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[[File:777 AA International Galeao RJ.jpg|thumb|rigght|AA [[Boeing 777]] at [[Galeão International Airport]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]]]
[[File:777 AA International Galeao RJ.jpg|thumb|rigght|AA [[Boeing 777]] at [[Galeão International Airport]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]]]


American Airlines serves four continents. ([[Continental Airlines]] serves five, while [[Delta Air Lines]] and [[United Airlines]] both serve six.) Hubs at Dallas/Fort Worth and Miami serve as gateways to the Americas, while American's Chicago hub has become the airline's primary gateway to Europe and Asia. New York Kennedy (JFK) is a primary gateway for both the Americas and Europe, while the Los Angeles hub (LAX) is the primary gateway to the Asia/Pacific. [[Lambert-St. Louis International Airport]] has served as a regional as well for several years. However, the airline's 2009 restructuring led to the airport being removed as a focus city on April 5, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/item.aspx?type=blog&ak=68499380.blog |title=Aviation Photos & Video |work=USA Today}}</ref> American serves the third largest number of international destinations, after [[Continental Airlines]] and [[Delta Air Lines]].
American Airlines serves four continents. Hubs at Dallas/Fort Worth and Miami serve as gateways to the Americas, while American's Chicago hub has become the airline's primary gateway to Europe and Asia. New York Kennedy (JFK) is a primary gateway for both the Americas and Europe, while the Los Angeles hub (LAX) is the primary gateway to the Asia/Pacific. [[Lambert-St. Louis International Airport]] has served as a regional as well for several years. However, the airline's 2009 restructuring led to the airport being removed as a focus city on April 5, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/item.aspx?type=blog&ak=68499380.blog |title=Aviation Photos & Video |work=USA Today}}</ref> American serves the third largest number of international destinations, after [[Continental Airlines]] and [[Delta Air Lines]].


American is the only U.S. airline with scheduled flights to [[Anguilla]], [[Bolivia]], [[Dominica]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], and [[Uruguay]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
American is the only U.S. airline with scheduled flights to [[Anguilla]], [[Bolivia]], [[Dominica]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], and [[Uruguay]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

Revision as of 02:05, 5 February 2011

American Airlines
IATA ICAO Callsign
AA AAL AMERICAN
Founded1930 (as American Airways)
Commenced operations1934
Hubs
Hub Airports List
Focus cities
Focus Cities List
Frequent-flyer programAAdvantage
AllianceOneworld
Fleet size621 (+104 orders)[3][4]
Destinations260+ excl. code-shares[4]
Parent companyAMR Corporation
HeadquartersFort Worth, Texas
Key people
Key People List
RevenueIncrease US$19.9 Billion (FY 2009)[6]
Operating incomeDecrease US$-1 Billion (FY 2009)[6]
Net incomeDecrease US$-1.47 Billion (FY 2009)[6]
Total assetsDecrease US$25.4 Billion (FY 2009)[7]
Total equityDecrease US$-3.49 Billion (FY 2009)[7]
Websitewww.aa.com

American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is the world's fourth-largest airline in passenger miles transported,[8] passenger fleet size, and operating revenues. American Airlines is a subsidiary of the AMR Corporation and is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas adjacent to its largest hub at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. American operates an extensive international and domestic network, with scheduled flights throughout North America, Latin and South America, Europe, Asia/Pacific and the Caribbean.

American Airlines was listed at #120 on the Fortune 500 list of companies in 2010 and is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance.[9]

Overview

In May 2008, American served 260 cities (excluding codeshares with partner airlines) with 655 aircraft.[3] American carries more passengers between the US and Latin America (12.1 million in 2004) than any other airline, and is also strong in the transcontinental and domestic markets.

American has five hubs: Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW), Chicago (ORD), Miami (MIA), New York (JFK), and Los Angeles (LAX).[10] Dallas/Fort Worth is the airline's largest hub, with AA operating 85 percent of flights at the airport and traveling to more destinations than from its other hubs. San Juan (SJU) and Boston (BOS) serve as focus cities and international gateways. American currently operates maintenance bases at Tulsa (TUL) and Fort Worth Alliance (AFW). American closed its maintenance base at Kansas City (MCI) on September 24, 2010.[11]

American Airlines has three regional carriers, of which two are owned by American's parent, AMR Corporation and one is owned by a third party.

  • American Eagle Airlines operates as "American Eagle" with hubs in Chicago O'Hare, Dallas Ft Worth, New York LaGuardia, Los Angeles, Miami and San Juan. The airline provides regional feed for American throughout North America, flying regional jets from American's hubs. American Eagle is wholly owned by AMR Corporation, the parent company of American Airlines.[12]
  • Executive Airlines operates as "American Eagle" with hubs in Miami and San Juan. Executive flies Super ATR turboprops throughout the Caribbean. Executive Airlines is a wholly owned subsidiary of American Eagle and, by extension, AMR.
  • Chautauqua Airlines operates as "AmericanConnection", feeding American's flights from its Chicago O'Hare Hub (transferred from St Louis April 6, 2010). Chautauqua is owned by Republic Airways Holdings, a separate company with no affiliation to AMR.[13]

History

Formation

American Airways was developed from a conglomeration of 82 small airlines through acquisitions and reorganizations: initially, American Airways was a common brand by a number of independent carriers. These included Southern Air Transport in Texas, Southern Air Fast Express (SAFE) in the western US, Universal Aviation in the Midwest (which operated a transcontinental air/rail route in 1929), Thompson Aeronautical Services (which operated a Detroit-Cleveland route beginning in 1929) and Colonial Air Transport in the Northeast.

On January 25, 1930, American Airways was incorporated as a single company, based in New York, with routes from Boston, New York and Chicago to Dallas, and from Dallas to Los Angeles. The airline operated wood and fabric-covered Fokker Trimotors and all-metal Ford Trimotors. In 1934 American began flying Curtiss Condor biplanes with sleeping berths.

American Airlines before World War II

DC-3 "Flagship", American's chief aircraft type during the World War II period.

In 1934, American Airways Company was acquired by E.L. Cord, who renamed it "American Air Lines". Cord hired Texas businessman C.R. (Cyrus Rowlett) Smith to run the company.

