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Pilibhit

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 204.152.235.216 (talk) at 18:06, 19 March 2009 (→Religious Riots: source is a blog ! and only shows riots till 1977- no mention of 1992,let alone Pilbhit and deaths in it). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Pilibhit
Pilibhit
पीलीभीत
پیلی بھیت
District HQ
Map
Population
 (2001)
 • Total1,645,183
Websitewww.pilibhit.nic.in
The word 'Pilibhit' means A Wall of Yellow Mud

Pilibhit (Hindi:पीलीभीत, Urdu:پیلی بھیت) is a city and a municipal board in Pilibhit district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Pilibhit is the north-eastern most district of Bareilly division, which is situated in Rohilkhand region of the sub Himalayan belt on the boundary of Nepal. According to Government of India, the district Pilibhit is one of the Minority Concentrated Districts in India on the basis of the 2001 census data on population, socio-economic indicators and basic amenities indicators.[1] Pilibhit is one of the forest rich area of Uttar Pradesh, which has very high tourism potenial. Being at the Indo-Nepal border, Pilibhit is pretend to be highly sensitive for security purposes. According an estimation done by Government of India, Pilibhit has 45.23% population living under proverty line.

Geography

File:Haripur Range Forest In District Pilibhit.jpg
Haripur Range Forest, Pilibhit
File:Road side water canal at Pilibhit.jpg
Road side small canals are very common in Pilibhit

Pilibhit lies between the parallels of 29000' and 29053' north latitude and the meridians of 79057' and 81037' east longitude. In the north side of the district is covered by Udham Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand state, along with the territory of Nepal, and Shahjahanpur lies in the south side Pilibhit district, on the east the district is flanked for a short distance by Lakhimpur Kheri and the remaining distance is swathed by the Shahjahanpur and on the west the district toches the limits of Bareilly.

In its general appearance the district presents diverse features and topographically may be divided into several distinct tracts. In the north and north-west the tract is a continuation of the Terai. The southern portion of the Bisalpur tehsil is similar in most respect to the adjacent tract of Bareilly and Shahjahanpur. The eastern and smaller section approximates rather to undeveloped forest areas of Lakhimpur Kheri, though with the spread of cultivation the dissimilarity between Puranpur and the rest of the district is gradually becoming less marked. There are 1227 Villages in the district Pilibhit, out of which 964 are electrified.

The district has more than 10 small to medium sized rivers amd 9 small to medium sized water bodies. The origin of river Gomti, Gumti or Gomati (Template:Lang-hi), which is a tributary of the Ganges River, is from a small lake Gomat Taal situated in Madhotnada in the Puranpur tehsil region.[2] Another important river in the district is River Sharda (Template:Lang-hi), which runs through on the eastern part of the district. The city Pilibhit receives water from the river Devhahuti Ganga or Devha (Template:Lang-hi) the north - west side of the city and the River Ghaghara or Khakra (Template:Lang-hi) on the north-east side of the city. Pilibhit city also have a few water bodies in its limits, one being on Tanakpur road in front of Dramond college gate, another being at the Degree College chauraha. Every year during winters this water body attracts thousands of migratory birds. The main source of water in the district is the ground water and the canals. District Pilibhit is swathed by a big net of canals. The district has 6 main feeders or canals, which run through almost 138 km in the district.

Major part of Pilibhit District is covered by dense forest. Total 78,478 hectare is forest.[3] Till 1978, 63% area of the district was a dense forest, but deforestation has scaled done the total forest cover to 23% in 2004.[4] The Sharda canal is the main canal of the district, the others being its branches. Total length of canals in the district is 138 km. Apart from the canal system, district also has a few water bodies, which are being using for agriculture purposes.

The National Highway No. 74 runs through the district in order to connect Haridwar to Bareilly via Kiccha, Kashipur and Nagina city. Apart from National Highway, The district is well connected with Shahjahanpur in south, Lakhimpur Kheri and Indian International Border (IIB) with the territory of Nepal in east, Nanital and town Khatima in north, and the city of Bareilly in the west by roadways and Rail ways. The district Pilibhit also has several places of religious importance in or around the district. A main Gurudwara of Sikh community is placed in Nanakmatta town around 46 KM from the city.[5][6]

One of the biggest and the most important temple of the region, Sri Purnagiri Temple is in the nearby Champawat district of Uttaranchal. Thousands of lakhs of people from the holes and corners of Uttar Pradesh comes to this temple and Pilibhit is one of the halting point for the pilgrims.[7]

Demographics

Template:IndiaCensusPop

File:Rana Tharu Woman from Pilibhit.jpg
A Tharu woman in the remote forest area of Pilibhit
File:Population Under Poverty line In Uttar pradesh.JPG
As per Government of India's estimation, almosty 45.23% Population of Pilibhit lives under proverty line

As of 2001 India census,[8] District Pilibhit had a population of 16,45,183[9] occupying 38th position in the Districts of Uttar Pradesh. Males constitute 53.26% of the population and females 46.73%. Pilibhit has an average literacy rate of 49.81%, lower than the national average of 59.5%, male literacy is 62.49%, and female literacy is 35.11%. In Pilibhit, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Population of district Pilibhit for 2011 has been estimated as many as 20,64,869 by a study done in Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

According to the Central Statistical Organisation, the district Pilibhit had an area of 3504 km2 on Sept 1, 2007, occupying 33th position in the state and the total area of the pilibhit city is 38.76 km2. Pilibhit city has much higher population density than the rest of district. The population density of the city is 4279.60 per km2, on the other hand the district has only 469.51 per km2.

Prior to the abolition of zamindari the zamindars owned large tracts of arable and forest land. The farm labour was brought from eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. After zamindari was abolished the excess cultivable land was distributed amongst the landless agricultural labour. In the post independence period large number of displaced persons from Pakistan were settled in the area. They were provided cultivable land mainly by clearing private forests. Large tracts were cleared and wetlands were drained and brought under the plough. The inhabitants of the landscape generally belong to the following major groups – those from eastern Uttar Pradesh, those from Pakistan including Punjabis and Bengalis, migrants from Punjab and the locals.

The common property lands and resources are worst affected in Puranpur tehsil. The population density of the tehsil has increased considerably over the last two decades. The population groups constantly endeavour to maintain their interests and identity. The immigrant labour and the Bengalis are the weakest economically but have a growing political clout. The Punjabi displaced persons and migrants are financially the strongest and wield considerable political clout.[10] The locals are always anxious to safeguard their interests against the immigrants. The locals are strongest in the process of decision making.

