User:Electionworld/sandbox/Colonialism

	This scheme gives an outline for each country and dependent territory of statehood and foreign domination, A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state yet remains politically outside the controlling state's integral area. Further information: Colonialism, History of colonialism, Dependent territory, and Western European colonialism and colonization For this scheme various sources have been used. Generally the first source is the specific Wikipedia page about the entity. Other sources are WorldStatesmen.org and Stampworldhistory.
	Contents
	Abkhazia - Afghanistan - Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Åland Islands - Albania - Algeria - American Samoa - Andorra - Angola - Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Argentine Antarctica - Armenia - Artsakh - Aruba - Australia - Australian Antarctic Territory - Austria - Azerbaijan - Bahamas - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belarus - Belgium - Belize - Benin - Bermuda - Bhutan - Bolivia - Bonaire - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Botswana - Brazil - British Antarctic Territory - British Indian Ocean Territory - British Virgin Islands - Brunei - Bulgaria - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cambodia - Cameroon - Canada - Cape Verde - Cayman Islands - Central Africa Republic - Chad - Chatham Islands - Chile - Chilean Antarctic Territory - China - Christmas Island - Cocos Islands - Colombia - Comoros - Congo-Brazzaville - Congo-Kinshasa - Cook Islands - Costa Rica - Croatia - Cuba - Curaçao - Cyprus - Czech Republic - Denmark - Djibouti - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Donetsk - East Timor - Ecuador - Egypt - El Salvador - Equatorial Guinea - Eritrea - Estonia - Ethiopia - Falkland Islands - Faroe Islands - Fiji - Finland - France - French Guiana - French Polynesia - French Southern and Antarctic Lands - Gabon - Gambia - Georgia - Germany - Ghana - Gibraltar - Greece - Greenland - Grenada - Guadeloupe - Guam - Guantanamo Bay - Guatemala - Guernsey - Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - Hungary - Iceland - India - Indonesia - Iran - Iraq - Israel - Ireland - Italy - Ivory Coast - Jamaica - Japan - Jersey - Jordan - Kazakhstan - Kenya - Kiribati - Korea (North) - Korea (South) - Kosovo (disputed) - Kuwait - Kyrgyzstan - Laos - Latvia - Lebanon - Lesotho - Liberia - Libya - Liechtenstein - Lithuania - Lugansk - Luxembourg - Macedonia - Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Maldives - Mali - Malta - Man - Marshall Islands - Martinique - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mayotte - Mexico - Micronesia - Midway Island - Moldova - Monaco - Mongolia - Montenegro - Montserrat - Morocco - Mozambique - Myanmar - Namibia - Nauru - Nepal - Netherlands - New Caledonia - New Zealand - Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Niue - Norfolk Island - Northern Cyprus - Northern Mariana Islands - Norway - Oman - Pakistan - Palau - Palestine - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru - Philippines - Pitcairn Islands - Poland - Portugal - Puerto Rico - Qatar - Queen Maud Land - Réunion - Romania - Ross Dependency - Russia - Rwanda - Saba - Saint Barthélemy - Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint Martin - Saint Pierre and Miquelon - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Samoa - San Marino - São Tomé and Príncipe - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - Serbia - Seychelles - Sierra Leone - Singapore - Sint Eustatius - Sint Maarten - Slovakia - Slovenia - Solomon Islands - Somalia - Somaliland - South Africa - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - [South Ossetia - South Sudan - Spain - Sri Lanka - Sudan - Suriname - Svalbard- Swaziland - Sweden - Switzerland - Syria - Taiwan - Tajikistan - Tanzania - Thailand - Togo - Tokelau - Tonga - Transnistria - Trinidad and Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - Turkmenistan - Turks and Caicos Islands - Tuvalu - Uganda - Ukraine - United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom - United States of America - United States Virgin Islands - Uruguay - Uzbekistan - Vanuatu - Vatican City - Venezuela - Vietnam - Wake Island - Wallis and Futuna - Western Sahara - Yemen - Zambia - Zimbabwe Territories governed or supervised by the international community
	Past name	Timeline
	International supervision
		Territories governed or supervised by the international community Bosnia and Herzegovina Peace Implementation Council: Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995- Cambodia United Nations: Cambodia 1992-1993 Croatia United Nations: Trieste 1947-1954 United Nations: Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium 1996-1998 East Timor United Nations: East Timo 1999-2002 Germany League of Nations: Saar 1920-1935 Greece United Kingdom, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia: Crete 1898-1913 Indonesia United Nations: West New Guinea 1962-1963 Iraq United Nations: Iraq 2003-2004 Italy United Nations: Trieste 1947-1954 Kosovo United Nations: Kosovo 1999- Lithuania League of Nations: Memel Territory 1919-1925 Morocco France, Spain, and the United Kingdom: Tangier 1924-1940, 1945-1956 Poland Austria, Prussia and Russia: Cracow 1815-1846 League of Nations: Danzig 1920-1939 Slovenia United Nations: Trieste 1947-1954 Turkey United Kingdom, France and Italy: Constantinople 1918-1923
	Abkhazia (disputed) Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia
	Abkhazia is a de facto republic, not recognized by Georgia, and only recognized by Russia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela as well as South Ossetia, Transnistria and Artsakh.
	Georgia	See for the development before 1992 →Georgia.
	Abkhazia	1992: The Abkhazian government declares independence from ↑Georgia, but is generally still recognized as part of Georgia and can be considered as a Russian client state. A war commences between Georgia and the separatists, supported by Russia., 1993: The war ends with the de facto independence of Abkazia. 1998: An insurgency of ethnic Georgians against the Abkhazian secessionist government and the following war leads to an Abkhazian victory. 2008: After a Georgian attempt to regain control over Abkhazia, Russia intervenes in Georgia to secure its de facto independence. Georgia loses the area of Abkhazia it controlled. Russia recognizes the independence of Abkhazia. ᐃ
	Afghanistan Afghanistan – Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
	Afghanistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Afghanistan	1709: An Afghan emirate is established by Mirwais Hotak ending a long time of Persian rule.
	Persia	1738: The Emirate is defeated and annexed to Persia.
	Aghanistan	1747: Ahmad Shah Durrani founds the Kingdom of Aghanistan. 1823: The Kingdom of Aghanistan is succeeded by the Emirate of Afghanistan. 1838: The first Colonialism establishment in Afghanistan takes place with the United Kingdom marching into the Emirate of Afghanistan and replacing emir Dost Mohammad with Shah Shuja. The United Kingdom takes a big influence on Afghan government. The First Anglo-Afghan War starts. 1842: The British are defeated and the independence of Afghanistan is restored. 1878: The United Kingdom invades Afghanistan for a second time and starts the Second Anglo-Afghan War. 1880: After the Battle of Kandahar emir Abdur Rahman Khan ensures British control of Afghanistan's foreign policy in exchange for protection and a subsidy. 1919: Emir Amanullah Khan starts the third Third Anglo-Afghan War, leading to the defeat of the British and full independence of Afghanistan. 1926: Afghanistan becomes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. 1973: Afghanistan becomes the Republic of Afghanistan. 1979: After a communist coup d'etat the Soviet Union invades and establishes the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. 1987: Afghanistan is renamed into the Republic of Afghanistan. 1989: The Soviet Union withdraws from Afghanistan. The civil war in the Republic Afghanistan continues. 1992: Afghanistan becomes the Islamic State of Afghanistan. 1996: De facto most of Afghanistan is ruled by the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. 2001: The Islamic State of Afghanistan is restored. 2002: Afghanistan becomes the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan. 2004: Afghanistan is continued as the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ᐃ
	Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia – Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
	Akrotiri and Dhekelia is a British overseas territory.
	Cyprus	See for the development before 1960 →Cyprus.
	Akrotiri and Dhekelia	1960: With the independence of ↑Cyprus, the United Kingdom establishes the sovereign bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, separated from Cyprus. ᐃ
	Åland Islands Åland Islands – Province of Åland
	The Åland Islands are by treaty autonomous and a region of Finland.
2/2	Sweden	12th century: the Åland Islands are conquered by Sweden.
	Russia	1809: Sweden cedes the Swedish Åland Islands together with Finland to Russia, that establishes the Grand Duchy of Finland..
	Finland	1917: When Finland secedes from Russia, the Åland Islands remains part of Finland. 1919: After Finland declares independence, the citizens of Åland vote in a plebiscite for cession to Sweden.
	Åland Islands	1922: The Åland Islands become after a decision of the League of Nations in 1921, the autonomous province of Åland under international treaty. 2009: After a restructuring of the Finish regional government system, Åland is reorganized into a autonomous region of Finland. ᐃ
	Albania Albania – Republic of Albania
	Albania is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Other entities in Albania include the states of the Dardani (393 BCE-168 BCE) and Ardiaei (260 BCE-168 BCE), Valona (1332–1417), Berat (1335-1417), Gjirokastër (1386–1418), and Dukagjini (1370-1479)]] as well as the puppet states of Northern Epirus (1914) and Korçë (1916-1920). Parts of Albania were part of or occupied by neighbouring countries, e.g. (Ancient) Epirus, Despotate of Epirus, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Italy.
1/3	Roman Empire	168 BCE: Present-day Albania is conquered and annexed by the Roman Empire.
	Byzantine Empire	395: After the partition of the Roman Empire, the region becomes part of the Byzantine Empire.
	Arbanon	1190: Partially autonomous of the Byzantine Empire, the Principality of Arbanon is established.
	Epirus	1255: Arbanon is dissolved and annexed to the Despotate of Epirus.
	Albania	1272: The Kingdom of Albania is established, only ruling over a small part of Albania.
	Durazzo	1332: The Kingdom of Albania is continued by the Duchy of Durazzo.
	Albania	1368: Durazzo is annexed to the Principality of Albania.
	Venetian Albania	1392: Venice conquers the city of Durazzo. 1420: Venice establishes Venetian Albania around its city of Durazzo and →Cattaro. 1501: Durazzo is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1501
2/3	Albania	1358: The Princedom of Albania is established. 1368: Albania annexes Durazzo. 1389: Kastrioti secedes from Albania.
	Krujë	1392: After losing Durazzo to →Venice, Albania is continued by the Lordship of Krujë.
	Ottoman Empire	1415: The Ottoman Empire settles in Albania and establishes the Sanjak of Albania, defeating the principalities of ↑Krujë, ↑Kastrioti and others. The area is mainly populated by Albanian tribes. In the upcoming decades the Ottomans enlarge its possessions in Albania. 1443: →Kastrioti secedes from the Ottoman Empire, founding in 1444 the League of Lezhë]]. : The ↑League of Lezhë is defeated and all Albanian principalities are conquered by the Ottoman Empire as is Epirus. 1501: The Venetian stronghold of ↑Durazzo is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
Albania	1912: Albania becomes independent. Part of Albania is annexed by Serbia, another part, Northern Epirus, by Greece. 1913: Serbian occupied Albania is restored to Albania. 1914: The Principality of Albania is proclaimed. 1921: Northern Epirus is restored to Albania. 1925: Albania becomes a republic as the Albanian Republic. 1928: Albania becomes a monarchy as the Albanian Kingdom. 1939: Italy invades and conquers Albania and establishes a personal union of Italy with the Albanian Kingdom. |1943: Germany occupies Albania and establishes the [[Albanian Kingdom as a satellite state. 1944: The independence of Albania is restored. 1946: Albania is renamed into People's Republic of Albania. 1979: Albania is renamed into People's Socialist Republic of Albania. 1992: Albania is continued by the Republic of Albania. ᐃ
3/3	Kastrioti	1389: The Principality of Kastrioti secedes from ↑Albania.
	Ottoman Empire	1415: Kastrioti is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
	Kastrioti	1443: The Principality of Kastrioti is restored in rebellion against the Ottomans.
	League of Lezhë	1444: Kastrioti becomes the leading member of the League of Lezhë 1479: The League of Lezhë is finally defeated by the Ottoman Empire. →1479
	Algeria Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
	Algeria is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/6	Barbary Coast	1505: Castile (Spain) start with the conquest of Mazalquivir, formerly part of Tlemcen and a stronghold of the Barbary pirates, the Spanish establishment at the Barbary Coast. 1509: It conquers from Mazalquivir Oran. 1510: It conquers →Tripoli and adds it to its Barbary Coast settlements. 1530: Spain grants Tripoli to the →Knights Hospitaller. 1535/1550: Spain enlarges its possessions at the Barbary Coast into →Bizerte, Tunis, La Goulette and Mahdia. 1574: Spain abandons its possessions in present-day Tunisia.
	Ottoman Empire	1708: The Ottoman Empire occupies Oran and Mazalquivir, the last Spanish settlements.
	Barbary Coast	1732: The Spanish rule in Oran and Mazalquivir is restored. 1792: Spain abandons Oran and Mazalquivir and leaves them to the Ottoman Empire. →1792
2/6	Algiers	1536: The Ottoman Empire conquers parts of present-day Algeria, known as part of the Barbary Coast, and establishes the Regency of Algiers. 1671: Algiers is ruled by semi-autonomous Deys. 1708: The Ottoman Empire occupies ↑Oran and Mazalquivir, the last Spanish settlements. 1710: ↑Bone is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. 1732: The Spanish rule in →Oran and Mazalquivir is restored. 1792: Spain abandons ↑Oran and Mazalquivir and leaves them to the Ottoman Empire. 1799: France abandons ↑La Calle and leaves it to the Ottomans. 1830: Parts of Ottoman Algeria are conquered by France. 1837: →Constantine is conquered by France ending the Ottoman rule in Algeria.
	Algiers	1830: France invades Algiers in Ottoman Algeria and defeats the Ottoman Empire. It annexes the area and establishes Algiers. In the upcoming decades the French expand to the south.
	Algeria	1839: Algiers is renamed into (French) Algeria. 1848: ↑Constantine is incorporated into Algeria. 1954: The liberation war against French rule started. 1848: France declares the occupied lands an integral part of France. 1852: Algeria is brought under military control. 1870: France declares French Algeria an integral part of France. 1881: France conquers the Sahara south of Algeria, defeating the Tuaregs. 1902: Algeria is divided into Algeria proper and the →Southern Territories. 1954: The Algerian War of Independence starts. 1962: The war ends with the signing of the Évian Accords, approved in referenda in France and Algeria. Algeria and ↑French Sahara become together independent as Algeria. ᐃ
3/6	La Calle	1553: French traders establishes a French concession at the Barbary Coast named La Calle, part of the ↑Ottoman Empire. 1799: France abandons La Calle and leaves it to the Ottoman Bey of Constantine. →1799
4/6	Bone	1641: Genoa acquires from the ↑Ottoman Empire the city of Bone at the Barbary Coast. 1710: Bone is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1710.
5/6	Constantine	1837: Constantine, the last Ottoman stronghold in ↑Ottoman Algeria, is conquered by France and the last Bey is deposed. 1848: Constantine is incorporated into Algeria. →1848
6/6	Southern Territories	1902: France divides ↑Algeria into Algeria proper and the Southern Territories.
	French Sahara	1957: The Southern Territories are continued by the French Departments of Sahara. 1962: Sahara becomes part of independent Algeria. →1962
	American Samoa American Samoa – Territory of American Samoa
	American Samoa is a United States unincorporated unorganized territory.
