much of Lahore's Mughal era fabric lay in ruins by the end of 18th century, the Sikh rulers plundered several of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire.[48] Monuments plundered of their marble include the Tomb of Asif Khan and the Tomb of Nur Jahan.[49] The Shalimar Gardens were plundered of much of its marble which was transported to decorated the Ram Bagh in nearby Amritsar, while the gardens' costly agate gate was stripped and sold by Lehna Singh Majithia, one of the governors of Lahore during Sikh rule.[50] Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the most important Mughal mosques in Lahore. The Badshahi Mosque was converted it into an ammunition depot and a stable for Ranjit Singh's horses.[51] The Golden Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was also converted to a gurdwara for a period of time,[52] while the Mosque of Mariyam Zamani Begum was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.[53] Ranjit Singh's son, Sher Singh, continued the pattern of the desecrating Mughal mosques by mounting weaponry to Badshahi Mosque's minarets in order to target his political opponents in the nearby Lahore Fort, destroying the fort's historic Diwan-e-Aam.[54]

Rebuilding efforts under the Sikh Empire were influenced by Mughal practices. Ranjit Singh himself moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore Fort and re-purposed it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire.[55] By 1812 Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying gardens at Shalimar.[citation needed] Later British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles - a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals. The Sikh court continued to endow religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu temples,[56][57] and mosques.[citation needed] After the conclusion of two Anglo-Sikh wars, the British East India Company first seized control of Lahore in 1846, and the remainder Punjab by 1849.[58]

British Raj

At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a population of 120,000.[59] Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the Walled City surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east such as Mozang and Qila Gujar Singh, which have since been engulfed by Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.[60] The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas, and Punjab's fertile countryside.[61]The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would be come to known as "Civil Station."[62]

Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed, and sometimes desecrated - including the Tomb of Anarkali, which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an Anglican church in 1851.[63] The Dai Anga Mosque was converted into railway administration offices during this time as well, while the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and tomb of Mir Mannu was converted into a wine shop.[64] The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.[65]

The British built the Lahore Railway Station just outside the Walled City shortly after the Mutiny of 1857, and so built the station in the style of a medieval castle to ward of any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for defence of the structure.[66] Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking The Mall, where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix.[67] The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas.

The British built several notable structures near The Mall, including the neoclassical Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the Quaid-e-Azam Library.[68] Lawrence Gardens were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealth locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.[69] The British also laid the spacious Lahore Cantonment to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws existed against the mixing of different races.[70]

The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887 in the distinct Indo-Saracenic style. The Lahore Museum and Mayo School of Industrial Arts were both established around this in this style.[71] Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious Aitchison College, the Punjab Chief Court (today the Lahore High Court), and University of the Punjab. Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by Sir Ganga Ram, who is sometimes called the "Father of modern Lahore."[72]

The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.[73] An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time.[74] Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India and Pakistan. The Declaration of the Independence of India was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929.[75] The Indian Swaraj flag was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as Jatin Das, and was also where Bhagat Singh was hanged.[76] Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah The All India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India.[77]

Post-independence

Upon the independence of Pakistan, Lahore was made capital of the Punjab province in the new state of Pakistan. Almost immediately, large scale riots broke out among Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus, causing many deaths as well as damage to historic monuments—including the Lahore Fort, Badshahi mosque and colonial buildings.[78] After independence and its deep impact, Lahore as so many times before, once again gained its significance as an economic and cultural powerhouse of the region, through government reforms. The second Islamic Summit Conference was held in the city in 1974.[79] With United Nations assistance, the government was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars of the communal violence of independence were erased. Less than 20 years later, however, Lahore once again became a battleground in the War of 1965. The battlefield and trenches can still be observed today close to the Wagah border area. In 1996, the International Cricket Council Cricket World Cup final match was held at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore.[80]