Smith worked with Donald Douglas to develop the DC-3, which American Airlines started flying in 1936. With the DC-3, American began calling its aircraft "Flagships" and establishing the Admirals Club for valued passengers. The DC-3s had a four-star "admiral's pennant" outside the cockpit window while the aircraft was parked, one of the most well-known images of the airline at the time.

American Airlines was first to cooperate with Fiorello LaGuardia to build an airport in New York City, and partly as a result became owner of the world's first airline lounge at the new LaGuardia Airport (LGA), which became known as the Admirals Club. Membership was initially by invitation only, but a discrimination suit decades later changed the club into a paid club, creating the model for other airline lounges.

Postwar developments

Boeing 707 freighter at EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg in France (near Basel) in 1976

After World War II, American acquired American Export Airlines, renaming it as American Overseas Airlines, to serve Europe; AOA was sold to Pan Am in 1950. AA launched another subsidiary, Líneas Aéreas Americanas de Mexico S.A., to fly to Mexico and built several airports there. American Airlines provided advertising and free usage of its aircraft in the 1951 film Three Guys Named Mike.[14] Until Capital merged into United in 1961, AA was the largest American airline, which meant second largest in the world, after Aeroflot.

American Airlines introduced the first transcontinental jet service using Boeing 707s on January 25, 1959. With its 707s American shifted to nonstop coast-to-coast flights, although it maintained feeder connections to cities along its old route using smaller Convair 990s and Lockheed Electras. American invested $440 million in jet aircraft up to 1962, launched the first electronic booking system (Sabre) with IBM, and built an upgraded terminal at Idlewild (now JFK) Airport in New York City which became the airline's largest base.[15] In the 1960s, Mattel released a series of American Airlines stewardess Barbie dolls, signifying their growing commercial success.[citation needed] Vignelli Associates designed the AA eagle logo in 1967. Vignelli attributes the introduction of his firm to American Airlines to Henry Dreyfuss, the legendary AA design consultant. The logo is still in use today.

By September 1970, American Airlines was offering its first long haul international flights from the West Coast to Honolulu and on to Sydney and Auckland via American Samoa and Nadi.[16]

A fictitious "American Airlines Space Freighter", the Valley Forge, was the setting for the 1971 science fiction movie Silent Running, starring Bruce Dern and directed by Douglas Trumbull. The freighter featured the then-new "AA" logo on the hull, along with the crew uniforms and several set pieces.

On 30 March 1973 AA became the first major airline to employ a female pilot when Bonnie Tiburzi was hired to fly Boeing 727s. From 1971–1978 Beverly Lynn Burns worked as a stewardess for AA. She went on to become the first woman Boeing 747 airline captain when, on the afternoon of July 18, 1984, she commanded People Express flight #17 (aircraft 604) departing Newark International Airport at 3:30pm to Los Angeles International Airport. In a prearranged effort, this honor was shared with another female People Express captain Lynn Rippelmeyer, who flew flight #2 from Newark to London Gatwick at 7:35pm that same day.[17]

Revenue Passenger-Miles (Millions) (Sched Service Only)
American Trans Caribbean
1951 2554 --
1955 4358 --
1960 6371 208
1965 9195 433
1970 16623 819
1975 20871 (merged 1971)

Expansion in the 1980s and 1990s

Airbus A300-600
Boeing 777-223ER landing at London Heathrow Airport

After moving headquarters to Fort Worth in 1979, American changed its routing to a hub-and-spoke system in 1981, opening its first hubs at DFW and Chicago O'Hare. Led by its new chairman and CEO, Robert Crandall, American began flights from these hubs to Europe and Japan in the mid-1980s.

In the late 1980s, American opened three hubs for north-south traffic. San Jose International Airport was added after American purchased AirCal. American also built a terminal and runway at Raleigh-Durham International Airport for the growing Research Triangle Park nearby and compete with USAir's hub in Charlotte. Nashville was also a hub. In 1988, American Airlines received its first Airbus A300B4-605R aircraft.

In 1990, American Airlines bought the assets of TWA's operations at London Heathrow for $445 million, giving American a hub there. The US/UK Bermuda II treaty, in effect until open skies came into effect in April 2008, barred U.S. airlines from Heathrow with the sole exceptions of American and United Airlines.

Lower fuel prices and a favorable business climate led to higher than average profits in the 1990s. The industry's expansion was not lost on pilots who on February 17, 1997 went on strike for higher wages. President Bill Clinton invoked the Railway Labor Act citing economic impact to the United States, quashing the strike.[18] Pilots settled for wages lower than their demands.

The three new hubs were abandoned in the 1990s: some San Jose facilities were sold to Reno Air, and at Raleigh/Durham to Midway Airlines. Midway went out of business in 2001. American purchased Reno Air in February 1999 and integrated its operations on August 31, 1999, but did not resume hub operations in San Jose. American discontinued most of Reno Air's routes, and sold most of the Reno Air aircraft, as they had with Air California 12 years earlier. The only remaining route from the Air California and Reno Air purchases is San Francisco to Los Angeles.

Boeing 777-200ER in Oneworld livery

During this time, concern over airline bankruptcies and falling stock prices brought a warning from American's CEO Robert Crandall. "I've never invested in any airline", Crandall said. "I'm an airline manager. I don't invest in airlines. And I always said to the employees of American, 'This is not an appropriate investment. It's a great place to work and it's a great company that does important work. But airlines are not an investment.'" Crandall noted that since airline deregulation of the 1970s, 150 airlines had gone out of business. "A lot of people came into the airline business. Most of them promptly exited, minus their money", he said.[citation needed]

Miami became a hub after American bought Central and South American routes from Eastern Air Lines in 1990 (inherited from Braniff International Airways but originated by Panagra). Through the 1990s, American expanded its network in Latin America to become the dominant U.S. carrier in the region.

On October 15, 1998 American Airlines became the first airline to offer electronic ticketing in the 44 countries it serves.

In 1999 American Airlines, together with British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Canadian Airlines and Qantas Airways, founded the global airline alliance Oneworld.

