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Besides its own passenger airlines [[Austrian Airlines]], [[Swiss International Air Lines]], [[Brussels Airlines]], and [[Eurowings]] including [[Germanwings]] (referred to in English by Lufthansa as its ''Passenger Airline Group''), Deutsche Lufthansa AG owns several aviation-related companies such as [[Lufthansa Technik]] as part of the '''Lufthansa Group'''. Combined with its subsidiaries, the group has 656 aircraft, as of February 2016, making it one of the [[World's largest airlines#By Fleet Size|largest passenger airline fleets in the world]].<ref name="LufthansaSubsidiaryFleet" /> In 2014, the group carried over 106 million passengers.<ref name="Annual Report 2014">{{cite web |title=Lufthansa Annual Report 2012 |url=http://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/fileadmin/downloads/en/financial-reports/annual-reports/LH-AR-2014-e.pdf |accessdate=July 27, 2015}}</ref>
Besides its own passenger airlines [[Austrian Airlines]], [[Swiss International Air Lines]], [[Brussels Airlines]], and [[Eurowings]] including [[Germanwings]] (referred to in English by Lufthansa as its ''Passenger Airline Group''), Deutsche Lufthansa AG owns several aviation-related companies such as [[Lufthansa Technik]] as part of the '''Lufthansa Group'''. Combined with its subsidiaries, the group has 656 aircraft, as of February 2016, making it one of the [[World's largest airlines#By Fleet Size|largest passenger airline fleets in the world]].<ref name="LufthansaSubsidiaryFleet" /> In 2014, the group carried over 106 million passengers.<ref name="Annual Report 2014">{{cite web |title=Lufthansa Annual Report 2012 |url=http://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/fileadmin/downloads/en/financial-reports/annual-reports/LH-AR-2014-e.pdf |accessdate=July 27, 2015}}</ref>


Lufthansa's [[registered office]] and [[corporate headquarters]] are in [[Cologne]]. The main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center (LAC), is at Lufthansa's primary hub at [[Frankfurt Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investor-relations.lufthansa.com/fileadmin/downloads/en/annual%20meeting/LH-AGM-2004-agenda.pdf |title=We hereby invite our shareholders to attend the 51st Annual General Meeting |publisher=investor-relations.lufthansa.com |accessdate=August 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lac.lufthansa.com/en/html/besucher/anreise/index.php |title=How to get there |publisher=lac.lufthansa.com |accessdate=July 30, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-16006545_ITM |title=Lufthansa opens new office complex in Frankfurt (Lufthansa eroffnet neue Konzernzentrale in Frankfurt) |publisher=Europe Intelligence Wire |date=July 19, 2006 |accessdate=August 25, 2009}}</ref> The majority of Lufthansa's pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1537350,00.html |title=Lufthansa Flies to 50-Year Milestone |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date= January 4, 2005 |accessdate=August 25, 2009}}</ref> Lufthansa's secondary hub is [[Munich Airport]].
Lufthansa's [[registered office]] and [[corporate headquarters]] are in [[Cologne]]. The main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center (LAC), is at Lufthansa's primary hub at [[Frankfurt Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investor-relations.lufthansa.com/fileadmin/downloads/en/annual%20meeting/LH-AGM-2004-agenda.pdf |title=We hereby invite our shareholders to attend the 51st Annual General Meeting |publisher=investor-relations.lufthansa.com |accessdate=August 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lac.lufthansa.com/en/html/besucher/anreise/index.php |title=How to get there |publisher=lac.lufthansa.com |accessdate=July 30, 2002 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101215325/http://lac.lufthansa.com/en/html/besucher/anreise/index.php |archivedate=November 1, 2006 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-16006545_ITM |title=Lufthansa opens new office complex in Frankfurt (Lufthansa eroffnet neue Konzernzentrale in Frankfurt) |publisher=Europe Intelligence Wire |date=July 19, 2006 |accessdate=August 25, 2009}}</ref> The majority of Lufthansa's pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1537350,00.html |title=Lufthansa Flies to 50-Year Milestone |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date= January 4, 2005 |accessdate=August 25, 2009}}</ref> Lufthansa's secondary hub is [[Munich Airport]].


Lufthansa was a [[state-owned enterprise]] (and [[flag carrier]]) until 1994.<ref name="privatization">{{cite journal|last=Blüthmann|first=Heinz|title=Neue Freiheit|journal=[[Die Zeit]]|date=13 May 1994|url=http://www.zeit.de/1994/20/neue-freiheit|accessdate=21 October 2013|language=German}}</ref> In 2014, 60% of Lufthansa's shares were held by institutional investors. The remaining 40% were held by individual stock owners.<ref name="investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com">http://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/fileadmin/downloads/en/financial-reports/annual-reports/LH-AR-2014-e.pdf</ref> Since 1970, Lufthansa has involved its employees in profit sharing, giving them the opportunity to choose between cash and preference shares. When Lufthansa was privatised, employees received more than 3% of its shares.<ref name="Bamber, G.J., Gittell, J.H., Kochan, T.A. & von Nordenflytch, A. 2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100965480|author=Bamber, G.J., Gittell, J.H., Kochan, T.A. & von Nordenflytch, A. |year=2009 |title="Chapter 5" Up in the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees|publisher=Cornell University Press, Ithaca }}</ref>
Lufthansa was a [[state-owned enterprise]] (and [[flag carrier]]) until 1994.<ref name="privatization">{{cite journal|last=Blüthmann |first=Heinz |title=Neue Freiheit |journal=[[Die Zeit]] |date=13 May 1994 |url=http://www.zeit.de/1994/20/neue-freiheit |accessdate=21 October 2013 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021165734/http://www.zeit.de/1994/20/neue-freiheit |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df= }}</ref> In 2014, 60% of Lufthansa's shares were held by institutional investors. The remaining 40% were held by individual stock owners.<ref name="investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com">http://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/fileadmin/downloads/en/financial-reports/annual-reports/LH-AR-2014-e.pdf</ref> Since 1970, Lufthansa has involved its employees in profit sharing, giving them the opportunity to choose between cash and preference shares. When Lufthansa was privatised, employees received more than 3% of its shares.<ref name="Bamber, G.J., Gittell, J.H., Kochan, T.A. & von Nordenflytch, A. 2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100965480|author=Bamber, G.J., Gittell, J.H., Kochan, T.A. & von Nordenflytch, A. |year=2009 |title="Chapter 5" Up in the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees|publisher=Cornell University Press, Ithaca }}</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 12:20, 27 May 2017