Amongst the locals one of the historically important community is the Tharu tribe.[11] According to a British officer, historian Lieutenant-Colonel[12] James Tod (1782-1835), A large number of fighters from Maharana Pratap's army left Rajasthan after his son Amar Singh's surrender to Mughal Army and went towards the dense forest in the Himalayan belt insearch of a safe location. These tribe could servive and now settled as cultivators in the area, keep large herd of cattle, some sheep and goats. They have a distinct cultural identity. There are some Tharu villages in the proximity of Katarniaghat wildlife sanctuary. They are related to the Tharus in the terai areas in territory of Nepal. The Tharus depend on the forests for food, fodder, medicine, small timber for construction of huts and agricultural implements, handicrafts, social and religious ceremonies. The major Tharu groups include the Ranas, Dingoras and Katharias. Marriages between these groups are very uncommon. Once their habitations were forest villages but now these are revenue villages. These tribes are not economical and politically vibrant, but Government of India has initiated a lot of schemes to bring them back to the main stream.The tribal area development schemes have benefited these people. They have adopted modern farming techniques and have slowly shifted from subsistence level farming to raising cash crops. Some now own tractor and other farm implements. The eco development initiatives have largely focused on these Tharu villages. Even Tharu youths are now showing their talent in the filed of sports, education and art.

Studies reveal that poverty level in the district is associated with the social identity, source of livelihood, landlessness and level of education of the head of household. Education is a crucial instrument for raising income levels of people and moving out of the vicious circle of poverty. A Study done by Delhi Based NGO, Nav Bharat Nirman, indicates a strong correlation between educational attainment and poverty levels among various social classes in the district.The incidence of poverty is much higher among SC and ST households in Pilibhit. Nearly 60 per cent of SC households were below poverty line in Pilibhit in 1999-00. However, this proportion came down to 45.23 per cent in 2007-08.[13] The pace of decline of poverty was faster for the SC/ST households as compared to other households during this period. Poverty level among Hindus and Muslims is roughly of the same order in the rural areas-around 31 percent in 1999-00. But poverty levels are much higher for the latter in the urban areas - 42.2 per cent as compared to only 26.4 per cent for Hindus. With population 7,44,120 under proverty line, Pilibhit comes under top 20 backward district of India in term of education, socio-economic conditions, opportunity to earn livelihood and basic amenities.

Climate

File:Fog At Pilibhit On Jan 12 2009.JPG
A foggy morning in Pilibhit 12.Jan.2009

Pilibhit experiences three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Typical summer months are from March end to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 36 °C (97 °F) to 42 °C (108 °F). Contrary to most of the Himalyan Plateau where June is the warmest month, the warmest months in Pilibhit is May. The city starts receiving heavy thundershowers with sharp downpours in Mid June. Though the temperatures plunge in this month, the summer heat accompanied by high humidity can be occasionally quite oppressive.

Monsoon winds blowing from the south India are a welcome relief in mid of June, bringing with them heavy showers in July, August. Pilibhit receives excessive rainfall in the month of August & September. The city receives an annual rainfall of 723 mm, mainly between June and September as the result of southwest monsoon. August is the wettest month of the year. The spells of continuous rainfall may stretch to many days or even a few weeks. Pilibhit has, on record, received rainfall for 17 consecutive days (days when rainfall is greater than 21.7 mm) in 1967.

As the monsoon winds recede, the day temperatures starts decline in October with cooler nights signalling the onset of winter. Pilibhit experiences winter from November to February. it experience pleasant windy days, clear skies and cool nights in the month of November till February ends, Which makes it the most enjoyable time of the year. The day temperature hovers around 14 °C (57 °F) while night temperature is below 7 °C (45 °F) for most of December and January, often dropping to 3 °C (37 °F) or 4 °C (39 °F). On particularly cold days, wind may appear to be very chilly due to the dryness of air. Rain is very expected in month of February.[14]

Reported Climatic Variations:[15]

  • The highest temperature recorded in district Pilibhit was 48.5 °C (119 °F) on 29 May 1989.
  • The lowest temperature recorded in district Pilibhit was −0.2 °C (32 °F)) on 17 January 1949.
  • District Pilibhit has received snow fall once in Jan 1949, which was the coolest year in the region. The temperature reached below zero this year in the region.


Climate data for Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: www.wunderground.com[16]

Etymology

The city Pilibhit derived its name from a near by small village name 'Old Pilibhit', whose existence has been traced in mid of 15th Century, this village still exist on the bank of the River Ghaghra or Khakra in the north-east from the city on the way to Nyoria Husainpur town. It is believed and as official documents say, this village was occupied by the Bhanjara (Local community) of Periya clan, which used to live in the houses, made of mud and other raw material, available in the forest. This community made a wall of yellow mud around their locality in order to secure their house from wild animal, as that area was a dense forest, so the people use to call the locality as Pili (Yellow)- Bhit (Wall). Eventually, the nearest town (present city) adopted the name as 'Pilibhit'. According to a document from British Library 'the city Pilibhit' has its existence when in the late 18th century (1770-1780 AC) Marathas invaded the Rohilkhand region. With this invasion, Kurmi community came to this region and in the due course of time, the city Pilibhit enlarged it boundaries.[17] Another evidence of the city existence is found in an Nepali literature, which metions a city named as Pilibhit, which provided shelter to the last king of Shah dynasty, Deepa Shah, who was attacked by the Gorakha King in 1789 AD.[18] The Rohella ruler Hafiz Rahmat Khan, a Pashtun ancestor of Afgans in the area, developed Pilibhit as an city and administrative unit.

History

According to records available on papers, In 1801 when Rohilkhand was ceded to the British, Pilibhit was a pargana of the district of Bareilly, which lost it in 1833, the arrangement being temporary and the tract being again united with Bareilly in 1841. In 1871 was formed the Pilibhit subdivision comprising Jahanabad, Pilibhit and Puranpur which was eventually converted into a separate district in 1879. At the introduction of the British rule the parganas of Pilibhit, Jahanabad & Bisalpur was formed into separate tehsils. Puranpur was united for this purpose with Khutar. A redistribution of the area was effected in 1824, when the Bisalpur tehsil contained the parganas of Bisalpur and Maurari, which afterward become a single area; Jahanabad was joined with Richha to form tehsil Pareva & Pilibhit with Baheri, the HQ being at Pilibhit. In 1851 Baheri and the other tarai pargana were taken under direct management and in 1863 Richha was attached to the new Baheri tehsil, pargana Jahanabad being assigned to Pilibhit which also received Puranpur on its transfer in 1865. The latter, in 1871, a became subtehsil dependent on Pilibhit. The promotion of Puranpur into a full tehsil occurred in 1879, while Bisalpur throughout remained a separate subdivision. Thus the area is now divided into three tehsils and four parganas. Puranpur & Bisalpur constituting individual tehsils and parganas & the tehsil of Pilibhit comprising the paraganas of Pilibhit and Jahanabad.[3]

Rare Historical Facts about Pilibhit

It is believed that Pilibhit was ruled by a ancient king named Mayurdhwaja or Moredheaja, who were a great devotee of lord Krishna and a loyal friend of Arjun, whose name and geography of his kingdom, can be traced in Hindu epic Mahabharat.