TWA merger and 9/11 to the present

American Airlines Center

Robert Crandall left in 1998 and was replaced by Donald J. Carty, who negotiated the purchase of the near bankrupt Trans World Airlines (it would file for its 3rd bankruptcy as part of the purchase agreement)[19][20][21] and its hub in St. Louis in April 2001.

The merger of seniority lists remains contentious for pilots; the groups were represented by different unions. In the merger, 60 percent of former TWA pilots moved to the bottom of the seniority list at AA. Many were furloughed, and most remain on furlough. The senior TWA captains were integrated at the same seniority level as AA captains hired years later.[citation needed] All TWA captains and first officers hired in March 1989 and later were appended to the seniority list junior to American Airlines first officers hired in June 2001. The senior TWA pilots were able to stay in captain's seats at a higher pay rate with American and were working for a solvent company. The junior TWA pilots were mostly furloughed. On the AA side the captains were mostly unaffected except that AMR inherited TWA debt which decreased the solvency of their parent company. The AA first officers saw hundreds of TWA captains maintain their captain seats even as the company downsized after the 9/11 attacks and subsequent financial crises. The extensive furloughs of former TWA pilots in the wake of the 9/11 attacks disproportionately affected St. Louis and resulted in a significant influx of American Airlines pilots into this base. For cabin crews, all former TWA flight attendants (approximately 4,200) were furloughed by mid-2003 due to the AA flight attendants' union putting TWA flight attendants at the bottom of their seniority list.

American Airlines began losing money in the wake of the TWA merger and the September 11, 2001, attacks (in which two of its planes were involved). Carty negotiated wage and benefit agreements with the unions but resigned after union leaders discovered he was planning to award executive compensation packages at the same time. This undermined AA's attempts to increase trust with its workforce and to increase its productivity.[22] The St. Louis hub was also downsized.

In 2002, the airline received a 100% rating on the first Corporate Equality Index released by the Human Rights Campaign in 2002 and has maintained their rating in respect to policies on employees.[citation needed]

AA has undergone additional cost-cutting, including rolling back its "More Room Throughout Coach" program (which eliminated several rows of seats on certain aircraft), ending three-class service on many international flights, and standardizing its fleet at each hub (see below). However, the airline also expanded into new markets, including Ireland, India and mainland China. On July 20, 2005, American announced a quarterly profit for the first time in 17 quarters; the airline earned $58 million in the second quarter of 2005.

AA was a strong backer of the Wright Amendment, which regulated commercial airline operations at Love Field in Dallas. On June 15, 2006, American agreed with Southwest Airlines and the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth to seek repeal of the Wright Amendment on condition that Love Field remained a domestic airport and its gate capacity be limited.[23]

In May 2008, a month after mass grounding of aircraft, American announced capacity cuts and fees to increase revenue and help cover high fuel prices. The airline increased fees such as a $15 charge for the first checked bag and $25 for the second, as well as a $150 change fee for domestic reservations. American's regional airline, American Eagle Airlines, will retire 35-to-40 regional jets as well as its Saab turboprop fleet.

On July 2, 2008, American announced furloughs of up to 950 flight attendants, via Texas' Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act system.[24] This furlough is in addition to the furlough of 20 MD-80 aircraft.[25] American's hub at San Juan, Puerto Rico's Luiz Muñoz Marin International Airport, will be truncated from 38 to 18 daily inbound flights, but the carrier will retain service in a diminished capacity.[26]

Boeing 767-300ER taking off

On August 13, 2008, The Kansas City Star reported that American would move some overhaul work from its Kansas City, Missouri, base. Repairs on Boeing 757s will be made in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and some 767 maintenance will move there as well; one, possibly two, Boeing 767 repair lines will be retained at Kansas City International Airport. The narrow-body repair hangar will be shut. The city's aviation department offered to upgrade repair facilities on condition that the airline maintain at least 700 jobs.[27]

On June 26, 2009, rumors of a merger with US Airways resurfaced to much speculation within the online aviation community.[28]

In August 2009, American was placed under credit watch, along with United Airlines and US Airways.[citation needed] All Airbus A300 jets were retired by the end of August and are currently stored in Roswell, New Mexico.[29]

On October 28, 2009, American notified its employees that it would close its Kansas City maintenance base in September 2010, and would also close or make cutbacks at five smaller maintenance stations, resulting in the loss of up to 700 jobs.[30]

In early July 2010, it was reported that American Airlines was trying to find buyers for its regional airline American Eagle. The move followed Delta Air Lines and its spin off of its wholly owned regional airlines Compass Airlines and Mesaba Airlines.[31][32]

MD-80 maintenance controversies

McDonnell Douglas MD-82 at Raleigh-Durham International Airport

American Airlines has had repeated run-ins with the FAA regarding maintenance of its MD-80 fleet; the costs associated with operating these jets has affected American's bottom line. American Airlines canceled 1,000 flights to inspect wire bundles over three days in April 2008 to make sure they complied with government safety regulations.[33] This caused significant inconvenience to passengers and financial problems for the airline. American has begun the process of replacing its older MD-80 jets with Boeing 737s. The newer MD-80s will continue to serve until the next generation Boeing narrowbody aircraft (Boeing Y1) is available.

In September 2009, the Associated Press and The Wall Street Journal reported that American was accused of hiding repeated maintenance lapses on at least 16 MD-80s from the FAA. Repair issues included such items as faulty emergency slides, improper engine coatings, incorrectly drilled holes and other examples of shoddy workmanship. The most serious alleged lapse is a failure to repair cracks to pressure bulkheads; the rupture of a bulkhead could lead to cabin depressurization. It is also alleged that the airline retired one airplane in order to hide it from FAA inspectors; the airline countered that FAA inspectors always have full access to any airplane, retired or not.[34][35]

Potential negotiations with Japan Airlines

On September 12, 2009, American Airlines' parent company, AMR Corporation announced that they were looking into buying some of the financially struggling Japan Airlines.[36] AMR is not the only company planning to buy a stake in the airline: rival Delta Air Lines is also looking into investing in the troubled airline, along with Delta's partner Air France-KLM. Both Delta and AF-KLM are part of SkyTeam, Oneworld's alliance rival.[37] Japan Airlines called off negotiations of the possible deal with all airlines on October 5, 2009.