For other uses, see Lufthansa (disambiguation).
Deutsche Lufthansa AG
File:Lufthansa Logo.svg
IATA ICAO Call sign
LH DLH LUFTHANSA
Founded6 January 1953 (6 January 1953)[note 1]
Commenced operations1955
Hubs
Frequent-flyer programMiles & More
AllianceStar Alliance
Subsidiaries
Fleet size280 (excluding all subsidiaries)[5]
656 (including all subsidiaries)[6]
Destinations220
Parent companyPublicly traded (FWB: LHA)
HeadquartersCologne, Germany
Key peopleCarsten Spohr,
(Chairman & CEO) [7]
RevenueIncrease €32.056 billion (2015)[8]
Operating incomeIncrease €1.676 billion (2015)[8]
Net incomeIncrease €1.698 billion (2015)[8]
Total assetsIncrease €32.462 billion (2015)[8]
Total equityIncrease €5.845 billion (2015)[8]
Employees120,262 (2015)[8]
Websitelufthansa.com

Deutsche Lufthansa AG (FWB: LHA) (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈlʊfthanzaː]), commonly known as Lufthansa (sometimes also as Lufthansa German Airlines), is the largest German airline and, when combined with its subsidiaries, also the largest airline in Europe, in terms of fleet size,[9] and the second largest airline in terms of passengers carried during 2016. It operates services to 18 domestic destinations and 197 international destinations in 78 countries across Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe,[10] using a fleet of more than 270 aircraft. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the world's largest airline alliance, formed in 1997.[11] The name of the company is derived from Luft 'air' and Hansa, the Hanseatic League.

Besides its own passenger airlines Austrian Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, Brussels Airlines, and Eurowings including Germanwings (referred to in English by Lufthansa as its Passenger Airline Group), Deutsche Lufthansa AG owns several aviation-related companies such as Lufthansa Technik as part of the Lufthansa Group. Combined with its subsidiaries, the group has 656 aircraft, as of February 2016, making it one of the largest passenger airline fleets in the world.[6] In 2014, the group carried over 106 million passengers.[12]

Lufthansa's registered office and corporate headquarters are in Cologne. The main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center (LAC), is at Lufthansa's primary hub at Frankfurt Airport.[13][14][15] The majority of Lufthansa's pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based there.[16] Lufthansa's secondary hub is Munich Airport.

Lufthansa was a state-owned enterprise (and flag carrier) until 1994.[17] In 2014, 60% of Lufthansa's shares were held by institutional investors. The remaining 40% were held by individual stock owners.[18] Since 1970, Lufthansa has involved its employees in profit sharing, giving them the opportunity to choose between cash and preference shares. When Lufthansa was privatised, employees received more than 3% of its shares.[19]

History

1950s: Post-war (re-)formation

Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, scheduled flights only, in millions
Year Traffic
1955 78
1960 1284
1965 3785
1969 6922
1971 8610
1975 13634
1980 21056
1989 36133
1995 61602
2000 94170
Source: ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1955, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960-2000
Lufthansa's first aircraft, a Convair 340 (type pictured), was delivered in August 1954

Lufthansa traces its history to 1926 when Deutsche Luft Hansa A.G. (styled as Deutsche Lufthansa from 1933 onwards) was formed in Berlin.[3] DLH, as it was known, was Germany's flag carrier until 1945 when all services were suspended following the defeat of Nazi Germany. In an effort to create a new national airline, a company called Aktiengesellschaft für Luftverkehrsbedarf (Luftag),[1] was founded in Cologne on 6 January 1953, with many of its staff having worked for the pre-war Lufthansa. West Germany had not yet been granted sovereignty over its airspace, so it was not known when the new airline could become operational. Nevertheless, in 1953 Luftag placed orders for four Convair CV-340s and four Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations and set up a maintenance base at Hamburg Airport.[1][2] On 6 August 1954, Luftag acquired the name and logo of the liquidated Deutsche Lufthansa for DM 30,000 (equivalent to € 41000 today),[2] thus continuing the tradition of a German flag carrier of that name.

Lufthansa Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation operating a transatlantic scheduled services from Hamburg to Montreal and Chicago in May 1956.

On 1 April 1955 Lufthansa won approval to start scheduled domestic flights,[2] linking Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Cologne, and Munich.[20] International flights started on 15 May 1955, to London, Paris, and Madrid,[20][21] followed by Super Constellation flights to New York City from 1 June of that year,[20] and across the South Atlantic from August 1956. In August 1958 fifteen Lufthansa 1049Gs and 1649s left Germany each week to Canada and the United States, three 1049Gs a week flew to South America, three flew to Tehran and one to Baghdad. In parallel, the airline also initiated a marketing campaign to sell itself and West Germany. The challenges involved encouraging travelers to consider visiting the country in the wake of World War II, as well as offering services to other nations via the Frankfurt airport hub. More specifically, Lufthansa’s efforts shaped and reflected the development of a modern form of consumerism and advertising through the sale of air travel. By 1963, the airline, initially limited in its public relations efforts, had become a major purveyor of West Germany’s image abroad.[22]

The special status of Berlin meant that Lufthansa was not allowed to fly to either part of Berlin until 1989. Originally thought to be only a temporary matter (and with intentions to move the airline's headquarters and main base there once the political situation changed),[1] the Division of Germany turned out to be long, which gradually led to Frankfurt Airport becoming Lufthansa's primary hub.