According to many historians, Maharana Pratap's son, Amar Singh, fought 17 wars with the Mughal emperor Akbar but in 1595, after Maharana Pratap's death, he conditionally accepted them as rulers. At this time, a large chunk of Maharana Pratap's band of loyal Rajputs became disillusioned by the surrender and left Rajasthan. This group included Rathores, Deora Chauhans, Pariharas, Tomaras, Kashwahas, Ranas, Tharus and Jhalas. Collectively, They are called "Tharu" at present and settled mostly in sub Himalayan belt on the boundary of Nepal in and around of dense forest of present district Pilibhit in Uttar Pradesh. A large number a Tharus tribe are still living in the remote forest area in the district and trying to conserve the tradition and culture they brought from Rajasthan.

The city Pilibhit was an administrative unit in the Mughal era under Bareilly suba, so for the security purpose, The Mughal subedar Ali Mohammed Khan constructed four magnificent gate around the administrative building in 1734 AC. These gate were named as Barellwi darwaza in west, Hussaini darwaza in east, Jahanabadi darwaza in north and Dakhini darwaza in south, but due to lack of proper maintenance, all gate have been lost, only ruins are remaining now.[19]

Pilibhit was invaded by the Marathas in 1772 AC. This was the time when the Kurmi Community came in this region. The Marathas were the ancestor of Kurmi community, which is one of the major community in the region.[20] The last king of Shah dynasty of Nepal got shalter in Pilibhit by ruler of Rampur suba Faizullah Khan in 1789 AC, when he was attacked by Gorakha king of Nepal.[18] The freedom fighter Maulana Enayetulla was from Pilibhit. Who voluntarily played host in exile of Queen of Avadh, Begum Hazrat Mahal to reach Nepal in late 1859.[21][22] There is one memorial place at Khakra chouki (Police Center, at present), where 21 freedom fighter were hanged on 14 Jan 1909, Thursday, on the day of Makar Sankranti, Who denied to follow English government's order and rebelled against them. In the respect of these 21 Martyrs, a rock (named all martyrs) had been underpinned in the compound of police center.

Mahatama Gandhi addressed a huge rally on 12 Nov 1929 in the field of Gauri Shankar temple along with Kasturba and Mirabehn and planted a tree in the temple campus which is still there in the temple.[23] Due to dense minority population, Pilibhit district is a communally sensitive area. Pilibhit also has seen many man created calamities. some of major in last 150 years are as -

Religious Riots

Year Ethnic Riots/Clashes Reason Casualties-Officially
1871 Hindu-Muslim communal clash [24] No Records
1897 Hindu-Muslim communal riots Hindu protest against cow slaughter on Baqrid[25] No Records
1930 Hindu-Muslim communal riots Cow slaughter by Muslims [26]
1946 Hindu-Muslims political riots RSS-Muslim League clash turned communal riots[27]
1950 Communal riots provoked by Hindu group Hindu group RSS tried to frustrate Muslims in the district to leave India [28]

Human Life Loss due to Natural Calamities

File:Pilibhit Flood Sept 2008 1.JPG
A catastrophic view during flood in Pilibhit Sept 2008
File:Pilibhit Flood Sept 2008 2.JPG
Damaged NH-74 during flood in Pilibhit Sept 2008
  • Almost 70,000 People died in 1917-18 due to fever in the district. In the 1920s, Pilibhit has lost a large number of human life due to Plague, Cholera, Smallpox, Yellow Fever, Gastroenteritis. due to which population growth during 1911-21 was negative. [29]
  • Pilibhit comes under the High Risk Flood Zone. Almost every year some part of district gets effected by massive flood.[30] but the city has seen disastrous flood thrice in last fifty years, in July 1971,[31] Sept 1989 and Sept 2008.[32][33] More than Rupees 15 millions worth of damage and more than 43 human casualties had been reported by the government sources during flood in Sept 2008 in the district Pilibhit. Puranpur tehshil was the worst hit due to flood.
  • Pilibhit comes under seismic zone-4[34], which is High Risk Seismic Zone. Pilibhit has been trembled a few times in past two centuries. Some of the strong earthquakes experienced in Pilibhit are as below:-

Seismic History of Pilibhit

The city Pilibhit has experienced earthquakes several times in the last two centuries, some of the records which available are as below.[35]

Date Epicenter Strength on rector scale
1 September 1803 Northern Garhwal region 7.1
10 October 1956 Bulandshahr district 6.2
24 December 1961 Northern Garhwal region 6.0
15 September 1966 South of Moradabad district 6.2
29 July 1980 Western Nepal region 6.8
29 March 1999 Northern Garhwal region 6.5
18 October 2007 District Gautam Buddha Nagar region 3.6

Transportation

By Train:

File:Pilibhit Railway Junction.JPG
Passenger waiting to board at Pilibhit Railway Junction
File:Bus new-delhi-india.jpg
Bus service for all major cities in the area from Pilibhit is available

Pilibhit Junction Railway Station is on the Bareilly-Lakhimpur railway line. The station is under the administrative control of the North Eastern Railways. Computerized reservation facility is provided. Going south-west, Bhojipura Junction Railway Station is the main station next to Pilibhit. The nearest main station to the west is Puranpur Railway Station.[36]

Main Three express trains comes here from Lucknow named as Lucknow-Agra express(5313), Nainital Express(5308) and Rohilkhand Express(5310) respectively. Two express trains from Agra comes named as Agra-Gonda express(GOKUL-5316) and Agra-Lucknow(5314) Express. From Delhi one has to reach first nearby district Bareilly by bus or train then may reach Pilibhit by a bus or meter gauge train.[37]

Pilibhit expected to be connected by meter gauge to Lucknow through Bareilly-Lakhimpur railway line by the end of 2012.[38]

  • Station Code: PBE
  • Enquiry about arrival and departure of trains: +91-5882-255804

By Bus:
National Highway 74 passes through Pilibhit. Regular buses connect Pilibhit to Bareilly at the frequency of every ½ hr. Direct buses are also available from Delhi, Lucknow, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Kanpur, Rupaidhiya, Agra and Tanakpur etc.