On October 21, 2009, Gerard Arpey, the CEO of American Airlines, said the airline and its Oneworld Alliance of global airlines remains committed to a partnership with Japan Airlines, as long as the carrier remains a major international carrier.[38]

On November 18, 2009, Delta, with help from TPG, made a bid of $1 billion for JAL to partner with them. Two days later, reports came from Japan that AA and TPG had teamed up and made a $1.5 billion cash offer to JAL, which they might consider doing.[39]

On February 9, 2010, Japan Airlines officially announced that it will strengthen its relationship with American Airlines and Oneworld.[40]

On January 11, 2011, both JAL and American Airlines announced that they will start their joint-venture operation starting April 1, 2011.[41]

Recent developments

Antitrust Immunity

In February 2010, the USDOT granted AA preliminary antitrust immunity to allow the airline to work with British Airways, Iberia Airlines, Finnair and Royal Jordanian Airlines on transatlantic routes.[42] The partnership was officially approved by the USDOT on July 20, 2010.[43] On October 1, American, British Airways, and Iberia launched their joint venture, enabling, among other things, frequent flyers to earn and redeem miles on each other's flights.[44]

Less than a week after American's transatlantic joint venture was launched, the DOT gave preliminary approval to American's new transpacific joint venture with Japan Airlines on October 7,[45] Japan gave final approval to the venture later that month.[46] and the immunity grant was finalized in early November 2010[47]

Expanded New York City service

On March 31, 2010, American announced an expansion of its New York City service, both at JFK and LaGuardia Airports, in addition to a partnership with JetBlue.[48]

LaGuardia

American added several routes from LaGuardia, including service to Atlanta, Charlotte, and Minneapolis/St.Paul. All of these routes are flown with CRJ-700 aircraft outfitted with First Class seating. Also, American is looking to refurbish the Admirals Club at LaGuardia and find a way to connect Concourse C and D so that passengers connecting between the two concourses do not have to reclear security, and so that passengers whose flights depart from Concourse C can use the Admiral's Club, located in Concourse D. Concourse D is also going to be renovated.[49]

JFK

At JFK Airport, American added new routes to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Madrid, Spain, and San Jose, Costa Rica. American is going to add 3,000 square feet (280 m2) to its 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) existing Admirals Club in the C Concourse of Terminal 8. Also, American and British Airways are looking into building onto the existing Terminal 8, allowing the two carriers to co-locate and make for easier connections.[48]

Partnership with JetBlue

On March 31, 2010, American and JetBlue announced a partnership regarding the interlining of routes between the airlines.[48][50] Twenty-seven of JetBlue's destinations that are not served by American and thirteen of American's international destinations from New York and Boston are included in the agreement. Also, American is giving JetBlue 8 slot pairs (a slot pair is one arrival slot and one departure slot) at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and 1 slot pair at Westchester County Airport. In return, JetBlue is giving American 12 slot pairs at JFK Airport.

On July 19, 2010, AA announced that, by the end of 2010, flyers will be able to receive either AAdvantage miles or TrueBlue points on their interline itineraries connecting in JFK or Boston.[51] Effective November 18, 2010, the two airlines will give the traveler miles in either program when flying on a qualifying route, regardless of whether the travels include an international connection.[52]

It has also been confirmed that the two airlines have been negotiating a codeshare arrangement between themselves, though no agreement has been signed yet.[53]

Expanded Los Angeles service

On October 20, 2010, American announced new and upgraded domestic service from LAX Airport in Los Angeles. New routes include service to Houston, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, and Shanghai (see below), all on American Eagle with the exception of Shanghai. The four-times-daily service between LAX and Denver is also being upgraded to the CRJ-700, which includes a first class cabin. Furthermore, American is increasing frequencies between LAX and Chicago, Dallas, Miami, Las Vegas, and Orlando.[54]

New routes

Haneda Airport, Tokyo

On February 16, 2010, American applied to the US Department of Transportation to begin nonstop service to Tokyo's Haneda Airport. American planned to begin service beginning October 1, 2010 from New York-JFK and Los Angeles with Boeing 777-200ER aircraft.[55] On May 7, 2010, the US Department of Transportation tentatively awarded American Airlines the right to begin nonstop service from JFK Airport to Tokyo-Haneda, but denied American's bid to serve Haneda from LAX.[56] American planned to begin service to Tokyo-Haneda from JFK on January 20, 2011; however, the airline decided to postpone the service until February 18, 2011 citing low booking demand.[57]

Shanghai and further China expansion

On October 1, 2010, American announced that it will file an application to the US Department of Transportation to operate daily nonstop flights between Los Angeles and Shanghai, China. The airline was granted approval from the US DOT to begin the Los Angeles-Shanghai route on April 5, 2011.[58] The airline is also considering on flying to Hong Kong and Guangzhou.[59]

GDS and DotCom Controversy

AA had a massive pricing dispute with two online ticket agencies, Expedia and Orbitz, because AA attempts to bid farewell on GDS[60] (with the exception of its in-house Sabre) computer reservations system[61][62][63]. Customers were unable to book travel from these two sites or the sort results for American itineraries would be displayed last, resulting in a competitive disadvantage, as AA attempted to steer customers to AA.com and affiliate Travelocity dot com. The main reason for this dispute is American Airlines' attempt to establish direct connects with OTA's and Travel Agencies. With direct connects airlines can exert more control over their distribution and save costs. Furthermore, with direct connects airlines are better able to sell ancillary services to their customers.[64]

Company affairs and identity

Headquarters

Headquarters of AMR Corporation and American Airlines

American Airlines is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, adjacent to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.[65]

Before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City.[66][67] In 1978 American announced that it would move its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport in 1979. The move affected up to 1,300 jobs. Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described this move as a "betrayal" of New York City.[68] American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas.[69] The airline finished moving into a $150 million (1983 dollars), 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2) facility in Fort Worth on January 17, 1983; $147 million in Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport bonds financed the headquarters. The airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility.[69]

Personnel

The Allied Pilots Association is the in-house union which represents the 12 thousand American Airlines pilots. The union was created in 1963 after the pilots disposed of the ALPA union.[70]

Communication

In 1967, Massimo Vignelli designed the famous AA logo.[71][72] Thirty years later, in 1997, American Airlines was able to make its logo internet-compatible by buying the domain AA.com.[73] AA also corresponds to the Airlines IATA number. The original AA logo is still in use today, being "one of the few logos that simply needs no change".

