São Paulo

São Paulo
São Paulo
Municipality
	Município de São Paulo; Municipality of São Paulo
	Photo montage of the city of São Paulo. From the top, left to right: São Paulo Cathedral; United Nations Business Center; São Paulo Museum of Art on Paulista Avenue; Museum of Ipiranga; Bandeiras Monument; Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge; and downtown skyline from Altino Arantes Building.
	Flag Seal
	Nickname(s): Terra da Garoa (Land of Drizzle) and Sampa
	Motto(s): "Non ducor, duco" (Latin); "I am not led, I lead"
Country	Brazil
Region	Southeast
State	São Paulo
Founded	1554
Government
• Mayor	Fernando Haddad ; (2013-2017)
Area
• Municipality	1,522.986 km2 (588.028 sq mi)
• Metro	7,943.818 km2 (3,067.125 sq mi)
Elevation	760 m (2,493.4 ft)
Population (2011)
• Municipality	11,316,149(1st)
• Density	7,216.3/km2 (18,690/sq mi)
• Metro	19,889,559
• Metro density	2,469.35/km2 (6,395.6/sq mi)
Demonym	Paulistano
Time zone	UTC−3 (BRT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−2 (BRST)
Postal Code (CEP)	01000-000
Website	www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br

São Paulo (/ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/; Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈpawlu] ^ⓘ; Saint Paul) is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and Americas, and the world's third largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among the ten largest metropolitan areas on the planet.^[3] São Paulo is the capital of the state of São Paulo, which is the most populous Brazilian state, and exerts strong regional influence in commerce and finance as well as arts and entertainment. São Paulo maintains strong international influence and is considered an Alpha World City.^[4] The name of the city honors Saint Paul of Tarsus.

São Paulo has the second largest economy, by GDP, among Latin American and Brazilian cities.^[5] Its GDP per capita is the fifth highest among the larger Latin American cities as well as second highest in Brazil, behind only Brasília.^[5]

The metropolis has significant cultural, economic and political influence both nationally and internationally. It houses several important monuments, parks and museums such as the Latin American Memorial, the Museum of the Portuguese Language, São Paulo Museum of Art, Museum of Ipiranga and the Ibirapuera Park. The Paulista Avenue is the most important financial center of São Paulo. The city holds many high profile events, like the São Paulo Art Biennial, the Brazil Grand Prix Formula 1 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Fashion Week, ATP Brasil Open, and the São Paulo Indy 300. Sao Paulo hosts the world's largest gay pride parade according to the Guinness Book of World Records.

It is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange, the Future Markets, and the Cereal Market Stock Exchanges (the second largest stock exchange in the World, in market value).^[6] São Paulo has been home to several of the tallest buildings in Brazil, including the building Mirante do Vale, Italia, Altino Arantes, North Tower of the UNSCOM (United Nations Centre Enterprise) and many others.

People from the city of São Paulo are known as paulistanos, while paulistas designates anyone from the whole of São Paulo state, including the paulistanos. The city's Latin motto, which it has shared with the battleship and the aircraft carrier named after it, is Non dvcor, dvco, which translates as "I am not led, I lead."^[7]

The city, which is also colloquially known as "Sampa" or "Cidade da Garoa" (city of drizzle), is also known for its unreliable weather, the size of its helicopter fleet, its architecture, gastronomy, severe traffic congestion, and multitude of skyscrapers.

History

Colonial Period

The village of Saint Paul de Piratininga appeared on January 25, 1554 with the construction of a Jesuit college of twelve priests, among them Manuel da Nobrega and Jose de Anchieta, on top of a steep hill between the rivers Anhangabaú and Tamanduateí. This school, which functioned in a shack made of rammed earth, had, on purpose, catechesis of the Indians who lived in the Plateau region of Piratininga, separated from the coast by the Serra do Mar, called by the Indians "Serra Paranapiacaba."

The name was chosen because São Paulo on the foundation of the college was January 25, the same day on which the Catholic Church celebrates the conversion of the Apostle Paul of Tarsus, as said Father José de Anchieta in a letter to the Society of Jesus:

The Year January 25, 1554 we celebrate the Lord in impoverished and very narrow house, the first Mass on the day of the conversion of Paul of Tarsus and the Apostle Paul, so he dedicated to our house!^[8]

The settlement of the region's Courtyard of the College began in 1560, when, during the visit of Mem de Sá, Governor-General of Brazil, the Captaincy of São Vicente, he ordered the transfer of the population of the Village of Santo André da Borda do Campo, which was created by Tomé de Sousa in 1553, to the vicinity of the college, called "College of St. Paul Piratininga" high place and more appropriate (a steep hill adjacent to a large wetland, the lowland do Carmo, on the one hand and on the other hand, by someone downloaded the Anhangabaú Valley), to better protect themselves from the attacks of the Indians. Thus, in 1560, the village of Santo André da Borda do Campo region was transferred to the court of the College of São Paulo and was renamed Vila de São Paulo, belonging to the Captaincy of São Vicente.

São Paulo remained for the next two centuries, as a poor and isolated village center of gravity of the colony, and the coast remained through subsistence crops. São Paulo was for a long time, the only village in the interior of Brazil. This isolation of São Paulo was mainly because it was very difficult to climb the Serra do Mar walk from the village of Santos and the Town of Vincent to Piratininga Plateau. Climb that this was done by the Way of Father José de Anchieta. Mem de Sá, when he visited the Captaincy of São Vicente, forbade the use of "Path Piraiquê" (Piaçaguera today), being in him frequent Indian raids.

On March 22, 1681, the Marquis de Cascais, the donee Captaincy of São Vicente, moved the capital of the Captaincy of São Vicente to the village of St. Paul, who became the "Head of the captaincy." The new capital was established in April 23, 1683, with large public celebrations.

As the poorest region of the Portuguese colony in America in São Paulo began the activity of the pioneers, who were scattered across the countryside hunting for Indians because they are extremely poor, the Paulistas could not buy African slaves. Came out, too, in search of gold and diamonds. The discovery of gold in the region of Minas Gerais, in the 1690s, meant that attention would turn to the kingdom São Paulo. Was created, then in November 3, 1709, the new Real Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas do Ouro, when they were purchased by the Portuguese crown, the Captaincy of São Paulo and Santo Amaro Captaincy of his former grantees. On July 11, 1711, the Town of St. Paul was elevated to city status. Soon after, around 1720, gold was found, by the pioneers in the regions where they are now the city of Cuiabá and Goiás city, which has led to the expansion of the Brazilian territory beyond the Line of Tordesillas.

When the gold ran out in the late eighteenth century, began the cycle of São Paulo cane sugar, which spread through the interior of the Captaincy of São Paulo. For the city of São Paulo, was drained sugar production to the Port of Santos. At that time, built the first modern highway between São Paulo and the coast: the Walk of Lorraine.

Imperial Period

After the Independence of Brazil, held what is now Monument of Ipiranga, São Paulo received the title of Imperial City, awarded by Dom Pedro I of Brazil in 1823. In 1827, there was the creation of legal courses at the Convent of San Francisco (which would result in the future Faculty of Law of the Largo de São Francisco), and it gave a new impetus to the growth of the city, with the influx of students and teachers, thanks to which, the city is now called Imperial city and Borough of Students of St. Paul Piratininga.

Another factor in the growth of São Paulo was the expansion of coffee production, initially in the Vale do Paraíba, and then the regions of Campinas, Rio Claro, São Carlos and Ribeirão Preto. From 1869 onwards, São Paulo is the benefit of a railway linking the interior of the province of São Paulo to the port of Santos, the Railroad Santos-Jundiaí, called The Lady. Emerge in the late nineteenth century, several other railroads that connect the interior of the state capital, Sydney. São Paulo has become, then, the point of convergence of all railroads from the interior of the state. The production and export of coffee allows the city and the province of São Paulo, then called the State of São Paulo, a major economic and population growth.

In the middle of this century to its end, it was the period that the province began to receive a large number of immigrants, largely Italians, many of whom settled in the capital, and the first industries began to settle.

Geography

Physical setting

São Paulo is located in Southeastern Brazil, in southeastern São Paulo State, approximately halfway between Curitiba (Capital of Paraná State, previously part of São Paulo State) and Rio de Janeiro (former capital of Brazil and now capital of the State which bears the same name). The city is located on a plateau located within the Serra do Mar (Portuguese for "Sea Range"), itself a component of the vast region known as the Brazilian Highlands, with an average elevation of around 799 metres (2,621 ft) above sea level, although being at a distance of only about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean. This distance is covered by two highways, the Anchieta and the Imigrantes, (see "Transportation" section below) that roll down the range, leading to the port city of Santos and the beach resort of Guarujá. Rolling terrain prevails within the urbanized areas of São Paulo except in the northern area of the city, where the Serra da Cantareira Range boasts higher elevations and a sizable remnant of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The entire region is very stable tectonically, and no significant seismic activity has ever been recorded.

The Tietê River, and its tributary, the Pinheiros River, were once important sources of fresh water and leisure for São Paulo. However, heavy industrial effluents and wastewater discharges in the later 20th century caused the rivers to become heavily polluted. A substantial clean-up program for both rivers is underway, financed through a partnership between local government and international development banks such as the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.^[10] Neither river is navigable in the stretch that flows through the city, although water transportation becomes increasingly important on the Tietê river further downstream (towards South, near river Paraná), as the river is part of the River Plate basin.

There are no large natural lakes in the region, but the Billings and Guarapiranga reservoirs in the southern outskirts of the city are used for power generation, water storage, and leisure activities, such as sailing. The original flora consisted mainly of a great variety of broadleaf evergreens. Today, non-native species are common, as the mild climate and abundant rainfall permit a multitude of tropical, subtropical and temperate plants to be cultivated, with eucalyptus being especially ubiquitous.

Climate

The city has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cfa/Cwa), according to the Köppen classification.^[11] In summer, mean temperatures are between 17 °C (63 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), and 32 °C (90 °F) on the hottest days. In winter, are between 11 °C (52 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F), and 6 °C (43 °F). on the coldest days. The highest temperature recorded was 35.3 °C (95.5 °F) on November 15, 1985.^[12] and the lowest recorded was −2 °C (28 °F) on August 2, 1955, and on the same day −3.8 °C (25.2 °F) was recorded unofficially. The average temperatures throughout the year are similar to those of Sydney and Los Angeles. The Tropic of Capricorn, at about 23°27' S, passes through north of São Paulo and roughly marks the boundary between the tropical and temperate areas of South America. Because of its elevation, however, São Paulo enjoys a distinctly temperate climate.^[13]

Rainfall is abundant, amounting to an annual average of 1,454 millimetres (57.2 in).^[14] It is especially common in the warmer months average of 219 millimetres (8.6 in), and decreases in winter, average of 47 millimetres (1.9 in). Neither São Paulo nor the nearby coast has ever been hit by a tropical cyclone, and tornadic activity is uncommon. During late winter, especially August, the city experiences the phenomenon known as "veranico" or "verãozinho" ("little summer"), which consists of a bout of unusually hot and dry weather, sometimes reaching temperatures well above 28 °C (82 °F). On the other hand, relatively cool days during summer are fairly common when persistent winds blow from the ocean. On such occasions daily high temperatures may not surpass 20 °C (68 °F), accompanied by lows often below 15 °C (59 °F), however, summer can be extremely hot when a heat wave hits the city followed by temperatures around 34 °C (93 °F), but in places with greater skyscraper density and less tree cover, the sensation can hit even 39 °C (102 °F), as on Paulista Avenue for example. In the summer of 2012, São Paulo was affected by a heat wave that lasted for 2 weeks with highs going from 29 °C (84 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F) on the hottest days.

São Paulo is also known for its unreliable weather and it is described by the local natives as a city where you can experience all four seasons in one single day. In the morning when winds blow from the ocean the weather sensation can be cool or sometimes even cold and when the sun hits its peak around noon, the weather can be extremely dry and hot and as the hours go by and the sun sets, the cold wind comes back bringing a cool sensation, with this phenomenon usually happening in the winter season.

Template:São Paulo weatherbox

São Paulo's most recent mayors were:

Mayor	Entry in	Left Office in	Political Party
Fernando Haddad	2013	-	PT
Gilberto Kassab	2006	2012	Democratas
José Serra	2005	2006	PSDB
Marta Suplicy	2001	2004	PT
Celso Pitta	1997	2000	PPB, later PTN
Paulo Maluf	1993	1996	PPB (PP)
Luiza Erundina	1989	1992	PT
Jânio Quadros	1986	1988	PTB
Mário Covas	1983	1985	PMDB

Metropolitan region

The nonspecific term "Grande São Paulo" ("Greater São Paulo") denotes any of São Paulo's metropolitan area definitions. The legally defined Região Metropolitana de São Paulo consists of 39 municipalities in total, and a population of 19,889,559^[15] inhabitants (as of 2010 National Census).

Because São Paulo is sprawling like Los Angeles, it has another definition for its metropolitan area. Analogous to the US's CSA (Combined Statistical Area) type definition of metropolitan area, it is the third largest city in the world with 27 million inhabitants (Complexo Metropolitano Expandido),^[16] behind Tokyo and Jakarta, which includes 2 contiguous legally defined metropolitan regions, and 3 microregions.

Subdivisions

The city of São Paulo is divided into 31 subprefectures ([subprefeituras] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), each in turn divided into 96 districts. Locally, districts may contain one or more neighborhoods ([bairros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).^[17]^[18] The subprefectures are officially grouped into nine regions (or "zones"), taking into account their geographical position and history of occupation. These regions are used only in technical and governmental agencies and are not identified by any visual communication in the city.

