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Lorcaserin

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Lorcaserin
Clinical data
Trade namesBelviq
Other namesAPD-356
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa613014
License data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding70%[1]
MetabolismHepatic (extensive)[1]
Elimination half-life11 hours[1]
ExcretionRenal (92.3%), Faecal (2.2%)[1]
Identifiers
  • (1R)-8-chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.237.138 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H14ClN
Molar mass195.688 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Clc1cc2c(cc1)CCNC[C@@H]2C
  • InChI=1S/C11H14ClN/c1-8-7-13-5-4-9-2-3-10(12)6-11(8)9/h2-3,6,8,13H,4-5,7H2,1H3/t8-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:XTTZERNUQAFMOF-QMMMGPOBSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Lorcaserin, currently marketed under the trade name Belviq[2][3] and previously Lorqess during development,[4][5] is a weight-loss drug developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals. It has serotonergic properties and acts as an anorectic.

Medical uses

Lorcaserin is used long term for weight loss in those who are obese.[6]

Side effects

In clinical trials, the most common side effect was headache, experienced by about 18% of drug arm participants compared to 11% of placebo participants. Headache was the only reported side effect to occur at a frequency greater than 5 percentage points above those from placebo. Other reported side effects and their rates for lorcaserin and placebo patients, respectively, were as follows: upper respiratory tract infection (14.8% vs. 11.9%), nasopharyngitis (13.4% vs. 12.0%), sinusitis (7.2% vs. 8.2%), and nausea (7.5% vs. 5.4%). Adverse events of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation were infrequent and were reported at a similar rate in each treatment group.

On 15 September 2010 it was reported by national news media that lorcaserin was associated with the development of cancer in laboratory rats.[7]

In December 2012, the US Drug Enforcement Administration proposed classifying lorcaserin as a Schedule IV drug because it has hallucinogenic properties at higher than approved doses and users could develop psychiatric dependencies on the drug.[8][9] On 7 May 2013, the US Drug Enforcement Administration classified lorcaserin as a Schedule IV drug[10] under the Controlled Substances Act.[8]

There has been concern that lorcaserin can cause cardiac valvulopathy based upon the reports of subjects taking the drug in Phase 2 trials. However, a Phase 3 clinical trial of the drug was conducted and the results published in the October 2014 Postgraduate Medicine journal, a peer-reviewed medical journal for physicians. These results found no statistically significant differences in valvulopathy rates compared to control, being 2.4% for the drug subjects and 2.0% for controls.[11]

Mechanism of action

Lorcaserin is a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist,[12] and in vitro testing of the drug showed reasonable selectivity for 5-HT2C over other related targets.[13][14][15] 5-HT2C receptors are located almost exclusively in the brain, and can be found in the choroid plexus, cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The activation of 5-HT2C receptors in the hypothalamus is supposed to activate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production and consequently promote weight loss through satiety.[16] This hypothesis is supported by clinical trials and other studies. While it is generally thought that 5-HT2C receptors help to regulate appetite as well as mood, and endocrine secretion,[17] the exact mechanism of appetite regulation is not yet known. Lorcaserin has shown 100x selectivity for 5-HT2C versus the closely related 5-HT2B receptor, and 17x selectivity over the 5-HT2A receptor.[18][19]

Receptor[1] EC50 [nM] Ki[nM]
5-HT2C 39 13
5-HT2B 2380 147
5-HT2A 553 92

Approval history

On 22 December 2009 a New Drug Application (NDA) was submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States.[20] On 16 September 2010, an FDA advisory panel voted to recommend against approval of the drug based on concerns over both safety and efficacy.[21] In October 2010, the FDA stated that it could not approve the application for lorcaserin in its present form.[22]

Lorcaserin had a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) date of 22 October 2010.[23] On 16 September 2010, a federal advisory committee voted against recommending approval for lorcaserin. In their 9-5 vote, the committee raised concerns about the safety of the drug, particularly the findings of tumors in rats.[24] On 23 October 2010, the FDA decided not to approve the drug based on the available data. This was not only because cancer promoting properties could not be ruled out, but also because the weight loss efficacy was considered "marginal."[22]

After additional studies were completed and additional information submitted to the FDA, an advisory panel was convened on 10 May 2012. The advisory panel voted 19-4-1 to recommend lorcaserin to the FDA. The FDA stated that the weight loss data passed FDA standards for efficacy and that the drug did not have cancer risks based on clarifications in the data. The FDA panelist recommended that postmarketing studies regarding potential heart valve issues be completed. The FDA has not stated one way or the other whether they believe this is necessary at this time although no related safety markers have been indicated during clinical studies.[citation needed] On 27 June 2012, the FDA officially approved lorcaserin for use in the treatment of obesity for some adults.[25][26]