	Tutuila	1899: Germany and the United States abolish the Kingdom of Samoa. 1900: Part of Samoa is occupied by the United States. Tutuila and Aunu'u Islands are officially ceded to the United States by local chiefs, rendered as the U.S. Naval Station Tutuila. 1904: The Manu'a Islands and Rose Atoll are ceded to the United States.
	American Samoa	1911: Tutuila is renamed into American Samoa. 1925: Swains Island is annexed. 1929: The Territory of American Samoa is established with retroactive effect to 1904. 1960: American Samoa gets autonomy. ᐃ
	Andorra Andorra – Principality of Andorra
	Andorra is a sovereign and internationally recognized co-principality.
	Andorra	1278: The County of Foix and the Diocese of Urgell agree to establish the Principality of Andorra in which they share co-rulership.
	occupied Andorra	1396: Aragon occupies Andorra.
	Andorra	1396: The Aragonese occupation ends and the Principality of Andorra is restored.
	occupied Andorra	1512: Aragon occupies Andorra.
	Andorra	1396: The Aragonese occupation ends and the Principality of Andorra is restored.
	France	1812: France annexes Andorra.
	Andorra	1396: The independence of the Principality of Andorra is restored.
	Angola Angola – Republic of Angola
	Angola is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Angola	1575: Portugal starts the colonization of Angola. It founds the city of Luanda in 1576 in what was part of the Kingdom of Kongo.
	Loango-Angola	1640: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) conquers Portuguese Angola and renames its capital Luanda into Fort Aardenburgh. The WIC establishes the colony of Loango-Angola.
	Angola	1648: The Dutch withdraw from Loango-Angola and Portuguese rule is restored. 1671: Portugal defeats and annexes the Kingdom of Ndongo. 1884: Portugal annexes part of the Kingdom of Lunda. 1914: The ↑Kingdom of Kongo is abolished and integrated in Portuguese Angola. 1920s: ↑Portuguese Congo is integrated into Portuguese Angola. 1951: Angola becomes an overseas province. 1964: The Portuguese Colonial War starts in Angola. 1975: After the overthrow of the dictatorship in Portugal, Portugal agrees to the independence of Angola. ᐃ
2/3	Kongo	1857: The king of Kongo, Pedro V, swears a treaty of vassalage with Portugal. 1885: Part of Kongo becomes the Portuguese colony of →Portuguese Congo. 1914: The kingdom is abolished and fully annexed to Angola. →1914
3/3	Portuguese Congo	1885: Portugal establishes the exclave of Portuguese Congo, a.k.a. as Cabinda, out of a part of Kingdom of Kongo. 1920s: Portuguese Congo is integrated into Angola. →1920s
	Anguilla Anguilla – Anguilla
	Anguilla is a British overseas territory.
	Anguilla	1631: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establish a fort on Anguilla, earlier claimed but not colonized by Spain. The island is inhabited by Arawaks or Caribs. . 1633: The Dutch settlement is destroyed by Spanish forces and the Dutch withdraw from the island.
	Saint Christopher	1650: England colonizes Anguilla from Saint Christopher.
	Anguilla	1666: Anguilla is occupied by France.
	Saint Christopher	1667: Anguilla is restored to England.
	Leeward Islands	1671: Saint Christopher is united with ↑Antigua, ↑Nevis, and the ↑English Virgin Islands into the Leeward Islands.
	Saint Christopher	1816: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Anguilla remains part of the colony of Saint Christopher.
	Antigua	1833: Anguilla is as part of the colony of Saint Christopher is incorporated into the colony of Antigua.
	Leeward Islands	1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands.Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
	Saint Christopher	1956: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Anguilla becomes part of the colony of Saint Christopher.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Saint Christopher unites with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago in the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
	Saint Christopher	1962: After the dissolution of the West Indies Federation, Anguilla becomes part of the colony of Saint Christopher.
	Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla	1967: Saint Christopher is renamed into Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. The independence of Anguilla is proclaimed, not recognized by the United Kingdom. 1969: The Republic of Anguilla is proclaimed, not recognized by the United Kingdom. The same year British rule restored under emergency powers.
	Anguilla	1971: Anguilla is formally detached from Saint Christopher-Nevis and becomes de facto a separate dependency. 1980: The legal separation is completed. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	Antartica Antarctica
	See →Argentine Antarctica, →Australian Antarctic Territory, →British Antarctic Territory, →Chilean Antarctic Territory→French Southern and Antarctic Lands, →Norway, and →Ross Dependency. ᐃ
	Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda
	Antigua and Barbuda is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
1/2	Saint Mary of Antigua	1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island he names Saint Mary of Antigua and the island of →Barbuda and claims it for Castile (Spain). The islands remains uncolonized and are inhabited by Caribs.
	Antigua	1632: The English, who already control ↑Barbuda, conquer Antigua and unite Antigua and Barbuda into the colony of Antigua. It creates from Antigua the first settlement on →Montserrat.
	Antigua	1666: Antigua is occupied by France
	Antigua	1667: Antigua is restored to England
	Leeward Islands	1671: Antigua is united with Saint Christopher, Nevis, and the ↑English Virgin Islands into the Leeward Islands.
	Antigua	1816: The Leeward Islands are dissolved, Antigua, Barbuda and ↑Montserrat are governed as the colony of Antigua, the other islands as the colony of →Saint Christopher. 1833: The colony of Saint Christopher is united into the colony of Antigua.
	Leeward Islands	1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands. 1872: Redonda is annexed by the United Kingdom to Antigua inside the Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
	Antigua	1956: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Antigua is restored as a separate entity.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Antigua unites with ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. Within the federation →Montserrat becomes a separate provinde.
	Antigua and Barbuda	1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and its province of Antigua becomes as Antigua and Barbuda a separate colony. 1981: Antigua and Barbuda becomes independent. ᐃ
2/2	Barbuda	1493: Cristoforo Colombo lands for Spain at Barbuda, mainly populated by Caribs, and claims it for Castile (Spain). Barbuda is not colonized.
	Barbuda	1624: Barbuda is colonized by the English. 1632: Barbuda becomes part of the colony of Antigua. →1632
	Argentina Argentina – Argentine Republic
	Argentina is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	New Andalusia	1536: Spain starts the colonization of present-day Argentina, relatively sparsely populated by indigenous people's. It becomes part of the Governorate of New Andalusia, together with present-day →Uruguay and →Paraguay
	Río de la Plata	1542: New Andalusia is succeeded by the Governorate of the Río de la Plata, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1617: The Governorate of →Paraguay is separated from Río de la Plata. 1776: The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata is separated from Peru. It includes present-day Argentina, →Bolivia (Upper Peru), →Paraguay and →Uruguay (Banda Oriental). 1806: After a short conquest of Buenos Aires, a British invasion is defeated. 1810: The Argentine War of Independence starts. 1811: →Paraguay secedes as an independent republic. 1814: Upper Peru is re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru.
	Río de la Plata	1816: The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata declare independence. The same year Brazil invades the Banda Oriental. 1818: Spain is defeated. It stays in power in →Upper Peru. 1820: Possession is taken of the ↑Malvine Island. 1825: →Banda Oriental becomes part of Rio de la Plata. 1828: Uruguay becomes independent.
	Argentina	1831: Rio de la Plata is renamed into Argentine Confederation. 1833: The Argentine settlement on the →Malvine Islands is removed.<br1860: Argentine is renamed into Argentina Nation, also styles Argentine Republic. 1982: Argentine conquers the ↑Falkland or Malvine Islands and ↑South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, but lose them to the United Kingdom the same year. ᐃ
		Argentine dependency: Argentine Antarctica Argentine Antarctica 1904-
	Argentine Antarctica Argentine Antarctica - Argentina Antarctica
	Argentine Antarctica the Argentine claim on a division of Antarctica.
	Argentine Antarctica	Claims in Antarctica are established by Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1904: Part of Antarctica is claimed by Argentina as Argentine Antartic Territory, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ
	Armenia Armenia – Republic of Armenia
	Armenia is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of Pakistan.
	Russia	1813: Russia wins a war with Persia and annexes part of Armenia. 1828: Russia annexes the whole of present-day Armenia. 1918: Armenia secedes as part of Transcaucasia from Russia. Shortly after Armenia becomes independent.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Armenia joins Transcaucasia, that becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991: Armenia becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
		Armenian satellite state: Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh 1991-2017 Artsakh 2017-
	Artsakh (disputed) Artsakh – Republic of Artsakh
	Artsakh is a de facto republic, not recognized by Azerbaijan, and only recognized by Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.
	Azerbaijan	See for the development before 1991 →Azerbaijan.
	Nagorno Karabakh	1991: In reaction to the independence of ↑Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh, mainly populated by Armenians, secedes as an unrecognized republic from Azerbaijan. 1994: The Bishkek Protocol between Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan and Armenia leads to a cease fire and the de facto independence of Nagorno-Karabakh, more or less as a Armenian protectorate.
	Artsakh	2017: Nagorno-Karabakh is renamed into Republic of Artsakh. ᐃ
	Aruba Aruba – Aruba
	Aruba is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands|- valign=top
	Aruba	1499: The island of Aruba, inhabited by Arawak, is discovered by Alonso de Ojeda and colonized by Castile (Spain).
	Curaçao	1636: Aruba is conquered from Spain by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and annexed to Curaçao. 1647: Curaçao is subordinated to →New Netherland. 1664: Curaçao becomes a separate colony. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
	Curaçao	1804: Aruba is occupied by British forces.
	Curaçao	1804: Aruba is restored to the Batavian Republic the same year.
	Curaçao	1805: Aruba is occupied by British forces.
	Curaçao	1805: Aruba is restored to the Batavian Republic the same year. 1806: Aruba is occupied by Venezuelan separatists, the Dutch resumes control the same year.
	Curaçao	1807: Aruba is occupied by British forces.
	Curaçao	1817: Aruba is restored to the Netherlands.
	West Indian Possessions	1828: ↑Suriname, Curaçao and ↑Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
	Curaçao	1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Aruba becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Territory of Curaçao.
	Netherlands Antilles	1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
	Aruba	1986: Aruba is seceded from the Netherlands Antilles and becomes a separate country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. ᐃ
	Australia Australia – Commonwealth of Australia
	is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
1/9	New Holland	From 1606: Dutch explorers charter what they called New Holland, but don't settle there.
2/9	Dirk Hartog Island	1772: Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn lands on Dirk Hartog Islands in uncolonized New Holland and takes possession of the island and surroundings in the name of France. The colonization fails.
3/9	New South Wales	1770: After earlier attempts by the Dutch and French, Great Britain claims part of Australia and names it New South Wales. 1788: The Crown Colony of New South Wales is established. The continent is sparsely populated by what is now known as Aboriginal Australians. 1817: The governor of New South Wales is given legal authority over the area of present-day →New Zealand. 1836: →South Australia is separated from New South Wales. 1841: →New Zealand is separated from New South Wales. 1851: →Victoria is separated from New South Wales. 1859: →Queensland is separated from New South Wales. 1901: New South Wales becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
4/9	Van Diemen’s Land	1825: The United Kingdom establishes the colony of Van Diemen's Land on present-day Tasmania, mainly inhabited by Palawah.
	Tasmania	1856: Van Diemen's Land is renamed into the Colony of Tasmania. 1901: Tasmania becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
5/9	Swan River Colony	1829: The United Kingdom establishes the Swan River Colony.
	Western Australia	1832: The Swan River Colony is renamed into the Colony of Western Australia. 1901: Western Australia merges into the Commonwealth of Australia. 1901: Western Australia becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
6/9	South Australia	1836: South Australia is separated from ↑New South Wales. 1901: South Australia becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
7/9	Victoria	1851: Victoria is separated from ↑New South Wales. 1901: Victoria becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
8/9	Queensland	1859: Queensland is separated from ↑New South Wales. 1901: Queensland becomes part of independent Australia. →1901
9/9	Australia	1901: ↑New South Wales, ↑Western Australia, ↑Victoria, ↑South Australia, ↑Queensland, and ↑Tasmania become part of independent Australia as a dominion of the British Empire. 1931: The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Statute of Westminster 1931 effectively establishing the legislative independence of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. 1942: The Statute of Westminster of 1931 is adopted in Australia with effect since 1939. Australia becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
		Australian dependencies: Australian Antarctic Territory Australian Antarctic Territory 1933- Christnas Island Christmas Island 1958- Cocos Islands Cocos Islands 1955- Nauru Nauru 1914-1942, 1945-1968 Norfolk Island Norfolk Island 1914- Papua New Guinea British New Guinea 1902-1906 Papua 1906-1949, to Papua and New Guinea New Guinea 1914-1949, to Papua and New Guinea Papua and New Guinea 1949-1971 Papua New Guinea 1971-1975
	Australian Antarctic Territory Australian Antarctic Territory – Australian Antarctic Territory
	The Australian Antarctic Territory is the Australian claim on a division of Antarctica.
	Australian Antarctic Territory	Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1933/1936: Part of Antarctica is claimed by Australia as Australian Antartic Territory, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ
	Austria Austria – Republic of Austria
	Austria is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Austria	1945: After the surrender of Germany, Austria is re-seceded from Germany and under international occupation. Both the country and the city of Vienna are divided into zones, occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France. The zones become part of the Republic of Austria with an own government. 1955: The occupation ends and sovereignty of Austria is restored. ᐃ
		Austrian dependencies: Belgium Austrian Netherlands 1713-1790, 1790-1792 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878-1918 China Tianjin 1901-1917 India Austrian India 1723-1744 Theresia Island 1778-1783 Italy Milan 1707-1796 Mantua 1708-1745 Sardinia 1713-1720 Naples 1713-1735 Sicily 1720-1735 Parma 1735-1748 Tuscany 1737-1802, 1814-1860 Modena and Reggio 1740-1748, 1815-1860 Veneto 1797-1805 Lombardy-Veneto 1814-1866 Luxembourg Austrian Netherlands 1713-1790, 1790-1792 Mozambique Saint Joseph and Saint Mary 1771-1781 Netherlands Austrian Netherlands 1713-1790, 1790-1792 Poland Galicia and Lodomeria 1772-1918 Cracow 1815-1846, with Prussia and Russia Ukraine Galicia and Lodomeria 1772-1918
	Azerbaijan Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan
	Azerbaijan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Russia	1813: Russia wins a war with Persia and annexes part of Azerbaijan. 1828: Russia annexes the whole of present-day Azerbaijan. 1918: Azerbaijan secedes as part of Transcaucasia from Russia. Shortly after Azerbaijan becomes independent.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Azerbaijan joins the Transcaucasia, that becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991: Azerbaijan becomes an independent republic. 1991: In reaction to the independence →Nagorno-Karabakh secedes as an unrecognized republic from Azerbaijan. The secession is internationally not recognized. ᐃ
	Artsakh – Republic of Artsakh
2/2	Nagorno Karabakh	1991: See Artsakh for the unrecognized secession.
	Artsakh	2017: See Artsakh for the unrecognized secession.
	The Bahamas The Bahamas – Commonwealth of The Bahamas
	is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
	Eleuthera	1648: English settlers from Bermuda establish a colony Eleuthera, administered by the Company of Eleutheran Adventurers. The archipelago is inhabited by Taíno and Lucayans. 1657: The colony is abandoned.