There is also a geographic radial division established in 2007 by the mayor Gilberto Kassab. These geographical areas (historical downtown, extended downtown, north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest) are each identified with a distinct color in the buses and in the street plaques. These have no relationship with the subprefectures and districts, and, in some cases, the same district may be in two or more geographic regions.

Demographics

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, there were 10,659,386 people residing in the city of São Paulo.^[19] The census revealed the following numbers: 6,824,668 White people (60.6%), 3,433,218 Brown (Multiracial) people (30.5%), 736,083 Black people (6.5%), 246,244 Asian people (2.2%), 21,318 Amerindian people (0.2%).^[20]

In 2010, the city of São Paulo was the most populous city in Brazil and in South America.^[21]

In 2010, the city had 2,146,077 opposite-sex couples and 7,532 same-sex couples. The population of São Paulo was 52.6% female and 47.4% male.^[20]

São Paulo is the most ethnically diverse city in Brazil.^[22] At the end of the traffic of enslaved Africans in the country (1850), São Paulo started to replace the African manpower with immigrants in the coffee plantations. The pioneer in this new project was senator Nicolau Vergueiro, who brought many German, Swiss and Portuguese immigrants to work in his own properties. The next waves of immigrants contained Italians and Portuguese from the mid-19th century until the start of the 20th century. These were far more adaptable to coffee cultivation and became over time the largest immigrant communities in the state of São Paulo.^[23]

After the abolition of slavery (1888), São Paulo received increasingly large numbers of European immigrants, most of them coming from Italy, followed by Portugal, Germany and Spain. In 1897, Italians made up over half of the city's population. Portuguese, Spaniards, Germans, Japanese, Jews, Armenians, and Christian Syrian-Lebanese as well as Eastern-Europeans also came in significant numbers. From 1908 to 1941, many Japanese immigrants arrived.^[24] In the 1960s, Chinese and Koreans started arriving. In the mid-20th century, many from the drought-stricken Northeastern Brazil started to migrate to São Paulo. Nowadays, the city is witness to a large wave of Bolivian migration.^[25]

São Paulo City in 1886
Immigrants	Percentage of immigrants in foreign born population ^[26]
Italians	47.9%
Portuguese	29.3%
Germans	9.9%
Spaniards	3.2%

A French observer, travelling to São Paulo at the time, noted that there was a division of the capitalist class, by nationality (...) Germans, French, and Italians shared the dry goods sector with Brazilians. Foodstuffs was generally the province of either Portuguese or Brazilians, except for bakery and pastry which was the domain of the French and Germans. Shoes and tinware were mostly controlled by Italians. However, the larger metallurgical plants were in the hands of the English and the Americans. (...) Italians outnumbered Brazilians two to one in São Paulo.^[27]

Until 1920, 1,078,437 Italians entered in the State of São Paulo. Of the immigrants who arrived there between 1887 and 1902, 63.5% came from Italy. Between 1888 and 1919, 44.7% of the immigrants were Italians, 19.2% were Spaniards and 15.4% were Portuguese.^[28] In 1920, nearly 80% of São Paulo city's population was composed of immigrants and their descendants, and Italians made up over half of its male population.^[28] At that time, the Governor of São Paulo said that "if the owner of each house in São Paulo display the flag of the country of origin on the roof, from above São Paulo would look like an Italian city". In 1900, a columnist who was absent from São Paulo for 20 years wrote "then São Paulo used to be a genuine Paulista city, today it is an Italian city."^[28]

São Paulo City
Year	Italians	Percentage of the City^[28]
1886	5,717	13%
1893	45,457	35%
1900	75,000	31%
1910	130,000	33%
1916	187,540	37%

A research conducted by the University of São Paulo (USP) shows the high ethnical diversity in the city: when asked if they are "descendants of foreign immigrants", 81% of the students reported "yes". The main reported ancestries were: Italian (30.5%), Portuguese (23%), Spanish (14%), Japanese (8%), German (5.6%), Brazilian (4.3%), African (2.8%), Arab (2.4%) and Jewish (1.2%).^[29]

Since the 19th century there has been a migration of people from Northeastern Brazil into São Paulo. However, this internal migration grew enormously in the 1930s and remained huge in the next decades. The concentration of land, modernization in rural areas, changes in work relationships and cycles of droughts stimulated the high migration rate. The Northeastern migrants live mainly in hazardous and unhealthy areas of the city, in cortiços, in various slums (favelas) of the metropolis, because they are cheaper housing alternatives. According to the 2000 Brazilian Census, there were 3,641,148 people from Northeastern Brazil living in São Paulo, about 20% of the city's population. According to another resource, the largest concentration of Northeastern migrants was found in the area of Sé/Brás (districts of Brás, Bom Retiro, Cambuci, Pari and Sé). In this area they composed 41% of the population.^[30]

Today, the city has the largest community of Italian and Portuguese descendants.

As in all of Brazil, people of different ethnicities mix with each other, producing a multi-ethnic society. Today, people of many different ethnicities make São Paulo their home.^[31] The main groups, considering all the metropolitan area, are: 6 million people of Italian descent,^[32] 3 million people of Portuguese descent,^[33] 1.7 million people of African descent,^[34] 1 million people of Arab descent,^[35] 665,000 people of Japanese descent,^[35] 400,000 people of German descent,^[35] 250,000 people of French descent,^[35] 150,000 people of Greek descent,^[35] 120,000 people of Chinese descent,^[35] 60,000 Bolivian immigrants,^[36] 50,000 people of Korean descent,^[37] and 40,000 Jews.^[38]

Changing demographics of the city of São Paulo

Source: Planet Barsa Ltda.^[39]

Religion

Religion	Percentage	Number
Catholic	58.20%	6,549,775
Protestant	22.11%	2,487,810
No religion	9.38%	1,056,008
Spiritist	4.73%	531,882
Buddhist	0.67%	75,075
Umbanda and Candomblé	0.62%	69,706
Jewish	0.39%	43,610

Source: IBGE 2010.^[40]

Languages

The language spoken by the vast majority of the population is Portuguese. Due to the large influx of Italian immigrants, the Portuguese spoken in the city reflects a significant influence from the languages of the Italian peninsula, particularly from Neapolitan and Venetian.^[41]

Italian dialects are mixed with the countryside Caipira accent of São Paulo. Some linguists maintain that the São Paulo dialect of Portuguese was born in Mooca, a neighborhood settled in the early 20th century mainly by people from Naples, Southern Italy.^[42]^[43]

The Italian influence in the accent of the inhabitants of São Paulo is more evident in the traditional Italian neighborhoods such as Bella Vista, Mooca, Brás and Lapa. The Italianism came from the contact of Italian with the Portuguese language and since it is an old influence, it was assimilated or disappeared in the spoken language of the city. In 2009, a councilman from São Paulo, Juscelino Gadelha, presented a project designed to transform Mooca's accent on "intangible property" of the city of São Paulo and then protected by law. If approved, the accent of people from Mooca will be preserved on recordings and transcripts. The local accent with Italian influences became notorious through the songs of Adoniran Barbosa, a Brazilian samba singer born to Italian parents who used to sing using the local accent.^[44]

Other languages spoken in the city are mainly among the Asian community: Liberdade neighborhood is home to the largest Japanese population outside of Japan. Although today most Japanese Brazilians can speak only Portuguese, some of them are still fluent in Japanese. Some people of Chinese and Korean descent are still able to speak their ancestral languages. However, most of the Brazilian-born generations only speak Portuguese.^[45]

In some areas of the city it is still possible to find descendants of immigrants that speak German^[46] (specially in the area of Brooklin paulista) and Russian or East European languages (especially in the area of Vila Zelina).^[47]

Statistics

São Paulo has the third highest density of buildings in the world.

Vehicles: 7,081,778 (June 2011)^[48]
Vehicles: more than 10,000,000 in Greater São Paulo
Daily newspapers: 34 (September 2008).^[49]
Foundation date: January 25, 1554.^[50]
It is considered the 20th ranked global city.^[51]
It has the largest fleet of helicopters in the world.^[52]
Urban area: 1,968 km² (760 sqmi)^[53]
Air passenger traffic in 2010: 47,723,894 (Cumbica, Congonhas, Viracopos, Campo de Marte, São José dos Campos), the largest in Southern Hemisphere.^[54]
Buildings: the city is the 3rd in the world in number of highrise buildings with 5,644, according to Emporis database.^[55]
According to Mystery Shopping International, the eighth most luxurious street in the world is located in the city, the Oscar Freire Street.^[56]
Rail passenger traffic per day: 6 million passengers in the São Paulo metro and the CPTM (3.7 million and 2.3 million respectively).^[57]^[58]
Has the largest shopping center in Latin America, the Centro Comercial Leste Aricanduva with 365,000 m² (3,928,827.30 sq ft) of built area and 242,300 m² (2,608,095.49 sq ft) of gross leasable area.^[59]
Has the largest hospital complex in Latin America, the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo with 352,000 m² (3,788,896.47 sq ft) of built area.^[60]
Has five CBD: Paulista Avenue, Downtown São Paulo, Itaim Bibi, Brooklin Novo and Faria Lima.
São Paulo is the 6th city with most billionaires in the world, drawn with Mumbai with 21 billionaires.^[61]
According the PricewaterhouseCoopers the Greater São Paulo is the world's 10th richest city in 2008 with one GDP PPP of $388 billion and will be the 6th in 2025 only behind New York City, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Shanghai and Chicago^[62]^[63]

In 2010 the daily average of traffic peak during the afternoons reached 110 km

Economy

São Paulo is considered the "financial capital of Brazil", as it is the location for the headquarters of many major corporations, and the most renowned banks and financial institutions in Brazil. Consequently, Sao Paulo is Brazil's highest GDP city and the 10th largest in the world,^[64] based in the Purchasing power parity of the city metropolitan area — and is expected to be the 6th largest in 2025.^[65] According to data of IBGE, its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 was R$ 450 billion ,^[66] approximately $ 220 billion, equivalent to approximately 12.26% of the Brazilian GDP and 36% of all production of goods and services of the State of São Paulo.^[67] According to PricewaterhouseCoopers annual economic growth of the city is 4.2%.^[68]

The biggest financial center in Brazil, São Paulo's economy is going through a deep transformation. Once a city with a strong industrial character, São Paulo's economy has become increasingly based on the tertiary sector, focusing on services and businesses for the country. The city is also unique among Brazilian cities for its large number of foreign corporations. Many analysts point to São Paulo as an important global city, even though this categorization can be criticised considering its serious problems of social exclusion and spatial segregation.^[69] Despite being the most important financial centre of the country, São Paulo also presents a high degree of informality in its economy.^[70]

São Paulo has the largest concentration of German businesses worldwide^[71] and also considered the largest Swedish industrial hub alongside Gothenburg.^[72]

In 2005, the city of São Paulo collected R$ 90 billion in taxes, and the city budget was R$ 15 billion. The city has 1,500 bank branches. There are 70 shopping malls. 63% of all the international companies with business in Brazil have their head offices in São Paulo. The São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&F Bovespa) is Brazil's official stock and bonds exchange. The BM&F Bovespa is the largest stock exchange in Latin America where about R$ 6 billion (US$ 3.5 billion) are traded every day.^[73] The per capita income for the city was R$ 32,493 (2008).^[74]

According to Mercer's 2011 city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees, São Paulo is now among the ten most expensive cities in the world, ranking in 10th place in 2011, up from the 21st position in 2010, and ahead of London, Paris, Milan, and New York City.^[75]^[76]

Companies in Financial Times Global 500 of São Paulo in 2012^[77]
SP	Corporation	BRA	World
1	Ambev	1	43
2	Itau Unibanco	4	100
3	Bradesco	5	127
4	Banco Santander Brasil	6	260
5	Telefonica Brasil	8	282
6	Itausa	9	348
7	Cielo	10	423

Science and technology

The city of São Paulo is home to several important Research and Development structures in Latin America, and has been attracting a growing number of companies due to the presence of several regionally renowned universities. The system of science, technology and innovation of São Paulo is leveraged by the allocation of funds from the state government, mainly carried out by means of the Foundation to Research Support in the State of São Paulo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – Fapesp), one of the main agencies of promotion of the scientific and technological research of the country. Local area phone code (named DDD in Brazil) to call São Paulo is 11.^[78]

Luxury goods

Unique Hotel, designed by Brazilian architect Ruy Ohtake is located in the elegant Jardins neighbourhood.

Luxury residential buildings in the upscale area of Vila Nova Conceição.

Sales of luxury goods in Brazil amounted to 8.9 billion dollars in 2010, according to GfK Brazil, of which 70% of luxury goods are sold in São Paulo City and 95% of sales in the city are represented by 'luxury quadrilateral'. The Shopping Cidade Jardim is a relatively new, high-end mall, in Jardim Panorama, Morumbi district, with restaurants, cinemas, and boutiques, including brands such as Carolina Herrera, Chanel, Ermenegildo Zegna, Giorgio Armani, Hermès, Longchamp, Montblanc, Rolex, Salvatore Ferragamo, Tiffany & Co., Prada, Louis Vuitton, Jimmy Choo, Emilio Pucci, Cartier, Gucci and Canali. Fendi, Omega, Balmain, Miu Miu, Elie Saab, Valentino, Tod's, Tag Heuer, Dior and Louis Vuitton's Global Store open the second half of 2012.

The Iguatemi Faria Lima, in Faria Lima Avenue, is the Brazil's oldest mall, opened in 1966. It is considered the 11th most expensive shopping area in the world, according to Cushman & Wakefield. Among the more than 30 international luxury brands there are Burberry, Emporio Armani, Hugo Boss, Chanel, Bang & Olufsen, Tory Burch, Tumi, Diane von Fürstenberg, Gucci, Missoni, Kate Spade New York, Longchamp, Marc Jacobs, Bottega Veneta, Christian Louboutin, Salvatore Ferragamo, Louis Vuitton, Ermenegildo Zegna, Max Mara, Tiffany & Co. and Swarovski.