  • Enquiry about arrival and departure of Buses: +91-5882-255670

By Air:
Nearby Airports (within 200 miles):-

Distance from Pilibhit

All distance given are Air Distance and all directions are from pilibhit, Road distance are different from air distance.[39]


File:Air distance of states capitals from Pilibhit.JPG
Air Distance of State capitals' from Pilibhit
City State Distance (km) Distance (Miles) Direction
New Delhi Delhi 274 171 NW
Mumbai Maharashtra 1317 818 SW
Kolkata West Bengal 1125 700 SE
Chennai Tamilnadu 274 171 NW
Bangalore Karnataka 1748 1086 S
Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 1254 780 S
Chandigarh Punjab & Haryana 372 232 NW
Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 270 167 SE
Bhubaneswar Orissa 1112 691 SE
Patna Bihar 684 425 SE
Dehradun Uttaranchal 212 132 NW
Shimla Himachal Pradesh 274 205 NW
Gandhinagar Gujarat 978 608 W
Jammu Jammu & Kashmir 657 408 N
Jaipur Rajasthan 438 273 W
Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 623 388 SW
Ranchi Jharkhand 895 557 SW
Raipur Chhattisgarh 861 535 SW
Panaji Goa, Daman & Diu 1585 985 W
Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 2184 1335 S
Itanagar Arunachal Pradesh 1383 860 E
Dispur Assam 1417 881 E
Gangtok Sikkim 893 556 E
Kohima Nagaland 1522 946 E
Agartala Tripura 1328 825 E
Imphal Manipur 1535 954 E
Shillong Meghalaya 1312 816 E

Places of Interest

Old Pilibhit (Template:Lang-hi)

The present town is of comaparatively recent origin but there is still a village known as 'Old Pilibhit' standing on the left bank of the Khakra river about 5 km to the northeast near the road to Nyoria Husainpur. This village had always been occupied by the Banjara tribe of the Periya clan. It is supposed that Pilibhit is the corruption of Periya Bhit or the village mound of the Periyas and also that the name Pilibhit has been derived from a yellow mud wall which once surrounded the district

Jama Masjid (Template:Lang-hi)

A painting of Pilibhit Jama Masjid in 1780 found in British Liberary[40]

Many big buildings were constructed in the Mughal period. In this continuation a replica of Jama Masjid Delhi was built here by Hafiz Rahmat Khan in 1769. The only difference between Jama Masjid Delhi and Jama Masjid Pilibhit is of area only. Previously there was a pond at this place. Three lakh rupees were spent for the construction of this Masjid at that time. A sun watch is still there in Jama Masjid. Hafiz Rahmat Khan was the Afghan Rohilla leader whose jagirs or estates included Pilibhit and Bareilly, where he is buried. He became the leader of the Rohilla Afghans in western Avadh, but was killed in a battle against the Nawab of Avadh, assisted by trhe English, in 1774. The gateway is built in Mughal style, paying homage to the gateways of the Jama Masjid in Delhi, while the wall around the mosque enclosure shows the curvilinear Bengali roof found in Shahjahan's additions to the Mughal palace at Agra.

Dargah of Shahji Miyan (Template:Lang-hi)

In the northern side of the city of Pilibhit a dargha of qutebe Pilibhit Hazrat Kibla Haji Shah Ji Mohammad Sher Mian Sahib Rahmat Ullah Aleh is situated which is very famous and people travel from other states as well as countries to take the blessing of Hazrat Shah Ji Mian. It is also said that by offering a CHADAR at the dargah is fruitful to the people. The dargar has become place of social harmony as people of various religion come here to offer their faith.[41]

File:Chuka Beach.JPG
Chuka Beach Pilibhit

Gauri Shankar Temple (Template:Lang-hi)

This temple is 450 years old. This is situated in Khahra loclaity at banks of the rivers Devha & Khahra. It is said that the fore fathers of present Pandit Har Prasad came to this place with other saints. There was a jungle at that time. He dreamt in the night that God Shiva is here, in the morning he saw the Idol of God Shiva. Gradually a temple was built. Every year a fair is organized here on the occasions of Shivratri, Raksha Bandhan and on every Monday of Shraavana month. A dharamshala is situated at the outer side of the temple, which was donated by Dwarika Das Banjara. There are two big entry gates at the eastern and southern side of the temple. These gates were built by Hafiz Rahmat Khan in late 18th century.

Raja Venu Ka Tila (Template:Lang-hi)

In the Puranpur tehsil of district Pilibhit, one KM away from railway station, there is one high place (Tila) is situated in Shahgarh area, It is said that there was a palace of Raja Venu at this place. Ruins are still there. A very big well and ruins tells the story of a Kingdom.

File:Sunset at Chuka Beach near Pilibhit.jpg
Sunset at Chuka Beach, near Pilibhit

‎

Jaisantri Devi Temple (Template:Lang-hi)

It is one of the sacred place of the district, placed near awas vikas colony locality of the city, which almost 5 KM away from railway station. Although the temple premises is not in good condition, but still its a place of faith of Thousands and lakhs Hindus of sarounding areas. The temple becomes very crowded in the Navratris, during this days a fair is organized, which attracts not only the people of the district but from the nearby district as well. It is believed that the temple was constructed some time in 1858, after the great Indian sepoy munity, in the memory of some sepoys, who died while fighting with the Britishes in the field near the temple itself.

File:Gurudwara pilibhit.jpg
Gurudwara Sri Chattvi Padshahi

Ardhanarishwer Temple (Template:Lang-hi)

One of the newly constructed, well decorated temple, which is the center point of all Shiva devotees of the city, situated on station road, near Vishal Cinema. This temple become extremely crowded during Shraavana Month and on the day the Mahashivratri. The another attraction of this temple is the Kali Puja, organized on the Diwali night in an auspious Mahurat. Thousands of devotees take part togather in the puja.

Chuka Beach (Template:Lang-hi)

Chuka beach is situated between the main sharda canal and sharda sagar dam under the 'Mahof Forest Range'. This is one of ever-green forest areas protected by the government of India, and is one of five forest reserves in the district, namely Mala, Haripur, Barahi, Mahof and Deoriya. Dist administration has developed this place as a picnic spot in order to increase the tourism in the area.

File:A View of Gurudwara Sri Chattavi Padshahi from the bank of river Devhahuti Ganga'.jpg
A far view Gurudwara Sri Chattvi Padshahi from the bank of river Devhahuti Ganga

Drumand Government Inter College (Template:Lang-hi)

This was established in 1915 by Mr. Drumand. Now this is a government college for boys from standard VI to XII. Apart from the fact that it's a government inter college, this School premises, has one of the oldest building with the great architecture in the whole regeion and the trust which is taking care of the building, is one of the richest trust in that area.

Raja ji Temple (Template:Lang-hi)

Raja lalta Prasad and Sahau Har prasad , belonging to the raja family of Pilibhit worked together and attained lot of fame and prosperity. Their contribution in making the town of Pilibhit well known in the region was immense. Pilibhit is situated in the sub montane region of Himalayan Mountains, in the Rohilkhand division of Uttar Pradesh (previously known as The United Province of Agra and Oudh). Raja Lalta Prasad (1872-1924) along with his brother Sahu Har Prasad (1875-1953) apart from setting up businesses , such as The lalit hari sugar mills took interest in the development of the region and established The Lalit Hari Sanskrit and Ayurvedic college , The Radha Ramanji temple , dharamshalas at religious centres in the shahukara locality of the city.

