Android version history
The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the release of the Android alpha in November 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since the initial release.
The most recent major Android update is Android 6.0 "Marshmallow", which was released in October 2015. Since April 2009, Android versions have been developed under a confectionery-themed code name and released in alphabetical order, beginning with Android 1.5 "Cupcake"; the earlier versions 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names.
Code name | Version number | Initial release date |
---|---|---|
Cupcake | 1.5 | April 27, 2009 |
Donut | 1.6 | September 15, 2009 |
Eclair | 2.0–2.1 | October 26, 2009 |
Froyo | 2.2–2.2.3 | May 20, 2010 |
Gingerbread | 2.3–2.3.7 | December 6, 2010 |
Honeycomb[a] | 3.0–3.2.6 | February 22, 2011 |
Ice Cream Sandwich | 4.0–4.0.4 | October 18, 2011 |
Jelly Bean | 4.1–4.3.1 | July 9, 2012 |
KitKat | 4.4–4.4.4, 4.4W–4.4W.2 | October 31, 2013 |
Lollipop | 5.0–5.1.1 | November 12, 2014 |
Marshmallow | 6.0–6.0.1 | October 5, 2015 |
Pre-commercial release versions
The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.[2]
Alpha
There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the OHA before the beta version was released in November 2007. For the milestones in internal releases, names of fictional robots were chosen, with various releases code-named "Astro Boy", "Bender" and "R2-D2".[3][4][5]
Dan Morrill created some of the first mascot logos, but the current green Android logo was designed by Irina Blok.[6] The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived the confectionery-themed naming scheme that has been used for the majority of the public releases, starting with Android 1.5 "Cupcake".
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Beta
The beta was released on November 5, 2007,[7][8] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[9] The November 5 date is popularly celebrated as Android's "birthday".[10] Public beta versions of the SDK were released in the following order:[11]
- November 12, 2007: m3-rc20a (milestone 3, release code 20a)[12]
- November 16, 2007: m3-rc22a (milestone 3, release code 22a)[13]
- December 14, 2007: m3-rc37a (milestone 3, release code 37a)[14]
- February 13, 2008: m5-rc14 (milestone 5, release code 14)[15]
- March 3, 2008: m5-rc15 (milestone 5, release code 15)[11]
- August 18, 2008: 0.9[16][17]
- September 23, 2008: 1.0-r1[18][19]
Version history by API level
The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.
Android 1.0 (API level 1) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on September 23, 2008.[20] The first commercially available Android device was the HTC Dream.[21] Android 1.0 incorporated the following features: | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
1.0 | September 23, 2008 |
|
File:Android 1.0 Screenshot.png Android 1.0 on an Android SDK emulator |
Android 1.1 (API level 2) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On February 9, 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as "Petit Four" internally, though this name was not used officially.[28] The update resolved bugs, changed the Android API and added a number of features:[29] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
1.1 | February 9, 2009 |
|
File:Android 1.1 Beta Screenshot.png Android 1.1 on an Android SDK emulator |
Android 1.5 Cupcake (API level 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.[30][31] This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ("Cupcake"), a theme which would be used for all releases henceforth. The update included several new features and UI amendments:[32] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
1.5 | April 27, 2009[30] |
|
File:Android 1.5 Cupcake Screenshot.png Android 1.5 on an Android SDK emulator |
Android 1.6 Donut (API level 4) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On September 15, 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[34][35][36] Included in the update were numerous new features:[34] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
1.6 | September 15, 2009[35] |
|
Android 1.6 on an Android SDK emulator |
Android 2.0 Eclair (API level 5) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On October 26, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 and codenamed Eclair.[37] Changes include the ones listed below.[38] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.0 | October 26, 2009 |
|
File:Android 2.0 Screenshot.png Android 2.0 on an Android SDK emulator |
Android 2.0.1 Eclair (API level 6) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.0.1 | December 3, 2009[40] |
|
Android 2.1 Eclair (API level 7) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.1 | January 12, 2010[41] |
|
Android 2.1 on an Android SDK emulator |
Android 2.2–2.2.3 Froyo (API level 8) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On May 20, 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for frozen yogurt) was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.[42] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.2 | May 20, 2010 |
|
Android 2.2 Froyo home screen |
2.2.1 | January 18, 2011 |
| |
2.2.2 | January 22, 2011 | ||
2.2.3 | November 21, 2011[50] |
|