In the Vila Olímpia neighborhood is located the latest high-end mall of the city, JK Iguatemi, with over 50 international brands, including Bang & Olufsen, Bottega Veneta, Burberry, Bvlgari, Carolina Herrera, Chanel, Christian Louboutin, Coach, Diane von Fürstenberg, Ermenegildo Zegna, Gucci, Hugo Boss, Kate Spade New York, Longchamp, Prada, Tory Burch, the first stores in the country of brands such as Dolce&Gabbana, Goyard, IWC, Jaeger-LeCoultre, Lanvin, Miu Miu, Nicole Miller, Panerai, Sephora, Tod's, TopShop/TopMan, Van Cleef & Arpels and Zara Home.

The Jardins neighborhood is regarded amongst the most sophisticated places in town, where upscale restaurants and hotels are located. The New York Times has once compared the Oscar Freire street to Rodeo Drive.^[79]

In Jardins are Ferrari, Aston Martin, Bentley, BMW, Bugatti, Maserati, Lamborghini, Jaguar, Volvo, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Pagani, Land Rover and Audi dealerships; hotels as Tivoli, Porto Bay, Fasano, Emiliano, Renaissance and Unique. Also, one of the best restaurants in the world as elected by The World's 50 Best Restaurants Award, D.O.M.,^[80] is located there. In the Oscar Freire street and nearby streets such as Haddock Lobo and Bela Cintra are Bang & Olufsen, Calvin Klein, Dior, Ermenegildo Zegna, Louis Vuitton, Marc Jacobs, Marina Rinaldi, Max Mara, Montblanc, Roberto Cavalli, Salvatore Ferragamo, Tommy Hilfiger, Christofle and Versace.

Outside the 'luxury quadrilateral', is the Brooklin CBD. In this neighborhood, some of the city's most luxurious hotels are located, such as the Hilton Hotel, Sheraton Hotels and Hyatt, as is another shopping mall, the Morumbi Shopping. Other regions of the city also have luxury trade as Jardim Anália Franco (East Zone), Higienópolis (Central Zone), Alto de Santana (North Zone), Alto de Pinheiros (West Zone), Moema/Vila Nova Conceição (South Zone) and Alphaville (Barueri municipality, Greater São Paulo).

Panorama of Paulista Avenue.

Urban planning

São Paulo has a history of actions, projects and plans related to urban planning that can be traced to the governments of Antonio da Silva Prado, Baron Duprat, Washington and completed by Luis Francisco Prestes Maia. However, in general, the city was formed during the twentieth century, going from village to metropolis, through a series of informal processes and irregular urban sprawl.

Thus, São Paulo differs considerably from other Brazilian cities like Belo Horizonte and Goiânia, whose initial expansion followed determinations by a plan, or a city like Brasília, whose master plan had been fully designed prior to construction of the city.

Moreover, the succession of peripheral settlements and the processes of rehabilitation and reconstruction of tissues already present, common in the city throughout its evolution, was possibly accompanied by additional urban plans that tried to sort the informal logic of the city's layout.

If the first interventions Prado punctual and Theodore had such plans sought, either sectorally integrated and sometimes isolated, setting standards to be followed in the production of new urban spaces and regulation of the above.

The historical effectiveness of such plans to comply with what they apparently were proposed, however, has been seen by some planners and historians as questionable. Some of these same scholars argue that such plans were produced exclusively for the benefit of the wealthier strata of the population while the working classes would be relegated to the traditional informal processes.

In São Paulo until the mid-1950s, the plans submitted to the city even had a character Haussmann, or were based on the idea of "demolish and rebuild." May be cited as the plans submitted by former Mayor Prestes Maia São Paulo for the roads (known as the Avenues Plan) or by Saturnino de Brito for the Tietê River.

In 1968 the Urban Development Plan proposed the Basic Plan for Integrated Development of São Paulo, developed during the administration of Figueiredo Ferraz. The main result has been what has become known as zoning laws and lasted until 2004 when the Basic Plan was replaced by the current Master Plan.

That zoning, adopted in 1972, we noted a clear protection calls Z1 (definition of areas whose use was residential and was designed exclusively for the elite of the city) and a certain vagueness of most of the city, classified as Z3 (loosely regulated as "mixed zone" but without clearer definitions about their characteristics). Thus, such zoning encouraged the growth of suburbs equipped for building low feedback processes coupled with speculation while valued regions in which it is allowed to build tall buildings.

Panoramic view of old downtown São Paulo.

Real Estate Market

Eight residential buildings are being built in a radius of 1.5 kilometers between the streets Bela Cintra, Manuel Dutra and Alvaro de Carvalho. Builder who erected the building in the street Paim, sold over 200 units in two hours and already launched another project nearby. The process will lead to the region over the next two years, more than 2500 inhabitants, being mostly couples, students, people who live or want to live in smaller apartments and closer to the center and the area around Avenida Paulista for reasons of proximity to work and study and that took too long in traffic and looking for a region that has everything nearby.

Strong demand causes enhancement of the area also affects the older homes, as the new construction of a building on the corner of Augusta and Dona Antonia de Queiroz mansion in the year 1913. The traditional luxury hotel Ca'd'Oro will undergo major refurbishment and will now appear in the wake of a process of revitalization of downtown São Paulo, and currently, there are about ten releases in the residential area of Augusta center.

Events

São Paulo Art Biennial. The second oldest art biennial in the world after the Venice Biennial.

The city of São Paulo hosts approximately 90 thousand events every year, featuring arts, business, fashion and beyond. There are some Web sites and magazines specialising in the cultural events in the city, including the Agenda Cultural de São Paulo (São Paulo's Cultural Calendar).^[81]

São Paulo Art Bienal

The São Paulo Art Biennial is a cultural event hosted in town every two years. Almost 1 million people visited the 26th Biennial in 2004. Its theme was chosen to enable a wide range of artistic positions to feel comfortable. In addition, to an intensification of the North-South dialogue inside Brazil, the Bienal's aims include the promoting of links between non-European cultures along a South-South orientation.^[82]

São Paulo Fashion Week

São Paulo Fashion Week, established in 1996 under the name Morumbi Fashion Brasil, is the largest and most important fashion event in Latin America.^[83] Renamed in 2001, its two annual editions brings almost 100 thousand people to Bienal's building in Ibirapuera Park. Brazilian fashion industry gives a lot of importance to the event, bringing famous top models from all over the world and sponsoring some parties and expositions during the fashion week.

Brazil first entered the international fashion circuit with the increasing reputation of famous Brazilian top models such as Isabeli Fontana, Adriana Lima, Gisele Bündchen, Alessandra Ambrosio, Fernanda Tavares, Ana Beatriz Barros, Izabel Goulart, Brenda Costa, Ana Hickmann, and Evandro Soldati, and the "discovery" of some fresh talents such as Alexandre Herchcovitch by some international fashion magazines.

São Paulo Gay Pride Parade

The first São Paulo Gay Pride Parade took place in 1987, and attracted a crowd, then impressive, of 20,000 people, but since then the event grows in participation, size and significance. The event is a tourist draw for the city, attracting larger and larger numbers of people, reaching around 2 million visitors in the last estimated official number available, from the 2008 parade. It is opened by the city's mayor, running along the Paulista Avenue, accompanied by several Trio Elétricos. The last parade, held on June 6, 2010, attracted about 3.5 million people according to official numbers, given by the Polícia Militar.^[84]^[85] The Parade is an annual event, taking place in June, which aims to increase the visibility and social awareness of the community, as well as agitating against discrimination and in favor of positive legislation for homosexuals, bisexuals, transvestites and transsexuals. Since 2002, the Parade has also become associated with a wider long cultural program, lasting at least a month.

March for Jesus

The March for Jesus is an Evangelical parade that takes place on Corpus Christi Thursday every year in Zona Norte, or North Side. It is organized by Renascer em Cristo Church, a Neo-Pentecostal denomination created in the 1980s which has grown significantly in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2006, more than 2 million people took part in the event, according to official estimates.^[86] Evangelicals from across Brazil go to São Paulo on the holiday in June for the march, as live Christian bands lead the way. The annual march, organized by evangelical churches, features concerts with 30 Christian bands carried on 17 flatbed trucks performing live as participants march through Brazil's financial capital.

International Transport Industry Show

The Salão Internacional da Indústria do Transporte (FENATRAN) is held in São Paulo in the Park Anhembi, every two years and usually in October.^[87] It is a major event presenting new trends for the industry related to transport, such as truck manufacturers, components for vehicles, fuel, motors and services for the industry, such as financial and insurance companies.

International Film Festival

The São Paulo International Film Festival is a film festival held annually in São Paulo, Brazil since 1976. It is one of the most important Brazilian film festival along with Rio Film Festival and Brasília National Film Festival.

Electronic Language International Festival

The Electronic Language International Festival is a non-profit cultural organization, whose purpose is to disseminate and to develop arts, technologies and scientific research, by means of exhibitions, debates, lectures, and courses. The festival promotes a yearly meeting in Brazil, in the city of São Paulo.

Festival of Electronic Art

Every two years, Associação Cultural Videobrasil's International Electronic Art Festival brings works by artists from all over the world to São Paulo. In keeping with the constant transformations in media and support, the curatorship has added installations, performances, VJs, CD-ROM art, and Internet art to the programme. Art shows, debates and meetings introduce new ideas and artwork, setting new guidelines for contemporary art in Brazil. Exhibitions featuring work by prominent electronic artists are also part of the Festival. Brazilian pioneers such as Rafael França and Olhar Eletrônico, and international guests such as Nam June Paik, Bill Viola and Gary Hill, have featured in the event's past editions. Each edition has a theme of its own.^[88]

Carnaval

The Carnaval of São Paulo is a traditional celebration carnaval held every year in São Paulo. The parade of samba schools in São Paulo is the Anhembi Sambadrome, designed by renowned architect Oscar Niemeyer, who also designed the Sambadrome of the sambodrome in Rio de Janeiro. The Special Group parade of samba schools of São Paulo happens on Friday and Saturday of carnaval week, schools that participated in the carnaval in 2012. Samba Schools: Unidos de Vila Maria; Rosas de Ouro; X9; Vai Vai; Águia de Ouro; Camisa Verde e Branco; Império de Casa Verde; Dragões da Real; Acadêmicos do Tucuruvi; Gaviões da Fiel; Mancha Verde; Tom Maior; Pérola Negra; Mocidade Alegre.

Cultural Turn

Cultural Turn is an annual event held since 2005 by the Municipality of São Paulo, promoting 24 hours of non-stop cultural activities held during the month of May, every year, always starting on a Saturday night and ending on a Sunday afternoon. The event was inspired by the annual event named Nuit Blanche in Paris, with many cultural entertainment events throughout the night. The activities include music shows, dance shows, classical & orchestra presentations, theater plays, cinema, poetry, anime/comics fans meetings and acrobatic performances. The event takes place in several parts of the downtown area, as well as some cultural centers, clubs and selected schools. In 2010, according to São Paulo Municipality, the event attracted around 4 million people.

Other Events

X-Games – Brazilian branch, held in April.
É Tudo Verdade – Documentary film festival, held in March.
Feicorte – Livestock fair.
FIEPAG – International Printing Industry Fair
CIOSP – International Dental Congress
Skol Beats – Electronic music festival, features famous Brazilian and foreign DJs from around the world. Held in May.
Grande Prêmio São Paulo de Turfe – Equestrian competition, held in May.
Expomusic – Music and audio exposition, also features small shows and autograph sessions.
Feira do Circuito das Malhas – Winter clothes baazar.
In-Edit – Music documentary festival.
São Paulo's International Marathon – Held in June.
Saint Vitus Festival (Festival de São Vito) – Italian festival, featuring food and music. Held in June.
Anima Mundi – International Animation Film Festival, held in July.
Batuka! – Drummers festival, featuring workshops, presentations and a national contest.
Brasil Pack – International Packaging Fair
Japan Festival – Held in July.
Brooklinfest – German festival in October (district Brooklin Paulista).^[89]
Festa de Vila Zelina – Russian, Ukrainian and East European Festival in the district Vila Zelina.^[90]
Bolivian Arts and Culture Festival
Achiropita Festival – Italian festival, featuring food and music. Held in August.
New Year's Eve – Held at the Paulista Avenue, features free concerts and fireworks, usually gathering up to 1 million people.

Education

Educational institutions

The city has several universities and colleges:

Universidade de São Paulo (USP) (University of São Paulo);
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP) (Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo);
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP) (São Paulo Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology);
Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) (São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho);
Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Paulo (FATEC) (São Paulo Technological College);
Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) (Federal University of São Paulo);
Centro Universitário Belas Artes de São Paulo;
Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) (Ninth of July University);
Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) (University of Mogi das Cruzes);
Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (MACKENZIE-SP) (Mackenzie Presbyterian University)
Universidade São Judas Tadeu (USJT) (São Judas Tadeu University/"São Judas University");
Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing (ESPM-SP) (Superior School of Advertising and Marketing);
Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV-SP) (Getúlio Vargas Foundation);
Fundação Escola de Comércio Álvares Penteado (FECAP) (School of Commerce Alvares Penteado Foundation);
Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado (FAAP) (Armando Alvares Penteado Foundation);
Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (Anhembi Morumbi University);
Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU) (UMC, United Metropolitan Colleges);
Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais (Ibmec-SP) (Brazilian Capital Market Institute);
Faculdade de Comunicação Social Cásper Líbero (Cásper Líbero Social Communication College);
Faculdade Santa Marcelina (FASM) (Santa Marcelina College)
and many others.