The Walled City of Lahore known locally as the "Un-droone Shehr" (Inner City) is the oldest and most historic part of Lahore. The Punjab government embarked on a major project in 2009 to restore the Royal Trail (Shahi Guzar Gah) from Akbari Gate to the Lahore Fort with the help of the World Bank under the Sustainable Development of the Walled City of Lahore (SDWCL) project. The project aims at the Walled City development, at exploring and highlighting economic potential of the Walled City as a cultural heritage, exploring and highlighting the benefits of the SWDCL project for the residents, and at soliciting suggestions regarding maintenance of development and conservation of the Walled City.[81]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Lahore

Lying between 31°15′—31°45′ N and 74°01′—74°39′ E, Lahore is bounded on the north and west by the Sheikhupura District, on the east by Wagah, and on the south by Kasur District. The Ravi River flows on the northern side of Lahore. Lahore city covers a total land area of 404 square kilometres (156 sq mi).

Cityscape

Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic Walled City of Lahore in the northern part of the city, which contains several world and national heritage sites. Lahore has more Mughal-era monuments than Delhi, India,[82] and structures from this era are now amongst the most iconic features of Lahore. Thirteen gates surrounded the history walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era Lahore Cantonment.

Architecture

Further information: Architecture of Lahore
Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore

Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the Mughal Dynasty, Sikh Empire, and British Raj. Pakistan's Department of Archaeology has excavated many architectural remains of the buildings that were built during the rule of Rama of Ayodhya.[citation needed] The architectural style of the Walled City of Lahore has a strong influence of the Mughal style, and includes Mughal monuments such as the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jahan. Other examples of Mughal architecture include: Jahangir’s Quadrangle, Maktab Khana, Khilwat Khana, Picture Wall, Kala Burj and Hathi Paer.[83]

As capital of British Punjab, the area south of the Walled City contains many British colonial municipal structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the General Post Office, and Lahore Museum. The predominant architectural style is a mixture of Victorian and Islamic architecture, and is often referred to as Indo-Gothic. An interesting point about Lahore's architecture is that unlike the emphasis on functional architecture in the west, much of Lahore's architecture has always been about making a statement as much as anything else.[citation needed]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Lahore
Lahore
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
23
 
 
19
4
 
 
29
 
 
22
7
 
 
41
 
 
28
14
 
 
20
 
 
34
20
 
 
22
 
 
39
24
 
 
36
 
 
40
27
 
 
202
 
 
36
27
 
 
164
 
 
35
26
 
 
61
 
 
35
24
 
 
12
 
 
33
18
 
 
4
 
 
27
12
 
 
14
 
 
21
5
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[84]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.9
 
 
67
39
 
 
1.1
 
 
71
45
 
 
1.6
 
 
83
57
 
 
0.8
 
 
93
67
 
 
0.9
 
 
101
75
 
 
1.4
 
 
105
81
 
 
8
 
 
97
80
 
 
6.5
 
 
95
80
 
 
2.4
 
 
95
76
 
 
0.5
 
 
91
65
 
 
0.2
 
 
81
53
 
 
0.6
 
 
69
41
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Lahore has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). The hottest month is June, when average highs routinely exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F). The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest month is July,[84] with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts. The coolest month is January with dense fog.

The city's record high temperature was 48.3 °C (118.9 °F), recorded on 30 May 1944.[85] 48 °C (118 °F) was recorded on 10 June 2007.[86][87] At the time the meteorological office recorded this official temperature in the shade, it reported a heat index in direct sunlight of 55 °C (131 °F). The record low is −1 °C (30 °F), recorded on 13 January 1967.[88] The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is 221 millimetres (8.7 in), recorded on 13 August 2008.[89] On 26 February 2011, Lahore received heavy rain and hail measuring 4.5 mm (0.18 in), which carpeted roads and sidewalks with measurable hail for the first time in the city's recorded history.[90][91]