	New Providence	1670: On New Providence in the Bahamas a British proprietary colony is established. 1684: The colony is abandoned after an Spanish attack. 1686: The colony is restored.
	Bahamas	1703: New Providence at the Bahamas is occupied by Spanish and French forces, after wich the colony is abandoned. 1706: The abandoned colony is ruled by pirates.
	Bahamas	1718: After the proprietors resigned the administration of the Bahamas to the British crown, the scarcely inhabited Bahamas become a British crown colony.
	Bahamas	1776: The Bahamas are occupied by American separatist forces.
	Bahamas	1776: The Bahamas are re-conquered by the British the same year.
	Bahamas	1782: The Bahamas are occupied by Spain.
	Bahamas	1783: The Bahamas are restored to the British. 1799: The ↑Turks and Caicos Islands are annexed by Great Britain to the Bahamas. 1848: The →Turks and Caicos Islands become a separate colony. 1973: The Bahamas become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Bahrain Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain
	Bahrain is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Bahrain	1521: Part of the Eastern Arabian coast, including Bahrain and Qatar, dominated by Bani Khalid, is seized by Portugal from the Jabrid ruler of Eastern Arabia Migrin ibn Zamil. The Portuguese rule is disputed by the rulers of Al-Hasa. 1602: The Portuguese are expelled and Bahrain is taken by Persia.
	Bahrain	1820: Bahrain (with →Qatar) participates in the General Maritime Treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. 1868: The Hakim of Bahrain, Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, agrees to make Bahrain a British protectorate. 1971: After a referendum, Bahrain becomes independent. ᐃ
	Bangladesh Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh
	Bangladesh is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Dutch Bengal	1627: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes trading posts at the Ganges River in the Mughal Empire. 1655: The VOC establishes the directorate of Dutch Bengal around the trading posts at the Ganges.
	British India	1795: Bengal is occupied by British forces.
	Dutch Bengal	1814: Dutch Bengal is restored to the Netherlands. 1825: The Dutch possessions in India are ceded to the United Kingdom. →1825
2/2	British India	'1757: The British East India Company defeats in the Battle of Plassey the Mughal Empire and conquers Bengal. 1765: The British establishes the Bengal Presidency. 1795: ↑Dutch Bengal is occupied by British forces. 1814: →Dutch Bengal is restored to the Netherlands. 1825: The Dutch possessions in ↑Bengal are ceded to the United Kingdom. 1858: The British dependencies and protectorates in India are united into the British Raj, a structure comprising British India (a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown and the Princely states, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown. 1877: British India is styled Empire of India. 1919: With the Government of India Act, 1919, British India gets more autonomy. 1935: Bengal gets limited self-rule inside British India. 1936: The Government of India Act, 1935 provides for self-government. 1947: British India is partitioned between the independent states of →India and Pakistan. East Bengal, mainly populated by muslims, becomes as East Pakistan part of Pakistan, an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1956. Pakistan also includes present-day Pakistan. ' 1971: East Pakistan secedes from Pakistan as Bangladesh. ᐃrowspan=1|
	Barbados Barbados – Barbados
	Barbados is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
	Barbados	1625: Barbados becomes an English colony. Barbados is inhabited by Caribs.
	Windward Islands	1833: Barbados forms together with ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent and ↑Tobago the British Windward Islands.
	Barbados	1885: Barbados is seceded from the Windward Islands.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Barbados joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago in the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
	Barbados	1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved. 1966: Barbados becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Belarus Belarus – Republic of Belarus
	Belarus is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Russia	1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation in Poland leads to the first partition of Poland. Part of present-day Belarus is annexed by Russia. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. The whole of present-day Belarus becomes part of Russia. 1918: Belarus becomes independent. 1920: The western part of Belarus becomes part of Poland.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Belarus becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1939: The Polish part of Belarus is annexed by the USSR. 1941: The western part of the USSR, including Belarus, is conquered and occupied by Nazi Germany. 1944: Soviet rule is restored. 1991: Belarus becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
	Belgium Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
	is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
	Spanish Netherlands	1556: Felipe, who became after the abdication of emperor Charles V ruler in the Netherlands, becomes king Felipe II of Spain. He rules the Netherlands as a Spanish dependency, including present-day Belgium, the →Netherlands and →Luxembourg. 1566: The Eighty Years' War between Dutch resistance and the Spanish rulers start. 1648: The northern part of the Netherlands become de jure independent as the →Netherlands.
	Austrian Netherlands	1713: The Spanish Netherlands fall to Austria. 1790: The Austrian Netherlands secede from Austria as the United Belgian States.
	Austrian Netherlands	1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year. 1792: The Austrian Netherlands are annexed to France. 1815: The former Austrian Netherlands become part of the →Netherlands. 1830: Belgium secedes from the Netherlands, recognized in 1839. 1914: Belgium is occupied by Germany. 1918: Belgium is restored. 1940: Belgium is occupied by Germany. 1944: Belgium is restored. ᐃ
		Belgian dependencies: Burundi Urundi (Ruanda-Urundi) 1916-1962 Central African Republic Ubangi-Bomu part of Congo Free State 1892-1895 China Tianjin 1902-1931 Congo-Kinshasa Congo Free State 1885-1908 Belgian Congo 1908-1960 Germany occupied Rhineland 1918-1930, with France and the United Kingdom occupied Ruhr 1923-1925, with France Rwanda Ruanda (Ruanda-Urundi) 1916-1962 South Sudan Lado Enclave 1894-1910 Uganda Lado Enclave 1894-1910
	Belize Belize – Belize
	Belize is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
1/2	Guatemala	1506: Spain claims but doesn't settle what is now Belize, inhabited by Maya. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain and considers the region to be part of it. 1638: →Englishmen settle in the region. It is disputed between Spain and England. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1786: Great Britain creates an administration for the region. 1798: With the Battle of St. George's Caye the colonists and the British defeat the Spanish. →1798
2/2	British Honduras	1638: Englishmen settle in a part of the Spanish colony of ↑Guatemala. It is disputed between Spain and England. 1786: Great Britain creates an administration for the region. 1798: With the Battle of St. George's Caye the colonists and the British defeat the Spanish. 1821: Guatemala claims the region.
	Belize	1973: British Honduras is renamed into Belize. 1981: Belize becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Benin Benin – Republic of Benin
	Benin is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/6	Slave Coast	1660: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) starts establishing various settlements at what they name the Slave Coast in present-day Nigeria and Benin. Part of their settlements belonged to the Kingdom of Allada. 1760: The WIC abandons the last settlement at the Slave Coast and leaves it de facto to Dahomey. 1797: France abandons ↑Fort Saint Louis. 1812: The United Kingdom abandons ↑Fort William. 1838: France establishes a protectorate over →Porto-Novo. 1844: Brazil abandons ↑Ajudá. 1865: Porto-Novo is left by the French to Dahomey. The same year Portugal reclaims →Ajudá. 1882: France establishes a protectorate over →Porto-Novo. 1894: France conquers Dahomey. →1894
2/6	Fort Saint Louis	1671: France establishes Fort Saint Louis at Ouidah in the Kingdom of Whydah. 1797: France abandons the fort and leaves it de facto to the Kingdom of Dahomey. →1797
3/6	Ajudá	1680: Portugal establishes a fort in Ouidah in the Kingdom of Ouidah. 1721: The fort is named Forte de São João Baptista de Ajudá.
	Ajudá	1822: The Forte de São João Baptista de Ajudá falls to Brazil. 1844: Brazil abandons the fort and leaves it de facto to Dahomey.
	Ajudá	1865: The Forte de São João Baptista de Ajudá is reclaimed by Portugal and subordinated to the governors of São Tomé and Príncipe. 1961: The fort is occupied and annexed by to the Kingdom of Dahomey. →1961
4/6	Fort William	1681: England establishes Fort William at Ouidah, a.k.a. as Whydah. 1812: The fort is abandoned and de facto left to the Kingdom of Dahomey. [[#Benin 1812|→1812]
5/6	Porto-Novo	1838: France returns and establishes a protectorate over Porto-Novo in ↑Dahomey. 1865: The protectorate is ended and Porto-Novo is left to the Kingdom of Dahomey. →1865
	Porto-Novo	1882: France establishes a new protectorate over Porto-Novo in Dahomey.
	Gulf of Benin Settlements	1886: Porto-Novo and ↑Cotonou are united into the Gulf of Benin Settlements.
	Dahomey	1894: After the Second Franco-Dahomean War France takes over the area of the Kingdom of Dahomey and reorganizes the Gulf of Benin Settlements into the colony of Dahomey and dependencies. 1904: Dahomey becomes part of French West Africa. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Dahomey inside the French Community. 1960: Dahomey becomes independent. 1961: Portugal leaves its fort at ↑Ajudá to Dahomey. 1975: Dahomey is renamed into Benin. ᐃ
6/6	Cotonou	1868: France establishes a protectorate over Cotonou. 1886: Coutonou becomes part of the Gulf of Benin Settlements. →1886
	Bermuda Bermuda – Bermuda
	Bermuda is a British overseas territory.
	Bermuda	1503: The uninhabited island of Bermuda is claimed by Spain, but not colonized.
	Virginia	1609: Bermuda, claimed by Spain, becomes part of the English colony of Virginia.
	Somers Isles	1615: Bermuda becomes a separate colony, administered by the Somers Isles Company.
	Bermuda	1684: Bermuda is administered by the English crown. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	Bhutan Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
	Bhutan is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Bhutan	1865: After the Bhutan War, the United Kingdom confirms in a treaty with the Druk Desi of Bhutan, Tshewang Sithub, the independence of Bhutan. Bhutan loses parts of its territory. 1910: The United Kingdom confirms in the Treaty of Punakha with the first king of the Kingdom of Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck, the independence of Bhutan, but takes control of Bhutanese foreign relations. 1947: The treaty expires with the independence of India, making Bhutan independent from the United Kingdom. ᐃ
	Bolivia Bolivia – Plurinational State of Bolivia
	Bolivia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Charcas	1524: Spain starts the conquest of the Inca Empire. 1533: Present-day Bolivia is annexed by Spain. The region is known as Charcas. 1542: Charcas becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
	Upper Peru	1776: Charcas, then known as Upper Peru, becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. 1810: The war of independence of Upper Peru starts. 1814: The Viceroyalty is dissolved. Upper Peru is re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1821: Peru declares its independence as the Republic of Peru. 1824: Spain is defeated and Peru becomes independent. Upper Peru remains under control by Spain. 1825: Upper Peru becomes independent as Bolivia. ᐃ
	Bonaire Bonaire – Public body of Bonaire
	Bonaire is a public body of the Netherlands.
	Bonaire	1499: The island of Bonaire, inhabited by Arawak, is discovered by Alonso de Ojeda and colonized by Castile (Spain).
	Curaçao	1635: Bonaire is conquered by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and annexed to Curaçao.
	Bonaire	1642: Bonaire is occupied by Spain.
	Curaçao	1642: Bonaire]] is restored to the Dutch the same year. 1647: Curaçao is subordinated to →New Netherland. 1664: Curaçao becomes a separate colony. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
	Bonaire	1807: Bonaire is occupied by British forces.
	Curaçao	1815: Bonaire is restored as part of Curaçao to the Netherlands.
	West Indian Possessions	1828: ↑Suriname, Curaçao and ↑Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
	Curaçao	1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Bonaire becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Territory of Curaçao.
	Netherlands Antilles	1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. →2010
	Bonaire	2010: Bonaire becomes with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles an overseas part of the Netherlands. ᐃ
	Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina – Bosnia and Herzegovina
	Bosnia and Herzegovina is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic under international supervision.
	Ottoman Empire	1463: The Ottoman Empire defeats Bosnia and annexes it.
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1878: Bosnia and Herzegovina are occupied by Austria-Hungary, while staying formally part of the Ottoman Empire. 1908: Bosnia and Hercegovina are fully annexed by Austria-Hungary. 1918: After the Austrian defeat in World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina becomes part of the independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, continued the same year by Yugoslavia. 1992: Bosnia and Herzegovina secedes from Yugoslavia. A civil war starts.
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1995: The civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina ends with the Dayton Agreement. The IFOR (Implementation Force) becomes responsible for implementing military aspects of the agreement. The High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina is charged with the task of civil implementation. Independent Bosnia and Herzegovina becomes a independent country under international supervision. ᐃ
	Botswana Botswana – Republic of Botswana
	Botswana is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Tati Concessions Lands	1872: The Matabele king Lobengula awards the Tati Consession to the British. 1893: The Tati Concessions Lands are administered from the Bechuanaland Protectorate. 1911: The Tati Concessions Lands are annexed to the Bechuanaland Protectorate. →1911
2/2	Bechuanaland	1885 : The area inhabited by Tswana is divided. One part becomes as British Bechuanaland part of the Cape of Good Hope. The northern part becomes as Bechuanaland Protectorate a protectorate of the United Kingdom. 1911: The ↑Tati Concessions Lands are annexed to the Bechuanaland Protectorate. 1966: The Bechuanaland Protectorate becomes independent as Botswana. ᐃ
	Brazil Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil
	Brazil is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/9	Brazil	1500: With the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral, present-day Brazil, inhabited by many indigenous peoples, labeled as Indians, is claimed for Portugal. 1532: Portugal founds the first settlement. 1534: Colonization effectively begins with the division in fifteen private and autonomous Captaincy Colonies of Brazil. 1549: Portugal creates the Governorate General of Brazil. 1555: France establishes in Portuguese Brazil the colony of →Antarctic France. 1567: The French are defeated by the Portuguese and ↑Antarctic France is abolished.
	Rio de Janeiro	1572: Brazil is divided into the Governorates General of Rio de Janeiro and →Bahia.
	Brazil	1578: Rio de Janeiro and ↑Bahia are re-united as Brazil.
	Rio de Janeiro	1607: Brazil is divided into Rio de Janeiro and →Bahia. 1612: In the area of Portuguese Rio de Janeiro France establishes the colony of →Equinoctial France.
	Brazil	1613: Rio de Janeiro and ↑Bahia are re-united as Brazil. 1615: The French in ↑Equinoctial France are defeated by the Portuguese. 1621: Brazil is divided in the State of Brazil and the State of →Maranhão. 1630: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) conquers a part of Brazil and establishes the colony of →New Holland, a.k.a. Dutch Brazil. 1654: The Dutch are defeated by the Portuguese and ↑New Holland is annexed to Brazil. 1775: The states of ↑Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and ↑Maranhão and Piauí are merged into the State of Brazil. 1777: The island of →Santa Catarina is occupied by Spain. 1778: ↑Santa Catarina is restored to Portugal. 1809: ↑French Guiana is occupied by Brazil. 1815: The State of Brazil becomes as Kingdom of Brazil a constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. 1817: Portugal conquers the ↑Banda Oriental and annexes it to Brazil. The same year →Guiana is restored to France. 1822: The regent of Brazil, prince Pedro declares the independence as Brazil of which he becomes emperor. Brazil includes the Banda Oriental until its independence as Uruguay in 1828 and ↑Trindade. 1825: The independence is recognized by Portugal. Banda Oriental falls to Rio de la Plata. 1826: When emperor Pedro inherits the Portuguese crown, both countries are in a personal union. He abdicates the same year in Portugal. 1895: Trindade is occupied by the →United Kingdom. 1896: ↑Trindade are restored to Brazil. ᐃ
		Brazilian dependency: Benin Ajudá 1822-1844
2/9	Bahia	1572: ↑Brazil is divided into the Governorates General of →Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. 1578: Rio de Janeiro and Bahia are united into Brazil. →1578
	Bahia	1607: Brazil is divided into →Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. 1613: Rio de Janeiro and Bahia are re-united as Brazil. →1613
3/9	Maranhão	1621: ↑Brazil is divided, leading to the establishment of the State of Maranhão.