Android 2.3–2.3.2 Gingerbread (API level 9) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.[51][52] Changes included:[51] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.3 | December 6, 2010[52] |
|
Android 2.3 on an Android SDK emulator |
2.3.1 | December 2010 |
| |
2.3.2 | January 2011 |
Android 2.3.3–2.3.7 Gingerbread (API level 10) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.3.3 | February 9, 2011 |
|
|
2.3.4 | April 28, 2011[56] |
| |
2.3.5 | July 25, 2011 |
| |
2.3.6 | September 2, 2011[62] |
| |
2.3.7 | September 21, 2011 |
|
Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API level 11) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.[65][66][67][68] The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.[69] The update's features included:[65] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
3.0 | February 22, 2011[67] |
|
Android 3.0 on the Motorola Xoom tablet |
Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API level 12) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
3.1 | May 10, 2011[72] |
|
Android 3.2–3.2.6 Honeycomb (API level 13) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Most first- and second-generation Google TV-enabled devices utilize Honeycomb 3.2.[75] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
3.2 | July 15, 2011[76] |
|
|
3.2.1 | September 20, 2011 |
| |
3.2.2 | August 30, 2011 |
| |
3.2.3 |
| ||
3.2.4 | December 2011 |
| |
3.2.5 | January 2012 |
| |
3.2.6 | February 2012 |
|
Android 4.0–4.0.2 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 14) | |||
---|---|---|---|
The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,[78] was publicly released on October 19, 2011.[79] Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.[80] The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14, 2011.[81] Ice Cream Sandwich was the last version to officially support Adobe Systems' Flash player.[82] The update introduced numerous new features:[83][84][85] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.0 | October 18, 2011[83] |
|
Android 4.0 on the Samsung Galaxy Nexus |
4.0.1 | October 21, 2011 |
| |
4.0.2 | November 28, 2011 |
|
Android 4.0.3–4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 15) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.0.3 | December 16, 2011[91] |
|
|
4.0.4 | March 29, 2012[93] |
|
Android 4.1–4.1.2 Jelly Bean (API level 16) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on June 27, 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved "Project Butter", which uses touch anticipation, triple buffering, extended vsync timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 fps to create a fluid and "buttery-smooth" UI.[95] Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the Android Open Source Project on July 9, 2012,[96] and the Nexus 7 tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on July 13, 2012. | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.1 | July 9, 2012 |
|
Android 4.1 on the Samsung Galaxy Nexus |
4.1.1 | July 11, 2012[100] |
| |
4.1.2 | October 9, 2012[101] |
Android 4.2–4.2.2 Jelly Bean (API level 17) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Google was expected to announce Jelly Bean 4.2 at an event in New York City on October 29, 2012, but the event was cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy.[104] Instead of rescheduling the live event, Google announced the new version with a press release, under the slogan "A new flavor of Jelly Bean". Jelly Bean 4.2 was based on Linux kernel 3.4.0, and debuted on Google's Nexus 4 and Nexus 10, which were released on November 13, 2012.[105][106] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.2 | November 13, 2012[107] |
|
File:Nexus 4 - Android 4.2.pngAndroid 4.2 on the Nexus 4 |
4.2.1 | November 27, 2012[112] | ||
4.2.2 | February 11, 2013[114] |
|
Android 4.3–4.3.1 Jelly Bean (API level 18) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Google released Jelly Bean 4.3 under the slogan "An even sweeter Jelly Bean" on July 24, 2013, during an event in San Francisco called "Breakfast with Sundar Pichai". Most Nexus devices received the update within a week, although the second-generation Nexus 7 tablet was the first device to officially ship with it.[116] A minor bugfix update was released on August 22, 2013.[117] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.3 | July 24, 2013[118] |
|
File:Android 4.3 on Nexus 7 (2013).jpg Android 4.3 on the second-generation Nexus 7 |
4.3.1 | October 3, 2013[127] |
|
Android 4.4–4.4.4 KitKat (API level 19) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Google announced Android 4.4 KitKat on September 3, 2013. Although initially under the "Key Lime Pie" ("KLP") codename, the name was changed because "very few people actually know the taste of a key lime pie."[129] Some technology bloggers also expected the "Key Lime Pie" release to be Android 5.[130] KitKat debuted on Google's Nexus 5 on October 31, 2013, and was optimized to run on a greater range of devices than earlier Android versions, having 512 MB of RAM as a recommended minimum; those improvements were known as "Project Svelte" internally at Google.[131] The required minimum amount of RAM available to Android is 340 MB, and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must report themselves as "low RAM" devices.[132] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.4 | October 31, 2013[133][134] |