Climate data for Lahore (1991-2020, extremes 1931-2018)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.8
(82.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		37.8
(100.0) 		46.1
(115.0) 		48.3
(118.9) 		47.2
(117.0) 		46.1
(115.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		41.7
(107.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		48.3
(118.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.4
(93.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		27.1
(80.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		30.5
(86.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		27.7
(81.9) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		29.9
(85.8) 		26.3
(79.3) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		24.9
(76.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		25.3
(77.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		19.2
(66.5)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−2.2
(28.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.9
(0.86) 		39.5
(1.56) 		43.5
(1.71) 		25.5
(1.00) 		26.7
(1.05) 		84.8
(3.34) 		195.6
(7.70) 		184.1
(7.25) 		88.6
(3.49) 		13.3
(0.52) 		6.9
(0.27) 		16.8
(0.66) 		747.2
(29.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2.5 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.9 5.0 9.1 8.7 4.9 1.1 1.9 1.1 47.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 218.8 215.0 245.8 256.1 308.3 269.0 227.5 234.9 265.6 290.0 229.6 222.9 2,983.5
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[92]
Source 2: PMD[93]

Parks and gardens

Main article: List of parks and gardens in Lahore
Food street near Shahi Qila.

One of Lahore's nicknames "City of Gardens." Many gardens were built in Lahore during the Mughal era, some of which still survive. The Shalimar Gardens were laid out during the reign of Shah Jahan and were designed to mimic the Islamic paradise of the afterlife described in the Qur'an. The gardens follow the familiar charbagh layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. The Lawrence Gardens were established in 1862 and were originally named after Sir John Lawrence, late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The many other gardens and parks in the city include Hazuri Bagh, Iqbal Park, Mochi Bagh, Gulshan Iqbal Park, Model Town Park, Race Course Park, Nasir Bagh Lahore, Jallo Park, Wild Life Park, and Changa Manga, an artificial forest near Lahore in the Kasur district. Another example is the Bagh-e-Jinnah, a 141-acre (57 ha) botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.[94][failed verification]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Lahore

As of 2008, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity (PPP) was estimated at $40 billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 percent. This is at par with Pakistan's economic hub, Karachi, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78 billion in 2008).[95] The contribution of Lahore to the national economy is supposed to be around 13.2%.[96] As a whole Punjab has $115 billion economy making it first and to date only Pakistani Subdivision of economy more than $100 billion at the rank 144.[95] Lahore's GDP is projected to be 102 billion$ by the year 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.[95][97]

A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.[98] Some 42% of its work force is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services.[98] The city is Pakistan's largest software & hardware producing centre,[98] and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry.[98] The city has always been a centre for publications where 80% of Pakistan's books are published, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational and cultural activity in Pakistan.[99]

The Lahore Expo Centre is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.[100] Defense Raya Golf Resort, also under construction, will be Pakistan's and Asia's largest golf course. The project is the result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia. The rapid development of large projects such as these in the city is expected to boost the economy of the country.[101] Ferozepur Road of the Central Business Districts of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and Arfa Software Technology Park.

Transport

Lahore Metro

The Lahore Metro or Lahore Rapid Mass Transit System (LRMTS) was first proposed in 1991. Funding was not secured, and in 2012 it was abandoned by the Punjab Government in favour of the more cost–effective Lahore Metro Bus System which opened in February 2013. However, in May 2014 the Punjab Government decided to restart development on the Lahore Metro as a $1.6 billion project with Chinese assistance. The Orange Line, which will be 27.1-kilometre (16.8 mi) long, (25.4 kilometres (15.8 mi) of which will be elevated),[102] will be the first line of the project and is under construction.[103]

Buses

Allama Iqbal International Airport

Several bus companies operate in Lahore. Premier Bus Services, owned by the Beaconhouse Group, was started in 2003, and provides transportation services to the general public in Lahore. With over 240 buses running on exclusive routes, it is the largest public transport company in Pakistan. As of 2010, the buses are in the process of being converted to compressed natural gas for environmental and economic reasons.[104][failed verification] Sammi Daewoo's City Bus Division operates three routes within the city and two suburban routes for Gujranwala and Sheikhupura.[105][better source needed] The Daewoo City Bus also operates routes within Lahore. Its headquarters are located in the city of Lahore. It is operated by a Korean company, Sammi. On 11 February 2013, Punjab Government launched Rapid Bus Transit System (MBS) in Lahore.[106]