East Germany tried to establish its own airline in 1955 using the Lufthansa name, but this resulted in a legal dispute with West Germany, where Lufthansa was operating. East Germany instead established Interflug as its national airline in 1963, which coincided with the East German Lufthansa being shut down.[23]

1960s: Introduction of jetliners

In 1960 Lufthansa joined the jet age with the Boeing 707. The image shows a 707 at Hamburg Airport in 1984, shortly before the type was retired.
A Lufthansa Boeing 727–100 approaching London Heathrow Airport in 1978.

In 1958 Lufthansa ordered four Boeing 707s and started jet flights from Frankfurt to New York City in March 1960. Boeing 720Bs were later bought to back up the 707 fleet. In February 1961 Far East routes were extended beyond Bangkok, Thailand, to Hong Kong and Tokyo. Lagos, Nigeria and Johannesburg, South Africa were added in 1962.

Lufthansa introduced the Boeing 727 in 1964 and that May began the Polar route from Frankfurt to Tokyo via Anchorage. In February 1965 the company ordered twenty-one Boeing 737s that went into service in 1968. Lufthansa was the first customer for the Boeing 737 and was one of four buyers of the 737-100s (the others were NASA, Malaysia-Singapore Airlines, and Avianca – while the NASA airframe was the first built, it was the last delivered and originally intended for delivery to Lufthansa). Lufthansa was the first foreign launch customer for a Boeing airliner.

1970s–1980s: The wide-body era

The wide-body era for Lufthansa started with a Boeing 747 flight on April 26, 1970. It was followed by the introduction of the DC-10-30 on November 12, 1973, and the first Airbus A300 in 1976. In 1979 Lufthansa and Swissair were launch customers for the Airbus A310 with an order for twenty-five aircraft.

The company's fleet modernisation programme for the 1990s began on June 29, 1985 with an order for fifteen Airbus A320s and seven Airbus A300-600s. Ten Boeing 737-300s were ordered a few days later. All were delivered between 1987 and 1992. Lufthansa also bought Airbus A321, Airbus A340, and Boeing 747-400 aircraft.

In 1987 Lufthansa, together with Air France, Iberia, and Scandinavian Airlines, founded Amadeus, an IT company (also known as a GDS) that would enable travel agencies to sell the founders and other airlines' products from a single system.

Lufthansa adopted a new corporate identity in 1988. The fleet was given a new livery, while cabins, city offices, and airport lounges were redesigned.

1990s–2000s: Further expansion

The Boeing 737 is the best-selling jet airliner in the history of aviation.[24] Lufthansa was the launch customer of the original 737-100 version. The image shows an aircraft of that type at Hannover Airport in 1968.
Lufthansa operated the high-capacity Airbus A300-600 on domestic and European routes until 2009. The image shows an aircraft of that type on final approach at Frankfurt Airport in 2003.

On October 28, 1990, 25 days after reunification, Berlin became a Lufthansa destination again. On May 18, 1997, Lufthansa, Air Canada, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, and United Airlines formed Star Alliance, the world's first multilateral airline alliance.

In 2000, Air One became a Lufthansa partner airline and nearly all Air One flights were code-shared with Lufthansa until Alitalia purchased Air One. Lufthansa has a good track record for posting profits, even in 2001, after 9/11, the airline suffered a significant loss in profits but still managed to stay 'in the black'. While many other airlines announced layoffs (typically 20% of their workforce), Lufthansa retained its current workforce.[19]

On December 6, 2001, Lufthansa announced an order for 15 Airbus A380 superjumbos with 10 more options, which was confirmed on December 20. The A380 fleet will be used for long-haul flights from Frankfurt exclusively.

In June 2003, Lufthansa opened Terminal 2 at Munich's Franz Josef Strauß Airport to relieve its main hub, Frankfurt, which was suffering from capacity constraints. It is one of the first terminals in Europe partially owned by an airline.

On May 17, 2004, Lufthansa became the launch customer for the Connexion by Boeing in-flight online connectivity service.

In autumn 2003, the implementation of a new sales strategy initiated by then-incumbent Executive Vice President Thierry Antinori to make the company fit for the digital era led to the abolition of commission payments for travel agencies and led to a revolution in the German travel business with many travel agencies disappearing from the market on the one hand, and the rise of new digital distribution platforms on the other hand.[25]

On March 22, 2005, Swiss International Air Lines was purchased by Lufthansa's holding company. The acquisition included the provision that the majority shareholders (the Swiss government and large Swiss companies) be offered payment if Lufthansa's share price outperforms an airline index during the years following the merger. The two companies will continue to be run separately.

On December 6, 2006, Lufthansa placed an order for 20 Boeing 747-8s, becoming the launch customer of the passenger model. The airline is also the second European airline to operate the Airbus A380 (after Air France). The first A380 was delivered on May 19, 2010, while the first 747-8 entered service in 2012.[26]

In September 2008, Lufthansa Group announced its intent to purchase a stake in Brussels Airlines (SN). In June 2009, the EU Commission granted regulatory approval and Lufthansa acquired 45% of SN.[27] In September 2016, Lufthansa announced it would purchase the remainder of Brussels Airlines for €2.6 million euros.[28] The transaction was completed in early January 2017.[29] The decision was partially taken after the Brussels airport bombings of March 2016, which caused SN to lose ~€5 million euros per day until the 3rd of April.