File:Gurudwara Sri Chattawi Padshahi.jpg
Gurudwara Sri Chattvi Padshahi

Chhathavi Padshahi Gurudwara (Template:Lang-hi)

There is one 400 years old famous gurudwara in the pakriya locality of the city. It is said that Guru Govind Singhji took rest here, on the way to NanakMatta. He establish a gurudwara here on the name of the 6th guru Sri Har Govind ji and named it as "Chattvi Padshahi Gurudwara". In 1983, one of the famous social servant Sri Faoj Singh reconstrate this beautiful momument.

Gomat Taal (Template:Lang-hi)

The Gomti river is one of the most sacred rivers of north India. It originates from a reservoir called Gomat taal, which is about 7 km east of Pilibhit, and flows into the River Ganges. It passes through Lucknow the capital of Uttar Pradesh and the latter part of its course through Barabanki, Sultanpur, Faizabad and Jaunpur districts. The length of the river is 800 km. According to legends in the Pilibhit locality, the river is considered to be the daughter of Sage Vashistha. During solar eclipse, devotees believe that taking a bath in the Gomat taal is equivalent to the bath taken in the river in Kurukshetra.

Devha-Ghaghra Sangum (Template:Lang-hi)

The river Devha joins the River Ghaghra at a place named Bharmchari Ghat (Template:Lang-hi), near to Aurvedic College in the Khakra locality of the city. Though, there is no proper roads to reach that place, but some bull carts are always available for transportation, one has to cross both of the rivers before reaching at the main ghat. Every year on the occasion of Karthik Purnima (Ganga snan), Solar eclipse, Lunar eclipse a big fair is organized at sangum, devotees come to sangum and take bath organize prayers. People from various communities come to this Ghats, cook Dal-Bhat, and distributes among devotees after offering to the rivers.

WildLife

File:A tiger in Pilibhit Tiger Reserve.jpg
A tiger walking with a cub in the Pilibhit Reserve Area
File:Fisheries Reservoir Pilibhit.gif
Fisheries Ecology Utter Pradesh
File:Pilibhit Forest Map.JPG
Forest Map, Pilibhit
File:Mahof Forest Renge Pilibhit.jpg
Mahof Forest range Pilibhit

Pilibhit Tiger Reserve

Pilibhit has been granted to have a tiger reserve area which constitutes potential tiger habitat of priority I and II. This new tiger reserve at Pilibhit covers an area of approximately 1087 km² in Lagga Bhagga Forest Range of district. It runs through Pilibhit, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary and Khutar range of Shahjahanpur, the existing one has Dudhwa,Katarniaghat and Kakraha range of Bahraich division.[42] Pilibhit, Khutar and Kakraha are the reserved forest areas which are being converted into protected areas for the reserves. This reserve is sectioned under the much talked program "Project Tiger".[43]


In the February'08 annual census of forest inhabitants says, this reserve area has a total 36 tigers. The break up of 36 tigers in Pilibhit is 11 male, 20 female, and five cubs. In the 2005 census, there ware only one cub, 12 male and 22 female in the district. Pilibhit reserve is expanded over 73,000 hectare area spread in several districts.[44]


The massive deforestation in the only existing forest tract of Indo-Nepal border in Pilibhit-Lakhimpur Tarai belt has reduced the forest cover. The depleted swathes of forest land have increased the pressure on survival of wild animals within the protected area. The new tiger reserve was sanctioned in keeping with this problem.[45] The outline for the reserve, as identified by the Critical Tiger Habitat Committee, has approved by Central government in September 2008. With Pilibhit Tiger Reserve area, now Uttar Pradesh has total two tiger reserve areas.[46] The government of India has opened four reserves with the name of Sunabeda Tiger Reserve in Orissa, Shahayadri Tiger reserve in Maharashtra, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve in Uttar Pradesh, and Ratapani Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh in the third quarter of 2008.[47]

The Fishery Reservoir

Pilibhit also have one fishery reservoir, which is situated in the tehsil Bisalpur which is recognized as a reservoir by Fisheries Department of the state government as well as the central government. The State Fisheries Department classifies this water body used as a medium size fishery reservoir (500 to 1000 ha area). This reservoir is a natural water body and located on the southern periphery of Deoriya range also runs along the forests of this range. Every year during winters this water body attracts thousands of migratory birds. Besides birds, it is home to a large number of turtles. There are also numerous species of fish found in this water body. Apart from this Fisheries reservoir, Pilibhit also have a few small man made and natural water bodies which are being use by Fisheries Department. There are also large numbers of local communities, mainly refugees from east Bengal settled on periphery of this water body. These communities engage themselves in poaching of migratory birds every year disturbing the peace and tranquility.[48]

Other Forest Area in Pilibhit

Apart from the reserve area and wild life places, Pilibhit also has a few forest areas around in the district. Mala range (east from city towards Puranpur), Haripur range(east from the Puranpur town towards Nepal border), Barahi range (A few km from city towards Kalinagar), Mahof Range (east from city near to Nyoria Husainpur)[49] and Deoriya range (on district's southern-east border towards Shahjahanpur) are a few of them. Mala, Deoriya and Barahi are well connected with the city by road and railway. Mala range comes on the way to Lakhimpur Kheri from Pilibhit city, which is famous for leopards, swamp deer,[50] Rhinoceros, Cheetal, hog deer, barking deer, sambar, Wild bear, ratel, and around 400 species of birds and 90 species of fishes. Some of them are really dense and unhabited areas. Although Mala and Deoriya has a few habitated colonies, but Mahof is completely unhabitated yet, A part of this forest range, including area from forest in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand is also known as Lagga-Bagga forest range, Which makes the Nepal border along with the river sharda and officially known as No Men's Land. In Mala and Barahi forests, basically Bengali communities are habitating in small colonies, who came in the area from East Bengal after partition of India in 1947. After refugee habitation started in the area in 1947, deforestation had become a major concern. These forests have enormous depth for a good tourist destination.

Sports

Sri Lalit Hari Cricket Stadium

Pilibhit has one cricket stadium in the Shri Lalit Hari sugar mill compound, which is also or formerly known as Lalit Hari Stadium. This stadium was established in 1931 on Tarakpur road, at the railway station end. The home team for this stadium is Uttar Pradesh. It has Matting type of pitch. This stadium had hosted a few Ranji trophy cricket matches in the early 80s.

Some of the famous match was played at the Lalit Hari Sugar Factory Ground, Pilibhit are :-


Gandhi Sports Stadium

This is one of the beautiful stadium in the Bareilly zone speared 85 Acres (Local measurement) of area in the mid of the city, which has various facilities for Athletics, Football, Volleyball, Hockey and some indoor sports. Now, a Swing pool is also proposed to be constructed in the stadium. In the same compound one multipurpose Auditorium is available. This stadium is better known as sports heart of the city, as this is the only sport facility available for public uses.