Airport

The government built a new city airport in 2003. It was named Allama Iqbal International Airport after the national poet-philosopher of Pakistan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal,[107] and is served by international airlines as well as the national flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines.[108] The old terminal now operates as the Hajj terminal to facilitate the great influx of pilgrims travelling to Saudi Arabia to perform the Hajj every year.[citation needed] Lahore also has a general aviation airport known as Walton Airport. The second closest commercial airport is in Amritsar, India.[citation needed]

Government

Administrative towns of Lahore[109]

Under the latest revision of Pakistan's administrative structure, promulgated in 2001,[110] Lahore became a City District, and was divided into nine towns.[111] Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils (U.C.'s).[112]

Demographics

Population

According to the 1998 census, Lahore's population was 6,318,745. An estimate in January 2015 gave the population of the Lahore agglomeration as 10,052,000.[2]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1881138,878—    
1891159,947+15.2%
1901186,884+16.8%
1911228,687+22.4%
1921281,781+23.2%
1931400,075+42.0%
1941671,659+67.9%
19511,130,000+68.2%
19611,630,000+44.2%
19722,590,000+58.9%
19813,540,000+36.7%
19986,320,000+78.5%

Religion

Main article: Religion in Lahore

According to the 1998 census, 94% of Lahore's population is Muslim, up from 60% in 1941. Other religions include Christians (5.80% of the total population, though they form around 9.0% of the rural population), and a small number of Bahá'ís, Hindus, Ahmediya, Parsis, and Sikhs.

Festivals

The people of Lahore celebrate many festivals and events throughout the year, blending Mughal, Western, and other traditions. Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are celebrated. Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. The mausoleum of Ali Hujwiri, also known as Data Ganj Bakhsh (Punjabi: داتا گنج بخش) or Data Sahib, is located in Lahore, and an annual urs is held every year as a big festival. Basant is a Punjabi festival marking the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centred in Lahore, and people from all over the country and from abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant. Courts have banned the kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by celebratory gunfire, sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.[113]

Tourism

Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. Particularly the Walled City of Lahore which was renovated in 2014 is popular due to presence of UNESCO World Heritage Site's.[114]

Among the most popular sights are the Lahore Fort, located to adjacent to the Walled City, is home to Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid. The fort along with the adjoining Shalimar Gardens has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.[115]

The city is home to several ancient religious sites including prominet Hindu temples, the Krishna Temple and Valmiki Mandir Samadhi of Ranjit Singh, also located near the Walled City, houses the funerary urns of the Sikhruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The most prominent religious building is the Badshahi Mosque, constructed in 1673, it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the Wazir Khan Mosque which is known for its extensive faience tile work was constructed in 1635.[116]

Others

Other well known Masjids inside the Walled City are

Museums[117]

Tombs and Shrines

The city of Lahore has a large number of historic tombs[117] of Mughals and shrines of Sufi saints. Following is the list:[118]

Havelis

There are many havelis inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havlis are fine examples of Mughal and Sikh Architecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include:

Other landmarks

  • Shahi Hamam
  • Samadhi of Ranjit Singh
  • Tomb of Malik Ayaz
  • Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh
  • Mughal Haveli (Residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh)
  • Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (Near Nisar Haveli)
  • Haveli Mian Khan (Rang Mehal)
  • Haveli Shergharian (Near Lal Khou)

Historic neighborhoods surrounding old city

Education

Main article: Education in Lahore
See also: List of educational institutions in Lahore, List of special schools in Lahore, and List of libraries in Lahore
King Edward Medical University

Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital, with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. Lahore is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology and microelectronics, nanotechnology and the only future hyper high tech centre of Pakistan .[119] Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. The current literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's oldest educational institutes:

Lahore's principal educational institutes and establishments include:

Architecture
Business Schools
Computer Science, IT, and Engineering
Medical Colleges offering DMSS degrees
Postgraduate Institutes
Schools and colleges

Fashion

The Pakistan Fashion Design Council organised the Lahore Fashion Week 2010[121] as well as the PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week Lahore 2011.[122]

Sports

Main article: List of sports venues in Lahore

Lahore has successfully hosted many international sports events including final of the 1990 Hockey World Cup and final of the 1996 Cricket World Cup. The headquarters of all major sports governing bodies are located here in Lahore including Cricket, Hockey, Rugby, Football etc. and also has the head office of Pakistan Olympic Association.

Gaddafi Stadium is the largest stadium of Pakistan with a capacity of 60,000 spectators.

Gaddafi Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Lahore. Designed by Pakistani architect Nayyar Ali Dada, it was completed in 1959 and is one of the biggest cricket stadiums in Asia.

Lahore is home to several golf courses. The Lahore Gymkhana Golf Course, the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club and newly built DHA Golf Club are well maintained Golf Courses in Lahore. In nearby Raiwind Road, a 9 holes course, Lake City, opened in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is another addition to the city. It is a state-of-the-art facility featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities such as horse riding, archery and more.The Lahore Marathon is part of an annual package of six international marathons being sponsored by Standard Chartered Bank across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. More than 20,000 athletes from Pakistan and all over the world participate in this event. It was first held on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More than 22,000 people participated in the 2006 race. The third marathon was held on 14 January 2007.[123][failed verification] Plans exist to build Pakistan's first sports city in Lahore, on the bank of the Ravi River.[124][better source needed]

Professional Sports Teams from Lahore
Club League Sport Venue Established
Lahore Qalandars Pakistan Super League Cricket Dubai International Cricket Stadium 2015
Lahore Lions National T20 League/National One-day Championship Cricket Gaddafi Stadium 2004
Lahore Eagles National T20 League/National One-day Championship Cricket Gaddafi Stadium 2006
WAPDA F.C. Pakistan Premier League Football Punjab Stadium 1983