In September 2009, Lufthansa purchased Austrian Airlines with the approval of the European Commission.[30]

On June 11, 2010, Airbus A380 service between Frankfurt and Tokyo started.[31]

2010s: Belt-tightening

After a loss of 381 million euros in the first quarter of 2010 and another 13 million loss in the year 2011 due to the economic recession and restructuring costs, Deutsche Lufthansa AG cut 3,500 administrative positions or around 20 percent of the clerical total of 16,800.[32] In 2012 Lufthansa announced a restructuring program called SCORE to improve its operating profit. As a part of the restructuring plan the company started to transfer all short-haul flights outside its hubs in Frankfurt, Munich and Düsseldorf to the company’s re-branded low-cost carrier Germanwings.[33]

In September 2013 Lufthansa Group announced its biggest order, for 59 wide-body aircraft valued more than 14 billion euros at list prices. Earlier in the same year Lufthansa placed an order for 100 next-generation narrow-body aircraft.[34]

The group has had a long-standing dispute with the Vereinigung Cockpit union which has demanded a scheme in which pilots can retire at the age of 55 and 60% of their pay be retained, which Lufthansa insists is no longer affordable. Lufthansa pilots were joined by pilots from the group's budget carrier Germanwings to stage a nationwide strike in support of their demands in April 2014 which lasted 3 days. The pilots staged another 6 hours strike at the end of the Summer holidays in September 2014, which caused the cancellation of 200 Lufthansa flights and 100 Germanwings flights.[35]

In November 2014, Lufthansa signed an outsourcing deal worth $1.25 billion with IBM that will see the US company take over the airline’s IT infrastructure services division and staff.[36]

In June 2015, Lufthansa announced plans to close its small long-haul base at Düsseldorf Airport for economic reasons by October 2015. At the time, the base consisted of two Airbus A340-300s rotating between Newark and Chicago. As a result, service to Chicago from Düsseldorf was first made seasonal, suspended for the winter 2015 season, and then cancelled altogether.[37] Service to Newark, however, has been maintained. From the winter 2015 schedule through the end of the winter 2016 schedule, Düsseldorf was served by aircraft which also flew the Munich - Newark route. Currently Airbus A330-300 aircraft operate the Düsseldorf - Newark route.

On 22 March 2016, Lufthansa ended Boeing 737-500 operations.[38] The airline's last Boeing 737 (a 737-300) was retired on 29 October 2016, after a flight from Milan to Frankfurt. Lufthansa operated the 737 in several variants for almost 50 years, the first aircraft having been delivered on 27 December 1967.[39]

Corporate affairs

Ownership

Lufthansa headquarters in Deutz, Cologne
Lufthansa Aviation Center at Frankfurt Airport
Hangar of Lufthansa Technik at Frankfurt Airport
Lufthansa advertisement in Lisbon

Deutsche Lufthansa AG shares have been publicly traded on all German stock exchanges since 1966. In addition to floor trading, it is also traded electronically using the Xetra system. It is a DAX index share and is listed in the German Stock Exchange’s Prime Standard.[40] In its annual report for 2014, Lufthansa reported around 60% of its shares were owned by institutional investors and around 40% by private individuals, and reported having 118,781 employees on 31 December 2014.[18]

Headquarters

Lufthansa's corporate headquarters are in Cologne. In 1971, Lawrence Fellows of The New York Times described the then-new headquarters building that Lufthansa occupied in Cologne as "gleaming".[41] In 1986, terrorists bombed the building.[42] No one was injured.[43] In 2006, builders laid the first stone of the new Lufthansa headquarters in Deutz, Cologne. By the end of 2007 Lufthansa planned to move 800 employees, including the company's finance department, to the new building.[44] However, in early 2013 Lufthansa revealed plans to relocate its head office from Cologne to Frankfurt by 2017.[45]

Several Lufthansa departments are not at the headquarters; instead they are in the Lufthansa Aviation Center at Frankfurt Airport. These departments include Corporate Communications,[46] Investor Relations,[47] and Media Relations.[48]

Airline subsidiaries

In addition to its main passenger operation, Lufthansa has several airline subsidiaries, including:[49]

Wholly owned by Lufthansa
Partly owned by Lufthansa
Former subsidiaries (years owned)

Other subsidiaries

In addition to the airlines mentioned above, Lufthansa maintains further aviation affiliated subsidiaries:[49]

  • Global Load Control, a world leader in remote weight and balance services.
  • LSG Sky Chefs, the world's largest airline caterer, which accounts for one third of the world's airline meals.
  • Lufthansa Consulting, an international aviation consultantancy for airlines, airports and related industries.
  • Lufthansa Flight Training, a provider of flight crew training services to various airlines and the main training arm for the airline's own pilots.
  • Lufthansa Systems, the largest European aviation IT provider.
  • Lufthansa Technik, aircraft maintenance providers.
  • Lufthansa City Center International, a network of independent travel agents who are Lufthansa franchisees

Brand history

The Lufthansa logo, an encircled stylized crane in flight, was created in 1918 by Otto Firle. It was part of the livery of the first German airline, Deutsche Luft-Reederei (abbreviated DLR), which began air service on February 5, 1919. In 1926, Deutsche Luft Hansa adopted this symbol, and in 1954, Lufthansa expressed continuity by adopting it, too.