	Maranhão and Grão-Pará	1654: Maranhão is reconstituted as Maranhão and Grão-Pará.
	Grão-Pará and Maranhão	1751: Maranhão and Grão-Pará is renamed into Grão-Pará and Maranhão.
	Maranhão and Piauí	1772: Grão-Pará and Maranhão is split into the Maranhão and Piauí and in →Grão-Pará and Rio Negro. 1775: Maranhão and Piauí is merged into Brazil. →1775
4/9	Grão-Pará and Rio Negro	1772: ↑Grão-Pará and Maranhão is split into the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of →Maranhão and Piauí. 1775: Grão-Pará and Rio Negro is merged into Brazil. →1775
5/9	Antarctic France	1555: France establishes in Portuguese ↑Brazil the colony of Antarctic France. 1567: The French are defeated by the Portuguese and the colony is abolished. →1567
6/9	Equinoctial France	1612: In the area of Portuguese ↑Rio de Janeiro France establishes the colony of Equinoctial France. 1615: The French are defeated by the Portuguese and the colony is abolished. →1615
7/9	New Holland	1630: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) conquers a part of ↑Brazil and establish the colony of New Holland, a.k.a. Dutch Brazil. 1654: The Dutch are defeated by the Portuguese and the colony is abolished. →1654
8/9	Santa Catarina	1777: Spain occupies the island of Santa Catarina, part of Brazil. 1778: Santa Catarina is restored to Portugal. →1778
9/9	Trindade	1781: The Portuguese Brazilian island of Trindade is occupied by Great Britain.
	Brazil	1782: British held Trindade becomes a Portuguese possession, part of Brazil. 1822: Trindade becomes part of independent Brazil.
	South Trinidad	1895: The Brazilian island of Trindad is occupied by the United Kingdom as South Trinidad. 1896: The islands are restored to Brazil. →1896
	British Antarctic Territory British Antarctic Territory – British Antarctic Territory
	The British Antarctic Territory is the British claim on a division of Antarctica.
	British Antarctic Territory	Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1908: The United Kingdom claims part of the Antarctic. 1961: Norway, the United Kingdom, France and other countries signs the Antarctic Treaty System, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen 1962: The United Kingdom establishes the British Antarctic Territory, governed as part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies. 1985: The dependency is divided into the →South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the British Antarctic Territory. 2002: The British territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory – British Indian Ocean Territory
	The British Indian Ocean Territory is a British overseas territory.
	Isle de France	1721: France conquers the uninhabited Chagos Archipelago and annexes it to Isle de France.
	Mauritius	1810: The Chagos Archipelago is as part of Isle de France annexed to the United Kingdom, that renames the colony into Mauritius.
	British Indian Ocean Territory	1965: The British secede the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius and merge it with the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from the ↑Seychelles to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. 2002: The territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands – Virgin Islands
	The British Virgin Islands are a British overseas territory.
1/2	Dutch Virgin Islands	1625: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establish a permanent settlement at the eastern part of →Saint Croix in the present-day United States Virgin Islands, starting the Dutch Virgin Islands. 1628: The WIC establish a permanent settlement at Virgin Gorda. 1648: The WIC establishes a permanent settlement on Ter Tholen. 1650: The WIC leaves →Saint Croix to England. 1657: The WIC establishes itself on Saint Thomas in the present-day United States Virgin Islands. 1672: England captures →Ter Tholen, Saint Thomas falls to Denmark. 1680: Virgin Gorda is lost to England. →1680
2/2	Leeward Islands	1672: England captures ↑Ter Tholen from the Dutch and adds it to the Saint Christopher in the Leeuward Islands. The name Ter Tholen develops into Tortola. 1680: The Dutch withdraw their last posts at Anegada and Virgin Gorda and leave them to the English 1816: The Leeward Islands are dissolved.
	Saint Christopher	1816: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Saint Christopher becomes a separate colony, including the Virgin Islands.
	Antigua	1833: Saint Christopher is incorporated into Antigua.
	Leeward Islands	1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
	Saint Christopher	1956: The Leeward Islands are dissolved, the Virgin Islands become part of Saint Christopher.
	British Virgin Islands	1958: When Saint Christopher joins the West Indies Federation, the British Virgin Islands become a separate colony. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	Brunei Brunei – Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace
	Brunei is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Brunei	1578: Spanish troops occupy the city of Brunei.
	Brunei	1578: Spain abandons the city shortly after and leave it to Brunei.
	Brunei	1888: A treaty between Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, ruler of the renmants of the Bruneian Empire, with the United Kingdom leads to the establishment of a British protectorate.
	occupied Brunei	1941: Japan invades and occupies Brunei.
	Brunei	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1959: Brunei becomes a self-governing state.
	Brunei	1974: Brunei becomes independent. ᐃ
	Bulgaria Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria
	Bulgaria is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Philippopolis	1204: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Duchy of Philippopolis. 1230: Philippopolis is integrated into Bulgaria. 1396: The Ottoman Empire defeats and annexes the Bulgarian Empire. →1396
2/3	Ottoman Empire	1396: The Ottoman Empire defeats the ↑Bulgarian Empire and annexes most of present-day Bulgaria. 1422: The Ottoman Empire annexes the Tsardom of Vidin. 1444: The Ottoman Empire conquers Varna. 1878: Most of Bulgaria becomes de facto independent as Bulgaria. 1885: →Eastern Rumelia is de facto united with Bulgaria. 1908: Bulgaria becomes with Eastern Rumelia de jure independent. ᐃ
3/3	Eastern Rumelia	1878: When ↑Bulgaria becomes de facto independent, Eastern Rumelia remains Ottoman. 1885: Eastern Rumelia is de facto united with Bulgaria. 1908: Eastern Rumelia becomes de jure part of independent Bulgaria. →1908
	Burkina Faso Burkina Faso – Burkina Faso
	Burkina Faso is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Mossi protectorates	1896: Mogho Naba Wobogo of Ouagadougou, leader of the Mossi Kingdoms, is defeated and the Mossi Kingdoms become French protectorates.
	divided between Upper Senegal and Niger and Ivory Coast	1904: The Mossi protectorates are divided between Upper Senegal and Niger and Ivory Coast inside French West Africa.
	Upper Volta	1919: After a re-division inside French West Africa, the colony of Upper Volta is established out of parts of Upper Senegal and Niger and of Ivory Coast.
	divided between Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger	1932: After a re-division Upper Volta is divided between Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part with Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger as overseas territories. →1947
	Upper Volta	1947: Upper Volta is revived as a part of French West Africa. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Upper Volta within the French Community. 1960: Upper Volta becomes independent. 1984: Upper Volta is renamed into Burkina Faso. ᐃ
	Burma See Myanmar.
	Burundi Burundi – Republic of Burundi
	Burundi is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Burundi	1899: King Mwezi IV of Burundi accepts that Burundi becomes a German protectorate within →German East Africa.
	Ruanda-Urundi	1916: The Kingdom of Burundi is conquered by Belgium. 1922: Burundi is together with →Ruanda administered as part of the Belgian League of Nations mandate Ruanda-Urundi. 1945: Ruanda-Urundi becomes a Belgian United Nations trust territory. 1962: Ruanda-Urundi is partitioned, Burundi becomes independent. ᐃ
	Cabo Verde See Cape Verde.
	Cambodia Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia
	Cambodia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Cambodia	1867: King Norodom of Cambodia seeks the protection of France against Vietnam and Siam, making Cambodia a French protectorate, administered as part of the colony of Indochina.
	occupied Cambodia	1941: Cambodia is occupied by Japan.
	Cambodia	1945: Under Japanese pressure, king Norodom Sihanouk proclaims the independence of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
	Cambodia	1945: After the Japanese defeat,French rule is restored. 1953: King Norodom Sihanouk declares Kingdom of Cambodia independent. 1970: Cambodia is renamed into Khmer. 1976: Khmer is renamed into Kampuchea.
	Kampuchea	1979: Vietnam invades and occupies Kampuchea. 1989: Vietnam withdraws from Kampuchea and the independence of Cambodia is restored.
	Cambodia	1992: To end a civil war, Cambodia is placed under United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) administration. 1993: The independence of Cambodia is restored. ᐃ
	Cameroon Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon
	Cameroon is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Cameroon	1884: Germany establishes the Cameroon colony. 1887: The British ↑Ambas Bay Protectorate is ceded to German Cameroon. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of Gabon, Middle Congo and Ubangi-Shari-Chad as New Cameroon to German Cameroon.
	Cameroon	1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders and Cameroon is divided between France and the →United Kingdom. 1922: occupied Cameroon is divided by the League of Nations into the French mandate of Cameroon and the British League of Nation mandate of British Cameroons. 1946: Both mandates become United Nations trust territories, administered by France and the United Kingdom. 1955: The Cameroonian Independence War in French Cameroon starts. 1958: Cameroon becomes associated with the French Community. 1960: Former French Cameroon becomes independent as Cameroon. 1961: The southern part of southern part of British Cameroons merges into Cameroon. ᐃ
2/3	Ambas Bay	1884: The settlement of settlement of freed slaves founded by Alfred Saker becomes a British protectorate as Ambas Bay Protectorate. 1887: The protectorate is ceded to German Cameroon. →1887
3/3	Cameroons	1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade ↑German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders and Cameroon is divided between France and the United Kingdom. 1922: Occupied Cameroon is divided by the League of Nations into the French mandate of Cameroon and the British League of Nation mandate of British Cameroons. 1946: Both mandates become United Nations trust territories, administered by France and the United Kingdom. 1961: After a plebiscite British Cameroons is divided. The northern part of →British Cameroon merges into →Nigeria. The southern part of ↑British Cameroon merges into independent Cameroon. →1961
	Canada Canada – Canada
	Canada is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
1/18	Vinland	ca. 1000: Norsemen from Iceland settle briefly at an area rendered as Vinland in present-day Newfoundland, until is shortly after abandoned. →1497
2/18	Newfoundland	1497: Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) explores and claims present-day Canada's Atlantic coast for England. The area is the domain of several native tribes, mainly the Beothuk. 1583: English start to settle in Newfoundland. 1610: The Newfoundland Colony is established as an English Colony, run by the Society of Merchant Venturers and the London and Bristol Company. Proprietary governors were appointed to establish colonial settlements on the island, including Cuper's Cove, Bristol's Hope, Renews, New Cambriol, South Falkland and Avalon. 1713: French ↑Plaisance and ↑Saint Pierre and Miquelon are conquered by the British and administered as part of Newfoundland. 1763: →Saint Pierre and Miqelon are returned to France.
		1907: The Newfoundland Colony becomes as a dominion of the British Empire as Newfoundland.
		1934: ↑Newfoundland governance is reverted to direct control from the United Kingdom. 1949: Newfoundland becomes a province of independent Canada. →1949
3/18	Terra Nova	1521: João Álvares Fagundes founds under license of king Manuel of Portugal a colony at Terra Nova, present-day Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, mainly inhabited by the Beothuk. 1570s: The Portuguese colony disappears. →1583
4/18	New France	1534: Jakez Karter (Jacques Cartier) explores the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and claims the territory as New France for France. 1603: France starts to settle in New France. New France is the domain of several native tribes, among them the Iroquois, the Wyandot people (or Hurons) and the Inuit. 1604: This leads to the establishment of the colony of →Acadia as division of New France.
	Canada	1608: Canada becomes the main division of New France. 1673: France begins to settle more southwards into what is named Illinois Country as part of the division of Canada. 1717: Illinois Country is seceded from Canada and becomes as Upper Louisiana part of French Louisiana.
	Quebec	1759: Great Britain starts the conquest of the French colony of ↑New France. 1763: Canada and ↑Upper Country, divisions of New France, come after the Seven Years’ War under British rule. The northern part is continued by the Province of Quebec. 1787: The British part of the former Illinois County of Quebec falls to the United States of America.
	Lower Canada	1791: The Province of Quebec is divided into the provinces of Lower Canada and →Upper Canada.
	Canada	1841: Lower Canada and ↑Upper Canada are united in the Province of Canada. 1867: ↑Canada, ↑New Brunswick and ↑Nova Scotia are united into the dominion of Canada. 1870: ↑Rupert’s Land with the North-Western Territory becomes part of Canada. 1871: British Columbia joins Canada as a province. 1873: ↑Prince Edward Island joins Canada. 1931: The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Statute of Westminster 1931 effectively establishing the legislative independence of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. Canada becomes a fully independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. 1949: ↑Newfoundland joins Canada. ᐃ
5/18	Acadia	1604: France creates the colony of Acadia as division of ↑New France. It includes present-day New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Maine. 1629: After claiming it in 1621, Scotland creates the colony of →Nova Scotia. This is disputed by France, that considers it part of Acadia. 1632: The Scots are defeated by the French, ↑Nova Scotia is returned to France. 1654: →Nova Scotia is conquered by England. 1670: ↑Nova Scotia is returned to France as part of Acadia.
	Nova Scotia	1710: Acadia and Nova Scotia are conquered by Great Britain. 1713: Great-Britain founds the colony of Nova Scotia. 1794: Nova Scotia is partitioned into the colonies of Nova Scotia and →New Brunswick. 1820: ↑Cape Breton is merged into Nova Scotia. 1867: Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are united into Canada. →1867
6/18	Upper Country	1610: Upper Country becomes separated from ↑Canada another division of →New France. 1763: Great Britain defeats the French and annexes the remaining parts of New France. →1763
7/18	Nova Scotia	1629: After claiming it in 1621, Scotland creates the colony of Nova Scotia, disputed by France as part of ↑Acadia. 1632: Scotland is defeated by France. →1632
	Acadia	1632: The Scots are defeated by the French, Nova Scotia is returned to France.
	Nova Scotia	1654: Nova Scotia is conquered by England. 1670: Nova Scotia is returned to France as part of Acadia. →1670
8/18	Plaisance	1640: France establishes the colony of Plaisance, a.k.a. Terre-Neuve, as part of →New France, populated by the Beothuk. 1713: Plaisance is conquered by Great Britain and added to Newfoundland. →1713
9/18	Rupert's Land	1670: Rupert's Land is created, run by the English Hudson Bay Company. The region is inhabited by Inuit and other - what is now known as - First Nations. 1793: The separate North West Company establishes the →Columbia District. 1859: The governance of the North-Western Territory is assigned to the Hudson Bay Company. 1862: The Stickeen Territories are seceded from the North-Western Territory and merged in 1863 into →British Columbia. 1870: Rupert’s Land with the North-Western Territory becomes part of Canada. →1870
10/18	Île-Royale	1713: France establishes the colony of Île Royale, formerly part of Acadia, as part of →New France
	Cape Breton	1763: Great Britain defeats the French and the French Île Royale becomes British. Île Royale becomes as Cape Breton a separate colony. 1820: Cape Breton is merged into Nova Scotia. →1820
11/18	Isle Saint-Jean	1713: France establishes the colony of Isle Saint-Jean, formerly part of ↑Acadia, as part of →New France.