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Lahore

Twin Towns and Sister Cities

The following international cities have been declared twin towns and sister cities of Lahore.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Punjab Portal". Government of Punjab. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  2. ^ a b c "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia. 1 April 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  3. ^ "National Dialing Codes". Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  4. ^ "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2010". lboro.ac.uk. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  5. ^ "Lahore Fact Sheet". Lloyd's. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  6. ^ Shelley, Fred (16 December 2014). The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries. ABC-CLIO. p. 356. ISBN 978-1610695060. Lahore is the historic center of the Punjab region of the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ a b Lahore Cantonment, globalsecurity.org
  8. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 22 April 2008. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Pakistan Demographics Profile 2014". IndexMundi. July 2014.
  10. ^ "Rising Lahore and reviving Pakistan - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 21 July 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  11. ^ "Largest Christian Community of Pakistan resides in Lahore District". www.christiansinpakistan.com. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  12. ^ "Lahore attack: Pakistan PM Sharif demands swift action on terror". BBC. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016. Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and wealthy cities. It is Mr Sharif's political powerbase and has seen relatively few terror attacks in recent years.
  13. ^ "Sikh pilgrims from India arrive in Lahore". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  14. ^ "Lahore - SikhiWikhi, free Sikh encyclopedia". www.sikhiwikhi.org. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  15. ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 4 March 2005. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Zaidi, S. Akbar (15 October 2012). "Lahore's domination". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  17. ^ Windsor, Antonia (22 November 2006). "Out of the rubble". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  18. ^ Planet, Lonely. "Lahore, Pakistan - Lonely Planet". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  19. ^ "Lahore based start-up secures $100,000 investment for expansion - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 9 January 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  20. ^ Bombay Historical Society (1946). Annual bibliography of Indian history and Indology, Volume 4. p. 257. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  21. ^ Baqir, Muhammad (1985). Lahore, past and present. B.R. Pub. Corp. p. 22. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  22. ^ http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1458-2.pdf
  23. ^ Ahmed, Shoaib (16 April 2004). "Hindu, Sikh temples in state of disrepair". Daily Times. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  24. ^ Naqoosh, Lahore Number 1976
  25. ^ "Glasgow gets a new twin in Lahore". Living in Glasgow. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  26. ^ Charles Umpherston Aitchison. Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under the British Rule. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 9788177551730.
  27. ^ a b Kerr, Ian J. "LAHORE". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  28. ^ unknown author from Jōzjān (1937). Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. – 982 A.D. Translated by V. Minorsky. London: Oxford University Press. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  29. ^ Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries By André Wink
  30. ^ "Dawn Pakistan – The 'shroud' over Lahore's antiquity". Dawn.com. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  31. ^ a b Neville, p.xii
  32. ^ Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries By André Wink PAGE 235
  33. ^ Andrew Petersen (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-415-06084-4.
  34. ^ ":.GC University Lahore". Gcu.edu.pk. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  35. ^ James L. Wescoat; Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (1 January 1996). Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-88402-235-0.
  36. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander. "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 volumes): A Historical Encyclopedia" ABC-CLIO, 22 jul. 2011 ISBN 978-1598843378 pp 269-270
  37. ^ History of Lahore, Lahore City Government. Retrieved on 19 September 2007. Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ "Once upon a time". Apnaorg.com. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  39. ^ a b Neville, p.xiii
  40. ^ The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)
  41. ^ Neville, p.xiv
  42. ^ Axworthy, Michael (2010). Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B. Tauris. p. 195. ISBN 978-0857733474.
  43. ^ Axworthy, Michael (2010). Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B. Tauris. pp. 212, 216. ISBN 978-0857733474.
  44. ^ Roy, Kaushik. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.
  45. ^ For a detailed account of the battle fought, see Chapter VI of The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan by H. G. Keene.
  46. ^ Kakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi; Pathak, S.R.Bakshi R. (1 January 2007). Punjab Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. pp. 272–274. ISBN 978-81-7625-738-1. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  47. ^ Singh, Bhagata (1990). Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times. Sehgal Publishers Service. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  48. ^ Sidhwa, Bapsi (2005). City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143031666.
  49. ^ Marshall, Sir John Hubert (1906). Archaeological Survey of India. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
  50. ^ Latif, Syad Muhammad (1892). Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities. Oxford University: New Imperial Press.
  51. ^ City of Sin and Splendor: Writings on Lahore by Bapsi Sidhwa, p23
