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Telangana
తెల౦గాణ
تلنگانہ
State of India
Montage of Telangana. Clockwise from top left: Charminar, painting of Lord Rama at Bhadrachalam, Kacheguda Railway Station, Bhongir Fort, Buddha statue in Hussain sagar, NTPC Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station.
Montage of Telangana.
Clockwise from top left: Charminar, painting of Lord Rama at Bhadrachalam, Kacheguda Railway Station, Bhongir Fort, Buddha statue in Hussain sagar, NTPC Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station.
Official logo of Telangana తెల౦గాణ تلنگانہ
Seal of Telangana
Anthem: Jaya Jaya He Telangana Janani Jayakethanam
Location of Telangana (marked in red) in India
Location of Telangana (marked in red) in India
CountryIndia
RegionSouth India
Established2 June 2014
CapitalHyderabad†
Largest cityHyderabad
Districts10
Government
 • GovernorE. S. L. Narasimhan
 • Chief ministerKalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (TRS)
 • LegislatureBicameral (119 + 40 seats)
 • Lok Sabha constituencies17
 • High CourtHigh Court of Judicature at Hyderabad
Area
†
 • Total114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi)
 • Rank12th
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total35,193,978
 • Rank12th
 • Density310/km2 (790/sq mi)
DemonymTelanganite
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-xx (not assigned)
Vehicle registrationTS[2]
Literacy66.50%[1]
Official languageTelugu, Urdu
Websitetelangana.gov.in
^† Joint Capital with Andhra Pradesh

Telangana (/tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ⓘ) is a state in the Southern region of India. It has an area of 114,840 km2 and is the twelth largest state in India. Most of it was part of the princely state of Hyderabad (Medak and Warangal Divisions), which was ruled by the Nizams during the British Raj until 1947, and later until 1948, when it joined the Union of India. In 1956, Hyderabad state was dissolved and Andhra State was merged with the Telangana region of the state of Hyderabad to form the state of Andhra Pradesh. On 2 June 2014, Telangana became the 29th state of India, consisting of the ten north-western districts of Andhra Pradesh with Hyderabad as its capital.[3] The city of Hyderabad will continue to serve as the joint capital for Andhra Pradesh and the successor state of Telengana for a period of ten years.

Telangana is bordered by the states of Odisha and Chhattisgarh to the north, to the west by Maharastra and Karnataka, on the south and east by Andhra Pradesh.[4] Telangana has an area of 114,840 square kilometres (44,340 sq mi), and a population of 35,286,757 (2011 census).[5] Hyderabad, Warangal, and Nizamabad are the major cities in the state.

Hyderabad state in 1909

Etymology

The name Telangana is thought to have been derived from the word Trilinga, as in the Trilinga Desa, which translates to "the country of the three lingas". According to a Hindu legend, Shiva descended in lingam form on three mountains, Kaleshwaram, Srisailam and Draksharama, which marked the boundaries of the Trilingadesa, later called Telinga, Telunga or Telugu.[6][7]

The name "Telangana" was designated to distinguish the predominantly Telugu-speaking region of the erstwhile Hyderabad State from its predominantly Marathi-speaking one, Marathwada.[8]

One of the earliest uses of a word similar to Telangana can be seen in a name of Malik Maqbul (14th century C.E.), who was called the Tilangani, which implies that he was from Tilangana. He was the commander of Warangal Fort (Telugu Kaṭaka Pāludu).[9]

History

Main article: History of Telangana

Early history

The Satavahana dynasty had its roots in Koti Lingala on the banks of the Godavari River, in present day Karimnagar district.

The Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE to 220 CE) became the dominant power in the area. It originated from the lands between the Godavari and Krishna rivers.[10] After the decline of the Satavahanas, various dynasties, such as the Vakataka, Vishnukundina, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta and Western Chalukya, ruled the area.[11]

Kakatiya Dynasty

Torana built by the Kakatiyas in Warangal in 1163
Ramappa Temple, built in 1213 by ruler Recherla Rudra of Kakatiyas

The area experienced its golden age during the reign of the Kakatiya dynasty that ruled most parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh and Telangana from 1083 to 1323 CE.[11] Ganapatideva, who came to power in 1199, was known as the greatest of the Kakatiyas, and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Telugu Cholas, who accepted his suzerainty in the year 1210. He established order in his vast dominion that stretched from the Godavari delta in the east to Raichur (in modern day Karnataka) in the west and from Karimnagar and Bastar (in modern day Chhattisgarh) in the north to Srisailam and Tripurantakam, near Ongole, in the south. It was during his reign that the Golkonda fort was constructed.[12] Rudrama Devi and Prataparudra were prominent rulers from the Kakatiya dynasty. The dynasty weakened with the attack of Malik Kafur in 1309 and was dissolved with the defeat of Prataparudra by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1323.[13][14]

Qutb Shahi and Asaf Jahi's

The area came under the Muslim rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century, followed by the Bahmani Sultanate. Quli Qutb Mulk, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[15]

Charminar in Hyderabad

In 1712, Qamar-ud-din Khan was appointed to be viceroy of the Deccan with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (meaning "Administrator of the Realm"). In 1724, he defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba and took the name Asif Jah, starting what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty.[11] He named the area Hyderabad Deccan. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were called Asif Jahi nizams or nizams of Hyderabad. The Medak and Warangal divisions were ruled by the nizams.[16]

When Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the nizams. Nizam [who?] signed a subsidiary alliance in 1799 with British and lost its control over the state's defence and foreign affairs. Hyderabad State became a princely state among the presidencies and provinces of British India.[16]

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam (In Urdu: نگارجنا ساگر ڈیم) is a masonry dam on the Krishna River at Nagarjuna Sagar in the border of Nalgonda district of Telangana State and Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh State, India. The proposal to construct a dam to use the excess waters of the Krishna river was planned by the British Engineers in 1903 on the supervision of Hyderabad Nizams.

Telangana was the seat of numerous dynasties. Chowmahalla Palace was home to the nizams of Hyderabad.

Post-independence

When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the nizam of Hyderabad did not want to merge with the Indian Union and wanted to remain independent under the special provisions given to princely states. The government of India annexed Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948 in Operation Polo.[11] The central government appointed a civil servant, M. K. Vellodi, as first chief minister of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950.[17] He administered the state with the help of English educated bureaucrats from Madras State and Bombay State, who were part of British India and familiar with Indian system unlike the bureaucrats of Hyderabad state who used completely different administrative system from British India and used Urdu as the state language.

In 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected chief minister of Hyderabad State in the first democratic election. During this time, there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement rule by natives of Hyderabad.[18]

Meanwhile, Telugu-speaking areas in the Northern Circars and Rayalaseema regions were carved out of the erstwhile Madras state as a result of the 'fast unto death' protest by Potti Sreeramulu to create Andhra State in 1953.[19][20][21]

Telangana Rebellion

Main article: Telangana Rebellion

The Telangana Rebellion was a peasant revolt supported by the communists. It took place in the former princely state of Hyderabad between 1946 and 1951. It was led by the Communist Party of India (CPI).[22]

The revolt began in the Nalgonda district against the feudal lords of Reddy and Velama castes. It quickly spread to the Warangal and Bidar districts. Peasant farmers and labourers revolted against the local feudal landlords (jagirdars and deshmukhs) and later against the king of Hyderabad State. The violent phase of the movement ended after the central government sent in the army.[23] Starting in 1951, the CPI shifted to a more moderate strategy of seeking to bring communism to India within the framework of Indian democracy.[24]

States Reorganisation Commission

Hyderabad State (in yellowish-green)

In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed to form states on linguistic bases.[25] An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.[26] After reorganisation in 1956, the region of Telangana was merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh.