The original creator of the name Lufthansa is believed to be F.A. Fischer von Puturzyn. In 1925, he published a book entitled "Luft-Hansa" which examined the options open to aviation policymakers at the time. Luft Hansa was the name given to the new airline which resulted from the merger of Junkers' airline (Luftverkehr AG) and Deutscher Aero Lloyd.[52]

Alliances and partnerships

Lufthansa check-in area
Lufthansa First Class lounge

Commercial

Lufthansa bought a 19% stake in JetBlue Airways in December 2007 and entered a code-sharing agreement with the airline. It was the first major investment by a European carrier in an American carrier since the EU–U.S. Open Skies Agreement came into effect in 2008. Lufthansa sold its stake in JetBlue in March 2015. In late 2007, Lufthansa Cargo was forced to relocate a hub from Kazakhstan to Russia.

On August 28, 2008, Lufthansa and Brussels Airlines announced that they were negotiating joining together.[53]

Lufthansa acquired a 45% stake in Brussels Airlines in 2009. It has an option to acquire the remaining 55% by 2017. As a part of the deal Brussels Airlines joined Star Alliance in December 2009.[54][55][56]

On October 28, 2008, Lufthansa exercised its option to purchase a further 60% share in BMI (in addition to the 20% Lufthansa already owned), this resulted in a dispute with former owner Sir Michael Bishop. Both parties reached an agreement at the end of June 2009, and the acquisition took place with effect from July 1, 2009.[57] Lufthansa acquired the remaining 20% from Scandinavian Airlines on November 1, 2009, taking complete control of BMI.[58]

Lufthansa completed the purchase of Austrian Airlines from the Austrian government in January 2009.

In 2010, Lufthansa was named in a European Commission investigation into price-fixing, but was not fined because it acted as a whistleblower.[59]

In April 2012, Lufthansa completed the sale of BMI to International Airlines Group (IAG), owner of British Airways and Iberia for £172.5 million.

In July 2012, a Qantas–Lufthansa Technik maintenance deal for Tullamarine airport fell through due to having insufficient engine maintenance work to support the partnership. This resulted in 164 engineers being made redundant. This followed just months after the closing of heavy maintenance operations, which resulted in 400 additional job losses. It was announced that the Lufthansa Technik–Qantas partnership would end in September.[60]

Lufthansa also coordinates scheduling and ticket sales on transatlantic flights with Air Canada and United Airlines (as do Brussels Airlines, Swiss and Austrian Airlines). Lufthansa (with Swiss and Austrian Airlines) cooperates similarly with ANA on flights to Japan. Both ventures required approval of competition authorities.

Technology

Until April 2009 Lufthansa inventory and departure control systems, based on Unisys were managed by LH Systems. Lufthansa reservations systems were outsourced to Amadeus in the early 1990s. Following a decision to outsource all components of the Passenger Service System, the functions were outsourced to the Altéa platform managed by Amadeus.

Partner airlines

Lufthansa describes Air Malta, Air India, Luxair, LATAM and bmi regional as partner airlines. The partnerships mainly involve code-sharing and recognition of each other's frequent flier programmes.

Sponsorships

Lufthansa sponsors Bundesliga clubs Bayern Munich and Eintracht Frankfurt.[61] The Lufthansa Group also sponsors the German Sports Aid Foundation - promoting its sociopolitical goals and the athletes it sponsors.[62]

Destinations

Further information: Lufthansa destinations

Codeshare agreements

Lufthansa codeshares with the following airlines:[63]

Fleet

Current fleet

As of February 2017, the Lufthansa mainline fleet (excluding all subsidiaries) consists of the following aircraft:[5]

Lufthansa mainline fleet
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
F B E+ E Total
Airbus A319-100 30 — 0 var 0 var 138 One painted in Star Alliance livery[66]
Airbus A320-200 64 20 168 Two painted in Star Alliance livery[66]
Airbus A320neo 4 57 0 var 0 var 180[67] Worldwide launch customer; first aircraft delivered on 20 January 2016[67]
Airbus A321-100 20 — 0 var 0 var 200 One painted in Star Alliance livery[66]
Airbus A321-200 43 — One painted in 1960s retro livery[66]
Airbus A321neo — 40 TBA
Airbus A330-300 19 —
8 30 21 177 236
42 145 216
Airbus A340-300 8 — 0 42 28 181 251 One painted in Star Alliance livery[66]
30 221 279
8 — 0 18 19 261 298 Transferred to and leased-back from Lufthansa CityLine;[68]
All aircraft in Star Alliance livery without Lufthansa titles
Airbus A340-600 18 —
8 44 32 213 297 to be partially retired and replaced by Airbus A350-900s[69]
56 28 189 281
Airbus A350-900 3 22 0 48 21 224 293 Deliveries since December 2016[70] until 2023[71][72]
Airbus A380-800 14 — 8 78 52 371 509
Boeing 747-400 13 —
0 53 32 308 393
67 272 371
Boeing 747-8 19 —
8 92 32 208 340 Includes the 1500th Boeing 747 built and the 75th Boeing 747 operated by Lufthansa.
One painted in Fanhansa Siegerflieger livery; one wearing Lufthansa Siegerflieger titles; one painted in 1970s retro livery[66]
80 244 364
Boeing 777-9 — 34 TBA Launch customer;[73] deliveries from 2020 through 2025[74]
Total 263 175
Lufthansa Airbus A320-200
Lufthansa Airbus A340-600
Lufthansa Airbus A380-800
Lufthansa Boeing 747-8I
in 1970s retro livery