Other Facilities

Apart from these sports grounds, various educational institutions has their own facilities. Few are DGIC ground, St. Aloysius ground, Rama college ground, SVM college ground and some more. Although city hasn't produce any big sports' celebrity. But city teams have able to save a few state level competitions on various events.[53]

Poetry & Literature

Pilibhit has produced several who ’s who in field of music, poetry, literature. Some famous residents from Pilibhit are below:-

Anjum Pilibhiti
A poet by nature and song writer by profession, Anjum Pilibhit has written many songs in the decade of 1940s. He has given his words in movies Meri Kahani (1948), Humayun (1945) , Vidya (1948), Anokhi Ada (1948), Hamjoli (1946), Najma (1943), Anmol Ghadi (1946), Badi Maa (1945), Eighteen Fifty Seven/ 1857 (1946).[54]

Akhtar Pilibhiti
The 40s has witnessed a hit jugalbandi of Akhtar Pilibhiti and young Mohammad Rafi. Akhtar Pilibhit was born in Pilibhit on 12 Mar 1928. His most famous contribution was in the movie Shehnaaz. His song “ai dil tujh hii ko niind na aayii tamaam raat” was the fomous song in 1948.[55]

Hafiz Pilibhiti
Hafiz Pilibhit was one of the famous contributors in the Urdu literature. He was born on 29 Nov 1860 in a very poor family and did his all studies in the local madrasa. His major contribution is Urdu Nazam and patriotic Urdu songs, which became very famous in the moment against British government those days. All of his work has been protected by National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (NCPUL). He died on 15 July 1929.[56]

Rafiq Pilibhiiti
Rafiq Pilibhiiti was born on 14 June 1933 in Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India. He is an engineer by profession. It has been generally observed that those who opt for literature are afraid of Mathematics and Science, while those who adopt Science and Mathematics are seldom interested in literature. However exceptions are always there and such is the case with Mr. Rafiq. Besides having a first class academic career throughout Mr. Rafiq’s name was on the top of the list declared by state public service commission declared in the year 1960. It is remarkable that his poetic art too bears a similar standard of excellence. Rafiq Pilibhiti belongs to a Zamindar family of Rohilkhand (U.P.). His father late Sheikh Abdul Latif was also a poet and his pen name was 'Naaz'. Thus Rafiq inherited poetry and it is very much in his blood. It is interesting to know that Rafiq Sahib started writing poetry at the age of fifty, when he was posted at Moradabad.[57]

His major work are Jahan Numa (Hindi), Hare Zakhma (Hindi, English), Ishq–e–Madaam, Zikr Us Parivash Ka (Urdu) and Jahan Numa (Urdu).

Suroor Jahanabadi
The pre independence political turmoil, and the social consciousness and the national awakening during the last decade of nineteenth century inspired the Surror Hahanabadi (Full and real name Munshi Shri Durga das Sahai) a promintant poet, to compose poems of very high standards, suffused with patriotic sentiments. He was born in a poor kayastha family of town Jahanbad in Pilibhit district in 1873. His famous collections of Urdu poems are Jama-i-suroor (1911) and Khumkhana-i-surror (1930-posthumous). Some other famous plays written by surror Jahanabadi are Ruksat-i-Shaheb, Gul-i-firdaus, Diwwar-i-khoon. He died in the year of 1911 on day of Holi.

Fateh Singh Vatsayan
The Hindi and Sanskrit Scholar was born in the Pilibhit city on 13 Jan 1913. He has served 41 years as a Hindi and Sanskrit Prof in various university in India. Presently he is living in Jodhpur with his family. This nonogenarian was honoured by prestigious National Literature Award by the President of India in 1966 for his work Kamayani Sundarya. He also has received various awards and honours from various state governments and organizations. His famous work is Kamayani Sundarya, Sahitya aur Sundarya, Bhartiya Smaj Sashtra, Dayanad Aur unka Ved Bhasya.

Industry & Agriculture

The district Pilibhit has an agriculture-based economy. It has a very furtile land, but it is a bit backward in the area of industry, and has no mineral extraction area. The industry in the district is mainly based on agriculture. Since main crop in this area is sugarcane, So there are four sugar factories at Majhola, Puranpur, Bisalpur and Pilibhit. Three factories are in co-operative sector and one at Pilibhit is in private sector. The Lalit Hari Sugar Factory is the largest among them. Now, in year 2005-06, The Bajaj Industry has come up with Bajaj Hindustan Sugar factory Ltd, in Barkhera area of the district. Apart from this, District has a few cottage industries too, Main cottage industries are Wooden or Bamboo flute manufacturing, engineering units, brick klins, candles and zari work. The flute made in Pilibhit has a big international demand. These flutes are exported to US, Europe, Japan, Canada, UAE and the African countries. Other major units are three solvent plants, four flour mills, one steel plant (a few km from the City) and one Alcohol Distillery in Majhola town.

Sugar Mills in District

Name of Sugar Factory Capacity Installation year No. of cane Growers Cane Area (in Hect.)
The Lalit Hari Sugar Factory Pvt. Ltd. Pilibhit[58] 2000 TCD 1909-10 29786 27423
The Bisalpur Sahkari Chini Mills Ltd., Bisalpur[59] 2500 TCD 1977-78 37543 23945
The Kisan Coop Sugar Factory Ltd., Majhola[59] 2000 TCD 1965-66 7442 7647
The Kisan Sahkari Chini Mills Ltd., Puranpur[59] 2500 TCD 1985-86 16576 13170
The Bajaj Hindustan Ltd., Barkhera[60][61] 2160 TCD 2006-07 79222 49522

Other Establishment in District

Name Sector Category Installation year
R.S. Mahajan Industries, Pilibhit PU Paper 1963
Majhola Distillery & Chemicals, Pilibhit[62] SU Distillery 1969
Anil Modi Oil Industries Ltd., Pilibhit[63] OW Vegetable Oils & Wax. 1974
File:Threshing in fields in Pilibhit.JPG
Formers threshing the crops in fields in Pilibhit

The main crops of district Pilibhit are sugarcane, rice, wheat, pulse, food grains, mustard and oil seeds. which depends upon the seasons. District Pilibhit is also supplies a big amount of fresh vegetables to Delhi, Lucknow and nearby markets. Pilibhit also has one of the biggest food grain market in the Uttar Pradesh named Adarsh Krishi Khadyann Mandi Samiti (Template:Lang-hi), Which is the main supplier market food grain and vegetable to Uttarakhand.

Apart from Agriculture, Dairy industry has been flourisheed in the area. The district has a big number of live stocks mainly Cows, Buffalos, Goats. The district not only fulfill its own demand, but also supplies to the district of Bareilly and various places in Uttarakhand.