	Saint John's Island	1758: Great Britain defeats the French and annexes ↑Île Saint-Jean, confirmed in 1763. 1769: Île Saint-Jean becomes the Colony of St. John 's Island.
	Prince Edward Island	1798: ↑St. John 's Island is renamed into Prince Edward Island. 1873: Prince Edward Islands joins Canada. →1873
12/18	New Spain	1789: Spanish →New Spain establishes settlements in present-day British Columbia. 1795: The Spanish settlements are abandoned by Spain and left to British Columbia. →1795
13/18	Upper Canada	1791: The Province of ↑Quebec is divided into the provinces of Upper Canada and the →Province of Lower Canada. 1841: Upper and Lower Canada are united in the Province of Canada. →1841
14/18	Columbia	1793: The British North West Company establishes the Columbia District. 1816: The United States claim the Columbia District as the Oregon County. 1815: The North West Company establishes the →New Caledonia District. 1821: The North West Company is absorbed into the Hudson Bay Company, whereby the Columbia district is renamed into the Columbia Department. 1846: The Columbia Department is divided between the →United States and the British. 1849: Part of the Columbia district becomes the →Colony of Vancouver Island. 1853: The United Kingdom establishes the separate colony of the →Queen Charlotte Islands.
	British Columbia	1858: The Columbia district and ↑New Caledonia are together continued by the Colony of British Columbia. 1863: The ↑Stickeen Territories and the ↑Queen Charlotte Islands are merged into British Columbia. 1866: ↑Vancouver Island and British Columbia merge into the Colony of British Columbia. 1871: British Columbia joins Canada as a province. →1871
15/18	New Brunswick	1794: ↑Nova Scotia is partitioned into the colonies of New Brunswick and →Nova Scotia. 1867: Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are united into Canada. →1867
16/18	New Caledonia	1815: The North West Company establishes the New Caledonia District. 1858: The Columbia district and New Caledonia are together continued by British Columbia. →1858
17/18	Vancouver Island	1849: Part of the ↑Columbia district becomes the Colony of Vancouver Island. 1866: Vancouver Island and British Columbia merge into the Colony of British Columbia. →1866
18/18	Queen Charlotte Islands	1853: The United Kingdom establishes the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands. 1863: The Queen Charlotte Islands are merged into British Columbia. →1863
	Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) Cape Verde – Republic of Cabo Verde
	Cape Verde is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Cape Verde	1456: Portugal discovers the uninhabited Cape Verde Islands. 1462: Portugal starts the settlement of Cape Verde. 1951: The islands are reorganized into an overseas province.
		1975: The Republic of Cape Verde becomes independent. ᐃ
	Cayman Islands Cayman Islands – Cayman Islands
	The Cayman Islands are a British overseas territory.
	Las Tortugas Islands	1503: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the uninhabited islands he names Las Tortugas Islands, and claims them for Castile (Spain). The island remains uncolonized.
	Jamaica	1661: English settlers from Jamaica arrive in the originally uninhabited Cayman Islands. 1670: With the Treaty of Madrid England takes formal control over the islands as dependencies of Jamaica.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Jamaica unites with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Christopher, ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. 1959: The Cayman Islands cease to be a dependency of Jamaica, but remain as a separate province inside the federation.
	Cayman Islands	1962: The federation is dissolved. The Cayman Islands become a crown colony. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	Central African Republic Central African Republic – Central African Republic
	The Central African Republic is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/4	French Congo	1889: France starts from Congo and Gabon the conquest of the area north of the Ubangi River, ruled by the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. 1891: The area is annexed to French Congo.
	Upper Ubangi	1894: Upper Ubangi is separated from French Congo and becomes a separate colony. It incorporates the Sultanate of Bangassou. 1895: Belgian ↑Ubangi-Bomu is left to France.
	French Congo	1898: Upper Ubangi is folded back to French Congo. Inside French Congo the Upper Shari region is established.
	Middle Congo-Gabon	1902: The region north of the Ubangi becomes part of the Middle Congo-Gabon.
	Ubangi-Shari	1903: France creates out of the Upper Ubangi and Upper Shari regions of Middle Congo-Gabon the colony of Ubangi-Shari.
	Ubangi-Shari-Chad	1906: Ubangi-Shari merges with the French settlements around ↑Lake Chad into the territory of Ubangi-Shari-Chad. 1910: Ubangi-Shari-Chad is integrated into the federal colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of the colony to →German Cameroon. 1912: ↑Dar al-Kuti is fully incorporated into Ubangi-Shari-Chad. 1914: France invades Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders. The ↑ceded areas are returned to Ubangi-Shari-Chad.
	Ubangi-Shari	1920: Ubangi-Shari-Chad is divided into Ubangi-Shari and →Chad.
	French Equatorial Africa	1934: Ubangi-Shari is with ↑Middle Congo, ↑Gabon, and Chad merged into the unitary colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1937: French Equatorial Africa is divided in territories, the former colonies. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Equatorial Africa with its territories becomes a constituent part.
	Central African Republic	1958: France dissolves French Equatorial Africa. Ubangi-Shari gets autonomy as the Central African Republic inside the French Community. 1960: The Central African Republic becomes independent. ᐃ
2/4	Congo Free State	1892: The Belgian Congo Free State is enlarged into Ubangi-Bomu, populated by the Zande people. 1895: Ubangi-Bomu is left to France. →1895
3/4	Dar el-Kuti	1897: The sultan of Dar el-Kuti, al Sanusi, accepts a French protectorate of the sultanate. 1912: Dar al-Kuti is fully incorporated into Ubangi-Shari-Chad. →1912
4/4	Cameroon	1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of Ubangi-Shari-Chad to German Cameroon. 1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany is defeated, the area is restored to Ubang-Shari-Chad. →1916
	Chad Chad – Republic of Chad
	Chad is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Chad	1891-1900: France holds from French Congo military expeditions against the Muslim kingdoms. 1900: France defeats at the Battle of Kousséri the forces of the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr in Chad. The areas conquered around Lake Chad become the Military Territory of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad.
	Ubangi-Shari-Chad	1906: The French settlements around Lake Chad merge with ↑Ubangi-Shari into the territory of Ubangi-Shari-Chad. 1910: Ubangi-Shari-Chad is integrated into the federal colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of the colony to →German Cameroon. 1914: France invades Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders. The ↑ceded areas are returned to Ubangi-Shari-Chad.
	Chad	1920: Ubangi-Shari-Chad is divided into →Ubangi-Shari and Chad.
	French Equatorial Africa	1934: Chad is together with ↑Middle Congo, ↑Gabon, and Ubangi-Shari merged into the unitary colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1937: French Equatorial Africa is divided in territories, the former colonies. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Equatorial Africa with its territories becomes a constituent part.
	Chad	1958: France dissolves French Equatorial Africa. Chad gets autonomy inside the French Community. 1960: Chad becomes independent. ᐃ
2/2	Cameroon	1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of Ubangi-Shari-Chad to German Cameroon. 1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany is defeated, the area is restored to Ubangi-Shari-Chad. →1916
	Chatham Islands Chatham Islands – Chatham Islands
	Chatham Islands	1842: British New Zealand annexes the Chatman Islands.
	Chatham Islands	1907: New Zealand becomes a dominion, making its dependency of the ↑Chatman Islands a New Zealand dependency. ᐃ
	Chile Chile – Republic of Chile
	Chile is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	New Extremadura	1520: Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães) the first European to set foot on what is now Chile, inhabited by Araucanians and other indigenous people's. 1540/1542: Spain starts the conquest of Chile. The area gets known as New Extremadura and is governed as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
	Chile	1609: New Extremadura is reorganized into the Captaincy General of Chile inside the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1643: A Dutch expedition conquers Chiloe Islands and Valdivia, renamed in →Brouwershaven, but withdraws the same year. 1789: The Captaincy General of Chile is separated from Peru. 1810: The Government Junta of Chile proclaims Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy. The same year the Chilean War of Independence starts. 1812: Chile becomes more or less de facto independent. 1814: Spain reconquers part of Chile. 1817: Spain is defeated at the Battle of Chacabuco and retreats. 1818: Chile declares itself independent. Some parts of Chile, especially Chiloe Island remain under Spanish control until 1826. 1888: Chile annexes ↑Easter Island. ᐃ
		Chilean dependencies: Chilean Antarctic Territory Chilean Antarctic Territory 1940- Chile Easter Islands 1888-1966 Easter Islands incorporated into Chile 1966-
2/3	Brouwershaven	1643: A Dutch expedition conquers Chiloe Island and Valdivia and establishes Brouwershaven. The same year the Dutch withdraw. →1643
3/3	Easter Island	1888: Chile annexes Easter Island, populated by the Polynesian Rapa Nui people. The island was privately owned by Alexander Ariipaea Salmon, who sold it to Chile. 1966: Easter Island becomes a department. 1974: Easter Island becomes a province of Chile. ᐃ
	Chilean Antarctic Territory Chilean Antarctic Territory – Chilean Antarctic Territory
	The Chilean Antarctic Territory is the Chilean claim on a division of Antarctica.
	Chilean Antarctic Territory	Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and Chile (1940). 1940: Part of Antarctica is claimed by Chile as Chilean Antartic Territory, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ
	China China – People's Republic of China
	China is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of the countries recognizing the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Bhutan.
1/20	Yīn	c. 1600 BCE: In parts of present-day China the Shang dynasty comes to power, establishing a kingdom known as Yīn.
	Zhou	c. 1046 BCE: Yīn is continued by the Zhou Kingdom. c. 475 BCE: A period of wars between entities inside and outside the Zhou Kingdom starts.
	China	221 BCE: The Qin dynasty comes to power, uniting the Han people in a unitary state, no known as the Chinese Empire. 202 BCE: The Qin dynasty is replaced by the Han dynasty. 9: The Han dyansty is interrupted by the Xin dynasty. 23/25: The Han dynasty is restored.
	disunited China	220: An era of disunity takes place.
	China	589: The Chinese Empire is re-united by the Sui dynasty. 618: The Tang dynasty comes to power.
	disunited China	907: An era of disunity takes place. In the North →Great Liao comes to existence, the rest of China is divided between may entities.
	Song	960: Main China is united by the Song dynasty as Song. 1271: The Mongols start the conquest of Song.
	Great Yuan	1271: China is conquered by the Mongols, that who conquered China, ↑Jin and ↑Xi Xia with proper ↑Mongolia into the Great Yuan, founded by Kublai Khan. 1294: The Mongol Empire gets divided making CHina part of Great Yuan. Mid 14th century: →Tibet secedes from the Great Yuan.
	Great Ming	1368: The Mongols withdraw from China into what is known as →Northern Yuan. The Ming dynasty comes to power, China is known as Great Ming Empire. 1557: With China renting →Macau to Portugal, foreign intervention in China, that remains independent, starts.
	Great Qing	1636: The Manchurian Qing dynasty starts the overthrow of the Ming dynasty. 1644: The Qing dynasty comes to power and China is known as Great Ming Empire. 1683: The last Ming loyalists are defeated. 1634: China annexes ↑Mongolia. 1720: China enlarges its empire into →Tibet. 1683: China anexes ↑Tungning at Taiwan. 1759: China enlarges its empire into ↑East Turkestan. 1841: China cedes →Hong Kong to the United Kingdom. 1845/1902: China allows foreign concessions at →Shanghai, →Tianjin (Tientsin), →Amoy, →Shameen near Canton, and →Hankou. 1895: China cedes →Taiwan to Japan. 1896: The United States renounces all jurisdiction over the concession and returns it to China. 1897: Germany conquers → Jiaozhou (Kiautschou). 1898:China leases →Weihaiwei to the United Kingdom, →Dalian to Russia and →Guangzhouwan (Kouang-Tchéo-Wan) to France. 1905: Japan takes over Dalian from Germany. 1911: →Mongolia becomes independent.
		Chinese dependencies: China Tibet 1912-1951 Tibet incorporated into China 1951- China Xinjiang incorporated into China 1759- Mongolia Mongolia incorporated into China 1634-1911, 1919-192 946 Russia Tuva incorporated into China 1696-1912, 1920-1921 Taiwan Taiwan incorporated into China 1683-1895, 1945-1949
	China	1912: The Qing dynasty is overthrown and China becomes the Republic of China. →Tibet becomes de facto independent. 1914: Japan takes Jiaozhou from Germany. 1917: The German leases in ↑Hankou and ↑Tianjin and the Austrian lease in ↑Tianjin are terminated. 1920: China withdraws the Russian leases in ↑Hankou and ↑Tianjin.1922: Japanese held ↑Jiazhou is restored to China. 1930: The British concessions in ↑Amoy and ↑Weihaiwei are restored to China. 1931: The Belgian lease in ↑Tianjin is ended. The same year Japan conquers →Manchuria and establishes Manchukuo. 1937: Parts of Northeastern China, the Yellow River valley and the coastal provinces are occupied by →Japan. Japanese ↑Hankou is restored to China. 1943: The ↑Shanghai concession is officially retroceded to China, but is in the hands of Japan. The same goes for the British concession in ↑Tianjin. Japan occupies the Italian concession in [[#China 1902 Italy|↑Tianjin. 1945: The Japanese are defeated: ↑Manchukou and the areas occupied by Japan, including the concessions in ↑Tianjin, ↑Amoy, and ↑Kwantung as well as ↑Taiwan are restored to China. The British concession of ↑Shameen is restored to China. 1946: The French concessions in ↑Shanghai, ↑Shameen, ↑Guangzhouwan, ↑Tianjin, and ↑Hankou are restored to China. The same year the Chinese Civil War restarts. 1949: After the civil war China is continued as the People's Republic of China, Taiwan becomes de facto independent as the →Republic of China, claiming entire China. 1951: ↑Tibet is re-annexed to China. 1997: ↑Hong Kong is restored to China. 1999: Portuguese ↑Macau is restored to China. ᐃ
2/20	Great Liao	907: An era of disunity in ↑China takes place. In the north as well as in present-day Mongolia the Great Liao comes to existence, dominated by the Khitan people.
	Great Jin	1115: The Liao dynasty is defeated by the Jin dynasty that creates Great Jin, dominated by Jurchen people.
	occupied Jin	1234: The Mongol Empire conquers Great Jin. 1271: Occupied Jin becomes part of the Great Yuan. →1289.
3/20	Xi XIa	1038: Out of parts of →Song, →Liao and other areas Xi Xia is founded.
	occupied Xi Xia	1227: The Mongol Empire conquers Xi Xia. 1271: Occupied Xi Xia becomes part of the Great Yuan. →1289.
4/20	Tibet	mid 14th century: Tibet secedes from ↑Great Yuan and becomes independent.
	occupied Tibet	1717: Tibet, ruled by the Ganden Phodrang, is invaded by the Mongol Dzungar Khanate.