There are more than 578 universities in the whole state of São Paulo.^[91]

Educational system

São Paulo has a quite well developed system of primary and secondary schools, both public and private, and a variety of vocational-technical schools. More than nine-tenths of the population are literate, and roughly the same proportion of those age 7 to 14 are enrolled in school. Among the many institutions of higher education, the largest and most well-regarded is the state-financed University of São Paulo (USP), established in 1934, which incorporated the historic Law School (Faculdade de Direito) in the old Largo São Francisco in the city centre. USP enrolls a very high proportion of Brazil's doctoral students and has spawned a wide variety of research institutes and policy centre. Affiliated institutions include the Butantan Institute, a world-famous centre for research on snakes and the production of snake toxins and anti-toxins.

The Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo was established in 1946 and has earned an enviable reputation among the continent's private institutions of higher learning. Also of note among Greater São Paulo's many other public and private colleges and universities is the Business and Management School of the Getúlio Vargas Foundation.

Health care

São Paulo is the largest health care hub in Latin America. Among its best hospitals are the Albert Einstein Israelites Hospital, ranked as the best in Latin America and the Hospital das Clínicas, the largest in the region. In the city In terms of public health facilities, the city is home to institutions from all the three levels of government, federal, state and municipal. The private health care sector is also very large, and most of the best hospitals in Brazil are located in the city. As of September 2009, the city of São Paulo had:^[92]

32,553 ambulatory clinics, centers and professional offices (physicians, dentists and others);
217 hospitals, with 32,554 beds;
137,745 health care professionals, including 28,316 physicians.

File:Hospitaldocancerdesp1.jpg

Institute of Cancer of São Paulo is the largest hospital of cancer in Brazil.^[93]

Municipal health

Public health facilities in charge of the municipal government are spread all over the city's territory, with a grand total of 770 basic health care units (UBS), ambulatory and emergency clinics, and 17 hospitals. The Municipal Secretary of Health has 59,000 employees, among them more than 8,000 physicians and 12,000 nurses.

A population estimated in more than 6,000,000 citizens uses these facilities, which provide drugs at no cost, and manages an extensive family health program (PSF – Programa de Saúde da Família).

The Rede São Paulo Saudável (Healthy São Paulo Network) is a satellite-based digital TV corporate channel, developed by the Municipal Health Secretary of São Paulo, with the goal of bringing programs focused on health promotion and health education, which may be watched by citizens seeking health care in its units in the city.

The network consists of two complete TV studios, and a system for transmission of closed digital video in high definition via satellite, with about 1,400 points of reception in all health care units of the municipality of São Paulo.

Culture

Music

Adoniran Barbosa was a famous samba singer and composer who became successful during São Paulo's radio era. Born in 1912 in the town of Valinhos, Barbosa was known as the composer to the masses, particularly the Italian immigrants living in the quarters of Bela Vista, also known as "Bexiga" and Brás, as well as those who lived in the city's many 'cortiços' or tenements. The topics of his songs are drawn from the life of urban workers, the unemployed and those who live on the edge. His first big hit was "Saudosa Maloca" ("Shanty of Fond Memories" – 1951), wherein three homeless friends recall with nostalgia their improvised shanty home, which was torn down by the landowner to make room for a building. In his Trem das Onze ("The 11 pm Train") 1964 record, which has been ranked one of the five best samba songs ever, the protagonist explains to his lover that he cannot stay any longer because he has to catch the last train to the Jaçanã suburb, for his mother will not sleep before he arrives home. An old-school samba band called Demônios da Garoa still plays his songs in the traditional Bar Brahma venue in Avenida São João downtown. Another important musician with a similar style is Paulo Vanzoline. Vanzoline is a PhD in Biology and a part-time professional musician. He composed a song depicting a love murder scene in São Paulo called "Ronda".

In the late 1960s, a psychodelic rock band called Os Mutantes led the way in the national avant garde music scene. Their success is sometimes related to that of other tropicalia musicians, but they also had a musical style and ideas of their own. The group of Mutantes were known as very paulistanos in their behaviour and clothing. Os Mutantes released five albums together before lead singer Rita Lee departed in 1972 to form another group called Tutti-Frutti. Although almost exclusively known in Brazil at that time, Os Mutantes became quite successful abroad after the 1990s (a legend has it that a Brazilian girl in an exchange programme in California forgot a Mutantes' vinyl record at her host home, and that helped make the band popular in that U.S. state. In 2000, Tecnicolor, an album recorded in the early 1970s in English by the band, was released with artwork designed by Sean Lennon.

After the two oil price shocks in the 1970s, the country suffered from an economic recession during the 1980s, a phenomenon that was named the lost decade. The very repressive military government of the day did not help in any way the social situation.^[94] At the end of the military rule in the early 1980s, a band called Ultrage a Rigor (Elegant Outrage) emerged in the city. They played a simple and irreverent style of rock. The lyrics depicted the changes in society and culture that not only São Paulo but Brazilian society as a whole were experiencing at the time. A late punk and garage scene became strong in the 1980s, perhaps associated with the gloomy scenario of unemployment and few actual perspectives from the viewpoint of the youth. Many thriving musicians and artists were just waiting for their moment to come. Examples of bands originating from this movement include Ira!, Titãs, Ratos de Porão and Innocentes. In the 1990s, drum & bass arose as another musical movement in São Paulo, with artists such as DJ Marky, DJ Patife, XRS, Drumagick, and Fernanda Porto.^[95] Many heavy metal bands also originated in São Paulo, such as Angra, Torture Squad, Korzus and Dr. Sin. Many "alternative" tribes of São Paulo mingle at a small shopping mall at the city centre dubbed Galeria do Rock (English: "Rock Gallery") on Rua 24 de Maio, which includes shops which cater to a broad range of alternative niches. Famous electro-pop band Cansei de Ser Sexy, or CSS (Portuguese for "tired of being sexy") also has its origins in the city.

Classical music is also refined and renowned in the city. Many of the most important classical Brazilian composers who are still alive, such as Amaral Vieira, Osvaldo Lacerda and Edson Zampronha, were born and live in São Paulo. Local baritone Paulo Szot has won international acclaim and a Tony Award nomination for his performance in a 2008 revival of South Pacific. The São Paulo State Symphony is one of the outstanding orchestras in the world.

Music halls and concert halls

São Paulo's most important opera houses are: Sao Paulo Municipal Theater, Theatro São Pedro and Sala São Paulo, the latter being the headquarters of OSESP. The city also counts with several music halls. The main ones are: Credicard Hall, HSBC Music Hall, Olympia, Via Funchal, Villa Country, Carioca Club, Kezebre Rock Bar, Arena Anhembi and Espaco das Américas. Lots of bars and cultural centers also have stages for live performances, the soccer stadiums and the Sambadrome host musical presentations as well. The talent presented is quite varied including global superstar Diana Ross, as well as, Brazil's own Gal Costa and Milton Nascimiento.

At this time, the authorities are preparing the coming next of many new very important halls, like the new Praça das Artes, with the Municipal Conservatory of Music Chamber Hall, and others venues, like, Cultura Artistica, Teatro Sérgio Cardoso with a venue for only dance performances, and the gorgeous Herzog&DeMeron's Centro Cultural Luz, for Ballet, Opera, theater, and concerts, with three huge halls; there are also the auditorium of the Latin-American Cultural Center, for concerts, The Mozarteum, held many concerts through the year; this list is not exhaustive, because, almost every month, new places come out.

Literature

São Paulo was home to the first Jesuit missionaries in Brazil, in the early 16th century. They wrote reports to the Portuguese crown about the newly found land, the native peoples and composed pieces of poetry and music for the catechism. Among them were priests such as Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, living in or near the colony then called Piratininga. They also helped to register the Old Tupi language, lexicon and its grammar.

In 1922, the Brazilian Modernist Movement, launched in São Paulo, also began to achieve a similar cultural independence through different means. Brazil had gone through the same stages of development as the rest of Latin America, but its political and cultural independence came more gradually. The first emperor of Brazil, Pedro I, was a legitimate member of the royal Portuguese dynasty. Although he declared Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822, the country remained under imperial rule and the dominance of the court in Rio de Janeiro until 1889.

With Brazil thus tied to Portuguese culture, Brazilian writers only little by little assumed responsibility for giving expression to their own landscape and ethnic mix of peoples. The presence of large numbers of former slaves added a distinctive African character to the culture. And subsequent infusions of immigrants of non-Portuguese origin, from different parts of Europe, helped the new nation to find its own voice and to use it. Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade are the prototypical modernists. With the urban poems of "Paulicéia Desvairada" and "Carefree Paulistan land" (1922), Mário de Andrade established the movement in Brazil. His rhapsodic novel Macunaíma (1928), with its abundance of Brazilian folklore, represents the apex of modernism's nationalist prose through its creation of an offbeat native national hero. Oswald de Andrade's experimental poetry, avant-garde prose, particularly the novel Serafim Ponte Grande (1933), and provocative manifestos exemplify the movement's break with tradition. Modernist artists and writers chose the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo to launch their Modernist manifesto. The site happened to be a bastion of European culture with Opera and classical music presentations brought from Germany, France, Austria, and Italy. It was significant for them to choose such house as their starting point because the high society which frequented it denied its Brazilian roots by speaking languages such as French only in the opera house. Moreover, it behaved as if the rest of Brazil, and Brazilian culture itself, did not matter or did not exist. Both these authors were influential writers from the Modernist school: Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade.

Theaters

Many historians believe that the first theatre performance in Brazil was held in São Paulo. The Spanish Jesuit missionary José de Anchieta (1534–1597) wrote short plays that were performed and watched by the Tupi–Guarani natives. After that, however, São Paulo became a province and cultural activities became a lesser concern. It was only in the second half of the 19th century that a cultural, musical and theatrical life came into being in the city. This was a time starts of a very fast development in almost all aspects of urban life, brought on by the coffee cycle and the wealth it brought. Major European ethnic groups began holding performances in some of the state's rural cities. The most important period for the art in São Paulo was the 1940s, it was the avant-garde time. São Paulo had had a professional company, Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, or TBC (Brazilian Theater of Comedy), but many others were set up in this time. During the 1960s, major theater productions in São Paulo and Brazil were presented by two groups. Teatro de Arena began with a group of students from Escola de Arte Dramática (Drama Art School), founded by Alfredo Mesquita, in 1948. In 1958, the group excelled with the play "Eles não usam black tie" by Gianfrancesco Guarnieri which was the first in the history of the Brazilian drama to feature labor workers as protagonists.

After the military coup of 1964, which was supported by the US, theater plays started focusing on the Brazilian history (Zumbi, Tiradentes). Teatro de Arena was an embattled stage for the democratic resistance during the military dictatorship period, marked by its censorship. Teatro Oficina also played an important role. It was there that the Tropicalist movement began. A number of plays represented historic moments, among which "O Rei da Vela", "Galileu Galilei" (1968), "Na Sela das Cidades" (1969) and "Gracias Señor" (1972). Today, all kinds of plays are performed at São Paulo's hundreds of theatres and halls, going from classical music, ballet to avant-garde plays and Broadway musicals.

Museums

Museu Paulista

Also popularly known as "Ipiranga Museum", the first monument especially built to preserve the memory of the Independence of Brazil, opened on September 7, 1895, with the name of Museu de Ciências Naturais (Natural Science Museum). In 1919, it became once again a historic museum. Having the architectural influence of the Versailles Palace in France, the Ipiranga's collection, with approximately 100,000 pieces, comprises works of art, furniture, clothing, and appliances that once belonged to famous people who took part in Brazilian history, such as explorers, rulers, and freedom fighters. Its facilities are also home to a library with 100,000 books and the "Centro de Documentação Histórica," Historic Documentation Center, with 40,000 manuscripts.

Fundação Cultural Ema Gordon Klabin

The Ema Gordon Klabin Cultural Foundation opened to the public in March 2007, its headquarters a 1920s mansion houses a valuable collection of 1545 works, including paintings by Marc Chagall, Pompeo Batoni, Pierre Gobert and Frans Post, the Brazilian modernists Tarsila do Amaral, Di Cavalcanti and Portinari, period furniture, decorative and archaeological pieces.

Memorial da América Latina

Stretching over 78,000 square meters, Memorial da América Latina (Latin America's Memorial) was conceived to be a place for the integration of Latin American countries and their roots and cultures. Memorial is home to the headquarters of Parlamento Latino-Americano – Parlatino (Latin American Parliament). Designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer, Memorial has an exhibition pavilion, where there is a permanent exhibition of the continent's craftwork production; a library with books, newspapers, magazines, videos, films and records about the history of Latin America; and an auditorium with capacity for 1,679 people.