The Embroidery industry is also one of the major source of income for semi skilled labor, with help of some NGOs, this industry is blooming up and business is increaing not only in the local market, but also in the inetrnational level.

Politics

Members of Parliament - Constituency Pilibhit

Parliament Constituency Code = 9

Year Lok Sabha Name of Members of Parliyament Party
1951 01st Lok Sabha Shri Mukund Lal Agrawal INC
1957 02nd Lok Sabha Shri Mohan Swarup PSP
1962 03rd Lok Sabha Shri Mohan Swarup PSP
1967 04th Lok Sabha Shri Mohan Swarup PSP
1971 05th Lok Sabha Shri Mohan Swarup INC
1977 06th Lok Sabha Shri Md Shamsul Hasan Khan BLD
1980 07th Lok Sabha Shri Harish Kumar Gangawar INC
1984 08th Lok Sabha Shri Bhanu Pratap Singh INC
1989 09th Lok Sabha Smt. Menaka Gandhi JD
1991 10th Lok Sabha Shri Parshuram Gangwar BJP
1996 11th Lok Sabha Smt. Menaka Gandhi JD
1998 12th Lok Sabha Smt. Menaka Gandhi IND
1999 13th Lok Sabha Smt. Menaka Gandhi IND
2004 14th Lok Sabha Smt. Menaka Gandhi BJP

Members of Legislative Assembly

Pilibhit Legislative Assembly Constituency Code = 41
Bisalpur Legislative Assembly Constituency Code = 43
Puranpur Legislative Assembly Constituency Code = 44
Barkhera Legislative Assembly Constituency Code = 42

Barkhera Legislative Assembly Constituency came into existence in 1967.

Year Vidhan Sabha Pilibhit Constituency Bisalpur Constituency Puranpur Constituency Barkhera Constituency
1951 01st Vidhan Sabha Sri Niranjan Singh (INC) Sri Hari Prasad (SoP) Sri Munendra Pal (SoP) NIL
1957 02nd Vidhan Sabha Sri Niranjan Singh (INC) Sri Bhihari Lal (PSP) Sri Munendra Pal (PSP) NIL
1962 03rd Vidhan Sabha Sri Ram R. Singh (INC) Sri Durga Prasad (INC) Sri Mohan Lal Acharya (INC) NIL
1967 04th Vidhan Sabha Sri B. Ram (BJS) Sri Munendra Pal (PSP) Sri Mohan Lal Acharya (INC) Sri Kishan Lal (BJS)
1969 05th Vidhan Sabha Sri Ali Zaheer (INC) Sri Tej Bhahdur (BKD) Sri Har Narayan (BKD) Sri Kishan Lal (BJS)
1974 06th Vidhan Sabha Sri Dhirendra Sahai (BKD) Sri Tej Bhahdur (INC) Sri Harish Chandra (BJS) Sri Kishan Lal (BJS)
1977 07th Vidhan Sabha Sri Dhirendra Sahai (JP) Sri Munendra Pal (JP) Sri Babooram Prabhati (JP) Sri Kishan Lal (JP)
1980 08th Vidhan Sabha Sri Charan Jit Singh (INC) Sri Tej Bhahdur (INC) Sri Vinod Kumar (INC) Sri Baboo ram (INC)
1985 09th Vidhan Sabha Sri Syed Ali Ashrafi (INC) Sri Tej Bhahdur (INC) Sri Vinod Kumar (INC) Sri Kishan Lal (BJP)
1989 10th Vidhan Sabha Sri Riyaz Ahemad (IND) Sri Harish Kumar (JP) Sri Har Narayan (JP) Sri Sannu Lal (IND)
1991 11th Vidhan Sabha Sri B. K. Gupta (BJP) Sri Ram Saran Verma (BJP) Sri Pramod Kumar (BJP) Sri Kishan Lal (BJP)
1993 12th Vidhan Sabha Sri B. K. Gupta (BJP) Sri Ram Saran Verma (BJP) Sri Virendra M. Singh (JD) Sri Kishan Lal (BJP)
1996 13th Vidhan Sabha Smt. Raj Rai Singh (BJP) Sri Anish A. Khan (BSP) Sri Gopal Krishna (SP) Sri Peetam Ram (SP)
2002 14th Vidhan Sabha Sri Riyaz Ahemad (SP) Sri Anish A. Khan (BSP) Sri Vinod Tiwari (BJP) Sri Peetam Ram (SP)
2007 15th Vidhan Sabha Sri Riyaz Ahemad (SP) Sri Anish A. Khan (BSP) Sri Arshad Khan (BSP) Sri Sukh Lal (BJP)


SoP indicates Socialist Party
PSP indicates Praja Socialist Party
BKD indicates Bharatiya Kranti Dal
BLD indicates Bharatiya Lok Dal
INC indicates Indian National Congress
BJS indicates Bharatiya Jana Sangh
JP indicates Janata Party
JD indicates Janata Dal
BJP indicates Bharatiya Janata Party
SP indicates Samajwadi Party
BSP indicates Bahujan Samaj Party
IND indicates Independent Condidate

All details are taken from Election Commission web site.[64]

Culture

Architecture

Architectural inheritance of the past millennia of the region of Rohilkhand survives to varying extent, so does in Pilibhit. Some of the construction are very old and have been built over repeatedly in course of time. These building say the stories of its rulers and people who made them. One of the oldest temples Sri Gauri Shankar Temple and Sri Radha Krishna Temple in the Shaukara locality in the city says the story of architecture brilliance and love of people towards it. In the Gauri Shankar Temple premise, has a magnificent gates constructed by Hafiz Rahmat Khan, says the story of communal harmony of the area. Another architectural edifice is Raja Ji ki Koti in the Puranaganj locality of the city, a big and splendid building. Another impressive stop are the four magnificent gate constructed around the administrative building in 1734 AC by the Mughal subedar Ali Mohammed Khan. These gate were named as Barellwi darwaza in west, Hussaini darwaza in east, Jahanabadi darwaza in north and Dakhini darwaza in south, but due to lack of proper maintenance, all gate have been lost, only ruins are remaining now.

The Dramound Boy’s Inter College building says the story of architectural excellence in the city, so does say the Ghanta Gharbuilding. Apart from these public buildiing, some of the residential buildings are also exemplary, some of the century old buildings in the old city have big wooden gates near the Laxmi Cinema complex.

Art and Craft

People of Pilibhit are evenly creative in art and craft, One of the local community Kumars in the Tularam locality are the one, who are into the mud craft creation since centuries. Apart from these, Embroidery craft is the employment for many families here. This embroidery is based on Lucknow’s famous Zardozi, work. Some of the neighboring Tharu tribes, are also gross their livelihood by selling a good Terracotta work. All these fine art worker are fragmented, so they are not able to get the real price for their work. But some of the NGO have come to the fore to help them. These artiest and worker are being skilled into the new technicality for the craft excellence.