Historical fleet

Lufthansa mainline historical fleet since 1955
Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes
Airbus A300B2-1C 1976 1988
Airbus A300B4-2C 1977 1987
Airbus A300-600R 1987 2009
Airbus A310-200 1983 1995 Launch customer along with Swissair
Airbus A310-300 1989 2005
Airbus A319-100 1996 —
Airbus A320-200 1989 —
Airbus A320neo 2016 — Launch customer
Airbus A321-100 1994 — Launch customer
Airbus A321-200 1999 —
Airbus A330-200 2002 2006
Airbus A330-300 2004 —
Airbus A340-200 1993 2006 Launch customer
Airbus A340-300 1993 — Launch customer along with Air France
Airbus A340-600 2003 —
Airbus A380-800 2010 —
Boeing 707-300B/C 1963 1984 Also used in cargo configuration
Boeing 707-400 1960 1977 Launch customer
Boeing 720B 1961 1965
Boeing 727-100 1964 1979 Also used in Quick Change version
Boeing 727-200 1971 1993
Boeing 737-100 1967 1982 Launch customer, dubbed City Jet
Boeing 737-200 1969 1997 Also used in Quick Change version
Boeing 737-300 1986 2016[39] Also used in Quick Change version
Boeing 737-400 1992 1998
Boeing 737-500 1990 2016[38]
Boeing 747-100 1970 1979
Boeing 747-200B/F 1971 2004 Also used in cargo configuration
Boeing 747-400 1989 —
Boeing 747-8 2012 — Launch customer
Boeing 767-300ER 1994
2003 		1995
2004 		Leased from Condor[75]
Convair CV-340/440 1955 1968
Curtiss C-46 1964 1969 Leased cargo aircraft
Douglas DC-3 1955 1960 Also used in cargo configuration
Douglas DC-4 1958 1959 One single leased cargo aircraft
Douglas DC-8 1965 1966 One single leased cargo aircraft
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 1974 1994
Fokker F27 Friendship 1965 1966 Leased from Condor
Lockheed L1049G Super Constellation 1955 1968 Also used in cargo configuration
Lockheed L1649A Starliner 1957 1966
Vickers Viking 1956 1961 Two leased cargo aircraft
Vickers Viscount 1958 1971
Lufthansa Boeing 737-200
in 1984
Lufthansa Airbus A310-200
in 1984
Lufthansa Boeing 747-200
in 1989
Lufthansa McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 1994
Lufthansa Boeing 767-300ER
in 2003

Aircraft naming conventions

In September 1960, a Lufthansa Boeing 707 (D-ABOC), which would serve the Frankfurt-New York intercontinental route, was christened Berlin after the divided city of Berlin by then-mayor Willy Brandt. Following Berlin, other Lufthansa 707 planes were named "Hamburg", "Frankfurt", "München", and "Bonn." With these names, the company established a tradition of naming the planes in its fleet after German cities and towns or federal states, with a rule of thumb that the airplane make, size, or route would correspond roughly to the relative size or importance of the city or town it was named after.

This tradition continued, with two notable exceptions, until 2010: The first was an Airbus A340-300 registered D-AIFC, named "Gander/Halifax", after Gander and Halifax, two Canadian cities along the standard flight path from Europe to North America. It became the first Lufthansa airplane named after a non-German city. The name commemorates the hospitality of the communities of Gander and Halifax, which served as improvised safe havens for the passengers and crew of the multitude of international aircraft unable to return to their originating airports during Operation Yellow Ribbon after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The other aircraft not named after a German city was an Airbus A321-100 registered as D-AIRA, which was designated Finkenwerder in honour of the Airbus facility in the district of Hamburg-Finkenwerder,[76] where about 40% of Airbus narrowbody models are manufactured.

In February 2010, Lufthansa announced that its first two Airbus A380s would be named Frankfurt am Main (D-AIMA) and München (D-AIMB) after Lufthansa's two hub airports. Subsequent A380 aircraft were named after other Lufthansa Group hub airports Zürich, Wien (Vienna) and Brüssel (Brussels) and the major German cities of Düsseldorf and Berlin. The remaining A380s were named after Star Alliance hub cities Tokyo, Beijing, Johannesburg, New York, San Francisco and Delhi. However, D-AIMN San Francisco was renamed Deutschland (Germany) in 2016.[76]

As of 2016 there are several short and long haul aircraft in Lufthansa's fleet that don't bear a name at all. Either they never got one or their former one has been given to a newer aircraft, which was the case for several Boeing 747-400s. For example, the former Bayern (Bavaria), a Boeing 747-400 still in active service lost that name to a new Boeing 747-8.[76]

Vintage aircraft restoration

Lufthansa Technik, the airline's maintenance arm, restored a Junkers Ju 52/3m built in 1936 to airworthiness; this aircraft was in use on the 10-hour Berlin to Rome route, across the Alps, in the 1930s. Lufthansa is now restoring a Lockheed Super Constellation, using parts from three such aircraft bought at auctions. Lufthansa's Super Constellations and L1649 "Starliners" served routes such as Hamburg-Madrid-Dakar-Caracas-Santiago. Lufthansa Technik recruits retired employees and volunteers for skilled labour.[77][78]

Cabin

First Class

Lufthansa Boeing 747-8 First Class

First Class is offered on most long-haul aircraft (Airbus A330-300 A340-600, the front part of the upper deck of all Airbus A380s, and the main deck nose section of all Boeing 747–8s). Each seat converts to a 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) bed, includes laptop power outlets, as well as entertainment facilities. Meals are available on demand. Lufthansa offers dedicated First Class check-in counters at most airports, and offers dedicated First Class lounges in Frankfurt and Munich, as well as a dedicated first class terminal in Frankfurt. Arriving passengers have the option of using Lufthansa's First Class arrival facilities, as well as the new Welcome Lounge. Lufthansa has introduced a new First Class product aboard the Airbus A380 and plans to gradually introduce it on all of its long-haul aircraft.[79] With the new programme SCORE, introduced to boost profits by 1.5 billion euros over the following years, LH will stop route expansion and extensively decrease its First Class offerings on most routes.[80][81]

Business Class

Business Class on the upper deck of a Boeing 747-8

Business Class is offered on all long-haul aircraft. Newer seats convert to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) lie-flat beds and include laptop power outlets and entertainment facilities.[82] Lufthansa offers dedicated Business Class check-in counters at all airports, as well as dedicated Business Class lounges at most airports, or contract lounges at other airports, as well as the Lufthansa Welcome Lounge upon arrival in Frankfurt. The original Business Class features angle-lie flat seats with 150 degrees of recline.[82] Business Class on all Boeing 747-8s features fully flat bed seats,[83] and a larger seat-back entertainment screen.[83] The new seats are gradually being rolled out across the rest of the Airbus A330, A340, A380 and Boeing 747-400 fleet.