In March 2000, American received the CIO Magazine's 2000 Web Business 50/50 Award for its AA.com web site.

Environmental record

The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality has awarded American Airlines its 2005 Governor's Award for its outstanding efforts in environmental protection and pollution prevention. American Airline's wastewater treatment plant recycles water used at the base of the wash aircraft, process rinse water tanks, and irrigates landscape. That alone has saved almost $1 million since 2002. In addition to that, American Airlines has also won the award for the reduction of hazardous waste that saved them $229,000 after a $2,000 investment. A bar code system used is to track hazardous waste. It has led to reduction of waste by 50 percent since 2000.[74]

Violations occurring over a 4½ year period — from October 1993 to July 1998 — targeted American Airlines for using high-sulfur fuel in motor vehicles at 10 major airports around the country. Under the federal Clean Air Act high sulfur fuel cannot be used in motor vehicles. American Airlines promptly identified and corrected these violations of the Clean Air Act.[75]

Marketing

Livery

American's early liveries varied widely, but a common livery was adopted in the 1930s, featuring an eagle painted on the fuselage. The eagle became a symbol of the company and inspired the name of American Eagle Airlines. Propeller aircraft featured an international orange lightning bolt running down the length of the fuselage, which was replaced by a simpler orange stripe with the introduction of jets.

A Boeing 737 in the Astrojet livery
A Boeing 767-300ER in the current livery takes off from Manchester Airport

In the late 1960s, American commissioned an industrial designer to develop a new livery. The original design called for a red, white, and blue stripe on the fuselage, and a simple "AA" logo, without an eagle, on the tail. However, American's employees revolted when the livery was made public, and launched a "Save the Eagle" campaign similar to the "Save the Flying Red Horse" campaign at Mobil.[citation needed] Eventually, the designer caved in and created a highly stylized eagle, which remains the company's logo to this day. In 1999, American painted a new Boeing 757 in its 1959 international orange livery. There is a Boeing 737-800 painted in the retro AstroJet livery. One Boeing 777 and one Boeing 757 are painted in standard livery with a pink ribbon on the sides and on the tail, in support for the Susan G. Komen for the Cure.

American is the only major U.S. airline that leaves the majority of its aircraft surfaces unpainted. This was because C. R. Smith hated painted aircraft, and refused to use any liveries that involved painting the entire plane. Robert "Bob" Crandall later justified the distinctive natural metal finish by noting that less paint reduced the aircraft's weight, thus saving on fuel costs.[76] Eastern Air Lines, US Airways, Flying Tigers, Dominicana, Cathay Pacific Cargo and Northwest Airlines have also maintained unpainted airplanes.

SCA N905NA in 1978, with American pinstriping

NASA's Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, with the registry N905NA, originally belonged to American Airlines, and in its early years still bore the distinct American pinstriping. By the early 1980s, however, NASA decided to discontinue using the American livery and replaced it with its own livery, consisting of a white fuselage and blue pinstriping.

Slogans

  • Current – "We know why you fly." (Spanish: "Sabemos por qué vuelas")
  • AA/TWA merger – "Two great airlines, one great future."
  • 2001 (post-9/11) – "We are an airline that is proud to bear the name American."
  • Mid 1990s – "Based Here. Best Here."
  • Late 1980s – "No other Airline gives you more of America, than American."
  • Mid 1980s-mid 1990s – "Something special in the air." (Variant used for website: "Something special online.", Spanish variant: "Todo es especial, tu eres especial.")
  • 1982 – late 1980s – "En American, tenemos lo que tu buscas." (Spanish slogan, translated loosely to "At American, we've got what you're looking for").
  • 1980s–1988 – "The On-Time Machine."
  • 1970s–1980s - "We're American Airlines, doing what we do best."
  • Early 1970s – "It's good to know you're on American Airlines."
  • 1967–1969 – "Fly the American Way."
  • 1964–1967 – "American built an airline for professional travelers."
  • 1950s – early 1960s – "America's Leading Airline."

American Airlines Vacations

American Airlines Vacations, which is a subsidiary of American Airlines, is the largest airline-owned tour operator in the United States.[citation needed]

The division was initially founded over 25 years ago under the name FlyAAway Vacations. The name was eventually changed to AAV Tours. Today it operates as American Airlines Vacations, offering vacations in the Caribbean, Mexico, Hawaii, Europe, Canada, the United States, Latin America and Asia. American Airlines Vacations is the only travel company that allows payment with AAdvantage miles (or oneworld miles). The current president of American Airlines Vacations is Suzanne Rubin.

Airline acquisitions prior to the AMR Corporation founding

Trans Caribbean Airways

Destinations

Further information: American Airlines destinations
American Airlines destinations.
  USA
  American Airlines destinations
AA aircraft at Concourse D, Miami International Airport
AA Boeing 777 at Galeão International Airport, Rio de Janeiro

American Airlines serves four continents. Hubs at Dallas/Fort Worth and Miami serve as gateways to the Americas, while American's Chicago hub has become the airline's primary gateway to Europe and Asia. New York Kennedy (JFK) is a primary gateway for both the Americas and Europe, while the Los Angeles hub (LAX) is the primary gateway to the Asia/Pacific. Lambert-St. Louis International Airport has served as a regional as well for several years. However, the airline's 2009 restructuring led to the airport being removed as a focus city on April 5, 2010.[77] American serves the third largest number of international destinations, after Continental Airlines and Delta Air Lines.