Following the Gentlemen's agreement, the central government established a unified Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956.[19][27][28]

Telangana movement

Main article: Telangana movement

There have been several movements to invalidate the merger of Telangana and Andhra, major ones occurring in 1969, 1972, and 2009. The movement gained momentum over decades for a new state of Telangana. On 9 December 2009 the government of India announced process of formation of Telangana state. Violent protests led by people in the Coastal Andhra and Rayalseema regions immediately after the announcement, and the decision was put on hold on 23 December 2009.

The movement continued in Hyderabad and other districts of Telangana.[29] There have been hundreds of claimed suicides[citation needed], strikes, protests and disturbances to public life demanding separate statehood.

Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh

See also: Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014

On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state. After various stages the bill was placed in the parliament in February 2014.[30] In February 2014, Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the parliament of India for the formation of Telangana state comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.[31] The bill received the assent of the president and published in the gazette on 1 March 2014.[32]

The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014. Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao was chosen as the first chief minister of Telangana.[33] Hyderabad will remain as the joint capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period of 10 years.[34]

Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption in Secunderabad

Geography

Telangana is situated on the Deccan Plateau, in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. It covers 114,800 square kilometres (44,300 sq mi). The region is drained by two major rivers, with about 79% of the Godavari River catchment area and about 69% of the Krishna River catchment area, but most of the land is arid.[4] Telangana is also drained by several minor rivers such as the Bhima, the Manjira and the Musi.

The annual rainfall is between 900 to 1500 mm in northern Telangana and 700 to 900 mm in southern Telangana, from the southwest monsoons. Various soil types abound, including chalkas, red sandy soils, dubbas, deep red loamy soils, and very deep b.c. [clarification needed] soils that facilitate planting mangoes, oranges and flowers.[35] About 45% of the forest area of Andhra Pradesh is located in five districts of Telangana.

Climate

Telangana is a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the 42 °C (108 °F) range. The monsoon arrives in June and lasts until September with about 755 mm (29.7 inches) of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) range.

Warangal
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
15
 
 
30
16
 
 
5
 
 
33
18
 
 
5
 
 
37
22
 
 
7
 
 
40
26
 
 
15
 
 
42
28
 
 
50
 
 
37
28
 
 
85
 
 
32
25
 
 
170
 
 
31
25
 
 
160
 
 
33
23
 
 
70
 
 
33
22
 
 
10
 
 
31
18
 
 
0
 
 
30
15
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: www.mustseeindia.com
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.6
 
 
86
61
 
 
0.2
 
 
91
64
 
 
0.2
 
 
99
72
 
 
0.3
 
 
104
79
 
 
0.6
 
 
108
82
 
 
2
 
 
99
82
 
 
3.3
 
 
90
77
 
 
6.7
 
 
88
77
 
 
6.3
 
 
91
73
 
 
2.8
 
 
91
72
 
 
0.4
 
 
88
64
 
 
0
 
 
86
59
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Hyderabad (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.9
(96.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		42.2
(108.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		44.5
(112.1) 		45.5
(113.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.7
(98.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		45.5
(113.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.6
(83.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.0
(89.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.0
(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		20.0
(67.9)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.1
(43.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 9.2
(0.36) 		10.2
(0.40) 		12.3
(0.48) 		27.2
(1.07) 		34.5
(1.36) 		113.8
(4.48) 		162.0
(6.38) 		203.9
(8.03) 		148.5
(5.85) 		113.9
(4.48) 		19.1
(0.75) 		5.0
(0.20) 		859.6
(33.84)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) 1.1 1 1.4 3.7 4.2 10.9 15.4 16.3 12.3 7.6 2.5 0.5 76.9
Average rainy days 0.6 0.6 0.9 2.0 2.5 6.8 9.5 11.3 8.4 5.6 1.3 0.3 49.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 41 33 29 30 31 52 65 70 67 59 49 44 48
Average dew point °C (°F) 12
(54) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		15
(59) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		16
(61)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 265.6 272.8 276.0 279.0 180.0 136.4 133.3 162.0 226.3 243.0 251.1 2,698.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.8 9.4 8.8 9.2 9.0 6.0 4.4 4.3 5.4 7.3 8.1 8.1 7.4
Average ultraviolet index 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 8 11
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[36][37][38] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[39][40]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[41] Weather Atlas[42]