	Qing Empire	1720: →China invades Tibet, defeats the Dzungars and brings Tibet under its suzerainity.
	Tibet	1912: Tibet is de facto independent from China. 1951: After an Chinese intervention in Tibet in 1950, Tibet is re-incorporated into the People's Republic of China. →1951
5/20	Northern Yuan	1368: Present-day Xinjiang remains part of the ↑Great Yuan continued as the Northern Yuan
	Four Oirat	1399: The Oirat tribes establish the Alliance of the four Oirats.
	Dzungar Khanate	1635: Part of the Alliance is continued as the Dzungar Khanate. 1759: The Dzungar Khanate is defeated and East Turkestan is annexed to the Chinese Empire. →1759
6/20	Macau	1557: ↑Great Ming rents Macau to Portugal, administering the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty, marking the first form of European colonialism in China. 1887: Macau becomes a colony of Portugal.
	Macau	1943: Japan forces the colonial authorities to accept Japanese advisors, creating a virtual Japanese protectorate over Macau. Japanese domination ended in August 1945
	Macau	1945: Japanese domination ends and Portugal resumes full control. 1999: Portugal transfers the sovereignty over Macau back to the People's Republic of China. →1999
7/20	Hong Kong	1841: Emperor Daoguang of [#China 1644|↑China]] cedes Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom. 1898: Hong Kong is enlarged by a lease of the so called New Territories.
	occupied Hong Kong	1941: Japan conquers Hong Kong.
	Hong Kong	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1981: Hong Kong becomes a British dependent territory. 1997: The United Kingdom hands over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China, that establishes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. [[#1997|→1997]
8/20	Shanghai	1845: The United States establishes a concession in Shanghai in [#China 1644|↑China]]. 1846: China leases a concession in Shanghai to the United Kingdom. 1849: France leases a Shanghai concession from China. 1863: The American and British concessions are merged into the Shanghai International Settlement. 1937: Part of the International Settlement is occupied by →Japan. 1941: The whole settlement is occupied by →Japan. 1943: The United States and the United Kingdom officially retrocede the settlement to China.
	occupied China	1943: The Shanghai concession is under Japanese control.
	Shanghai	1945: The Shanghai concession is restored to France. 1946: The Shanghai concession is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
9/20	Tianjin	1860: The United States establishes de facto a concession in →Tianjin. The same year a British concession is established. 1895/1902: Japan (1895), Russia (1896), Germany (1899), France (1899), Russia (1900), Austria (1901), Belgium, and Italy (1902) establish concessions in Tianjin. 1896: The United States renounces all jurisdiction over its concession and returns it to Qing dynasty|China. 1917: China terminates the Austrian and German leases in Tianjin. 1920: China withdraws the Russian lease. 1931: The Belgian lease in ↑Tianjin is ended. 1941: →Japan occupies the British concession. 1943: The British concession is officially abolished by the United Kingdom and de jure returned to China.
	occupied China	1943: The French and Italian concessions are under Japanese control. 1944: Italy renounces its concession.
	Tianjin	1945: The Tianjin concession is restored to France. The Japanese concession is restored to China. 1946: The Tianjin concession is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
10/20	Amoy	1852: The United Kingdom leases the Amoy Concession from [#China 1644|↑China]] . 1895: Japan leases a concession in Amoy from China. 1930: The British concession is restored to China. 1945: The Amoy concession and the other Japanese possessions in China are restored to the Republic of China. →1945
11/20	Shameen	↑China]] leases a concession on Shameen Island in Canton to the British. 1861: France establishes also a concession in Shameen. 1941: The British concession is occupied by Japan.
	occupied China	1943: The French Shameen concession is under Japanese control.
	Shameen	1945: Japan is defeated. The British concession is restored to China. The French concession is restored to France. 1946: The Shameen concession is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
12/20	Hankou	↑China]] leases a concession in Hankou to the United Kingdom. 1895/1898: Germany (1895), France, Russia (1896) and Japan (1898) establish also concessions in Hankou. 1927: The British concession comes under joint British-Chinese administration. 1917: The German lease is terminated by China. 1920: China withdraws the Russian lease. 1929: The British concession is restored to China. 1937: The Japanese concession is abandoned and left to China.
	occupied China	1943: The French concession is under Japanese control.
	Hankou	1945: The Hankou concession is restored to France. 1946: The Hankou concession is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
13/20	Jiaozhou	1897: Germany conquers Jiaozhou from China. Emperor Guangxu of [#China 1644|↑China]] leases Jiaozhou to Germany.
	Jiaozhou	1914: The lease is cancelled by China, the area is conquered by Japan. 1922: Jiaozhou is returned to the Republic of China. →1922
14/20	Weihaiwei	1898: Emperor Guangxu of [#China 1644|↑China]] leases Weihaiwei to the United Kingdom. 1930: The United Kingdom returns Weihaiwei to the Republic of China. In return China allows the British to maintain an naval base at Liu-kung Island. →1930
15/20	Dalian	1898: Emperor Guangxu of [#China 1644|↑China]] leases Dalian to Russia.
	Kwantung	1905: Japan conquers Kwantung (Dalian) from Russia and takes over the lease. It gets also extraterritorial rights as the →South Manchurian Railway Zone. 1945: Kwantung is conquered by the Soviet Union and restored to the Republic of China. →1946
16/20	Guangzhouwan	1898: Emperor Guangxu of [#China 1644|↑China]] leases Guangzhouwan to France, that administers it as an outlet of Indochina.
	occupied China	1943: Guanzhouwan is under Japanese control.
	Guangzhouwan	1945: Guangzhouwan is restored to France. 1946: Guangzhouwan is restored to the Republic of China. →1946
17/20	Jiaozhou	1897: Germany conquers Jiaozhou from China. Emperor Guangxu of [#China 1644|↑China]] leases Jiaozhou to Germany.
	Jiaozhou	1914: The lease is cancelled by China, the area is conquered by Japan. 1922: Jiaozhou is returned to the Republic of China. →1922
18/20	South Manchurian Railway Zone	1905: Japan holds extraterritorial rights as the South Manchurian Railway Zone in [#China 1644|↑China]]. 1937: The zone is ceded to the Great Manchu State. →1931
19/20	Manchukuo	1931: Japan conquers Manchuria from [#China 1912|↑China]]. 1932: Japan establishes the puppet state of Manchukuo, a.k.a. Great Manchu State. 1945: Manchukuo is occupied by the Soviet Union and restored to the Republic of China. →1945
20/20	occupied China	1937: Japan invades and conquers parts of [#China 1644|↑Northeastern China, the Yellow River valley and the coastal provinces]]. 1945: Japan is defeated and the occupied territories are restored to the the Republic of China. →1945
	Republic of China See Taiwan.
	Christmas Island Christmas Island – Territory of Christmas Island
	Christmas Island is a Australian overseas territory.
	Christmas Island	1888: The United Kingdom annexes the uninhabited Christmas Island. It is administrated as part of the Colony of Straits Settlements.
occupied Christmas Island	1942: Japan occupies Christmas Island.
Christmas Island	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1946: The island is administrated as part of the Colony of Singapore.
Christmas Island	1958: The United Kingdom cedes Christmas Island to Australia. ᐃ
	Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands – Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
	The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are a Australian overseas territory.
	Keeling-Cocos Islands	1857: The United Kingdom annexes the Keeling-Cocos Islands, until that moment ruled by the Clunies-Ross family. 1878: The islands are administrated as part of the Colony of Ceylon. 1886: The islands are administrated as part of the Colony of Straits Settlements. 1942: When Singapore is occupied by Japan, the islands are administrated from Ceylon. 1946: The islands are administrated as part of the Colony of Singapore.
	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	1955: The United Kingdom cedes the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to Australia. ᐃ
	Colombia Colombia – Republic of Colombia
	Colombia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	New Granada	1499: The Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda makes landfall in present-day Colombia. The area has a heterogeneous indigenous population that belonged to several hundred tribes. 1525: The first permanent Spanish settlement is established. 1538: The area is named New Granada and is part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. 1542: The region becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1628: England establishes on present-day ↑Santa Catalina the colony of Providence Island. 1641: ↑Providence Island is seized by Spain. 1717: Peru is divided and the region becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada. New Granada also includes present-day Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. 1723: This Viceroyalty is was temporarily suppressed by the king of Spain. 1739: New Granada is restored. 1777: →Venezuela is separated from New Granada as the Captaincy General of Venezuela. 1803: The archipelago of ↑San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the ↑Mosquito Coast are transfered from Guatemala to New Granada. 1810: Separatist declare the independence of what they call Colombia. 1811: Separatist establish New Granada and Cundinamarca. 1814: Cundinamarca is annexed to New Granada. 1816: The Colombian separatists are defeated by Spain. 1819: Separatist from Venezuela and Colombia declare their republics to be united as the Republic of Colombia. The liberation war continues. 1821: New Granada, including Panama, succeeds in the secession from Spain and become together with Venezuela independent as Colombia. The Moquito Coast becomes disputed between Colombia and →Mexico, and later →Nicaragua. 1830: Colombia falls apart and New Granada becomes a independent country, as do →Venezuela and →Ecuador. 1858: New Granada is renamed into the Granadine Confederation. 1863: The Granadine Confederation is renamed into Colombia. 1903: →Panama secedes from Colombia. ᐃ
2/2	San Andrés and Providencia	1510: Castile (Spain) claims the uninhhabited archipelago of San Andres and Providencia 1544: The archipelago is placed under the administration of the Captaincy General of Guatemala.
	Providence Island	1628: England establishes a colony on Spanish-claimed Providencia, the colony of Providence Island under the Providence Company.
	Guatemala	1641: Spain conquers the Providence Colony and adds the archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia to Guatemala.
	Providence Island	1666: England conquers Providence Island.
	Guatemala	1666: Spain re-conquers the Providence Colony. 1670: The islands are captured by pirates. 1689: Spanish rule is restored. 1803: The archipelago is transfered to the Viceroyalty of New Granada. →1803
	Comoros Comoros – Union of the Comoros
	The Comoros are a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/4	Bamboa	1500s: On Ngazidja, a.k.a.as Grand Comore, various sultanates are formed. One of them is the Sultanate of Bambao.
	Ngazidja	1886: Sultan Said Ali bin Said Omar of Bambao declares a State of Ngazidja and accepts aFrench protectorate over Ngazidja.
2/4	Ndzwani	c. 1500: On what is now Anjouan the Sultanate of Ndzwani is formed.
	Ndzwani	1886: A French protectorate is established over Ndzwani. 1887: Ndzwani is merged into the Comoros. →1908
3/4	Mwali	1830: The Sultanate of Mwali is formed on what is now know as Mohéli.
	Mwali	1886: A French protectorate is established over Mwali. 1887: Mwali is merged into the Comoros. →1908
4/5	Comoros	1887: The French protectorates of Ngazidja, ↑Ndzwani and ↑Mwali merge with the French colony of ↑Mayotte into a single Territory of the Comoros.
	Madagascar	1912: The Comoros are annexed to Madagascar as a province of that colony. →1946
	Comoros	1946: France establishes the French Union, in which the Comoros become a separate overseas territory of France. 1961: Internal political autonomy is granted in 1961.
	Comoros	1975: The Comorian parliament passes a resolution declaring unilateral independence. The deputies from Mayotte abstain. The State of Comoros become independent, →Mayotte remains French. 2008: Comoris is renamed into the Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros. 2001: Comoros is reorganized into the Union of Comoros. ᐃ
	Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Brazzaville – Republic of the Congo
	Congo-Brazzaville is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Bateke	1880: France agrees with rulers of the Bateke to establish a French protectorate.
	French Congo	1882: French Congo is formally established, including the Bateke protectorate.
	Congo and Gabon	1886: French Congo and ↑Gabon form together Congo and Gabon. 1889: France starts from Congo and Gabon the conquest of the area north of the Ubangi River.
	French Congo	1891: The colony of Congo and Gabon is continued as French Congo. France establishes in the conquered area north of the Ubangi River]] →Upper Ubangi as part of French Congo. The area is contested with the Congo Free State. France holds from French Congo military expeditions against the Muslim kingdoms in present-day →Chad. 1894: →Upper Ubangi becomes a separate colony. 1898: Upper Ubangi is folded back to French Congo. Inside French Congo the Upper Shari region is established. 1900: France defeats at the Battle of Kousséri between forces of the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr in Chad. French colonial rule is established in Chad.
	Middle Congo-Gabon	1902: French Congo is reorganized into Middle Congo-Gabon. 1903: France creates out of Upper Ubangi and Upper Shari the separate colony of Ubangi Shari.
	Middle Congo	1906: Middle Congo-Gabon is partitioned into Middle Congo and →Gabon. 1910: Middle Congo is integrated into the federal colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of the colony to →German Cameroon. 1914: France invades Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders. The ↑ceded areas are annexed by France to Middle Congo.
	French Equatorial Africa	1934: Middle Congo, ↑Gabon, Ubangi-Shari and Chad are merged into the unitary colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1937: French Equatorial Africa is divided in territories, the former colonies. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Equatorial Africa with its territories becomes a constituent part. →1958
	Congo-(Brazzaville)	1958: France dissolves French Equatorial Africa. Middle Congo gets autonomy as the Republic of the Congo, also rendered as Congo-Brazzaville. 1960: Congo-Brazzaville becomes independent as Congo. ᐃ
2/2	Cameroon	1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of ↑Middle Congo to German Cameroon. 1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany is defeated, the area is restored to Middle Congo. →1916.
	Congo-Kinshasa Congo-Kinshasa – Democratic Republic of the Congo
	Congo-Kinshasa is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Congo Free State	1879: The Belgian dominated International Association of the Congo starts to explore Central Africa. It holds areas part of the Kingdom of Kongo and enlarges further to the east, including part of the former Kingdom of Lunda. 1885: The Congo Free State is established by king Leopold II of Belgium as personal possession. 1892: The Congo Free State is enlarged into →Ubangi-Bomu. 1894: The →Lado Enclave is administered as part of the Congo Free State. 1895: Ubangi-Bomu is left to →French Upper Ubangi.
	Belgian Congo	1908: The Congo Free State is nationalized as Belgian Congo. 1910: The Lado Enclave is ceded to the →Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1960: Belgian Congo becomes independent as Congo. 1971: Congo is renamed into Zaïre. 1997: Zaïre is renamed into Congo. ᐃ
	Cook Islands]] Cook Islands – Cook Islands
	The Cook Islands are a New Zealand self-governing state, with sovereignty within the Ne Zealand realm..
	Cook Islands	1888: The islands known as the Cook Islands become a British protectorate. The islands are inhabited by Polynesians. 1893: The Cook Islands are administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories. 1901: The United Kingdom incorporates Cook Islands into New Zealand.
	Cook Islands	1907: New Zealand becomes a dominion, making the Cook Islands a New Zealand dependency. 1965: The Cook Islands become self-governing. →Niue is separated from the Cook Islands. ᐃ
	Costa Rica Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
	Costa Rica is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic
	Guatemala	1502: Cristoforo Colombo makes landfall and starts the colonization for Castile (Spain). The area is inhabited by various nomadic tribes. 1524: The first Spanish colony is established. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day →Guatemala, Costa Rica, →Honduras, →Nicaragua and →El Salvador. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, Costa Rica becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. 1824: Costa Rica joins Central America. 1838: Costa Rica becomes independent. ᐃ
	Côte d'Ivoire See Ivory Coast.