Museu da Imigração e Memorial do Imigrante

Hospedaria do Imigrante (Immigrant's Hostel) was built in 1886 and opened in 1887, when the first immigrants were housed there. The Immigrant's Hostel was built in Brás to welcome the immigrants who arrived in Brazil through the Port of Santos, quarantining those who were sick and helping new arrivals to find work in coffee plantations in Western, Northern, and Southwestern São Paulo State and Northern Paraná State. From 1882 to 1978, 2.5 million immigrants of more than 60 nationalities and ethnicities were guests there,^[96] all of them duly registered in the museum's books and lists. The hostel used to serve approximately 3,000 people on average, but under special circumstances, this number reached 8,000. The hostel received the last immigrants in 1978.^[97]

In 1998 the Hostel became a museum, and it preserves the documentation, memory and objects of the immigrants that came to Brazil in search of hope and wealth. Located in one of the few centenarian buildings left in the city of São Paulo, the museum occupies part of the former Hostel. Aside from bringing the immigrants' history to the public, the museum also restores wooden train wagons from the former São Paulo Railway. There are two restored wagons in the museum. One of them dates from 1914, and another one a second class passenger car, dates from 1931. The Memorial do Imigrante pays homage to the ancestors of millions of Brazilians who arrived through the port of Santos and had São Paulo as a gateway to Brazil. It is possible to find in the museum the names of all immigrants who were hosted there from 1888 to 1978.^[98]

Museu de Zoologia da USP

Occupying an area of 700 square meters, the animals shown in the museum are samples of the country's tropical fauna and were prepared (embalmed) more than 50 years ago. In the entrance hall, there is information about the main activities carried out by USP's staff and by the museum's researchers. The animals are grouped together according to their classification: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, and some invertebrates such as reefs, crustaceans and mollusks. The library, specialized in zoology, has modern facilities and equipment and serve both the scientific community and the public in general. It has 73,850 works, of which 8,473 are books and 2,364 are newspapers, in addition to theses and maps.

Museu de Arte de São Paulo

The museum was founded by the journalist Assis Chateaubriand and directed by Pietro Maria Bardi. Its current headquarters, opened in 1968, were designed by the architect Lina Bo Bardi. Two enormous colonnades support the 9,2 thousand ton building, forming a 74-meter free space, unique in the world. MASP has one of world's most important collections of European art,the most important collections are about Italian and French painting schools, but there are including works of art by distinguished artists of others European schools, such as Degas, Renoir, Modigliani and Bonnard, among others, The collection contains over 9,000 works of art's masterpieces of inestimable value,.

Acervo do Palácio dos Bandeirantes

The headquarters of the State Government has an important collection of works of art by Brazilian artists, such as Portinari, Aldo Bonadei, Djanira, Almeida Júnior, Victor Brecheret, Ernesto de Fiori and Aleijadinho. Additionally, it also gathers colonial furniture, leather and silver artefacts, and European tapestry. In eclectic style, its walls are covered with panels describing the history of São Paulo.

Museu da Imagem e do Som

Opened in May 1990, the main aim of Museu da Imagem e do Som (Image and Sound Museum) is to keep and preserve manifestations in the music, cinema, photography, and graphical arts areas, as well as any other manifestation related to the Brazilian contemporary life. MIS has a collection of more than 200,000 images, distributed in thematic collections of diverse content. It has more than 1,600 fiction videotapes, documentaries and music, and 12,750 titles recorded in Super 8 and 16 mm. Additionally, MIS organizes concerts, cinema and video festivals, and photography and graphical arts exhibitions.

Tourism and recreation

São Paulo is a major cultural centre. The city has an ethnically diverse metropolitan area, with predominant Italian, Portuguese and African background. It also has a significant number of Spanish, Arab and Japanese descendents. São Paulo is known for its varied and sophisticated cuisine, ranging from Chinese to French, from fast food chains to five star restaurants. There are approximately 62 different types of cuisines in São Paulo, and more than 12,000 restaurants.^[99] Other venues such as bars, pubs, lounges and discos cater to a variety of music tastes.

São Paulo is home to the São Paulo Museum of Art (MASP), dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II in the second half of the 20th century and "Pinacoteca do Estado" art museums, a symphonic orchestra (São Paulo State Symphony (OSESP – based in the Sala São Paulo theatre in the gorgeous Julio Prestes train station)), and a Formula One Grand Prix racing circuit (Interlagos).

Landmarks

Cathedral Square view from the steps of the Cathedral.

Paulista Avenue (one of the most important thoroughfares of the city and the site of many cultural centers and museums, such as the MASP and Centro Cultural Itaú).

Brooklin (a financial and residential district).

Banespa Building (skyscraper with observation deck and museum designed after the Empire State building).

Catedral da Sé (the metropolitan cathedral, a symbol of the city).

Edifício Copan, designed by Oscar Niemeyer, in the Centro neighbourhood. Built between 1951 and 1966, its wavy shape gives the building an impression of movement, and the integration of small businesses and residential flats are of innovative urbanism.

Edifício Itália (skyscraper with observation deck).

Estação da Luz (historical railway station built 1895–1901).

Mooca (Italian district of São Paulo).

Liberdade (Asian district of São Paulo).
Mercado Municipal (historical market place in São Paulo).
Mercado Municipal – Marketplace

Municipal Theatre of São Paulo (magnificent opera house built in the early 20th century.)

Museu de Arte Sacra (museum of religious art located in a colonial convent).

Museu do Ipiranga (museum built where the Independence of Brazil was proclaimed in 1822).

Museum of the Portuguese Language (located inside Estação da Luz).

Pátio do Colégio (founding site of the city, former Jesuit mission-school to convert the natives to Catholicism).

Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo (important museum of Brazilian art).

Praça da Sé (large square next to the São Paulo Cathedral. Official centre of the city).

Parks

There are several parks in the city of São Paulo:

Parque da Aclimação – Located in the Aclimação neighbourhood in the central region, it was inaugurated in 1939 and has an area of approximatelly 112,000 m² (1,205,558 sq ft).

Parque da Água Branca – Located at the west side of the city, in the Barra Funda district. It was inaugurated in 1929 and has an area of approximately 136,000 m² (1,463,892 sq ft).

Parque Alfredo Volpi – With an area of 142,000 m² (1,528,475 sq ft), it's located at the south side of the city, in the Cidade Jardim neighbourhood.

Parque Anália Franco – Located in the Jardim Anália Franco neighbourhood, has an area of 286,000 m² (3,078,478 sq ft).

Parque Anhanguera – This park features native Atlantic Forest and is environmentally protected by law. Because of that, most of its area has restricted access. It was inaugurated in 1979 and has an area of approximately 9,000,000 m² (96,875,194 sq ft). Located in the Perus neighbourhood, it's situated close to the Jaraguá peak, in the city's far northwest.

Parque Buenos Aires – Located in the Higienópolis neighbourhood, in the city's central area. It was inaugurated in 1913 and has an area of 22,200 m² (238,959 sq ft).

Parque Burle Marx – Inaugurated in 1995, it's located in the Panamby neighbourhood, in the city's south side.

Parque da Cantareira – Inaugurated in 1963, it's an environmental protection unit and was listed by UNESCO in 1994. With an area of approximately 7,916.52 hectares, it covers part of the Cantareira mountains, which is part of the Atlantic Forest. Includes areas of the north side of São Paulo and parts of the cities of Mairiporã, Guarulhos and Caieiras.

Parque do Carmo – Inaugurated in 1976, it's the biggest public park inside the city, with an area of approximately 500,000 m² (5,381,955 sq ft). Situated at the city's east side, in the Itaquera neighbourhood.

Parque Cidade de Toronto – Located in the district of Santo Domingo, north-west of the city.

Parque dos Eucaliptos – Located in western Sao Paulo in the district of Vila Sonia.

Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga – Also known as Parque do Estado (State Park), it was created in 1991 and extends over 526 hectares. Contains remnants of the Atlantic Forest vegetation.

Parque Ecológico do Guarapiranga – Situated on the banks of the Guarapiranga reservoir on the south side of the city.

Parque Guarapiranga – Located on the banks of Guarapiranga Dam, in the district of Campo Limpo (south side of São Paulo).

Horto Florestal de São Paulo – Located in the northern side of São Paulo, at about seven miles from the center of the city, it occupies an area of 174 hectares at the foot of the Cantareira mountains. It is adjacent to the Cantareira State Park in the district of Mandaqui. Its access can be made from the neighboring district of Tremembé, and its accecible perimeter is 47,875 meters.

Ibirapuera Park – The second largest park of the city and probably the most popular. It's home to several museums and is known for its buildings designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, such as the Oca and the new Ibirapuera Auditorium.

Parque Estadual do Jaraguá – Created in 1961, around the Jaraguá peak.

Parque Jardim Felicidade – Located in the Pirituba district, north side of the city.

Parque Luís Carlos Prestes – A small park located in the extreme west of São Paulo, in the Jardim Rolinópolis neighbourhood, near the Raposo Tavares highway and close to another city park, the Parque da Previdência. Opened in 1990, it was named after the political, military and revolutionary Luis Carlos Prestes, and has an area of 27,100 m² (291,702 sq ft).

Parque Nabuco – Located in the Jabaquara district, south side of the city.

Parque do Piqueri – Located in the Tatuapé neighbourhood, has an area of 97,272 m² (1,047,027 sq ft).

Parque Previdência – Located in the far west of São Paulo in the neighborhood of Jardim Rolinópolis, near the Raposo Tavares highway. It has an area of 91,500 m² (984,898 sq ft) and was founded in 1979.

Parque Lina e Paulo Raia – Located in the Jabaquara district, southern Sao Paulo, has an area of 15,000 m² (161,459 sq ft).

Parque Raposo Tavares – Located on the western outskirts of the city, in the district of Butantan.

Parque Raul Seixas – It has 33,000 m² (355,209 sq ft) and is situated in the district of Itaquera, in the East of the city.

Parque Rodrigo de Gásperi – Located in the Pirituba district, north side of the city.

Parque Santa Amélia – Located in the Itaim Paulista district, eastern suburb of São Paulo.

Parque Santo Dias – Located in the district of Capão Redondo, in the city's south side suburb.

Parque São Domingos – Located in the district of Santo Domingo, west of the city. It was named after the neighborhood, which honors the Catholic saint Dominic Savio.

Parque Severo Gomes – Located in the neighborhood of Granja Julieta, south of the city, was inaugurated in 1989.

Parque Ecológico do Tietê – With an area of 12.5 million m², inaugurated in 1982, it's an environmental protection region. Located in the floodplain of the Tietê River, between the cities of São Paulo, Guarulhos Itaquaquecetuba.

Parque Trianon – Inaugurateded in 1892 with the opening of Paulista Avenue, it was designed by French landscape architect Paul Villon. The name came from the fact that at that time, opposite the park, there was a club named Trianon. In 1924 it was donated to the city, and in 1931 received its current name in honor of one of the heroes of the Uprising Lieutenants, Antonio de Siqueira Campos.

Parque Vila dos Remédios – Located in the district of Jaguara, close to the confluence of the Pinheiros and Tietê rivers in the city's north side.

Parque Vila Guilherme – Opened in 1986, it is located in the district of Vila Guilherme, north side of the city.

Parque Ecológico da Vila Prudente – Located in the district of VilaPrudente, on the city's east side.

Parque Villa-Lobos – Opened in 1994, it is located in the Alto de Pinheiros district, on the banks of the Pinheiros River, and has an area of 732,000 m² (7,879,182 sq ft).

Panorama Ibirapuera Park.

Zoos

The Zoological Park of São Paulo is the largest in Brazil. Located in an area of 824,529 m² (8,875,156 sq ft) of original Atlantic Forest, has approximatelly 4 miles of alleys. It houses the headwaters of the historic stream of Ipiranga, at south side of the city. Displays more than 3,200 animals, 102 species of mammals, 216 species of birds, 95 species of reptiles, 15 species of amphibians and 16 species of invertebrates, in enclosures that replicate the natural habitats of these animals. The Zoo's farm of 572 ha, produces vegetables used in the manufacture of feed for various animals, and material to the enclosures where the animals stay. There are animals that need extra area for mating.

The zoo also counts with a nursery for rejected puppies and incubators for hatching eggs of birds and reptiles. Its library of more than four thousand volumes is open to the public. Its partnerships with other state, federal and foreign research institutions include researches that aim to facilitate the preservation of endangered species.

São Paulo also has a Safari Zoo located in its southeastern side, in the district of Cursino.

Aquarium

The Aquário de São Paulo (São Paulo Aquarium) is one of the largest aquariums in Latin America, with an area of 9,000 square meters and 2 million liters of water. It has approximately 3,000 specimens of about 300 species of animals; it is in the Ipiranga neighbourhood.

Sports

Football

As in the rest of Brazil, Association football is by far the most popular sport in the city. The major teams in São Paulo are known as "The Iron Trio" ("Trio de Ferro"): Corinthians, Palmeiras and São Paulo FC. There also a medium club, Portuguesa, and two other small clubs in the city, Juventus and Nacional.

São Paulo is one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil is the host nation. The opening of 2014 FIFA World Cup, is under negotiation to be held in the Corinthians stadium, called Arena Itaquera, which is being built.

**Football/soccer teams**
Club	League	Venue	Established (team)
SC Corinthians	Série A	Arena Corinthians (under construction) 48,000	1910
SE Palmeiras	Série B	Palestra Itália Stadium 29,173 (40,283 record)	1914
São Paulo FC	Série A	Morumbi Stadium 67,428 (138,032 record)^[100]	1935
Portuguesa	Série A	Canindé Stadium 19,717 (25,000 record)	1920
Juventus	Campeonato Paulista Série A2	Rua Javari Stadium 7,200 (9,000 record)	1924
Nacional	Campeonato Paulista Série B	Nicolau Alayon Stadium 9,500 (22,000 record)	1919

São Silvestre Road Race

The São Silvestre Race takes place every New Year's Eve. It was first held in 1925, when the competitors ran about 8,000 metres across the streets. Since then, the distance raced varied, but is now set at 15 km (9.3 mi).

Brazilian Grand Prix

The Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix (Portuguese: Grande Prêmio do Brasil) is held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in Interlagos, a neighborhood of São Paulo. The race at Interlagos has been held continuously since 1990. Since 1973, the first year Formula One Grand Prix had been held in Brazil, 4 Brazilians have won the Grand Prix in São Paulo: Emerson Fittipaldi (1973 and 1974), José Carlos Pace (1975), Ayrton Senna (1991 and 1993) and Felipe Massa (2006 and 2008).