On 10 May 2012, after a new round of studies submitted by Arena, an FDA panel voted to recommend lorcaserin with certain restrictions and patient monitoring. The restrictions include patients with a BMI of over 30, or with a BMI over 27 and a comorbidity such as high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes.[27] On 27 June 2012, the FDA officially approved lorcaserin for use in the treatment of obesity for adults with a BMI equal to or greater than 30 or adults with a BMI of 27 or greater who "have at least one weight-related health condition, such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol."[2][25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "BELVIQ (lorcaserin hydrochloride) tablet [Eisai, Inc]". DailyMed. Eisai, Inc. August 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  2. ^ a b "FDA approves Arena obesity drug; first in 13 years". Reuters. 27 June 2012.
  3. ^ "Belviq". Trademarkia. 23 Jun 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  4. ^ "Lorqess". EvaluatePharma. 7 September 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  5. ^ "Lorqess". Trademarkia. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  6. ^ Joo, JK; Lee, KS (December 2014). "Pharmacotherapy for obesity". Journal of menopausal medicine. 20 (3): 90–6. doi:10.6118/jmm.2014.20.3.90. PMID 25580419.
  7. ^ Larkin, Catherine (15 September 2010). "FDA staff says Arena diet pill linked to cancer". SFGate.
  8. ^ a b Wilson, Megan R. (December 19, 2012). "Reg Watch". The Hill.
  9. ^ "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV".
  10. ^ "DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration 21 CFR Part 1308, Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV".
  11. ^ http://www.belviqhcp.com/resources/
  12. ^ Thomsen, W. J.; Grottick, A. J.; Menzaghi, F.; Reyes-Saldana, H.; Espitia, S.; Yuskin, D.; Whelan, K.; Martin, M.; Morgan, M.; Chen, W.; Al-Shamma, H.; Smith, B.; Chalmers, D.; Behan, D. (2008). "Lorcaserin, a Novel Selective Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine2C Agonist: in Vitro and in Vivo Pharmacological Characterization". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 325 (2): 577–587. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.133348. PMID 18252809.
  13. ^ US patent 6953787, Brian Smith, Jeffrey Smith, "5HT2c receptor modulators", published 2003-10-04, issued 2005-11-10 
  14. ^ US patent 7704993, Brian Smith, Charles A. Gilson, III, Jeffrey Schultz, Jeffrey Smith, "Benzazepine derivatives and methods of prophylaxis or treatment of 5ht2c receptor associated diseases", published 2004-16-06, issued 2010-27-04 
  15. ^ US patent 8207158, Brian Smith, Jeffrey Smith, "5HT2c receptor modulators", published 2011-27-05, issued 2012-26-06 
  16. ^ Spreitzer, Helmut (13 September 2010). "Lorcaserin". Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German). 64 (19): 1083.
  17. ^ Millan, M. J. (2005). "Serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies". Therapie. 60 (5): 441–460. doi:10.2515/therapie:2005065. PMID 16433010.
  18. ^ Smith, B. M.; Smith, J. M.; Tsai, J. H.; Schultz, J. A.; Gilson, C. A.; Estrada, S. A.; Chen, R. R.; Park, D. M.; Prieto, E. B.; Gallardo, C. S.; Sengupta, D.; Thomsen, W. J.; Saldana, H. R.; Whelan, K. T.; Menzaghi, F.; Webb, R. R.; Beeley, N. R. A. (2005). "Discovery and SAR of new benzazepines as potent and selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (5): 1467–1470. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.080. PMID 15713408.
  19. ^ Smith, B. M.; Smith, J. M.; Tsai, J. H.; Schultz, J. A.; Gilson, C. A.; Estrada, S. A.; Chen, R. R.; Park, D. M.; Prieto, E. B.; Gallardo, C. S.; Sengupta, D.; Dosa, P. I.; Covel, J. A.; Ren, A.; Webb, R. R.; Beeley, N. R. A.; Martin, M.; Morgan, M.; Espitia, S.; Saldana, H. R.; Bjenning, C.; Whelan, K. T.; Grottick, A. J.; Menzaghi, F.; Thomsen, W. J. (2008). "Discovery and Structure−Activity Relationship of (1R)-8-Chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine (Lorcaserin), a Selective Serotonin 5-HT2CReceptor Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (2): 305–313. doi:10.1021/jm0709034. PMID 18095642.
  20. ^ "Lorcaserin New Drug Application". Drugs.com. 22 December 2009.
  21. ^ Andrew Pollack (16 September 2010). "F.D.A. Panel Urges Denial of Diet Drug". New York Times.
  22. ^ a b "FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for Lorcaserin New Drug Application". 23 October 2010.
  23. ^ Arena Pharmaceuticals Announces Notification of Tentative September 16th FDA Advisory Committee Meeting to Review Lorcaserin for Weight Management, 2 June 2010
  24. ^ Pollack, Andrew (16 September 2010). "F.D.A. Panel Rejects Diet Pill". The New York Times.
  25. ^ a b "FDA approves lorcaserin, first weight-loss drug OK'd since 1999". Los Angeles Times. June 27, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm312468.htm
  27. ^ "New Diet Drug Lorcaserin Wins Vote From FDA Panel". webmd. 10 May 2012.
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