American is the only U.S. airline with scheduled flights to Anguilla, Bolivia, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Uruguay.[citation needed]

American has begun to expand in Asia, with mixed success. In 2005, American re-introduced a non-stop flight from Dallas/Fort Worth to Osaka-Kansai, which has since been discontinued. American also launched non-stop service from Chicago to Nagoya-Centrair, but that too ended within a year. Also in 2005, American launched service from Chicago to Delhi.[78] In April 2006, American began service from Chicago to Shanghai. However, in October 2006, American ceased its San Jose, California to Tokyo-Narita service, leaving LAX as American's sole international gateway on the West Coast. American planned flights between Dallas/Fort Worth and Beijing via Chicago-O'Hare (on Westbound only) in 2007 but lost its bid to United Airlines' Dulles to Beijing route. AA was granted permission in September 2007 to start a Chicago-Beijing route in a new set of China routes in 2009,[79] that was originally planned to begin service on April 4, 2010.[80] American Airlines then delayed the launched for the Beijing flight to May 1, 2010 due to rising fuel prices and the weak economy.[81] After numerous delays, the airline finally announced that it will launch flights to the Chinese capital on April 26, 2010.[82] Because of a lack of proper landing clearance from the Chinese government, the airline was forced to cancel its inaugural flight from Chicago to Beijing tentatively until at least May 4, 2010.[83] The airline launched service to Beijing on May 25, 2010.[84]

As stated above, AA has also applied for and won service between New York and Tokyo Haneda Airport, and between Los Angeles and Shanghai Pudong Airport- both to begin February 18, 2011 and April 5, 2011, respectively.


Codeshare agreements

In addition to its Oneworld alliance codeshares, American has signed agreements to codeshare with certain other airlines.[85]

Fleet

Boeing 767-200ER

As of December 2010, the American Airlines fleet consists of 621 aircraft.[88]

In August 2007 the airline announced it would offer Wi-Fi internet services on Boeing 767-200ER American Flagship Service (AFS) routes across the United States.[89] On August 20, 2008, American Airlines became the first to offer full inflight internet service.[90]

In October 2008, American announced plans to order the Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner.[91]

American is the largest operator of the McDonnell Douglas MD-80, with some 225 of the type in service. As part of its fleet renewal plan, American is replacing one fourth of its MD-80s with the Boeing 737-800, which offers a 35 percent increase per-seat mileage.[92] The rest will eventually be replaced by Boeing's next generation narrow body aircraft, the Boeing Y1, which may not be until 2020 or later. American Airlines has stated that they have MD-80 leases running until as late as 2024.

In August 2009, American officially retired its fleet of Airbus A300 aircraft, after 21 years of service. American has not made plans to replace this fleet. On Jan.19 2011 American Airlines anounced that it would order 2 Boeing 777-300ERs. The Boeing customer codes for American Airlines is 7x7-x23. (i.e. 737-823, 777-223)

Current

American Airlines had an average fleet age of 14.5 years in August 2010.[93] American Airlines operates an all-Boeing fleet (including McDonnell-Douglas aircraft whom Boeing merged with in 1997), one of only two legacy carriers which have such a fleet, the other being Continental Airlines.[94] Below is the current fleet of operating aircraft:[95]

American Airlines fleet
Aircraft In
service 		Orders Passengers
(First/Business/Economy) 		IFE Introduction Notes
Boeing 737-800 New: 101
Old: 39 		55[96]
 New: 160 (0/16/148)
Old: 148 (0/16/132) 		All aircraft in old configuration: Overhead monitors, audio system

All aircraft in new configuration: LCD overhead monitors, audio system
Select aircraft: Go-Go Inflight Internet

1999 Aircraft in the new configuration have AC power outlets underneath the seats in all rows.[97]
Aircraft in the old configuration have DC power underneath the seats in select rows.[98]
All 737-800 aircraft will be receiving the new cabin configuration.
N951AA is a retro jet.
Boeing 757-200 Domestic: 106
International (75L): 18 		0 Domestic: 188 (0/22/166)
International (75L): 182 (0/16/166) 		All aircraft: Overhead monitors, audio system

Business Class in International Configuration: AVOD

1989 Winglets (All)
All in International configuration (75L) have lie-flat seats in Business Class
All aircraft have DC power underneath the seats in select rows.[99][100]
Oneworld Livery: N174AA
Boeing 767-200ER 15 0 168 (10/30/128) All aircraft: Go-Go Inflight Internet, overhead monitors, and audio system

First and Business Class: AVOD

1986 These aircraft usually operate the American Flagship Service (AFS) trancontinental routes (New York to/from Los Angeles or San Francisco) but occasionally operates JFK-MIA.
All aircraft have DC power underneath the seats in select rows.[101]
Boeing 767-300ER 58 0 225 (0/30/195) All aircraft: Overhead monitors, audio system

Business Class: AVOD

1988 Winglets (11);[102] To be fitted with winglets[103]
Lie-flat seats in Business Class
All aircraft have DC power underneath the seats in select rows.[104]
Oneworld livery: N395AN
Boeing 777-200ER 47 7[105] 247 (16/37/194) All aircraft: AVOD, overhead monitors, audio system 1999 Flat bed seats in First Class
Lie-flat seats in Business Class
All aircraft have DC power underneath the seats in select rows.[106]
Oneworld livery: N791AN and N796AN
Special Livery: Pink Ribbon (N759AN)
Boeing 777-300ER 0 2[107] TBD TBD 2012 Configuration TBD
Boeing 787-9 0 42 and 58 options TBA TBA TBA (Estimated 2014)[108] Although it has not yet placed a firm order, the Airline has purchase rights for 42 aircraft and options for 58 more.[108]
McDonnell Douglas MD-82 137 0 140 (16/0/124) Select aircraft: Go-Go Inflight Internet 1983 Largest operator of the MD-82
All aircraft have DC power underneath the seats in select rows.[109]
Oldest being replaced by: Boeing 737-800
McDonnell Douglas MD-83 88 0 140 (16/0/124) Select aircraft: Go-Go Inflight Internet 1987 Largest operator of the MD-83
All aircraft have DC power underneath the seats in select rows.[109]
Oldest being replaced by: Boeing 737-800
Total 621 104

*Aircell Internet Broadband access is available on all Boeing 767-200 aircraft and on select McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and Boeing 737-800 aircraft.[110] Note that on two-class domestic flights (including flights to Hawaii), the highest premium class is branded as First Class, while on flights to the Caribbean, Canada, Mexico, and Central America, it is referred to as Business Class.