Being a forest enrich area, Pilibhit has lots of wood based art and craft industries , The wooden flute is one of example from Pilibhit which has find its place on international level, Flutes are being export to US, Europe and UAE. Wooden Chappals (Khadoo) is also an example of wooden craft, but due to very less demand this is a dying state. Apart from this, Musical instrument made of wood like Tabla, Dolak, drums are also mode of revenue for lot of families.

Dance and Music

Pilibhit, being in the influence of Braj culture, its dance and music are also enriched with the devotion to Sri Krishna. The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (known and especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Shri Krishna. These songs are accompanied by large drums known as bumb and are performed at many festivals. Other folk dances or folk theater forms include:

Festivals

Religious practices are as much an integral part of everyday life, and a very public affair, as they are in the rest of India. Therefore, not surprisingly, many festivals are religious in origin, although several of them are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. Among the most important Hindu festivals are Diwali, Holi and Vijayadasami, Mahashivaratri, Ram Navmi, Basant Panchami, Sri Krishna Janamastmi, Raksha Bandhan which are also observed with equal fervour by Jains and Sikhs. Eid al-Milad, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id and Moharram are Muslim religious festivals. Mahavir Jayanti is celebrated by Jains, Buddha Jayanti by Buddhists, Guru Nanak Jayanti by Sikhs and Christmas by the Christians.[65]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=28770
  2. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1924395.cms
  3. ^ a b http://pilibhit.nic.in/discover.htm
  4. ^ http://sevakindia.org/environment_wildlife.html
  5. ^ http://www.punjabheritage.org/material-heritage/negotiations-under-way-to-purchase-historic-gurdwara.html
  6. ^ http://www.nanakmattasahib.com/NS_TM_Places.htm
  7. ^ http://www.uttarakhand.ws/v/pilgrimage-temples/purnagiri-temple/
  8. ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-0921.pdf
  9. ^ http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP
  10. ^ http://www.pingalwaraonline.org/articles/articles_mason.htm
  11. ^ http://h.ebharat.in/tharu-rana
  12. ^ "Significant Scots: 'James Tod'" (HTML). Retrieved 2007-01-02.
  13. ^ www.ansiss.org/doc/seminar2007July20-22/a_k_singh.doc
  14. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/auto/virtuallythere/global/stations/42190.html
  15. ^ http://www.imd.ernet.in/main_new.htm
  16. ^ "Pilibhit weather". Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  17. ^ http://banjaratimes.com/18022/18127.html? *session*id*key*=*session*id*val*/
  18. ^ a b http://www.indus-intl.com/bookdetails.cfm?bookid=IN-02404
  19. ^ for further reference, please read http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/1996/00000039/00000004/art00019
  20. ^ http://www.reallifelog.com/labana/History_P2/
  21. ^ http://oudh.tripod.com/bhm/bhmvalq.htm
  22. ^ http://oudh.tripod.com/bq/lastking.htm
  23. ^ Please check Chronology for Nov'29 wikisource:Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's life/India 1929
  24. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=riots+in+pilibhit&source=web&ots=DKF4JIfn0Z&sig=lZuxdTLQcN-eBqQ5GrLz6zm-nQc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result
  25. ^ Reference Taken from http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8946.php
  26. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XNsganXnq-oC&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255&dq=riots+in+pilibhit&source=web&ots=_smG8q1jsx&sig=_JUeyjpycoeSiok9y-RxkwfaJFE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA83,M1
  27. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XNsganXnq-oC&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255&dq=riots+in+pilibhit&source=web&ots=_smG8q1jsx&sig=_JUeyjpycoeSiok9y-RxkwfaJFE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA255,M1
  28. ^ http://nomadmolouges.blogspot.com/2008/08/root-cause-of-riots-for-last-175-years.html
  29. ^ for official figure Please check http://pilibhit.nic.in/discover.htm
  30. ^ http://www.sandrp.in/floods/HT_Paper_1106.pdf
  31. ^ http://www.webindia123.com/uttar/land/climate.htm
  32. ^ http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_4839844_1.html
  33. ^ http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/flood-situation-continues-to-be-grim-in-orissa_10099432.html
  34. ^ http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/seismiczone.htm
  35. ^ http://asc-india.org/seismi/seis-uttar-pradesh.htm
  36. ^ http://www.irfca.org/docs/mg-routes.html
  37. ^ http://www.ner.railnet.gov.in/Form/izn/comm-1.htm
  38. ^ http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Budget-2007/budget0708.htm
  39. ^ http://www.indiabudgettravel.com/travel-tool-kits/distance-calculator.html
  40. ^ Please check for the further referencec http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000004323u00010000.html
  41. ^ http://www.aulia-e-hind.com/dargah/pilibit.htm
  42. ^ http://assets.wwfindia.org/downloads/jungle_express__aug__2007.pdf
  43. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lucknow/Pilibhit_tiger_reserve_gets_Central_nod/articleshow/3469118.cms
  44. ^ http://www.htnext.in/news/5922_2004485,0015002500000005.htm
  45. ^ http://www.newspostindia.com/report-60749
  46. ^ http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20080523/960158.html
  47. ^ http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14680301
  48. ^ http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/V5930E/V5930E14.htm
  49. ^ http://www.mapindia.org/2005/papers/pdf/62.pdf
  50. ^ http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/ungulatesofindia/swamp.htm
  51. ^ for further result please visit http://www.cricket-online.com/scorecard_fc.php?fc=34745
  52. ^ please visit http://www.pcboard.com.pk/Archive/Scorecards/41/41814.html
  53. ^ http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=204235
  54. ^ http://smriti.com/hindi-songs/name-anjum-pilibhiti#lyrics
  55. ^ http://smriti.com/hindi-songs/ai-dil-tujh-hii-ko-niind-na-aayii-tamaam-raat-utf8
  56. ^ http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_h.htm
  57. ^ https://www.mobipocket.com/EN/eBooks/eBookDetails.asp?BookID=28129
  58. ^ http://cdmindia.nic.in/cdmindia/projects/PCN%20124.pdf
  59. ^ a b c http://www.upsugarfed.org/sugarmills.htm
  60. ^ http://www.dnv.com/focus/climate_change/upload/pdd%20bhl%20barkhera%20v1%20sep%202006.pdf
  61. ^ http://www.cmlinks.com/grdsec/grd/Profile/Pdirep.asp?PageOpt=10&code=249
  62. ^ http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/indpol/upgpi.htm
  63. ^ http://myiris.com/shares/company/writeDet.php?icode=animodoi
  64. ^ for further information please visit http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
  65. ^ "18 Popular India Festivals". Retrieved 2007-12-23.
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