Ecology

The Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests ecoregion covers much of the state, including Hyderabad. The characteristic vegetation is woodlands of Hardwickia binata and Albizia amara. Over 80% of the original forest cover has been cleared for agriculture, timber harvesting, or cattle grazing, but large blocks of forest can be found in Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve and elsewhere.[43] The more humid Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests cover the Eastern Ghats in the eastern part of the state.

National Parks and Sanctuaries

Telangana has three National Parks: Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park in Hyderabad district, and Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Mrugavani National Park in Ranga Reddy district.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana include Eturunagaram Wildlife Sanctuary and Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary in Warangal District, Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary and Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary in Adilabad district, Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary in Khammam district, Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary in Medak district, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Nalgonda and Mahbubnagar districts and in Andhra Pradesh, Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary in Medak and Nizamabad districts, Shivaram Wildlife Sanctuary in Karimnagar district, and Siwaram Wildlife Sanctuary in Adilabad and Karimnagar districts.

Sacred groves are small areas of forest preserved by local people. Sacred groves provide sanctuary to the local flora and fauna. Some are included within other protected areas, like Kadalivanam in Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, but most stand alone. There are 65 sacred groves Telangana – two in Adilabad district, thirteen in Hyderabad district, four in Karimnagar district, four in Khammam district, nine in Mahbubnagar district, four in Medak district, nine in Nalgonda district, ten in Ranga Reddy district, and three in Warangal district.[44]

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Telangana and Politics of Telangana
See also: List of Chief Ministers of Telangana

Telangana is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are three branches of government.

  1. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.
  2. The legislature, the Telangana Legislative Assembly and the Telangana Legislative Council, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The Assembly is bicameral with 119 Members of the Legislative Assembly and 40 Member of the Legislative Council. Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third members retiring every two years.
  3. The judiciary is composed of the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad and a system of lower courts.

Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes seats to Lok Sabha.

The main players in the regional politics are the Telangana Rashtra Samithi, Telugu Desam Party and Indian National Congress. Following the Telangana Legislative Assembly Election in 2014, the Telangana Rashtra Samithi under Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao was elected to power.

Demographics

See also: List of cities in Telangana by population and List of districts in Telangana
Religion in Telangana
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 86%
Islam
 
 12.4%
Christianity
 
 1.2%
Others
 
 0.4%

According to the Backward Regions Grant Fund 2009–10, 13 backward districts are located in Andhra Pradesh: nine (all except Hyderabad) are from Telangana and the rest are from other regions.[45]

The religious makeup of Telangana is 86% Hindu, 12.4% Muslim, and 1.2% Christian, and 0.4% others.[46][47]

About 76% of the population of Telangana speak Telugu, 12% speak Urdu, and 12% speak other languages.[48][49] Before 1948, Urdu was the official language of Hyderabad State, and due to a lack of Telugu-language educational institutions, Urdu was the language of the educated elite of Telangana. After 1948, once Hyderabad State joined the new Republic of India, Telugu became the language of government, and as Telugu was introduced as the medium of instruction in schools and colleges, the use of Urdu among non-Muslims decreased.[50]

According to the 2011 census, Telangana literacy rate is 67.22%.[51] Male literacy and female literacy are 75.6% and 58.77% respectively. Hyderabad district leading with 80.96% and Mahboobnagar district at the bottom with 56.06%.[52]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Telangana

Telangana culture combines cultural customs from Persian traditions embedded during Moghuls and Nizams rule with prominent and predominantly south Indian traditions and customs.

See also: List of Telangana poets

Economy

Main article: Economy of Telangana

There are extensive coal deposits, which are excavated by the Singareni Collieries Company, for power generation and industrial purposes.[53] There are limestone deposits in the area, which are used by cement factories. Telangana also has deposits of bauxite and mica. Kothagudem, Jammikunta, Palwancha are amongst the industrial towns in the state.

