Balinese language
| Balinese | |
|---|---|
| ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ / ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ1 Bhāṣa Bali / Basä bali1 | |
 | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Bali, Nusa Penida, Lombok |
| Ethnicity | |
Native speakers | 3.3 million (2000 census)[1] |
Early form | |
| Dialects | |
| Latin script Balinese script | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Lembaga Bahasa, Aksara dan Sastra Bali[3] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | ban |
| ISO 639-3 | ban |
| Glottolog | bali1278 |
 Balinese is the majority language where vast majority are first language speakers
Balinese is the majority language, with other languages being spoken largely or as a second language (such as Javanese, Sasak, and Malay)
Balinese is a minority language | |
Balinese is an Austronesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok,[4] Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.[5] Most Balinese speakers also use Indonesian. The 2000 national census recorded 3.3 million people speakers of Balinese, however the Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog.[2]
The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language.
Classification
[edit]Balinese is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa subgroup.[6] Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali, and Nusa Penida Balinese.[2]
Demographics
[edit]
According to the 2000 census, the Balinese language is spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas.
In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. However, in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.[7]
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
The official spelling denotes both /a/ and /ə/ by ⟨a⟩. However, ⟨a⟩ is usually pronounced [ə] when it ends a word, and [ə] occurs also in prefixes ma-, pa- and da-.[8]
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||
| Stop/Affricate | p | b | t | d | tʃ | dʒ | k | g | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
Depending on dialect, the phoneme /t/ is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop. This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia (including Standard Indonesian), which have a dental /t/ patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series.[5]
Stress
[edit]Stress falls on the last syllable.[8]
Vocabulary
[edit]Registers
[edit]Even though most of the basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian are of Austronesian and Sanskrit origin, many cognates in both languages sound quite different.[9] Balinese has different registers depending on the relationship and status of those speaking: low (basa ketah), middle (basa madia), and high (basa singgih). Basa singgih contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and Javanese (specifically Old Javanese) which reflect the fifteenth-century usage spoken by Old Javanese. The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are:
- First, mutation r into h of initial r, intervocalic r, and final r
- Second, h into ø, everywhere except the final consonant
However, these mutations are not expressed by the High Balinese, thus this infer high Balinese was loanwords from Sanskrit and (Old) Javanese. These loanwords are identical in sound with their Javanese cognates.[10]
| English | Low Balinese | High Balinese | Indonesian | Old Javanese | Javanese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| this | éné | niki | ini | iki | iki (ngoko), punika (krama) |
| that | énto | nika | itu | ika | |
| here | dini | driki | di sini | ||
| there | ditu | drikä | di sana, di situ | ||
| what | apä | napi | apa | apa | |
| human | manusä, jelemä | jadmä | manusia | jadma | manungsa |
| hair | bõk | rambut | rambut | rambut | rambut |
| fire | api | gni | api | gĕni | geni |
| child | pañak | pianak, okä | anak | ||
| to live | idup | urip | hidup | urip | urip |
| to drink | nginém | nginém | minum | manginum | |
| big | gédé | agéng | besar, gede | gĕḍe | gedhé |
| new | baru | anyar | baru | (h)añar | anyar |
| day | wai | rahinä | hari | rahina | dina, dinten |
| sun | matan ai | suryä | matahari | surya | ari |
| lake | danu | tlagä | danau | ranu | tlaga |
| egg | taluh | taluh | telur | ĕṇḍog | endhog (ngoko), tigan (krama) |
| friend | timpal | suwiträ | teman | kañca, mitra, sakhā | kanca, kenalan, mitra |
| to sightsee | mélali-lali | malélancarañ | tamasya | ||
| name | adan | parab,Wastan | nama | (h)aran, parab | aran, jeneng (ngoko), wasta (krama), asma (krama inggil) |
| to be, to become | dadi | dados | menjadi | ||
| to stay | nongos | meneng | tinggal | ||
| from | uling | saking | dari |
Numerals
[edit]Balinese has a decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600.
Grammar
[edit]The word order is similar to that of Indonesian, and verb and noun inflectional morphology is similarly minimal. However, derivational morphology is extensive, and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles, and optionally to indicate possession.[8]
Dialect
[edit]Balinese has 2 main dialects, the Highland dialect and the Lowland dialect. The difference between the two dialects lies in the variety of vocabulary, phonology, and usage of register (e.g. High register vs. Low register). Highland dialect, also referred as Bali Aga dialect, has a few to absence of high register while the lowland dialect recognises both high register and low register.[11][12]
Highland dialect
[edit]The highland dialect, also known as Bali Aga [dialect] is a dialect of the Balinese language spoken by the Bali Aga people in mountainous areas and northern part of Bali, especially in the mountain range of Kintamani, and regencies nearby such as Bangli, Buleleng, and Karangasem, as well in Nusa Penida.[11] According to Bawa (1983:394), the highland dialect is grouped into three main usage areas, namely the eastern, northern, and western regions which are detailed as follows:
- The eastern region of Bali Island which includes Karangasem Regency, Kintamani District (or around Lake Batur), Klungkung Regency, parts of East Buleleng, and Nusa Penida;
- Northern Badung mountainous region;
- The western region of Bali Island, which includes Pupuan sub-district, Penebel (precisely in Wongaya Gede village), and parts of West Buleleng (precisely in Bantiran, Sepang, and Padawa villages).[12]
Overall, there are two Highland sub-dialect that is distinct from varieties spoken in the area mentioned. Those sub-dialect are Nusa Peninda dialect, spoken majorly in Nusa Penida, and Kapara dialect (also called as Bali Kapara) notably spoken in Sembiran village, Tejakula sub-regency, Buleleng Regency with estimated 4,883 user.[11] Nusa Penida dialect on the other side was thought to be a different dialect, but there are some indication that Nusa Penida dialect might be sub-dialect of highland dialect. According to Jendra, et al. (1997), both Nusa Penida and Highland dialect share the same phonological pattern as explained below:[13]
- presences of /h/ in the middle of word, such as in /bəhas/;[14]
- presences of /-ñə/ and /-cə/ affix or in the final-word position as allophony of /-ə/;
- the intonation of speakers' speech tends to have a fast tempo and louder stress
However, there are other notable differences between the two dialects, namely the absence or reduction of the distribution of the phoneme /a/ in word-final positions.