Historical fleet

1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
Ford 5-AT
1930–1935 		DC-3
1936–1949 		BAC 111
1965–1972 		McDonnell Douglas MD-80
1983–[Present]
Curtiss Condor
1934–1950 		Lockheed L-188 Electra
1958–1970 		737-200 & BAe 146
1987–1992 		Fokker 100
1992–2004
Convair 240
1948–1964 		Boeing 727
1964–2002
DC-6
1947–1966 		Airbus A300
1988–2009
DC-4
1946–1953 		DC-7
1953–1963 		Boeing 707
1959–1981 		Boeing 757
1985–[Present]
Fairchild 100
1931–1952 		CV-990
1962–1969 		Boeing 737NG
1999–[Present]
B-377
1949–1950 		Boeing 747-100
1970–1989 		Boeing 777
1999–[Present]
Lockheed Constellation
1946-1950 		Boeing 747SP
1986–1994
McDonnell Douglas DC-10
1971–2000
Boeing 767
1982–[Present]
MD-11
1991–2002
Former AA 747-100 carrying the Space Shuttle Enterprise

Notes:

  • Eight Boeing 377s and seven Lockheed L-049 Constellations served in American Overseas Airways transatlantic service and were acquired by Pan American World Airways.
  • In early 1970 before AA took delivery of its own Boeing 747, the company leased 2 Pan Am 747-121s (N740PA & N743PA). These aircraft were painted in full AA livery, and were operated until early 1971, then returned to Pan Am after AA received its own new 747-123s.
  • After American acquired Trans Caribbean in 1971, the company briefly owned TC's fleet of five DC-8s (3 -50s & 2 -61s). These aircraft were never operated by AA and were sold to other carriers.
  • Most Boeing 747-100s were retired from passenger service in the late 1970s and served as freighters until their final retirement in 1985. Several were retired earlier; NASA acquired one of the early retired aircraft, N905NA, in 1974 and has since used it as a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. Early in its NASA career, the aircraft continued to carry the American Airlines tricolor cheatline. One Boeing 747-100 was used in the film Airport 1975, registration number N9675, which was delivered to the carrier in 1971. The aircraft was redressed in the "Columbia Airlines" livery for this film. American flew the aircraft both as a passenger jet and later as a freighter only, under the "American Freighter" titles. The aircraft has been in storage at Roswell since 2005 under registration number N675UP, in UPS colors, its last operator.
  • American briefly operated one Boeing 747-273C freighter N749WA (serial nunber 20653/ line number 237) in 1984.[111]
  • American Airlines retired their Airbus A300s in August 2009 after 21 years of service and they are now stored in Roswell, NM

according to source: [112] 1 American A300 was scrapped at Victorville Airport in March 2009, its tail number was N7055A.

On-board service

On domestic flights and flights to Canada, Central America, and areas in the Caribbean (including the Dominican Republic), American Airlines offers a buy on board program offering sandwiches and snacks for purchase. Flights two hours or longer have snacks, and flights three hours or longer have sandwiches. Transcontinental flights and Hawaii flights have the "Premium Sandwich and Chip Combo" for purchase. Buy on board service to Central America (From Miami) and the Dominican Republic began on March 1, 2009. American will continue to offer free coach meals on flights to Europe, Haiti, Japan, Venezuela, and other destinations.[115][116]

In First and Business classes, on all domestic flights of two hours or more that operate within a traditional meal time, full meal service is included. Flights with a duration longer than two and one half hours that do not fall within a meal time have snack service for those classes.[115] First Class and Business Class passengers receive alcoholic beverages for free. Non-alcoholic beverages are free for all classes. Alcoholic drinks are available for purchase, even during international flights on New Year's Eve. [117]

Headsets are two dollars on domestic flights and free on flights to/from Europe, Asia, India and South America. Headsets are also free to passengers in First and Business Classes.[118] At one time, blankets and pillows were provided free of charge. However, in February 2010 American Airlines announced that it would eliminate free blankets in coach and sell an $8 packet that includes a pillow and blanket starting May 1.[119]

AAdvantage

File:AAdvant 375X117.png

AAdvantage is the frequent flyer program of American Airlines. Launched May 1, 1981, it was the second such loyalty program in the world (after the first at Texas International Airlines in 1979), and remains the largest with more than 50 million members as of 2005.[120][121]

Miles accumulated in the program allow members to redeem tickets, upgrade service class, or obtain free or discounted car rentals, hotel stays, merchandise, or other products and services through partners. The most active members, based on the amount and price of travel booked, are designated AAdvantage Gold, AAdvantage Platinum, and AAdvantage Executive Platinum elite members, with privileges such as separate check-in, priority upgrade and standby processing, or free upgrades. They also receive similar privileges from AA's partner airlines, particularly those in Oneworld.[122] AAdvantage co-branded credit cards are also available and offer other benefits. These cards are issued by CitiCards, subsidiary of Citigroup.

History

Increased competition following the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act prompted airline marketing professionals to develop ways to reward repeat customers and build brand loyalty. The first idea at American, a special "loyalty fare", was modified and expanded to offer free first class tickets and upgrades to first class for companions, or discounted coach tickets. Membership was seeded by searching AA's SABRE computer reservations system for recurring phone numbers. The 130,000 most frequent flyers, plus an additional 60,000 members of AA's Admirals Club were pre-enrolled and sent letters with their new account numbers. The name was selected by AA's advertising agency, and is consistent with other American Airlines programs featuring "AA" in the name and logo. The logo was designed by Massimo Vignelli.[123]

Less than a week later, rival United Airlines launched its Mileage Plus program; other airlines followed in the ensuing months and years. The rapid appearance of competition changed the nature of the program, and as airlines began to compete on the features of their frequent flyer programs, AAdvantage liberalized its rules, established partnerships with hotel and rental car agencies, and offered promotions such as extra free beverages. In 1982 AAdvantage also became the first program to cooperate with an international carrier; members could accrue and redeem miles on British Airways flights to Europe.[citation needed]

In 2005 American Airlines joined other major US carriers in introducing an online shopping portal allowing shoppers to earn AAdvantage miles when shopping online.