|
File:Nexus 4 - Android 4.4.png Android 4.4 on the Nexus 4 |
4.4.1 | December 5, 2013[146] |
| |
4.4.2 | December 9, 2013[149] | ||
4.4.3 | June 2, 2014[151] | ||
4.4.4 | June 19, 2014[154] |
|
Android 4.4W–4.4W.2 KitKat, with wearable extensions (API level 20) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.4W[156] | June 25, 2014[157] |
|
|
4.4W.1 | September 6, 2014[158] |
| |
4.4W.2 | October 21, 2014[159] |
|
Android 5.0–5.0.2 Lollipop (API level 21) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was unveiled under the codename "Android L" on June 25, 2014, during Google I/O. It became available as official over-the-air (OTA) updates on November 12, 2014, for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by Google, including Nexus and Google Play edition devices. Its source code was made available on November 3, 2014.[160][161]
Lollipop features a redesigned user interface built around a responsive design language referred to as "material design". Other changes include improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Furthermore, Google made internal changes to the platform, with the Android Runtime (ART) officially replacing Dalvik for improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and optimize battery usage, known internally as Project Volta.[162][163][164][165] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
5.0[166] | November 12, 2014[167] |
|
File:Android 5.0-en.png Android 5.0 on the Nexus 5 |
5.0.1 | December 2, 2014[181] |
| |
5.0.2 | December 19, 2014[182] |
Android 5.1–5.1.1 Lollipop (API level 22) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
5.1 | March 9, 2015[184] |
|
|
5.1.1 | April 21, 2015[187] |
|
Android 6.0–6.0.1 Marshmallow (API level 23) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Android 6.0 "Marshmallow" was unveiled under the codename "Android M" during Google I/O on May 28, 2015, for the Nexus 5 and Nexus 6 phones, Nexus 9 tablet, and Nexus Player set-top box, under the build number MPZ44Q.[189] The third developer preview (MPA44G) was released on August 17, 2015 for the Nexus 5, Nexus 6, Nexus 9 and Nexus Player devices,[190] and was updated to MPA44I that brought fixes related to Android for Work profiles.[191] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
6.0 | October 5, 2015[192] |
|
File:Android 6.0-en.png Android 6.0 on the Nexus 5 |
6.0.1 | December 2015 |
Hardware requirements
The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures), with x86[d] and MIPS[e] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android. Since Android 5.0 "Lollipop", 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.[209] Unofficial Android-x86 project used to provide support for the x86 and MIPS architectures ahead of the official support.[210][211] Since 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[212] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.[citation needed]
Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 5.1 range from 512 MB of RAM for normal-density screens, to about 1.8 GB for high-density screens.[213] The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM,[214] while for "low RAM" devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.[132] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor (latter two through unofficial ports),[210][215] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[216] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0 and 3.1. Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.[216]
Android used to require an autofocus camera, which was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera[217] if present at all, since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely (except for smartphones) when Android started to be used on set-top boxes.
See also
Notes
- ^ Honeycomb is the first version to support tablets, but it can be used only on tablets and the full source code has not been released. All later versions of Android support both tablets and smartphones.
- ^ The 2.3.6 update had the side-effect of impairing the Wi-Fi hotspot functionality of many Canadian Nexus S phones. Google acknowledged this problem and fixed it in late September.[63][64]
- ^ For Canadian consumers, 4.0.2 reportedly created a bug on the Galaxy Nexus that crashed the application market when users attempted to view details of any Android application. It also inadvertently reduced the NFC capabilities of the Nexus phone.[89][90]
- ^ Lowest supported x86 generation is the P6 microarchitecture, also called i686.[207]
- ^ Supported is revision 1 of MIPS32[208] and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64[207]
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I confirmed this with Google; Honeycomb, at least in the current form, will not be coming to non-tablet devices.
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External links
- Official Android website
- Android API Levels via Android Developer
- Android: A visual history, The Verge, by Chris Ziegler
- The history of Android, Ars Technica, by Ron Amadeo
- Website with Android version distribution historical charts
- A Brief History of Android Version From Cupcake To Lollipop
- Android versions comparison
- Google Android: List of CVE security vulnerabilities