In 2007, new local railway station Autódromo of the Line C (Line 9) of CPTM, was constructed near the circuit to improve access.

São Paulo profits the most in the year during the F1 Brazilian Grand Prix due to boosts in tourism, commerce and nightlife.

São Paulo Indy 300

The 2010 São Paulo Indy 300 was the first race of the 2010 IZOD IndyCar Series season. This 190.2-mile (306.1 km) race took place on March 14, on the 2.536-mile (4.081 km) temporary street circuit in São Paulo, Brazil. The race was telecasted by Versus.

There are seven IndyCar drivers from Brazil competing in the series, including Ana Beatriz, Hélio Castroneves, Tony Kanaan, Raphael Matos, Vitor Meira, Mario Moraes and Mario Romancini. São Paulo is the hometown of Beatriz, Castroneves, Moraes and Romancini.

Other sports

Volleyball, basketball,skateboard and tennis are other major sports. There are several traditional sports clubs in São Paulo that are home for teams in many championships. The most important are Esporte Clube Pinheiros (waterpolo, volleyball, swimming, basketball and handball), Clube Atlhetico Paulistano (basketball), Esporte Clube Banespa (volleyball, handball and futsal), Esporte Clube Sírio (basketball), Associação Atlética Hebraica (basketball), São Paulo Athletic Club (rugby union), Pasteur Athlétique Club (rugby union), Rio Branco Rugby Club(rugby union), Clube de Regatas Tietê and Clube Atlético Ipiranga, also, on Bom Retiro, we have the Baseball Stadium, Mie Nishi.

International sports events

The following international sports events have been held in São Paulo:

1950 – FIFA World Cup (association football);
1963 – Pan American Games (Multi-sports);
1971 – FIBA World Championship for Women;
1977 – Women's U20 Volleyball World Championship;
1983 – FIBA World Championship for Women;
1993 – Volleyball World League;
1994 – Women's Volleyball World Championship;
1998 – UFC 17.5: UFC Brazil;
2000 – FIFA Club World Championship (Football);
2002 – South American Games (Multi-sports);
2005 – World Cup in Artistic Gymnastics;
2006 – International Police and Fire Games (Multi-sports);
2006 – FIBA World Championship for Women (Basketball);
2006 – 13th World Cup Final in Artistic Gymnastics;
2007 – 3rd International Blind Sports Association World Championships and Games;
2011 - World Women's Handball Championship;
2014 – FIFA World Cup

Transport

Highways

File:Vistadarodoviaimigrantes1.JPG

Imigrantes highway connects the city to the ocean coast.

The city is crossed by 10 major Brazilian motorways and automobiles are still the main means to get into the city. They are:

Rodovia Presidente Dutra/BR-116 (President Dutra highway) – Connects São Paulo to the east and north-east of the country. Most important connection: Rio de Janeiro.
Rodovia Régis Bittencourt/BR-116 (Régis Bittencourt highway) – Connects São Paulo to the south of the country. Most important connections: Curitiba and Porto Alegre.
Rodovia Fernão Dias/BR-381 (Fernão Dias highway) – Connects São Paulo to the north of the country. Most important connection: Belo Horizonte.
Rodovia Anchieta/SP-150 (Anchieta highway) – Connects São Paulo to the ocean coast. Mainly used for cargo transportation to Santos Port. Most important connection: Santos.
Rodovia dos Imigrantes/SP-150 (Immigrants highway) – Connects São Paulo to the ocean coast. Mainly used for tourism. Most important connections: Santos, São Vicente, Guarujá and Praia Grande.
Rodovia Castelo Branco/SP-280 (President Castelo Branco highway) – Connects São Paulo to the west and north-west of the country. Most important connections: Osasco, Sorocaba, Bauru, Jaú and Campo Grande.
Rodovia Raposo Tavares/SP-270 (Raposo Tavares highway) – Connects São Paulo to the west of the country. Most important connections: Cotia, Sorocaba, Presidente Prudente.
Rodovia Anhangüera/SP-330 (Anhanguera highway) – Connects São Paulo to the north-west of the country, including its capital city. Most important connections: Campinas, Ribeirão Preto and Brasília.
Rodovia dos Bandeirantes/SP-348 (Bandeirantes highway) – Connects São Paulo to the north-west of the country. It is considered the best motorway of Brazil. Most important connections: Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, Piracicaba and São José do Rio Preto.
Rodovia Ayrton Senna/SP-70 (Ayrton Senna highway) – Named after Brazilian legendary Formula One pilot Ayrton Senna, this motorway connects São Paulo to east locations of the state, as well as the north coast of the state. Most important connections: São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, São José dos Campos and Caraguatatuba.

Rodoanel

São Paulo grew quickly from the 1940s to the 1980s and many roads and buildings were built without major planning. As a result, heavy traffic is common on the city's main avenues, and traffic jams are relatively common on its largest highways. The main means of commuting into the city is by car and by bus. In March 2011, there are more 7 million vehicles registered.^[101] An effective way of avoiding heavy vehicles traffic in the city, such as buses and trucks that crossed the city for other destinations, was planned by ex-governor Mário Covas as a road ring that circles the city, called Rodoanel Mario Covas,^[102] and is being built by DERSA.^[103]

Railways

The two major São Paulo railway stations are Luz and Julio Prestes in the Luz/Campos Eliseos region. Luz is the seat of the Santos-Jundiaí line which historically transported international immigrants from the Santos port to São Paulo and the coffee plantation lands in the Western region of Campinas. Julio Prestes connected the SW São Paulo State and Northern Paraná State to São Paulo and products were transferred to Luz Station from which they headed to the Atlantic ocean and overseas. Julio Prestes ceased from transporting passengers through the Sorocabana or FEPASA lines and now only has limited suburban service. Due to its acoustics and the beauty of its interior, surrounded by Greek revival columns, part of the rebuilt station was transformed into the São Paulo Hall, or Sala São Paulo, home of the internationally, known São Paulo Orchestra.

Luz Station, which was built in Britain and assembled in Brazil, has an underground station and is still very active with east and westbound suburban trains that link São Paulo to the Greater São Paulo region to the East and the Campinas Metropolitan region in Jundiaí in the western part of the State. Besides housing the interactive Museu da Língua Portuguesa (Portuguese Language Museum), Luz Station is surrounded by important cultural institutions such as the Pinacoteca do Estado, The Museu de Arte Sacra on Tiradentes Avenue and Jardim da Luz, among others.

Although poorly maintained by heavy rail services, there is an infrastructure project to build a high-speed railway service linking Brazil's two largest cities, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.^[104] The trains would go as fast as 280 kilometres per hour (170 mph) (the trip would last about 1-hour and 30 minutes). This specific project is still waiting an official announcement by the Brazilian government, who is trying to obtain international financing through a public-private partnership.

File:CAF 8000.JPG

CPTM Train in garage

Another important project is the "Expresso Bandeirantes," which is a medium-speed rail service (about 160 km/h) from São Paulo to Campinas, which would reduce the journey time from the current one hour and a half by car to about 50 minutes by train, linking the towns of São Paulo, Jundiaí, Campinas Airport, and Campinas city center. This service is also going to be connected to the railway service between São Paulo city center and Guarulhos Airport. Major works on an express railway service between São Paulo city center and Guarulhos International Airport were announced by the São Paulo state government in 2007,^[105] which will be a milestone in the revitalisation and improvement of the Brazilian passenger railway services.

Airports

^[106]

São Paulo has two main airports. The São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (IATA: GRU) for the international flights and the Congonhas-São Paulo Airport (IATA: CGH) for domestic and regional flights. Another airport, the Campo de Marte Airport, serves light aircraft and helicopters. The three airports together moved 42,617,779 passengers in 2010, making São Paulo one of the top 20 busiest in the world, by number of air passenger movements. The region of Greater São Paulo is also served by São José dos Campos Airport and Viracopos-Campinas International Airport.

Congonhas Airport operates flights mainly to Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Brasília. After the upgrade work by Infraero has been completed, passengers now enjoy new boarding lounges, located on the mezzanine level, accessed by escalators. Besides this, eight boarding bridges were installed to provide more comfort to passengers by eliminating the need to walk in the open to their flights.

The terminal area was expanded from 37.3 thousand to over 51 thousand square meters. This expansion did not seek to raise capacity, which was already saturated, but only to satisfy current demand. Congonhas Airport, built in the 1930s, was designed to handle 6 million passengers a year and was operating with 12 million a year. The ample new boarding area, separated from the main concourse, adds greatly to passenger comfort.^[107]

Panoramic photo of Campo de Marte Airport and in the background the Skyline of the district of Santana

Campo de Marte is located in Santana district, the northern zone of São Paulo. The airport handles small aircraft, particularly private craft belonging to flying clubs and air taxi firms. Opened in 1935, Campo de Marte today is the base for the largest helicopter fleet in Brazil. It has no scheduled airlines, but its terminal is equipped with a snack bar, restaurant and bank branch. This airport also is the home base of the State Civil Police Air Tactical Unit, the State Military Police Radio Patrol Unit and the São Paulo Flying Club.^[108]

A city with possibly the world's highest helicopter ownership rate. Largely using this airport, an elite wealthy class takes advantage of some one hundred remote helipads and heliports to conveniently bypass heavy road traffic.^[109] Campo de Marte also hosts the Ventura Goodyear Blimp.

The Guarulhos International, also known to São Paulo dwellers as "Cumbica" is 25 km (16 mi) north-east of the city center, in the neighbouring city of Guarulhos. Every day nearly 100 thousand people pass through the airport, which connects Brazil to 28 countries around the world. There are 370 companies established there generating 53 thousand employments. With capacity to serve 15 million passengers a year, in two terminals, the airport currently handles 32 million users.

Construction of a third passenger terminal is pending, to raise yearly capacity to more than 45 million passengers. The project, in the tendering phase, is part of the airport’s master plan and will get under way shortly. São Paulo International Airport is also the main air cargo hubs in Brazil. The roughly 100 flights a day carry everything from fruits grown in the São Francisco Valley in the Northeast to the most sophisticated medications created by science in the Southeast. The airport's cargo terminal is South America's largest and stands behind only Mexico City's in all of Latin America. In 2003, over 75 thousand metric tons of freight passed through the terminal.^[110]

Metro

The city currently has 379,7 km, operated by three companies, the first is 69.0 km (42.9 mi) of underground railway systems (34.6 km (21.4) fully underground) (the São Paulo Metro,^[111] locally known as the Metrô), with 5 lines in operation and 59 stations,but at this moment other stations and extensions of two lines are in work, this is complemented by another 260.7 km (162.0 mi) of Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM, or "Paulista Company of Metropolitan Trains") railways, the third one is Via4. Both CPTM, Via4 and Metrô, so the underground and railway lines carry some 7 million people on an average weekday, and new underground lines to be constructed are expected to add another million people to the system within the next five years. The projects expected to expand São Paulo's urban railway system from the current 322 km (200 mi) to more than 500 km (310 mi) on the next 10 years, surpassing the London Underground.^[112]

São Paulo has three rapid transport systems:

The underground rail system (called "metrô", short for "metropolitano" and in plates in English is called "subway"), with three complete lines.
The suburban rail system, Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM), has six lines that serve many regions not reached by the underground system, and even some other cities in the metropolitan region. The CPTM network is longer than the underground rail system.
The fast-lane bus system: there are many such bus lines in the city, called "Passa Rápido," which are street-level, placed on large avenues, and connected with the underground or suburban train stations.

São Paulo has no tram lines, although trams used to be common in the first half of the 20th century.^[113] São Paulo's underground train system is considered modern, safe and clean and, although it still has some problems with overcrowding, it was considered one of the best subway systems, as certified by the NBR ISO 9001. It has five lines and links to the metropolitan train network, the CPTM. The São Paulo Metro last year reached the mark of 11.5 million passengers every mile of line. The number is 15% higher than in 2008, when 10 million users were taken per mile. It is the largest concentration of people in a single transport system in the world, according to the company.

Also in 2008, the Moscow metro, in Russia, moved 8.6 million people for every mile of track. The Shanghai, China, took 7 million, according to the Community of Metros (Comet, English acronym), an organization that brings together representatives of the 12 largest metro systems in the world. Data from last year have not been released by Comet.

Every day last year, 2.56 million people passed through the turnstiles of the subway capital, on average. If taken into account transshipments, these passengers have about 3.5 million trips per day, according to balance sheet contained in the "Management Report 2010" released yesterday with the company's balance sheet. The number of entries in the stations was 6.8% higher than recorded in 2009.

While the total number of passengers has increased the satisfaction of those who use the system decreased. The survey "The Metro according to its user: a service evaluation" of last year showed that 60% of respondents rated the means of transport as "very good" and "good." In 2009, the notes were 67% positive. The survey is conducted since 1974.

Buses

The bulk of the public transport (government and private companies) is composed of approximately 17,000 buses (including about 290 trolley buses),^[115] coloured uniformly according to the non-central region served (ex.: light green for the buses that go North West, dark blue for the Northern area). Until the past few years, there was a strong presence of informal transport vans (dab vans), but the vast majority of such vans are already fully registered with the city council, legalized and operating under the same color scheme of the main system.

São Paulo Tietê Bus Terminal is the second largest bus terminal in the world. It serves localities in all the States of Brazil, with the exception of Amazonas, Roraima and Amapá. There are routes to 1,010 cities in five countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay). It offers a special line to the Congonhas and Guarulhos airports, and a ride sharing automobile service to Santos.

The Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal is much smaller and is connected to the Palmeiras-Barra Funda metro and Palmeiras-Barra Funda CPTM stations. It serves the southwestern cities of Sorocaba, Itapetininga, Itu, Botucatu, Bauru, Marília, Jaú, Avaré, Piraju, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, Ipaussu, Chavantes, and Ourinhos (on the border with Paraná State). It also serves São José do Rio Preto, Araçatuba and other small towns located on the northwest of São Paulo State.

For buses to São Paulo coast, travelers need to get off at the Jabaquara metro station, which is the final southbound stop on Line 1 (Blue) of the São Paulo Metro. The Litoral bus terminal serves Praia Grande, Santos and São Vicente on the South Shore and Mongaguá, Bertioga, and Guarujá on the North Shore. Buses to North Shore cities such as Maresia, Riviera de São Lourenço, Caraguatatuba, Ubatuba, and Paraty, in Rio de Janeiro State must be taken at the Tietê Bus Terminal, at Portuguesa-Tietê metro station on Line 1 (Blue).

Panoramic View from the bus stop in downtown Sao Paulo.

Helicopters

Due to the intense traffic jams on the roads, São Paulo has become the city with the highest number of helicopters in the world. With 462 private helicopters^[116] in 2008, and around 70,000 flights per year within central São Paulo, according to the British newspaper The Guardian, is turning into a "real life South-American episode" of The Jetsons.^[117]

Helicopters enable businessmen and other executives to sharply reduce their commuting time, at least to the most important meetings and conferences. They are also used to bring executives in from their homes in distant parts of the greater metropolitan area and back to them at the end of the work week. Some companies own their helicopters, others lease them, and still others use helicopter taxi services. One suburban helicopter shuttle service, located about 15 miles (24 km) from the center of the city in a suburb called Tamboré, is unique in the sense that it is run and operated totally by women, including its pilots.

Current critical problems

Since the beginning of the 20th century, São Paulo has been a major economic center in Latin America. With the arrival of the two World Wars and the Great Depression, coffee exports (from other regions of the state) to the United States and Europe were critically affected, leading wealthy coffee farmers to invest in industrial activities which eventually turned São Paulo into Brazil's largest industrial hub. The new job positions thereof contributed to attracting a significant number of immigrants from Europe and Asia and migrants from within the country, especially the northeastern states. From a population of merely 32,000 inhabitants in 1880, São Paulo increased its population to approximately 250,000 in 1900, 1,800,000 in 1940, 4,750,000 in 1960 and 8,500,000 in 1980. The effects of this population boom have been:

Poverty and development of favelas
Although urban planning has been implemented in some areas, São Paulo has developed quickly without major planning.
Overcrowded public transport associated with a high number of cars and other vehicles in circulation lead to consistently congested traffic on many roads of the city.
Due to heavy usage and poor maintenance, the quality of the pavement on certain roads (especially in the outskirts of the city) is problematic, and potholes and other asphalt defects are common.
For a long time considered to be one of the most critical problems found in the city, crime rates are, finally, about to reach non-endemic levels defined by United Nations parameters by a homicide rate below 10.0. With numbers consistently decreasing for the past 12 years, the city homicide rate is 9.0 in 2011, less than half the 22.3 national rate. Today São Paulo figures as an world-wide example on crime reduction due to its approach on public safety.^[118]
High air pollution,^[119] mainly due to the high circulation of automobiles and buses in town.
The two major rivers crossing the city, Tietê and Pinheiros, are highly polluted. A major project to clean up these rivers is under way.

Solutions

The Clean City Law or antibillboard, approved in 2007, focused on two main targets: antipublicity and anticommerce. Advertisers estimate that they removed 15,000 billboards and that more than 1,600 signs and 1,300 towering metal panels were dismantled by authorities.^[120]
Some countries have adopted vehicular restrictions in order to reduce air pollution levels. In São Paulo metropolitan region, the vehicle restriction was adopted from 1996 to 1998, in order to reduce air pollution, during wintertime. Since 1997, a similar project was implemented during the whole year in the central area of São Paulo in order to improve the urban traffic.^[121]

Twin towns and sister cities

São Paulo is twinned with:^[122]

America	Europe	Asia and Middle East	Africa
Buenos Aires, Argentina	Paris, France^[123]	Yerevan, Armenia	Luanda, Angola
La Paz, Bolivia	Coimbra, Portugal	Beijing, China^[124]	Bamako, Mali
Toronto, Canada	Milan, Italy^[125]	Seoul, South Korea^[126]	Johannesburg, South Africa
Mexico City, México	Funchal, Portugal	Tel Aviv, Israel^[127]
Chicago, United States	Lisbon, Portugal	Amman, Jordan
Asunción, Paraguay	Porto, Portugal	Damascus, Syria
Montevideo, Uruguay	Bucharest, Romania	Osaka, Japan^[128]
Lima, Peru	Cluj-Napoca, Romania	Ningbo, China
Mendoza, Argentina	Barcelona, Spain^[129]	Macau
	Córdoba, Spain^[130]	New Delhi, India
	Santiago de Compostela, Spain	Naha, Japan^[131]

References

Bibliography

Lawrence, Rachel (January 2010). Alyse Dar (ed.). Brazil (Seventh ed.). Apa Publications GmbH & Co. / Discovery Channel. pp. 183–204.

Notes

^ Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas
^ "ESTIMATIVAS DAS POPULAÇÕES RESIDENTES, EM 1º DE JULHO DE 2009, SEGUNDO OS MUNICÍPIOS" (PDF). Ibge.gov.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "RMSP supera 20 milhões de habitantes, calcula Seade - economia - geral - Estadão". Estadao.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010". Lboro.ac.uk. September 14, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ ^a ^b [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "Bovespa vira a segunda maior Bolsa do mundo - economia - versaoimpressa - Estadão". Estadao.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "E São Paulo". Navios De Guerra Brasileiros. Brazilian Navy. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
^ Cite error: The named reference SF was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Pico do Jaraguá Mountain Official Website". Picodojaragua.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ [2]^{[dead link]}
^ "Climatic classification in São Paulo State" (PDF). Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ "São Paulo 40 Graus". Urbanistas.com.br. March 2, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Britannica Online Encyclopedia – Climate of São Paulo". Britannica.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ Tempo Agora – Somar Meteorologia. "Climate of São Paulo". Tempoagora.uol.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ Constituent municipalities as listed by Obervatorio das Metropoles. Population figures from the sum of the municipalities' population: IBGE
^ "EMPLASA – Empresa Paulista de Planejamento Metropolitano SA". July 30, 2007. Archived from the original on July 30, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2011. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 30, 2007 suggested (help)
^ "Neighborhoods in São Paulo". Sp-turismo.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Subprefectures in São Paulo". Capital.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ [3]^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "IBGE :: Censo 2010". Censo2010.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Maiores cidades do Brasil crescem menos do que média nacional, aponta Censo - Notícias - UOL Notícias". Noticias.uol.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ [4]^{[dead link]}
^ "Nicolau Pereira De Campos Vergueiro". Orbita.starmedia.com. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
^ "Folha Online – Especial – 2005 – São Paulo 451". .folha.uol.com.br. January 24, 2005. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
^ "Latin American Immigration to São Paulo". Projetofabrica.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Gilosofia" (PDF). Images.pauloce129.multiply.multiplycontent.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. October 14, 2004. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Do outro lado do AtlРntico: um sжculo de imigraусo italiana no Brasil - Angelo Trento - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Universidade de Sao Paulo" (PDF). Fflch.usp.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ [5]^{[dead link]}
^ "Ethnicities of São Paulo". Brasilescola.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Especiais – Agência Brasil". Radiobras.gov.br accessdate=2010-04-17. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Especiais – Agência Brasil". Radiobras.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ IBGE. Census 2000. População residente por cor ou raça e religião.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "450 Anos de São Paulo". Colunista.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Programa Saúde da Família atende imigrantes". Etni-cidade. March 24, 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ Enciclopédia das Línguas no Brasil. "ELB". Labeurb.unicamp.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA". Sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Barsa Planeta Ltda". Brasil.planetasaber.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática – SIDRA". Sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
^ "Pelos cantos da cidade: Música popular em São Paulo na passagem do século XIX ao XX" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved September 7, 2008.
^ "Especial aniversário de São Paulo". Jornal Mercado Paulista. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
^ Teixeira, Tim. "Diário do Comércio – Especiais – Locarno". Nesta festa, a Mooca é mais italiana do que nunca. (at this feast, the Mooca is more Italian than ever (in English)). Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^ [6]^{[dead link]}
^ "ELB". Labeurb.unicamp.br. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
^ "Alemães ajudaram a formar a classe média paulistana | Alemanha | DW.DE | 26.05.2004". Dw-world.de. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Historias". Amoviza.org.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Departamento Estadual De Trânsito De São Paulo". Detran-Sp. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Number of Daily Newspapers". Guiademidia.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "IBGE Área Territorial Oficial". Orcamento e Gestão (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 22, 2008.
^ "List of alpha global cities – 2008". Lboro.ac.uk. April 13, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
^ "Estadão". Estadao.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "The largest cities in the world by land area". Citymayors.com. January 6, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Estatísticas" (PDF). Infraero. January 18, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
^ "Emporis". Emporis. June 15, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "The streets the world's most luxurious". Webluxo.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "São Paulo Metro". Metro.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "CPTM". Cptm.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Centro Comercial Leste Aricanduva". Aricanduva.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Hcfmusp". Hcnet.usp.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ Claire Obusan. "Billionaires in São Paulo, Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Yahoo! Finance, in Portuguese". Br.pfinance.yahoo.com. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
^ "PricewaterhouseCoopers, Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025".
^ "Richest cities 2009". PricewaterhouseCoopers. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
^ "BBC – Último Segundo – São Paulo será 6ª cidade mais rica do mundo em 2020, diz estudo". Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
^ Renata Ribeiro. "Jornal da Globo - São Paulo completa 458 anos com proporções de um grande país". G1.globo.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". IBGE. 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
^ Ranny Singka. "The on-line magazine covering the Miss USA, Miss Universe, Miss Teen USA, Miss AMerica, and Miss World Pageants". Behind The Crown. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ FERREIRA, João Sette Whitaker; The myth of the global city, doctoral thesis presented to the FAUUSP, 2003.
^ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. (2006). informal economy (PDF) (in Portuguese). São Paulo, SP, Brasil: IETS. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved January 27, 2008.
^ Federal Foreign Office (2011 [last update]). "Auswärtiges Amt – Brazil". auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved July 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
^ Swedish-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce (2011 [last update]). "Overview". swedcham.com.br. Retrieved July 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
^ BM&F Bovespa: About us^{[dead link]}
^ "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". IBGE. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 – Top 50 cities: Cost of living ranking". Mercer. July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "SP é a 10ª cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros; RJ é a 12ª". UOL Noticias (in Portuguese). July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Global 500 June 2012 Market values and prices at June 30, 2012" (PDF). FT. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
^ "São Paulo area phone code DDD". Retrieved August 12, 2012.
^ Shaw, Dan (March 12, 2006). "The New São Paulo". The New York Times.
^ "2010 Award Winners". The World's 50 Best Restaurants.
^ Agenda Cultural de São Paulo – Seja Bem-Vindo! (March 23, 2010). "Agenda Cultural". Agendacult.wordpress.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ Universes in Universe – Gerhard Haupt & Pat Binder (December 19, 2004). "South-South orientation in São Paulo Art Bienal". Universes-in-universe.de. Retrieved April 17, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Moda regional marca presença no São Paulo Fashion Week".
^ "Americas | Sao Paulo holds Gay Pride parade". BBC News. June 11, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ (January 1, 1970). "Folha Online - Ilustrada - Parada Gay bate recorde, dizem organizadores - 10/06/2007". .folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Baker Publishing Group. "March of Jesus in SP". Christianpost.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Website of FENATRAN (Portuguese)". Fenatran.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Video Brasil website". Videobrasil.org.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Brooklinfest 2012". Brooklinfest.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Associação De Moradores Do Bairro De Vila Zelina". Amoviza. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC, Vestibular, Apostilas, Universitário, Profissão, Professor". Seruniversitario.com.br. January 1, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ Datasus. "DATASUS Health Care Statistics". Datasus.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Hospital do Cancer de São Paulo". Saopaulo.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Cheap flights to São Paulo, Brazil with". Jetcost.co.uk. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Movement website". Movement.co.uk. March 18, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Hospedaria dos Imigrantes (1885)". Aprenda450anos.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ Histórico da Hospedaria^{[dead link]}
^ Acervo Histórico-Cultural^{[dead link]}
^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. July 8, 2007. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
^ "Estádio do Morumbi – Cícero Pompeu de Toledo". Pinheiros.com.br. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
^ "A Melting Pot in the southern hemisphere". The Jakarta Post. April 17, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
^ ". Desenvolvimento Rodoviário S.A". Dersa. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "DERSA official website". Dersa.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ "Company News Story". Nasdaq.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ [7]^{[dead link]}
^ "Anac redistribui autorizações de pouso e decolagem para aeroporto de Congonhas – 25/01/2010 – UOL Notícias – Cotidiano". Noticias.uol.com.br. January 25, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "São Paulo/Congonhas National Airport". Infraero. August 15, 2004. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Campo de Marte Airport". Infraero.gov.br. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ [8]^{[dead link]}
^ "São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport". Infraero. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ Downloadable map (pdf)^{[dead link]} of the underground network retrieved from the Metro SP website.
^ All the main projects from the São Paulo railway and underground system for the next 10 years can be found on the Metrô website and CPTM (in Portuguese).
^ "SÃO PAULO (1)". Tramz.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ Do G1, em São Paulo, com informações do SPTV (November 21, 2007). "Tietê Bus Terminal, the second largest in the world". G1.globo.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Webb, Mary (Ed.) (2009). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010, pp. 42/6. Coulsdon (UK): Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2903-6.
^ Rory Carroll (March 14, 2008). "Number of Helicopters in São Paulo". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ High above São Paulo's choked streets, the rich cruise a new highway The Guardian, June 20, 2008
^ "Capital reduz homicídios para 9 a cada 100 mil habitantes". SSP/SP. January 27, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
^ School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (2003). "Air pollution and children's health in São Paulo (1986–1998)". Soc Sci Med. 53 (Dec): 2013–2022. PMID 14512233.
^ "Billboard law in SP". Worldculturepictorial.com. November 24, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Vehicular Restriction in SP". Scielosp.org. January 5, 1996. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities". Prefeitura.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ "Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération". Paris.fr. March 17, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
^ "Sister Cities". Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ "Milano – Città Gemellate". 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano). Retrieved July 17, 2009.
^ Seul Metropolitan Government. "International Cooperation: Sister Cities".^{[dead link]}
^ "Tel Aviv sister cities" (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
^ "Osaka and the World, the official website of the Osaka city". Retrieved August 5, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Ajuntament de Barcelona%5d "Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades" (in Catalan). 2006–2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ "Os contatos internacionais do município de Limeira: pautas para o intercâmbio e o desenvolvimento" (in Portuguese). Revista Jurídica Netlegis. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
^ "Naha Sister Cities". City.naha.okinawa.jp. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

External links

Official websites

Other websites

News stories

AdBusters, "São Paulo: A City Without Ads".
The Times, "Cutting-edge style in São Paulo", by Alex Bello.
The Times, "Where cafezinho is the key to commerce". Retrieved December 6, 2007.
Guardian Unlimited, "Blog by blog guide to ... São Paulo".
The New York Times, "36 Hours in São Paulo".
Rich Brazilians Rise Above Rush-Hour Jams.