Lowland dialect
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2024) |
Writing system
[edit]Balinese has been written in two different writing systems: the Balinese script, and in modern times the Latin script.
Balinese script
[edit]
Note: The script is arranged in Javanese order.
The Balinese script (Aksara Bali, ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ), which is arranged as Hanacaraka (ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ), is an abugida, ultimately derived from the Brāhmī script of India. The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD.[15]
Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script.[16] The Balinese script is almost the same as the Javanese script.
Latin alphabet
[edit]Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as Tulisan Bali.[17]
Gallery
[edit]-
Balinese palm-leaf manuscript -
Sign at Pura Puseh Temple, Batuan, Bali -
Page from a Bible printed with Balinese script -
Street sign in Singaraja, written in Latin and Balinese script -
Klungkung Regent's Office sign -
Lontar manuscript restoration
Note
[edit]^1 In Balinese script, Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords tend use conservative orthography as standard form in Balinese script. The word for language, basa, in Balinese is a loanword from Old Javanese bhāṣa which came from the Sanskrit word भाषा bhāṣā, hence it is written according to Sanskrit and Old Javanese spelling ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ in Balinese script. The Bali form in Balinese script is used by beginner writers. Meanwhile, diacritics are not written in the current romanization of the Balinese language. Thus, both Bali and basa Bali are the standard forms.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Balinese at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c "Glottolog 4.3 - Balinese". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
- ^ Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali No 1 Tahun 2018 Tentang Bahasa, Aksara, Dan Sastra Bali (Regional Regulation 1, Article 12) (in Indonesian). 2018.
- ^ Ethnologue.
- ^ a b Clynes, Adrian (1995). Topics in the Phonology and Morphosyntax of Balinese (PhD thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5d77865d38e15. hdl:1885/10744.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42.
- ^ Ni Komang Erviani (March 30, 2012). "Balinese Language 'Will Never Die'". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ a b c Spitzing, Günter (2002). Practical Balinese: Phrasebook and Dictionary. Rutland VT: Tuttle Publishing. p. 22.
- ^ "√ Kamus Bahasa Bali Lengkap". curcol.co. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
- ^ Clynes, Adrian (1994-01-31), Dutton, Tom; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.), "Old Javanese influence in Balinese: Balinese speech styles", Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World, Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, pp. 141–180, doi:10.1515/9783110883091.141, ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1, retrieved 2022-11-05
- ^ a b c Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati; Wayan Teguh; Putu N. Widarsini; Gede Eka Wahyu (September 2019). "Morfologi Bahasa Bali Aga Dialek Sembiran, di Kecamatan Tejakula, Kabupaten Buleleng". Linguistika. 26 (2). Universitas Udayana. ISSN 0854-9613.
- ^ a b Bawa, I Wayan, dkk. (1983). "Bahasa Bali di Daerah Bali: Sebuah Pemerian Geografi Dialek". Jakarta: Disertasi Fakultas Sastra UI.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ I Ketut Serawan (17 May 2020). ""Basa Nosa", Bahasa Bali Dialek Nusa Penida yang Mirip Dialek Bali Aga?".
- ^ Tryon, Darrell T. (June 2011). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. De Gruyter. p. 497. ISBN 9783110884012.
- ^ Beratha, Ni Luh Sutjiati (1992). Evolution of Verbal Morphology in Balinese (PhD thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5d7786429c1ff. hdl:1885/109364.
- ^ "Balinese (Basa Bali)". Omniglot. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ Eiseman, Fred B. Jr. "The Balinese Languages". Bali Vision. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19.
External links
[edit]
- Ager, Simon. "Balinese". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
- The Balinese Digital Library.
- Widiadana R. A. & Erviani N. K. (29 January 2011). Ancient 'lontar' manuscripts go digital Archived 2011-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. The Jakarta Post.
- Erviani N. K. (14 January 2011). US scholar brings ancient Balinese scripts to digital age. The Jakarta Post.
- Paradisec open access recording of Balinese song.
- Kaipuleohone's Blust collection includes materials on Balinese, including RB2-006,RB2-009.