  52. ^ "The Panjab Past and Present". 22. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjab University. 1988. Retrieved 28 August 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  53. ^ Soomro, Farooq (13 May 2015). "A visual delight – Maryam Zamani and Wazir Khan Mosques". Dawn. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  54. ^ City of Sin and Splendor: Writings on Lahore by Bapsi Sidhwa, p23
  55. ^ "Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. ''(Date:1989. ISBN 8170172446'')". Exoticindiaart.com. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  56. ^ Kartar Singh Duggal (1 January 2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-81-7017-410-3.
  57. ^ Masson, Charles. 1842. Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab, 3 v. London: Richard Bentley (1) 37
  58. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224.
  59. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. By the turn of the twentieth century, Lahore's population had nearly doubled from what it had been when the province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 people in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901.
  60. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. On the eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a flat, debris-strewn plain interrupted by a small number of populous abadis, the deserted cantonment and barracks of the former Sikh infantry (which,according to one British large buildings in various states of disrepair.
  61. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. The inner city,on the other hand,remained problematic.Seen as a potential hotbed of disease and social instability, and notoriously difficult to observe and fathom,the inner districts of the city remained stubbornly resistant to colonial intervention. Throughout the British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we will explore more fully, the inner districts of its largest cities were almost entirely left alone. 5 The colonial state made its most significant investments in suburban tracts outside of cities... It should not surprise us that the main focus of imperial attention in Punjab was its fertile countryside rather than cities like Lahore.
  62. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. .
  63. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. What is more striking than the fact that the Punjab's new rulers (cost-effectively) appropriated the symbolically charged buildings of their predecessors is how long some of those appropriations lasted. The conversion of the Mughal-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa,a noblewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popularly known as Anarkali, was one such case (Figure 1.2).This Muslim tomb was first used as offices and residences for the clerical staff of Punjab's governing board. In 1851, however, the tomb was converted into the Anglican church
  64. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. the mosque of Dai Anga, Emperor Shah Jahan's wet nurse,which the British converted first into a residence and later into the office of the railway traffic manager.Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse... manager.Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acquired earlier by the railway from the army, who had used it as a theater for entertaining officers.The railway provided another nearby tomb free of charge to the Church Missionary Society,who used it for Sunday services. The tomb of Mir Mannu, an eighteenth-century Mughal viceroy of Punjab who had brutally persecuted the Sikhs while he was in power, escaped demolition by the railway but was converted nevertheless into a private wine merchant's shop
  65. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. with an abundance of abandoned large structures scattered throughout the civil station on nazul (state administered) property, the colonial government often chose to house major institutions in converted buildings rather than to build anew. These institutions included the Civil Secretariat,which,as we have seen,was located in Ventura's former house; the Public Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and the Accountant General's office, headquartered in a converted seventeenth century mosque near the tomb of Shah Chiragh,just off Mall Road.In
  66. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. The Lahore station,built during a time when securing British civilians and troops against a future "native" uprising was foremost in the government's mind, fortified medieval castle, complete with turrets and crenellated towers, battered flanking walls, and loopholes for directing rifle and canon fire along the main avenues of approach from the city
  67. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary.In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other (see.
  68. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. Montgomery Hall faced inward, toward the main avenue of what would become a and reading room, a teak dance and "rinking"floor (skating rink), and room for the Gymkhana Club.Lawrence Hall was devoted to the white community in Lahore;the spaces and program of Montgomery Hall allowed for racial interaction between British civilians and officials and the elites of Lahori society.
  69. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. Like Lawrence and Montgomery Halls,moreover,the garden's major elements were all financed through a combination of provincial, municipal, and private funds from both British carefully isolated space of controlled cultural interaction underwritten by elite collaboration. Both the botanical garden and the zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controlled display of exotic nature to the garden's overall didactic program.The botanical garden exhibited over six hundred species of plants, trees, and shrubs, all carefully tended by a horticulturist sent out from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.
  70. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary.In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other
  71. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. As a gesture of loyalty, Punjab's "Princes, Chiefs, merchants, men of local note, and the public generally" formed a subscription to erect the "Victoria Jubilee Institute for the Promotion and Diffusion of Technical and Agricultural Education and Science" in Lahore, a complex that eventually formed the nucleus of the city's museum and the Mayo School of Art (completed in 1894).
  72. ^ Gill, Anjum. "Father of modern Lahore remembered on anniversary." Daily Times (Pakistan). 12 July 2004. Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. According to the 1901 census, therefore, the inner city of Lahore contained exactly 20,691 "houses"