Partnerships

In addition to its Oneworld, American Connection, and American Eagle partnerships, American Airlines offers frequent flier partnerships with the following airlines and railways:[124]

Airlines
Railways

Admirals Club

File:AA Admirals Club.png

The Admirals Club was conceived by AA president C.R. Smith as a marketing gimmick shortly after he was made an honorary Texas Ranger. Inspired by the Kentucky colonels and other honorary organizations, Smith decided to make particularly valued passengers "admirals" of the "Flagship fleet" (AA called its aircraft "Flagships" at the time). The list of Admirals included many celebrities, politicians and other VIPs, as well as more "ordinary" customers who had been particularly loyal to the airline.

There was no physical Admirals Club until shortly after the opening of LaGuardia Airport. During the airport's construction, New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia had an upper-level lounge set aside for press conferences and business meetings. At one such press conference, he noted that the entire terminal was being offered for lease to airline tenants; after a reporter asked whether the lounge would be leased as well, LaGuardia replied that it would, and a vice president of AA immediately offered to lease the premises. The airline then procured a liquor license and began operating the lounge as the "Admirals Club" in 1939.

The second Admirals Club opened at Washington National Airport. Because it was illegal to sell alcohol in Virginia at the time, the Club contained refrigerators for the use of its members, so they could store their own liquor at the airport. For many years, membership in the Admirals Club (and most other airline lounges) was by the airline's invitation. After a passenger sued for discrimination,[126] the Club (and most other airline lounges) switched to a paid membership program.

Membership now costs $300 to $450 a year, depending on AAdvantage frequent flyer program level (and annual renewal membership costs $250–$400); membership can also be purchased with AAdvantage miles. As of 12/2010 you can buy a 24-hour pass for $59 US, whose cost will be applied if converted to an annual membership within 30 days.

Flagship Lounge

Though affiliated with the Admirals Club and staffed by many of the same employees, the AA Flagship Lounge is a separate lounge specifically designed for customers flying on premium flights both within the United States and internationally. This means that only First Class passengers on 3-class aircraft, both Internationally and Transcontinentally, are granted entrance to these clubs. A 3-class aircraft operating a non-transcon AFS flight and not sold as 3-class is not considered Premium, and entrance is not granted to passengers on this type of service. Lounge access is granted to passengers on non-AA operated flights flown by select airline partners as well, again, as long as the flight has a true International First Class cabin and the passenger is booked in that class as a paying customer or on a premium cabin frequent flyer award ticket (not as an upgrade). The only exception to this rule is for OneWorld Emerald elite FF members (including AA Executive Platinum) on international flights (excluding Canada, the Caribbean, and Mexico except Mexico City), and non-AAdvantage OneWorld Emerald elite FF members on 'domestic' flights, who are granted access to the lounges travelling in any class.[127]

The added amenities of the Flagship Lounges compared to the normal Admirals Club include free alcoholic beverages including premium brands not found in the Admirals Club, free premium buffet snacks including breakfast items, salads, sandwiches, fruits, chocolates, cheeses and other light fare (options change based on time of day), as well as a less crowded, more comfortable lounge space. Additionally, complimentary Lenovo computer terminals with free internet access, complimentary T-Mobile hotspot access, and complimentary printing is available at most locations, as are shower facilities.

The first Flagship Lounge was opened at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport as a courtesy to First Class customers preparing for long flights to London and Tokyo. While the Dallas lounge is no longer open, Flagship Lounges are now available at five airports: Chicago-O'Hare, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Miami and New York-JFK.

Accidents and incidents

Main article: American Airlines accidents and incidents

In popular culture

  • AA lobbied heavily to be assigned the IATA airline code US when the U.S. military released it for non-military use. However, USAir ultimately won the bid for the US airliner code.[when?]
  • AA is the only Big Five legacy carrier in the United States which has not filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
  • AA has its name on two major U.S. venues, American Airlines Center in Dallas, home to the Mavericks basketball team and Dallas Stars ice hockey team, and American Airlines Arena in Miami, home to the Miami Heat basketball team. When the Heat and Mavericks played each other in the 2006 NBA Finals, it was referred to as the "American Airlines series."
  • American Airlines has a Broadway Theatre called the "American Airlines Theatre" on 42nd Street in New York City.
  • AA plays a key role in the first two films of the Home Alone series.
  • American Airlines is also featured in the movie L.A. Story at the point in which Harris K. Telemacher's love interest, Sara, a journalist from London, tries to fly home.
  • AA appears in the movie Up in the Air, starring George Clooney, in which it and Hilton Hotels received free publicity;[128] the movie juxtaposes human bonds with corporate loyalty, such as bonus programs for frequent travelers.
  • An AA rebranding effort is a brief subplot in Mad Men.
  • An American Airlines DC-2 is the setting for Shirley Temple to sing, "On the Good Ship Lollipop" in the film Bright Eyes while James Dunn is taxiing the plane around the airport. Contrary to popular belief, the "good ship Lollipop" refers to an airplane, not a seagoing ship. The film contains some fine aeronautical footage of the DC-2 and the contemporary Curtiss Condor airliner.
  • The nose section of an American Airlines DC-7 is displayed at the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum

See also

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Further reading

  • Capozzi, John M. (2001). A Spirit of Greatness. JMC. ISBN 0965641031.
  • Bedwell, Don (1999). Silverbird: The American Airlines Story. Airways. ISBN 0965399362.
  • Casey, Al (1997). Casey's Law. Arcade. ISBN 1559703075.
  • Forty, Simon (1997). ABC American Airlines. Ian Allan. ISBN 1882663217.
  • Reed, Dan (1993). The American Eagle: The Ascent of Bob Crandall and American Airlines. St. Martin's. ISBN 0312086962.
  • Serling, Robert J. (1985). Eagle. St. Martin's. ISBN 0312224532.
  • International Directory of Company Histories. St. James Press.

External links

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