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{{Android version table
{{Android version table
| {{TOC tab|[[Android Oreo|Android 8.1 Oreo]] (API 27)|depth=2}}
| {{TOC tab|[[Android Oreo|Android 8.1 Oreo]] (API 27)|depth=2}}
| Android Oreo is the 8th major release of the Android operating system. It is first released as a developer preview on October 25, 2017, with factory images for current Nexus and Pixel devices. A second developer preview was made available on November 27, 2017 for Nexus and Pixel devices, before the stable version was released on December 5, 2017.| col = #F0B801
| Android Oreo is the 8th major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on October 25, 2017, with factory images for current Nexus and Pixel devices. A second developer preview was made available on November 27, 2017 for Nexus and Pixel devices, before the stable version was released on December 5, 2017.| col = #F0B801
| image = 1
| image = 1
| versions =
| versions =

Revision as of 13:38, 6 February 2018

Global Android version distribution since December 2009, as of June 2017. As of January 2018, Android Marshmallow is the most widely used version of Android, running on 28.6% of all Android devices accessing Google Play, while Android Lollipop runs on 25.1% of devices (80.7% on it or newer).

The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of the Android beta in November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance, and it has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since the initial release.

Versions 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names. Android code names are confectionery-themed and have been in alphabetical order since 2009's Android 1.5 Cupcake, with the most recent major version being Android 8.1 Oreo, released in December 2017.

Code name Version number Initial release date API level Security patches[1]
(No codename)[2] Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 September 23, 2008 1 Unsupported
(Internally known as "Petit Four")[2] Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1 February 9, 2009 2 Unsupported
Cupcake Old version, no longer maintained: 1.5 April 27, 2009 3 Unsupported
Donut[3] Old version, no longer maintained: 1.6 September 15, 2009 4 Unsupported
Eclair[4] Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 – 2.1 October 26, 2009 5 – 7 Unsupported
Froyo[5] Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 – 2.2.3 May 20, 2010 8 Unsupported
Gingerbread[6] Old version, no longer maintained: 2.3 – 2.3.7 December 6, 2010 9 – 10 Unsupported
Honeycomb[7] Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 – 3.2.6 February 22, 2011 11 – 13 Unsupported
Ice Cream Sandwich[8] Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 – 4.0.4 October 18, 2011 14 – 15 Unsupported
Jelly Bean[9] Old version, no longer maintained: 4.1 – 4.3.1 July 9, 2012 16 – 18 Unsupported
KitKat[10] Old version, no longer maintained: 4.4 – 4.4.4 October 31, 2013 19 – 20 Unsupported[11]
Lollipop[12] Old version, yet still maintained: 5.0 – 5.1.1 November 12, 2014 21 – 22 5.1.x Supported
Marshmallow[13] Old version, yet still maintained: 6.0 – 6.0.1 October 5, 2015 23 Supported
Nougat[14] Old version, yet still maintained: 7.0 – 7.1.2 August 22, 2016 24 – 25 Supported
Oreo[15] Current stable version: 8.0 – 8.1 August 21, 2017 26 – 27 Supported
Legend:
Old version, not maintained
Old version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

A version of Android KitKat exclusive to Android Wear devices was released on June 25, 2014, with an API level of 20.

Pre-commercial release versions

The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.[16]

Alpha

There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the OHA before the beta version was released.[17][18] The code names "Astro Boy" and "Bender" were used internally for some pre-1.0 milestones.[2]

Dan Morrill created some of the first mascot logos, but the current Android logo was designed by Irina Blok.[19] The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived the confectionery-themed naming scheme that has been used for the majority of the public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake.

Beta

The beta was released on November 5, 2007,[20][21] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[22] The November 5 date is popularly celebrated as Android's "birthday".[23] Public beta versions of the SDK were released in the following order:[24]

  • November 12, 2007: m3-rc20a (milestone 3, release code 20a)[25]
  • November 16, 2007: m3-rc22a (milestone 3, release code 22a)[26]
  • December 14, 2007: m3-rc37a (milestone 3, release code 37a)[27]
  • February 13, 2008: m5-rc14 (milestone 5, release code 14)[28]
  • March 3, 2008: m5-rc15 (milestone 5, release code 15)[24]
  • August 18, 2008: 0.9 Beta[29][30]
  • September 23, 2008: 1.0-r1[31][32]

Version history by API level

The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels. Template:Android version table Template:Android version table Template:Android version table

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Hardware requirements

See also: Android (operating system) § Hardware

The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures; formerly also ARMv5), with x86[a] and MIPS[b] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android. Unofficial Android-x86 project used to provide support for the x86 and MIPS architectures ahead of the official support.[35][36] Since 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[37] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.[38][39] Since Android 5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.

Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 depend on screen size and density and type of CPU, ranging from 816 MB–1.8 GB for 64-bit and 512 MB–1.3 GB for 32-bit meaning in practice 1 GB for the most common type of display (while minimum for Android watch is 416 MB).[40] The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM,[41] while for "low RAM" devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.[42] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor (latter two through unofficial ports),[35][36] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[43] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2 and as of latest major version Vulkan. Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.[43]

Android used to require an autofocus camera, which was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera[44] if present at all, since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely (except for smartphones) when Android started to be used on set-top boxes.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lowest supported x86 generation is the P6 microarchitecture, also called i686.[33]
  2. ^ Supported is revision 1 of MIPS32[34] and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64[33]

References

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  2. ^ a b c "A History of Pre-Cupcake Android Codenames". Android Police. 2012-09-17. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25. Retrieved 2017-01-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  11. ^ Ludwig, Adrian; Miller, Mel (March 22, 2017). "Diverse protections for a diverse ecosystem: Android Security 2016 Year in Review". Google Security Blog. Google. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017. We released monthly Android security updates throughout the year for devices running Android 4.4.4 and up—that accounts for 86.3 percent of all active Android devices worldwide. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  19. ^ Breeze, Mez. "The designer behind the logo". TheNextWeb.com. TNW. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  21. ^ "Live Google's gPhone Open handset alliance conference call". Gizmodo. November 5, 2007. Archived from the original (transcript) on February 7, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  23. ^ "Android's 5th Birthday Celebration: European Best-of-Best Hackathon Series". Devfest.info. October 2012. Archived from the original on December 26, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  25. ^ "The history of Android: Android 0.5, Milestone 3—the first public build". Ars Technica. June 16, 2014. Archived from the original on March 8, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Android: the first week". Android Developers Blog. November 16, 2007. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Life can be tough; here are a few SDK improvements to make it a little easier". Android Developers Blog. December 14, 2007. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Android SDK m5-rc14 now available". Android Developers Blog. February 13, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Announcing a beta release of the Android SDK". Android Developers Blog. August 18, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "The history of Android: Android 0.9, Beta—hey, this looks familiar!". Ars Technica. June 16, 2014. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1". Android Developers Blog. September 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "The history of Android: Android 1.0—introducing Google Apps and actual hardware". Ars Technica. June 16, 2014. Archived from the original on March 10, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ a b "The syntax of the Android.mk build file". developer.android.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Shah, Agam (March 23, 2015). "Imagination floats sub-$100 MIPS tablet running Firefox OS". PC World. IDG. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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