Transportation

The state is well connected other states with road, rail and airways. It does not have seaport transportation.

Roadways

The Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC) is the major public transport corporation that connects all the cities and villages.[54] Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station (M.G.B.S) in Hyderabad is one of the largest bus stand in Asia.[55][56] Jubilee Bus Station in Secunderabad serves inter city bus services. Asia's biggest Inter City Bus Terminal (ICBT) is being built in Miyapur (Hyderabad), which would house nearly 200 bus bays and for parking nearly 1,000 buses.[57]

Railways

See also: South Central Railway zone
Secunderabad railway station, a very busy railway junction in India and headquarters of South Central Railway

The history of railways in this region dates back to the time of nizam of Hyderabad in 1874.[58] It operates under the auspices of the South Central Railway founded in 1966. The landmark building Rail Nilayam in Secunderabad is the Zonal Headquarter office of South Central Railway. Secunderabad and Hyderabad are the main divisions of South Central Railway that fall in the state.[59]

Airports

See also: List of airports in Telangana
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at Shamshabad is an international airport serving the city of Hyderabad. It is the largest airport in the state and one of the busiest airports in the country. The government has plans to upgrade Warangal Airport, Nizamabad Airport[60] and Ramagundam Airport It also plans to construct airports in Karimnagar and Kothagudem.[61] Warangal has a domestic airport which was established in the year 1930 during Nizam period. All the exports and imports of Azam Jahi Mills, Warangal were done through the Warangal Airport.[citation needed]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Telangana

Telangana Tourism introduces ‘Nizam palaces tour’ – indtoday.com [62]

Education

Main article: Education in Telangana
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Telangana

Sports

See also: List of stadiums in Hyderabad
Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium

Sports are Cricket, Tennis, Badminton, Kabaddi. The Hyderabad cricket team is represented in the Ranji Trophy and had won twice. The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is the home ground of Hyderabad cricket team. It hosts international as well as domestic matches. The Sunrisers Hyderabad, an Indian Premier League franchise, is based in Hyderabad.

Other stadiums include Gachibowli Athletic Stadium and G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Population of Telangana" (PDF). Telangana government portal. p. 34. Retrieved 11 June 2014. Cite error: The named reference "stats" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ Telangana State Portal
  3. ^ "Notification" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Government of India. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  4. ^ a b "Administrative and Geographical Profile" (pdf). Telangana State Portal. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  5. ^ "Population" (PDF). Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  6. ^ History of Kannada language: readership lectures, by R. Narasimhacharya
  7. ^ "A grammar of the Teloogoo language, commonly termed the Gentoo, peculiar to the Hindoos inhabiting the north eastern provinces of the Indian peninsula (page iii)". Alexander Duncan Campbell. Sashachellum, 1816. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  8. ^ “India Today • An encyclopedia of life in the Republic” • Template:Dabbr 1. Arnold P. Kaminsky and Roger D. Long, editors. ABC ‑ CLIO.
  9. ^ Sri Marana Markandeya Puranamu, ed. [clarification needed] G. V. Subrahmanyam, 1984, Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy, Hyderabad.
  10. ^ The Rough Guide to India. Penguin. 2011. Rise of the south section.
  11. ^ a b c d Ratnakar Sadasyula (4 March 2014). "A brief history of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh". DNA. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  12. ^ Penta Sivunnaidu (2004). Kākati Ganapatideva and His Times, A.D. 1199–1262. Kalpaz Publications.
  13. ^ A Social History of the Deccan: 1300–1761, R. M. Eaton, 2005, Cambridge University Press, pp. 15–26, ISBN 0-521-25484-1
  14. ^ Telugu Vignana Sarvaswamu, volume 2, History, Telugu University, Hyderabad
  15. ^ Richards, J. F. (1975). "The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (2). Cambridge University Press: 241–260. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004996. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
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