  74. ^ Glover, William (January 2007). Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816650224. By the turn of the twentieth century, Lahore's population had nearly doubled from what it had been when the province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 people in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901.
  75. ^ "Republic Day". Tribune India. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  76. ^ "A memorial will be built to Bhagat Singh, says the governor of Lahore." Daily Times Pakistan. 2 September 2007.
  77. ^ Story of Pakistan – Lahore Resolution 1940, Jin Technologies. Retrieved on 19 September 2007.
  78. ^ Dalrymple, William. Lahore: Blood on the Tracks.
  79. ^ "Second Islamic Summit Conference". Oic-oci.org. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  80. ^ [pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf "Political History and Administrative History of the Punjab"] (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  81. ^ "Lahore – History of Lahore". thelahorecity.com. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  82. ^ "Short Cuts". The Economist. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016. For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed.
  83. ^ "Architecture of Lahore." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Web. 19 Aug. 2016.
  84. ^ a b "Climatological Normals of Lahore". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  85. ^ "QUETTA". Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  86. ^ "Highest temperature in 78 years: Four die as city sizzles at 48o C". Daily Times. 10 June 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  87. ^ "Heatwave to persist for 4–5 days", The Dawn, 10 June 2007.
  88. ^ [1] Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ [2] Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ [3] Daily Times – Citizens cheer as hail turns city white
  91. ^ "Lahore becomes Murree!". Youtube.com. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  92. ^ "Lahore Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  93. ^ "Extremes of Lahore". Pakistan Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  94. ^ Lawrence Gardens at Garden Visit website. (Retrieved on 27 March 2007)
  95. ^ a b c "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  96. ^ Inskeep, Steve (1 June 2008). "Karachi Calling!". NPR. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  97. ^ "Richest cities in the world in 2020 by GDP". City Mayors. 11 March 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  98. ^ a b c d Asian Development Bank. "Rapid Mass Transit System Project" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  99. ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 4 March 2005. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  100. ^ "Expo Centre Lahore". LahoreExpo. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  101. ^ "Defence Raya Golf Resort, Lahore - By D.H.A Lahore". Homespakistan.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  102. ^ "City to lose 620 trees for Orange Line train".
  103. ^ Habib Construction, current projects
  104. ^ [4] Archived 2015-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ^ ":- Daewoo Express (Dream Journey)-:". Sammi.com.pk. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  106. ^ Lahore Metro Bus Tribune Cover Page Story
  107. ^ "History of Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore". lahoreairport.com.pk. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  108. ^ "Pakistan International Airlines". Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  109. ^ election/tehsil.asp?district=1&dn=Lahore%20&state=1 "Town Nazims & Naib Town Nazims in the City District of Lahore". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 18 February 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  110. ^ "The Local Government System 2001". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. 14 August 2001. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  111. ^ "City District Governments". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  112. ^ "City District". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  113. ^ "11 Dead at Pakistani Kite Festival, Metal Kite Strings, Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives at Annual Event, More Than 100 Injured". CBS News. 26 February 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  114. ^ Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (2 January 2016). "Ten-fold increase in foreign tourists for Lahore Walled City". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  115. ^ "Historical mosques of Lahore". Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  116. ^ Blanshard Asher, Catherine (1992). Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521267281.
  117. ^ a b http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/pakistan/lahore/index.php
  118. ^ http://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/sites.html
  119. ^ Raza, M. Hanif (1999). Portrait of Pakistan. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Ferozsons, Ltd. p. 155. ISBN 969-0-01545-1.
  120. ^ "University of the Punjab – Introduction". University of the Punjab. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
  121. ^ Kiran Khalid (23 February 2010). "Pakistan's fashionistas: We aren't revolutionaries — CNN". Articles.cnn.com. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  122. ^ "PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week Lahore 2011, Lahore Fashion Week 2011". Fashioncentral.pk. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  123. ^ "Lahore Marathon Website". Lahoremarathon.com. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  124. ^ "Lahore soon to get a Sports City". Lahore Metblogs. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  125. ^ a b c d e f g h i Syed Shayan (February 2015). "Ground Realities 4". Akhbar Peela. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  126. ^ Mansab Dogar, [5], "Daily Times" , October 15, 2008
  127. ^ "Glasgow 'twinned' with Lahore". Web.archive.org. 29 November 2006. Archived from the original on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  128. ^ "Lahore & Chicago". Chicago Sister Cities International Program. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  129. ^ "Lahore and Chicago declared sister cities". City District Government of Lahore. Retrieved 8 February 2008.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahore&oldid=745145282"