	Croatia Croatia – Republic of Croatia
	Croatia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Venetian Dalmatia	1409: Venice unites and enlarges its possessions in Dalmatia into Venetian Dalmatia, mainly populated by Croatians. 1797: Venetian Dalmatia becomes part of the Austrian Empire. 1805: The region becomes part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. 1809: The region is included into the French Illyrian Provinces. 1814: The region is again included into the Austrian Empire. 1918: After the Austrian defeat in World War I, Dalmatia with the rest of Croatia becomes part of the independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, continued the same year by Yugoslavia. 1941: Germany establishes the puppet state of Croatia. 1945: Yugoslavia is restored. 1954: Zone B of ↑Trieste is annexed to Yugoslavia. 1991: Croatia secedes from Yugoslavia. 1996: The separatist region of →Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium is placed under supervision of the United Nations. 1998: The UN mission is concluded. ᐃ
2/3	Trieste	1947: After the defeat of Italy in World War II, Trieste and surroundings are separated from Italy. The Free Territory of Trieste under international occupation is established, partially occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States partially by Yugoslavia. 1954: The territory is divided between →Italy and within Yugoslavia between →Slovenia and Croatia. →1954
3/3	Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium	1996: The United Nations agrees to bring the separatist region of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium under the authority of the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES). 1998: The UNTAES mission is concluded, bringing the area under control of Croatia. →1998
	Cuba Cuba – Republic of Cuba
	Cuba is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Cuba	1492: Present-day Cuba is discovered by Cristoforo Colombo and claimed for Castile (Spain), originally named Juana, then Fernandina. The island is inhabited by Taíno and Guanahatabey. 1511: Spain establishes the colony of Cuba, subordinated to the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. 1519: Santo Domingo with Cuba is incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain. 1607: Cuba becomes the Captaincy General of Cuba.
	Cuba	1762: Cuba is occupied by British forces.
	Cuba	1763: Cuba is returned to Spain in exchange for Florida. 1868: Separatists declare independence declared as the Republic of Cuba. The Ten Years' War starts. 1878: The separatists are defeated. 1879: Rebels start the Little War. 1880: The rebels are defeated. 1895: The Cuban War of Independence begins.
	Cuba	1898: The Cuban War of Independence escalates into the Spanish–American War, leading in a Spanish withdrawal from Cuba. 1899: The end of the war results in subsequent United States military rule. 1902: Cuba becomes independent. When Cuba becomes independent, its constitution stipulates that the United States retains the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. 1903: The United States lease from Cuba →Guantanamo Bay as a naval base. 1906: Cuba is occupied by the United States. 1909: The occupation ends. 1934: With the Treaty of Relations Cuba achieves full sovereignity. ᐃ
	Curaçao Curaçao – Curaçao
	Curaçao is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands|- valign=top
	Curaçao	1499: The island of Curaçao, inhabited by Arawak, is discovered by Alonso de Ojeda and colonized by Castile (Spain).
	Curaçao	1634: Curaçao is conquered by the Dutch West India Company (WIC). 1647: Curaçao is subordinated to →New Netherland. 1664: Curaçao becomes a separate colony. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
	Curaçao	1800: Curaçao is occupied by British forces.
	Curaçao	1803: Curaçao is restored to the Batavian Republic.
	Curaçao	1807: Curaçao is occupied by British forces.
	Curaçao	1816: Curaçao is restored to the Netherlands.
	West Indian Possessions	1828: ↑Suriname, Curaçao and ↑Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
	Curaçao	1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and Dependencies and →Suriname. is established. 1936: The colony is renamed into Territory of Curaçao.
	Netherlands Antilles	1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. →2010
	Curaçao	2010: The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved and Curaçao becomes a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. ᐃ
	Cyprus Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus
	Cyprus is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of Turkey and Northern Cyprus.
1/2	Cyprus	1191: As part of the Third Crusade king Richard I of England conquers Cyprus. The island is mainly populated by Greeks.
	Cyprus	1191: After the Third Crusade king Richard I of England sells Cyprus to the Knights Templar.
	Cyprus	1192: The French knight and crusader Guy de Lusignan purchases Cyprus and establishes the Kingdom of Cyprus
	Cyprus	1489: Venice conquers the Kingdom of Cyprus and makes it a Venetian colony.
	Cyprus	1571: Cyprus is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans allow Turks to migrate into Cyprus.
	Cyprus	1878: In the Cyprus Convention the Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, that establishes a protectorate over Cyprus. 1914: Cyprus is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1925: Cyprus becomes a crown colony. 1960: Cyprus becomes independent. The United Kingdom establishes the sovereign bases of →Akrotiri and Dhekelia. 1974: In response to a coup, the Turkish army invades the island and conquers the north of Cyprus. Turkey secedes →Northern Cyprus from Cyprus. The secession is internationally not recognized. ᐃ
2/2	Northern Cyprus	1974: See Northern Cyprus for the generally unrecognized separation.
	Czech Republic Czech Republic – Czech Republic
	The Czech Republic is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Czech Republic	For the Czech Republic there are no entries of colonization. The feudal belonging to Austria as well as the inclusion in Austria(-Hungary) are not listed.ᐃ
	Denmark Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
	Denmark is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Denmark	For Denmark there are no entries of colonization. The territorial expansion of Denmark is not listed.ᐃ
		Danish dependencies: Estonia Estonia 1219-1346 Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 1814- Ghana Danish Gold Coast 1658-1782, 1785-1850 Greenland Greenland 1814- Iceland Iceland 1814-1918 India Danish India 1620-1650, 1670-1808, 1815-1845 Frederick's Islands 1752-1808, 1815-1868 Norway Norway 1537-1814 Puerto Rico Island of Crabs 1682-1689 United States Virgin Islands Saint Croix 1733-1754, to Danish West Indies Saint John 1684-1754, to Danish West Indies Saint Thomas 1684-1754, to Danish West Indies Danish West Indies 1754-1801, 1802-1807, 1815-1917
	Djibouti Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti
	Djibouti is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Obock	1862: France buys an area from the sultan of Gobaad and establishes the Territory of Obock in the north of present-day Djibouti. 1883/1887: France signs various treaties with then ruling Issa Somali and Afar sultans to expand a protectorate to include the Gulf of Tadjoura.
	French Coast of the Somalis	1896: France establishes around Obock a permanent French administration as French Somaliland, rendered as French Coast of the Somalis. 1940: French Somaliland is ruled by the Vichy government. 1942: French Somaliland is occupied by British forces and further ruled by the Free French. 1958: In a referendum it is decided to remain with France.
	Afar and Issaland	1967: A second plebiscite in French Somaliland results in a support for a looser relationship with France. The colony is renamed into the French Territory of the Afars and Issas. 1977: After a referendum the territory becomes independent as Djibouti. ᐃ
	Dominica Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica
	Dominica is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Dominica	1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers for Spain the island he names Dominica, claims it for Castile (Spain) but doesn't start colonization. Dominica is inhabited by Caribs.
	Dominica	1632: France claims the island of Dominica through the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique. 1660: France and England agree that Dominica should not be settled, but instead left to the Caribs as neutral territory. 1690: France establishes its first permanent settlements in Dominica. 1727: Dominica becomes formally a colony of France.
	Dominica	1761: During the Seven Years' War Great Britain conquers Dominica.
	Southern Caribbean Islands	1764: Dominica is united by Great Britain with ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Vincent, and ↑Tobago into the Southern Caribbean Islands colony, administered from Grenada.
	Dominica	1778: France conquers British Dominica.
	Southern Caribbean Islands	1783: With the Treaty of Paris Dominica returns to Great Britain. →1802
	Dominica	1802:The colony is dissolved and continued by Dominica, Grenada, and →Saint Vincent. →Tobago becomes French.
	Leeward Islands	1871: Dominica is united with ↑Antigua into the Leeward Islands.
	Windward Islands	1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the Windward Islands.
	Dominica	1956: Dominica becomes a separate colony after the dissolution of the Windward Islands
	West Indies Federation	1958:Dominica is together with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago united into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
	Dominica	1962: The federation is dissolved and Dominica becomes a separate colony. 1967: Dominica becomes an associated state of the United Kingdom. 1978: Dominica becomes independent. ᐃ
	Dominican Republic Dominican Republic – Dominican Republic
	The Dominican Republic is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Hispañola	1492: Cristoforo Colombo reaches for Castile (Spain) the island which gets named La Española. The island is inhabited by Taíno. 1493: Spain starts settling on the island.
	Santo Domingo	1511: Spain establishes on Hispañola the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, including Cuba. 1519: Santo Domingo is incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain. 1640: France starts establishing itself in the western part of the →island. 1697: The cession to France of the western part is final and recognized in the Treaty of Rijswijk.
	Saint-Domingue	1795: Santo Domingo is taken over by France and added to Saint-Domingue. 1804: Saint-Domingue becomes independent as Haiti.
	Santo Domingo	1809: Spain reconquers the eastern part of Haiti, restoring the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. 1821: Santo Domingo becomes independent as Spanish Haiti. <span style="background-color: moccasin;"1822: Spanish Haiti is annexed to →Haiti. <span style="background-color: khaki;"1844: The Eastern part of Haiti becomes independent as the Dominican Republic
	Santo Domingo	1861: President Pedro Santana request Spain for re-incorporation of the Dominican Republic into the Spanish Empire as the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo. 1863: The Dominican Restoration War starts against the Spanish rule. 1865: Spain abandons the island and the Dominican Republic is restored.
	Dominican Republic	1916: The United States occupies the ↑Dominican Republic. 1924: The United States end their occupation and the independence of the Dominican Republic is restored. ᐃ
	Donetsk (disputed) Donetsk – Donetsk People's Republic
	Donetsk is a de facto republic, not recognized by Ukraine, not recognized by any country.
	Ukraine	See for the development before 2014 →Ukraine.
	Donetsk	2014: Huge protests in ↑Ukraine spark a revolution. In reaction part of the Donetsk oblast falls in the hands of separatists. Donetsk secedes unrecognized as the Donetsk People's Republic and can be considered a Russian client state. ᐃ
	East Timor (Timor-Leste) East Timor – Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
	East Timor is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Portuguese Timor	1515: Portuguese merchants start to exploit the island of Timor, mainly belonging to Wehali. 1556: The first Portuguese settlement is established. 1613: The Netherlands take control of the western part of the island. 1702: The Portuguese colony of Portuguese Timor is established.
	occupied Timor	1942: Portuguese Timor is occupied by Japan.
	Portuguese Timor	1945: Japan is defeated and Portuguese rule is restored.
	East Timor	1975: East Timor secedes unilateraly from Portugal.
	Indonesia	1975: East Timor is annexed to Indonesia.
	East Timor	1999: After the East Timorese independence referendum, Indonesia rescinds the annexation of former East Timor, leading to international administration by the UNTAET.
	East Timor	2002: East Timor becomes independent. ᐃ
	Ecuador Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
	Ecuado is a sovereign and internationally recognized Ecuador.
1/2	Peru	1532: During the Inca Civil War, Spanish forces enter into Ecuador and interfere in the civil war. 1534: The conquest of the area is completed. 1542: The region becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
	Quito	1563: Inside Peru present-day Ecuador becomes the Real Audiencia of Quito. 1717: Peru is divided and the region becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada. New Granada also includes present-day Colombia, Venezuela and Panama. 1723: This Viceroyalty is temporarily suppressed by the king of Spain. The Audiencia of Quito is returned to the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1739: The Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada is re-established. 1809: The Audiencia of Quito briefly secedes from Spain after it staged the Quito revolution. 1812: Quito is re-incorporated into the Spanish Empire. 1820: The Ecuadorian War of Independence takes place. 1822: Quito becomes part of Colombia. 1830: Ecuador secedes from Colombia. 1832: Ecuador annexes the ↑Galapagos Islands. ᐃ
2/2	Archipelago of Ecuador	1832: Ecuador annexes the uninhabited Galapagos Islands as the Archipelago of Ecuador.
	Colombus Archipelago	1885: The Archipelago of Ecuador is renamed into Colombus Archipelago and becomes a territory.
	Galapagos Islands	1973: The Colombus Archipelago is reorganized into the Galápagos Province. ᐃ
	Egypt Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt
	Egypt is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Egypt	1517: The Ottoman Empire defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and establishes the Egypt Eyalet.
	Egypt	1798: France invades and conquers large parts of Egypt.
	Egypt	1801: France is defeated and Egypt is returned to the Ottoman Empire. 1867: The Egypt Eyalet is continued by the Khedivate of Egypt.
	Egypt	1882: After unrest the United Kingdom defeats the Egyptian army in rebellion against the khedive Muhammed Tewfik Pasha and establishes a de facto protectorate. During this time the Khedivate of Egypt remains legally an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire. Egypt controls most of →Sudan. 1914: The United Kingdom declares a protectorate over Egypt. The ruling khedive is succeeded by Hussein Kamel as sultan of the Sultanate of Egypt independent of the Ottomans. 1922: Egypt declares itself independent. The British occupation continues. 1936: The British position is normalised in the Anglo-Egyptian treaty. 1941: As part of World War II German and Italian enter and occupy parts of Egypt in the Western Desert Campaign. 1943: The German army is defeated and the area is restored to Egypt. 1952: After the Egyptian Revolution, the British agree to withdraw their troops from Egypt (done in 1956). 1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the Egyptian →Sinai Peninsula. 1973: An Egyptian attempt to reconquer the peninsula as part of the Yom Kippur War fails. 1979: Israel starts the withdrawal from the Sinai. 1982: The Israeli withdrawal is completed and the ↑Sinai Peninsulas returned to Egypt. ᐃ
2/2	Sinai Peninsula	1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula. 1973: An Egyptian attempt to reconquer the peninsula as part of the Yom Kippur War fails. 1979: Israel starts the withdrawal from the Sinai. 1982: The Israeli withdrawal is completed and the Sinai Peninsula is returned to Egypt. →1982
	El Salvador El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
	El Salvador is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Guatemala	1524: Spain starts the conquest of present-day El Salvador, fighting the Maya kingdoms in the region. The conquest lasts until 1539. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day Guatemala, →Costa Rica, →Honduras, →Nicaragua and El Salvador. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, El Salvador becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. 1824: El Salvador joins Central America. 1838: El Salvador becomes independent. ᐃ
	Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea
	Equatorial Guinea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/4	Ano Bom	1474: Portugal establishes as part of São Tomé a colony at the apparently uninhabited island of Ano Bom, discovered in 1472 by João de Santarém.
	São Tomé	1493: Ano Bom becomes part of São Tomé.
	Guinea Coast	1641: Ano Bom is (together with São Tomé) occupied by the Netherlands.
	São Tomé	1649: The Dutch occcupation of Ano Bom ends. 1778: Under the Treaty of El Pardo Portugal cedes the island of Ano Bom to Spain. →1778
2/4	São Tomé	1494: Portugal starts the settlement of Fernão do Po, mainly inhabited by the Bubi people.