Premium Economy Class

Introduced in 2014,[84] Lufthansa's long-haul Premium Economy is being rolled out on all long-haul aircraft, starting with some Boeing 747-8s. Similar in design to Air Canada's Premium Economy or British Airways' World Traveller Plus cabins, Premium Economy features 38-inch (970 mm) pitch along with up to 3 inches (76 mm) more width than economy class, depending on the aircraft. The seats also feature a 11 or 12 inches (280 or 300 mm) personal seat-back entertainment screens and a larger armrest separating seats.

Economy Class

Lufthansa Boeing 747-8 Economy Class

Lufthansa's long-haul Economy Class is offered on all long-haul aircraft. All have a 31-inch (790 mm) seat pitch except the Airbus A380s, which have a 33-inch (840 mm) seat pitch. Passengers receive meals, as well as free drinks. Moreover, the whole fleet offers Audio-Video-On-Demand (AVOD) screens in Economy Class.

Miles & More

Main article: Miles & More

Lufthansa's frequent-flyer programme is called Miles & More, and is shared among several European airlines, including all of Lufthansa's subsidiary airlines (excluding the SunExpress joint ventures), plus Adria Airways, Brussels Airlines (45 percent stake held by Lufthansa), Condor Flugdienst (formerly owned by Lufthansa), Croatia Airlines, LOT Polish Airlines, and Luxair (stake formerly held by Lufthansa).[85] Miles & More members may earn miles on Lufthansa flights and Star Alliance partner flights, as well as through Lufthansa credit cards, and purchases made through the Lufthansa shops. Status within Miles & More is determined by miles flown during one calendar year with specific partners. Membership levels include: Miles & More member (no minimal threshold), Frequent Traveller (Silver, 35,000-mile (56,000 km) threshold or 30 individual flights), Senator (Gold, 100,000-mile (160,000 km) threshold), and HON Circle (Black, 600,000-mile (970,000 km) threshold over two calendar years). All Miles & More status levels higher than Miles & More member offer lounge access and executive bonus miles, with the higher levels offering more exclusive benefits.[85]

Lounges

The First Class Terminal

Lufthansa operates four types of lounges within its destination network: First Class, Senator, Business, and Welcome Lounges. Each departure lounge is accessible both through travel class, or Miles and More/Star Alliance status; the Welcome Lounge is limited to arriving premium passengers of the Lufthansa Group and United Airlines only.[86]

Lufthansa also operates a dedicated first class terminal at Frankfurt Airport. The first terminal of its kind, access is limited only to departing Lufthansa First Class, same day Lufthansa Group first class and HON Circle members. Approximately 200 staff care for approximately 300 passengers per day in the terminal, which features a full-service restaurant, full bar, cigar lounge, relaxation rooms, and offices, as well as bath facilities. Guests are driven directly to their departing flight by Mercedes-Benz S-Class, Porsche Cayenne, Porsche Panamera, or Mercedes-Benz V-Class.

Accidents and incidents

This is a list of accidents and incidents involving Lufthansa mainline aircraft since 1954. For earlier occurrences, refer to Deutsche Luft Hansa. For accidents and incidents on Lufthansa-branded flights which were operated by other airlines, see the respective articles (Lufthansa CityLine, Lufthansa Cargo, Contact Air, Germanwings, and Air Dolomiti).

Fatal

  • On January 11, 1959, Lufthansa Flight 502, a Lufthansa Lockheed Super Constellation (registered D-ALAK) crashed onto a beach shortly off Galeão Airport in Rio de Janeiro following a scheduled passenger flight from Hamburg, Germany. Of the 29 passengers and 10 crew members on board, only the co-pilot and 2 flight attendants survived. Investigation into the accident resulted in blaming the pilots for having executed a too low approach, which may have been caused by fatigue.[87]
  • On December 4, 1961, a Lufthansa Boeing 720 (registered D-ABOK) crashed of unknown causes near Mainz during a training flight from Frankfurt to Cologne, killing the three occupants. It was the first crash involving an aircraft of that type.[88]
  • On July 15, 1964, another Boeing 720 (registered D-ABOP) crashed during a training flight, with the three people, including Werner Baake, on board losing their lives (in what was only the second crash for this aircraft type). The accident occurred near Ansbach after the pilots had lost control of the aircraft when executing an aileron roll.
  • On January 28, 1966 at 17:50 local time, Lufthansa Flight 5 from Frankfurt to Bremen, which was operated using a Convair CV-440 Metropolitan registered D-ACAT, crashed 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) short of Bremen Airport, killing all 42 passengers and 4 crew members on board. The pilots had tried to execute a go-around when approaching the airport, during which the aircraft stalled and went out of control, possibly due to pilot error.[89]
D-ABYB, the aircraft destroyed in the disaster of Flight 540, was the 2nd of 3 Boeing 747-100 delivered to Lufthansa.[90] It is seen here during a promotional event at Nuremberg Airport in 1970.
  • On November 20, 1974 at 07:54 local time, Lufthansa Flight 540, a Boeing 747–100 (registered D-ABYB), lost power and crashed shortly after take-off at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in what was the first air accident involving a Boeing 747. 55 out of the 140 passengers and 4 out of the 17 crew lost their lives, making it the worst accident in the history of the airline.[91]
  • On July 26, 1979 at 21:32 UTC, a cargo-configured Boeing 707 (registered D-ABUY) that was en route Lufthansa Flight 527 from Rio de Janeiro to Dakar and onwards to Germany crashed into a mountain 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Galeão Airport during initial climb, killing the three crew members on board. A flawed communication between the pilots and the air traffic controller had resulted in the aircraft flying on a wrong path.[92]
  • On September 14, 1993, Lufthansa Flight 2904, an Airbus A320-200 (registered D-AIPN) flying from Frankfurt to Warsaw with 64 passengers and 4 crew members on board, overran the runway upon landing at Warsaw-Okecie Airport, and crashed into an earth embankment, resulting in the death of the co-pilot and one passenger.[93][94]