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link GA

[1] Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas

[2] "ESTIMATIVAS DAS POPULAÇÕES RESIDENTES, EM 1º DE JULHO DE 2009, SEGUNDO OS MUNICÍPIOS" (PDF). Ibge.gov.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[3] "RMSP supera 20 milhões de habitantes, calcula Seade - economia - geral - Estadão". Estadao.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[4] "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010". Lboro.ac.uk. September 14, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[urosario.edu.co-5] [1]^{[dead link]}

[6] "Bovespa vira a segunda maior Bolsa do mundo - economia - versaoimpressa - Estadão". Estadao.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[7] "E São Paulo". Navios De Guerra Brasileiros. Brazilian Navy. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2009.

[SF-8] Cite error: The named reference SF was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[9] "Pico do Jaraguá Mountain Official Website". Picodojaragua.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[10] [2]^{[dead link]}

[11] "Climatic classification in São Paulo State" (PDF). Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Retrieved October 25, 2011.

[12] "São Paulo 40 Graus". Urbanistas.com.br. March 2, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[13] "Britannica Online Encyclopedia – Climate of São Paulo". Britannica.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[14] Tempo Agora – Somar Meteorologia. "Climate of São Paulo". Tempoagora.uol.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010. ^{[dead link]}

[bra-15] Constituent municipalities as listed by Obervatorio das Metropoles. Population figures from the sum of the municipalities' population: IBGE

[16] "EMPLASA – Empresa Paulista de Planejamento Metropolitano SA". July 30, 2007. Archived from the original on July 30, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2011. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 30, 2007 suggested (help)

[17] "Neighborhoods in São Paulo". Sp-turismo.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[18] "Subprefectures in São Paulo". Capital.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[19] [3]^{[dead link]}

[censo2010.ibge.gov.br-20] "IBGE :: Censo 2010". Censo2010.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[21] "Maiores cidades do Brasil crescem menos do que média nacional, aponta Censo - Notícias - UOL Notícias". Noticias.uol.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[22] [4]^{[dead link]}

[23] "Nicolau Pereira De Campos Vergueiro". Orbita.starmedia.com. Retrieved May 6, 2009.

[24] "Folha Online – Especial – 2005 – São Paulo 451". .folha.uol.com.br. January 24, 2005. Retrieved May 6, 2009.

[25] "Latin American Immigration to São Paulo". Projetofabrica.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[26] "Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Gilosofia" (PDF). Images.pauloce129.multiply.multiplycontent.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[27] World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. October 14, 2004. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[100_anos_de_imigração-28] Do outro lado do AtlРntico: um sжculo de imigraусo italiana no Brasil - Angelo Trento - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[29] "Universidade de Sao Paulo" (PDF). Fflch.usp.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[30] [5]^{[dead link]}

[31] "Ethnicities of São Paulo". Brasilescola.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[32] "Especiais – Agência Brasil". Radiobras.gov.br accessdate=2010-04-17. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |publisher= (help)

[33] "Especiais – Agência Brasil". Radiobras.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010. ^{[dead link]}

[34] IBGE. Census 2000. População residente por cor ou raça e religião.

[autogenerated1-35] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "450 Anos de São Paulo". Colunista.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[36] "Programa Saúde da Família atende imigrantes". Etni-cidade. March 24, 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[37] Enciclopédia das Línguas no Brasil. "ELB". Labeurb.unicamp.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[38] "Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA". Sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[39] "Barsa Planeta Ltda". Brasil.planetasaber.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[40] "Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática – SIDRA". Sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved October 11, 2012.

[41] "Pelos cantos da cidade: Música popular em São Paulo na passagem do século XIX ao XX" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved September 7, 2008.

[42] "Especial aniversário de São Paulo". Jornal Mercado Paulista. Retrieved May 6, 2009.

[43] Teixeira, Tim. "Diário do Comércio – Especiais – Locarno". Nesta festa, a Mooca é mais italiana do que nunca. (at this feast, the Mooca is more Italian than ever (in English)). Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2011.

[44] [6]^{[dead link]}

[45] "ELB". Labeurb.unicamp.br. Retrieved May 6, 2009.

[46] "Alemães ajudaram a formar a classe média paulistana | Alemanha | DW.DE | 26.05.2004". Dw-world.de. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[47] "Historias". Amoviza.org.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[48] "Departamento Estadual De Trânsito De São Paulo". Detran-Sp. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[49] "Number of Daily Newspapers". Guiademidia.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[50] "IBGE Área Territorial Oficial". Orcamento e Gestão (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 22, 2008.

[51] "List of alpha global cities – 2008". Lboro.ac.uk. April 13, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2012.

[52] "Estadão". Estadao.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[53] "The largest cities in the world by land area". Citymayors.com. January 6, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[54] "Estatísticas" (PDF). Infraero. January 18, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.

[55] "Emporis". Emporis. June 15, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[56] "The streets the world's most luxurious". Webluxo.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[57] "São Paulo Metro". Metro.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[58] "CPTM". Cptm.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[59] "Centro Comercial Leste Aricanduva". Aricanduva.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[60] "Hcfmusp". Hcnet.usp.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[61] Claire Obusan. "Billionaires in São Paulo, Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[62] "Yahoo! Finance, in Portuguese". Br.pfinance.yahoo.com. Retrieved May 16, 2012.

[ukmediacentre.pwc.com-63] "PricewaterhouseCoopers, Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025".

[Estadão-64] "Richest cities 2009". PricewaterhouseCoopers. Retrieved May 16, 2012.

[65] "BBC – Último Segundo – São Paulo será 6ª cidade mais rica do mundo em 2020, diz estudo". Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. Retrieved September 11, 2009.

[66] Renata Ribeiro. "Jornal da Globo - São Paulo completa 458 anos com proporções de um grande país". G1.globo.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[67] "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". IBGE. 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2012.

[68] Ranny Singka. "The on-line magazine covering the Miss USA, Miss Universe, Miss Teen USA, Miss AMerica, and Miss World Pageants". Behind The Crown. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[69] FERREIRA, João Sette Whitaker; The myth of the global city, doctoral thesis presented to the FAUUSP, 2003.

[70] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. (2006). informal economy (PDF) (in Portuguese). São Paulo, SP, Brasil: IETS. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved January 27, 2008.

[71] Federal Foreign Office (2011 [last update]). "Auswärtiges Amt – Brazil". auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved July 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)

[72] Swedish-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce (2011 [last update]). "Overview". swedcham.com.br. Retrieved July 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)

[73] BM&F Bovespa: About us^{[dead link]}

[74] "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". IBGE. Retrieved June 3, 2011.

[75] "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 – Top 50 cities: Cost of living ranking". Mercer. July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[76] "SP é a 10ª cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros; RJ é a 12ª". UOL Noticias (in Portuguese). July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[77] "Global 500 June 2012 Market values and prices at June 30, 2012" (PDF). FT. Retrieved November 22, 2012.

[78] "São Paulo area phone code DDD". Retrieved August 12, 2012.

[79] Shaw, Dan (March 12, 2006). "The New São Paulo". The New York Times.

[80] "2010 Award Winners". The World's 50 Best Restaurants.

[81] Agenda Cultural de São Paulo – Seja Bem-Vindo! (March 23, 2010). "Agenda Cultural". Agendacult.wordpress.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[82] Universes in Universe – Gerhard Haupt & Pat Binder (December 19, 2004). "South-South orientation in São Paulo Art Bienal". Universes-in-universe.de. Retrieved April 17, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[83] "Moda regional marca presença no São Paulo Fashion Week".

[84] "Americas | Sao Paulo holds Gay Pride parade". BBC News. June 11, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[85] (January 1, 1970). "Folha Online - Ilustrada - Parada Gay bate recorde, dizem organizadores - 10/06/2007". .folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[86] Baker Publishing Group. "March of Jesus in SP". Christianpost.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[87] "Website of FENATRAN (Portuguese)". Fenatran.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[88] "Video Brasil website". Videobrasil.org.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[89] "Brooklinfest 2012". Brooklinfest.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[90] "Associação De Moradores Do Bairro De Vila Zelina". Amoviza. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[91] "Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC, Vestibular, Apostilas, Universitário, Profissão, Professor". Seruniversitario.com.br. January 1, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[92] Datasus. "DATASUS Health Care Statistics". Datasus.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[93] "Hospital do Cancer de São Paulo". Saopaulo.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[94] "Cheap flights to São Paulo, Brazil with". Jetcost.co.uk. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[95] "Movement website". Movement.co.uk. March 18, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[Hospedaria_dos_Imigrantes_1885-96] "Hospedaria dos Imigrantes (1885)". Aprenda450anos.com.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[97] Histórico da Hospedaria^{[dead link]}

[98] Acervo Histórico-Cultural^{[dead link]}

[99] "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. July 8, 2007. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)

[100] "Estádio do Morumbi – Cícero Pompeu de Toledo". Pinheiros.com.br. Retrieved May 6, 2009.

[101] "A Melting Pot in the southern hemisphere". The Jakarta Post. April 17, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.

[102] ". Desenvolvimento Rodoviário S.A". Dersa. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[103] "DERSA official website". Dersa.com.br. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[104] "Company News Story". Nasdaq.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[105] [7]^{[dead link]}

[106] "Anac redistribui autorizações de pouso e decolagem para aeroporto de Congonhas – 25/01/2010 – UOL Notícias – Cotidiano". Noticias.uol.com.br. January 25, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[107] "São Paulo/Congonhas National Airport". Infraero. August 15, 2004. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[108] "Campo de Marte Airport". Infraero.gov.br. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[109] [8]^{[dead link]}

[110] "São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport". Infraero. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[111] Downloadable map (pdf)^{[dead link]} of the underground network retrieved from the Metro SP website.

[112] All the main projects from the São Paulo railway and underground system for the next 10 years can be found on the Metrô website and CPTM (in Portuguese).

[113] "SÃO PAULO (1)". Tramz.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

[114] Do G1, em São Paulo, com informações do SPTV (November 21, 2007). "Tietê Bus Terminal, the second largest in the world". G1.globo.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[juts2009-115] Webb, Mary (Ed.) (2009). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010, pp. 42/6. Coulsdon (UK): Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2903-6.

[116] Rory Carroll (March 14, 2008). "Number of Helicopters in São Paulo". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[117] High above São Paulo's choked streets, the rich cruise a new highway The Guardian, June 20, 2008

[118] "Capital reduz homicídios para 9 a cada 100 mil habitantes". SSP/SP. January 27, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.

[119] School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (2003). "Air pollution and children's health in São Paulo (1986–1998)". Soc Sci Med. 53 (Dec): 2013–2022. PMID 14512233.

[120] "Billboard law in SP". Worldculturepictorial.com. November 24, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[121] "Vehicular Restriction in SP". Scielosp.org. January 5, 1996. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[122] "International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities". Prefeitura.sp.gov.br. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[123] "Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération". Paris.fr. March 17, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2010.

[Beijing-124] "Sister Cities". Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[Milan-125] "Milano – Città Gemellate". 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano). Retrieved July 17, 2009.

[Seoul-126] Seul Metropolitan Government. "International Cooperation: Sister Cities".^{[dead link]}

[Tel_Aviv-127] "Tel Aviv sister cities" (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Retrieved July 14, 2009.

[128] "Osaka and the World, the official website of the Osaka city". Retrieved August 5, 2009. ^{[dead link]}

[Barcelona-129] Ajuntament de Barcelona%5d "Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades" (in Catalan). 2006–2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)

[Córdoba-130] "Os contatos internacionais do município de Limeira: pautas para o intercâmbio e o desenvolvimento" (in Portuguese). Revista Jurídica Netlegis. Retrieved March 24, 2010.

[Naha-131] "Naha Sister Cities". City.naha.okinawa.jp. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]