Non-fatal

  • On December 20, 1973 at 00:33 local time, a Lufthansa Boeing 707 (registered D-ABOT) with 98 passengers and 11 crew members on board collided with a middle marker shack upon approaching Palam Airport in Delhi following a scheduled passenger flight from Bangkok (as part of a multi-leg flight back to Germany). There were no injuries, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair. Visibility was poor at the time of the incident.[95]
  • In 1983, a Boeing 747 crashed at Kai Tak airport in HK and got bogged in the grass. No one was killed when the aircraft crashed during take off. Unlike other crashes at Kai Tak, this plane did not go into the waters of Victoria harbour [96]

Hijackings

Criticism

Employment relations

Relations between Lufthansa and their pilots have been very tense in the past years, with many strikes occurring, causing hundreds of flights to be cancelled, as well as major losses to the company.[113] A major dispute between Lufthansa and the pilot's union has been settled after nearly five years and overall 14 strikes in March 2017.[114]

Germanwings accident crisis management

Germanwings is a subsidiary of Lufthansa. Carsten Spohr, Lufthansa’s CEO, oversaw the Germanwings Flight 9525 disaster, "the darkest day for Lufthansa in its 60-year history".[115]

Nonetheless, damage control by Spohr and his team was poor according to several sources, as compared to other CEOs in the face of a major accident, with contradictory information given about the mental health and the airworthiness of the co-pilot Andreas Lubitz. It was revealed that Lubitz suffered from a severe case of depression and mental disorders and had intentionally crashed Germanwings Flight 9525 into the French Alps, killing all 150 aboard. Spohr had misleadingly said the co-pilot “was 100% airworthy without any restrictions, without any conditions”.[116]

GDS surcharge

On September 1, 2015, Lufthansa implemented its controversial 16 euro surcharge on Global Distribution System bookings. The surcharge is payable unless tickets are purchased directly from the airline's website, or at its service centers and ticket counters at the airport. In a statement responding to Lufthansa’s strategy, Amadeus said the new model would make “comparison and transparency more difficult because travelers will now be forced to go to multiple channels to search for the best fares.[117] For the period between September 1–14, the airline experienced a 16.1% drop in revenue, indicating to some that the new fee backfired, although the airline maintains the statement that the decrease was due to the pilot strike, and "other seasonal effects".[118]

See also

References

Citations

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  100. ^ October 1972 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (October 11, 1972). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  101. ^ 29 October 1972 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  102. ^ Peter Chalk (2012). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. ABC-CLIO. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  103. ^ Sattar, Majid (9 November 2006). "Folgen eines Anschlags" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  104. ^ 1973 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  105. ^ Arab Hijackers Land in Kuwait; Hostages Freed," The New York Times, December 19, 1973. Page 1.
  106. ^ June 1977 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (June 28, 1977). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  107. ^ Flight 181 at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  108. ^ 1979 hijacking attempt at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (September 12, 1979). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  109. ^ February 1985 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (February 27, 1985). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  110. ^ March 1985 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (March 27, 1985). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  111. ^ March 1985 hijacking attempt at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (March 29, 1985). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  112. ^ Flight 595 at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  113. ^ ksb/bk. (2015). "No sign of take off as Lufthansa pilots extend strike to three days". Deutsche Welle, Bonn.
  114. ^ "Lufthansa und Piloten: Die Streikhansa ist gelandet".
  115. ^ "Lufthansa boss says past hours 'darkest in 60-year history'". ITV News. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  116. ^ "Lufthansa Chief Carsten Spohr Under Spotlight After Germanwings Crash". The Wall Street Journal. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  117. ^ "Lufthansa to charge fee for GDS Bookings". Oct 24, 2015.
  118. ^ "Lufthansa disputes report that says GDS bookins are way down". Oct 24, 2015.

Footnotes

  1. ^ The company that today is known as Deutsche Lufthansa AG was founded as Aktiengesellschaft für Luftverkehrsbedarf (Luftag) on 6 January 1953.[1] It sees itself in the tradition of Deutsche Lufthansa, the former German national airline that was founded in 1926 and liquidated in 1951, whose name and logo it acquired in 1954.[2] Lufthansa frequently names "1926" as its founding date, but it is not the legal successor of the earlier airline.[3]
  2. ^ Lufthansa also counts Düsseldorf Airport, Vienna International Airport and Zürich Airport as its hubs.[4] They are not listed here because they are home to Lufthansa's subsidiaries Eurowings, Germanwings, Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, and Swiss International Air Lines, respectively. For the same reason, all other Eurowings and Germanwings bases are omitted.

Media related to Lufthansa at Wikimedia Commons

50°56′15″N 006°58′11″E / 50.93750°N 6.96972°E / 50.93750; 6.96972

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