	Fernando Póo and Annabón	1778: Under the Treaty of El Pardo Portugal cedes the islands Fernão do Po (Fernando Poo) and ↑Ano Bom (Annabón) with its possessions at the Guinea coast to Spain, administered as part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. 1810: The colony is separated from Río de la Plata. 1827: England leases from Spain parts of the uninhabited island of →Fernando Póo. 1843: Spain reclaims Fernando Póo.
	Gulf of Guinea	1844: After the full restoration of Spanish rule over Fernando Póo it is together with ↑Annabón administered as the Spanish Territories of the Golf of Guinea. 1858: Spain formally takes over the administration of Fernando Póo.
	Spanish Guinea	1926: The Gulf of Guinea and ↑Rio Muni possessions are united as Spanish Guinea. 1956: The colony becomes an overseas province.
	Equatorial Guinea	1964: Spanish Guinea gets self-rule as Equatorial Guinea. 1968: Equatorial Guinea becomes independent. ᐃ
3/4	Port Clarence	1827: The United Kingdom leases from Spain parts of the uninhabited island of ↑Fernando Póo and establishes Port Clarence. 1843: Spain reclaims Fernando Póo. 1858: Spain takes over the administration. →1858
4/4	Rio Muni	1885: An area at the Gulf of Guinea, inhabited by Fang people, becomes as Rio Muni a Spanish protectorate. 1926: Rio Muni becomes part of Equatorial Guinea. →1926
	Eritrea Eritrea – State of Eritrea
	Eritrea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Habesh	1554: The Ottoman Empire conquers part of present-day Eritrea by defeating the state of Medri Bahri and establishes the Habesh Eyalet that includes the Eritrean and Saudi Red Sea coast.
	Egypt	1826: Inside the Ottoman Empire, Eritrea is mostly ruled by Egypt. 1869: Egypt loses the control over part of the area when Italy starts establishing colonies in Eritrea. 1882: Egypt loses control over Eritrea to Italy. →1882.
2/2	Assab	1869: The Port of Assab is purchased by the Italian Società di Navigazione Rubattino. 1882: Italy controls Assab, takes over the area from ↑Egypt and makes it an Italian colony. 1882: Egypt loses control over Eritrea to Italy. 1888: Italy establishes the Assab Protectorate. 1885: The Italian possessions are enlarged with Massawa.
	Eritrea	1890: Assab is continued by the colony of Eritrea.
	Italian East Africa	1936: Eritrea becomes with →Italian Somalia and conquered →Ethiopia part of Italian East Africa.
	Eritrea	1941: Italy is defeated by British forces. Eritrea gets under British control. 1947: Italy accepts the end of the colony. 1951: The British administration comes under United Nations supervision. 1952: Eritrea is federated as an autonomous state into Ethiopia. 1991: Eritrea becomes independent. ᐃ
	Estonia Estonia – Republic of Estonia
	Estonia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Estonia	1219: King Valdemar II of Denmark establishes the Duchy of Estonia as a dominion of the Danish Crown. The area is inhabited by the Finnic Estonian tribes. 1346: Denmark sells Estonia to the Livonian Order. →1346
2/2	Livonian Order	1237: The Livonian Order, affiliated to the →Teutonic Order, conquers part of present-day Estonia and →Latvia, inhabited by Finnic Estonian and Livonian tribes. 1237: Jersika is annexed to the Livonian Order. 1346: Denmark sells ↑Estonia to the Livonian Order. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order.
	Estonia	1561: The Livonian Order loses Estonia to king Erik XIV of Sweden, who becomes duke of Estonia.
	Russia	1710: Sweden surrenders and loses ↑Estonia to Russia. 1918: Estonia secedes from Russia.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1940: Estonia joins after a Soviet invasion as a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). 1941: Estonia is conquered by Nazi-Germany. 1944: Nazi-Germany is defeated and Estonia returns to the USSR. 1991: Estonia secedes from the USSR. ᐃ
	eSwatini See eSwatini.
	Ethiopia Ethiopia – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
	Ethiopia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/2	Gambela	1902: Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia grants the United Kingdom a concession at Gambela.
	Italian East Africa	1936: The concession de facto ends due to the Italian occupation of Ethiopia.
	Gambela	1941: After the defeat of Italy, the British concession is restored. 1956: The concession is formally ended and Gambela is fully re-integrated into Ethiopia. →1956
2/2	Italian East Africa	1936: After an earlier attempt in 1896, Italy conquers in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War Ethiopia and merges it with →Eritrea and →Italian Somalia into Italian East Africa. Italy occupies the British concession of ↑Gambela. 1941: Italy is defeated by Ethiopia and the United Kingdom and independence is restored as Ethiopa. 1952: ↑Eritrea is federated as an autonomous state into Ethiopia. 1956: ↑Gambela is fully re-integrated into Ethiopia. 1991: →Eritrea becomes independent. ᐃ
	Falkland Islands Falkland Islands – Falkland Islands
	The Falkland Islands are a British overseas territory.
1/2	Malvine Islands	1764: France establishes the colony of the Malvine Islands in part of the uninhabited Falkland Islands.
	Malvine Islands	1766: France cedes its part of the Malvine Islands to SpainSpain. 1770: Spain tries to conquer British East Falkland. 1771: Spain is defeated by Great Britain. 1776: The British leave the islands, while still claiming continuing sovereignty over the islands. 1811: Spain abandons its part of the Malvine Islands, still claiming continuing sovereignty over the islands.
2/2	Falkland Islands	1765: The eastern part of the French ↑Malvine Islands is taken in possession by Great Britain as the Falkland Islands. 1766: France cedes its colony to Spain. 1770: Spain tries to conquer East Falkland. 1771: Spain is defeated by Great Britain. 1776: The British leave the islands, while still claiming continuing sovereignty over the islands. 1811: Spain abandons its part of the islands, still claiming continuing sovereignty over the islands.
	Malvine Islands	1820: The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata claims the possession of the Falkland Islands, whitout establishing a permanent settlement. 1829: The colonization on behalf of Rio de la Plata starts.
	Falkland Islands	1833: The islands are re-conquered by the United Kingdom.
	Malvine Islands	1982: The Falkland Islands are conquered and annexed to Argentina .
	Falkland Islands	1982: After a British invasion, Argentina is defeated and the Falkland Islands are restored to the United Kingdom. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 1985: →South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is seceded from the Falkland Islands. 2002: The British dependent territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	Faroe Islands Faroe Islands – Faroe Islands
	The Faroe Islands are an autonomous country within the Denmark Kingdom of Denmark.
	Faroe Islands	1035: The Faroe Islands are acquired by Norway. The islands are settled by Norsemen. 1516: Norway becomes subordinated to Denmark.
	Faroe Islands	1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires the ↑Faroe Islands. 1940: The islands are occupied by the United Kingdom. 1945: The islands are returned to Denmark. ᐃ
	Fiji Fiji – Republic of Fiji
	Fiji is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Fiji	1874: The Kingdom of Fiji is annexed by the United Kingdom as the Colony of Fiji. 1877: The United Kingdom establishes the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT) to administer its dependencies in the western Pacific Ocean. 1953: Fiji takes its first step towards internal self-government and leaves the BWPT. 1967: Fiji gets self-government. 1970: Fiji becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1987. ᐃ
	Finland Finland – Republic of Finland
	Finland is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2		800s BCE: Finno-Ugric tribes, that later develop into the Finns, leave northern Russia and enter present-day Finland, already populated by Sami people. c. 400: Proto-Swedish settlers arrive at the Finnish coast.
	Sweden	12th century-1249: Sweden starts establishing its rule from the 12th century until 1249 in Finland, making it part of Sweden. Finland is populated by Finnish and Sami tribes. 1600s: The area populated by Sami is incorporated into Sweden.
	Russia	1809: Sweden cedes Finland to Russia, that establishes the Grand Duchy of Finland. 1917: Finland secedes from Russia.
	Finland	1917: The State of Finland secedes from Russia. 1918: The Kingdom of Finland is proclaimed. the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic is proclaimed as a contra-government. 1919: Finland becomes the Republic of Finland. 1922: The →Åland Islands get an autonomous status. ᐃ
2/2	Åland Islands	12th century: For Åland Islands see Åland Islands.
	France France – French Republic
	France is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
0/1	France	France was n0t colonized, with the exception of →Corsica. Not listed are the creation of Viking Normandy in France and the territorial expansion of France and other entities. ᐃ
		French dependencies: Algeria La Calle 1552-1799 Algiers 1830-1839 Algeria 1839-1962 Constantine 1837-1848, to Algeria Southern Territories 1902-1957 French Sahara 1957-1962 Anguilla Anguilla 1666-1667 Antigua and Barbuda Antigua 1666-1667 Australia Dirk Hartog Island 1772 Austria occupied Austria 1945-1955 Bahamas Bahamas 1703 Benin Fort Saint Louis 1671-1797 Porto-Novo 1838-1865, 1882-1886 Gulf of Benin 1886-1894 Dahomey 1894-1960 Cotonou 1868-1886, to Gulf of Benin Brazil Antarctic France 1555-1567 Equinoctial France 1612-1615 British Indian Ocean Territory Isle de France 1721-1810 Burkina Faso Mossi protectorates 1896-1904 divided between Upper Senegal and Niger and Ivory Coast 1904-1919 Upper Volta 1919-1932 divided between Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger 1932-1947 Upper Volta 1947-1960 Cambodia Cambodia 1867-1941, 1945-1953 Cameroon occupied Cameroon 1914-1922 French Cameroon 1922-1960 mandate/trust Canada undivided New France 1534-1608 Canada 1608-1763 Acadia 1604-1710 Upper Country 1610-1763 Plaisance 1640-1713 Isle Saint-Jean 1713-1756/1763 Île-Royale 1713-1756/1763 Central African Republic French Congo 1889/1891-1894 Upper Ubangi 1894-1898 French Congo 1898-1902 Middle Congo-Gabon 1902-1903 Ubangi-Shari 1903-1906 Ubangi-Shari-Chad 1906-1920 Ubangi-Shari 1920-1934 French Equatorial Africa 1934-1958 Central Africa Republic 1958-1960 Dar el-Kuti 1897-1912, to Ubangi-Shari-Chad Chad Chad 189 900-1906 Ubangi-Shari-Chad 1906-1920 Chad 1920-1934 French Equatorial Africa 1934-1958 Chad 1958-1960 China Shanghai 1849-1943, 1945-1946 Shameen 1861-1943, 1945-1946 Hankou 1896-1943, 1945-1946 Guangzhouwan 1898-1943, 1945-1946 Tianjin 1899-1943/1945 Comoros Ngazidja 1886-1908, to Comoros Ndzwani 1886-1908, to Comoros Mwali 1886-1908, to Comoros Comoros 1908-1912 Madagascar 1912-1946 Comoros 1946-1975 Congo-Brazzaville Bateke 1880-1882 French Congo 1880-1886 Congo and Gabon 1886-1891 French Congo 1891-1902 Middle Congo-Gabon 1902-1906 Middle Congo 1906-1934 French Equatorial Africa 1934-1958 Congo(-Brazzaville) 1958-1960 Djibouti Obock 1862-1896 French Coast of the Somalis 1896-1967 Afar and Issaland 1967-1977 Dominica Dominica 1632/1690-1761 Dominican Republic Saint-Domingue 1795-1804 Egypt occupied Egypt 1798-1801 Falkland Islands Malvine Islands 1764-1766 French Guiana Cayenne 1643-1659 Guiana 1664-1676, 1676-1809, 1817-1946 French Guiana incorporated into France 1946- Inini 1930-1946, to Guiana French Polynesia Tahiti 1842-1880, to Oceania Tahuata 1842-1880, to Oceania Mangareva 1844-1881, to Oceania Pomotu Islands 1842-1852 Tuatomus 1852-1880, to Oceania Oceania 1880-1903 French Oceania 1903-1957 French Polynesia 1957- French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land 1924-1955 French Southern and Antarctic Lands 1955- Gabon French Gabon 1839-1854 Gorée and dependencies 1854-1860 Ivory Coast-Gabon 1860-1883 Congo and Gabon 1886-1891 French Congo 1891-1902 Middle Congo-Gabon 1902-1906 Gabon 1906-1934 French Equatorial Africa 1934-1958 Gabon 1958-1960 Gambia Albreda 1681-1857 Gambia 1695-1699, 1779-1783 Germany occupied Rhineland 1918-1930 with Belgium and the United Kingdom occupied Ruhr 1923-1925 with Belgium occupied Germany 1945-1949 occupied Berlin 1945-1990 Saarland 1947-1955 Greece Ionian Islands incorporated into France 1797-1807 Septinsular Republic 1807-1814 Grenada Grenada 1649-1674 Martinique 1674-1762, 1779-1783 Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 1635-1759, 1763-1794, 1794-1810, 1813-1946 Guadeloupe incorporated into France 1946- Guinea Southern Rivers 1849-1854 Gorée and dependencies: 1854-1859 Southern Rivers 1859-1893 French Guinea 1893-1958 Guyana occupied Berbice 1782-1784 occupied Demerara 1782-1784 occupied Essequibo 1782-1784 Haiti Tortuga 1633-1638, 1649-1651 Saint-Domingue 1640-1804 India French India 1668-1778, 1785-1793, 1816-1954 Indonesia French East Indies 1810-1813 Ivory Coast Grand Bassam 1842-1843 French Gold Coast 1843-1854 Gorée and dependencies: 1854-1860 Ivory Coast-Gabon 1860-1883 Southern Rivers 1883-1889 Ivory Coast 1889-1960 Laos Luang Phrabang 1889-1893 Laos 1893-1945, 1945-1953 Lebanon Mount Lebanon 1860-1915 occupied Ottoman Empire 1918-1922 Greater Lebanon 1922-1926 Lebanon 1926-1943 Libya Fezzan-Ghadames 1943-1951 Luxembourg Luxembourg incorporated into France 1683-1697 Madagascar Fort Dauphin 1643-1674 Sainte-Marie 1750-1842 Mayotte 1842-1896, to Madagascar Bourbon Island nosy-Be) 1840-1842 Mayotte 1842-1896, to Madagascar Madagascar 1883-1958 Malagasy 1958-1960 Diégo Suarez 1885-1896, to Madagascar Mali Senegal 1880-1890 French Sudan 1890-1899 Upper Senegal 1899-1902 Senegambia and Niger 1902-1904 Upper Senegal and Niger 1904-1921 French Sudan 1921-1958 Sudan 1958-1960 Middle Niger 1899-1902, to Senegambia and Niger Malta Malta 1798-1800 Martinique Martinique 1625-1762, 1764-1794, 1802-1809, 1816-1946 Martinique incorporated into France 1946- Mauritania Arguin 1721-1722, 1724-1728 Senegal 1825-1903 Mauritania 1903-1960 Mauritius Isle de France 1715-1810 Mauritius - Rodrigues Bourbon Island 1735-1793 Réunion 1793-1801 Bonaparte Island 1801-1809 Mayotte Bourbon Island 1841-1848 Réunion 1848-1908 Comoros 1908-1912 Madagascar 1912-1946 Comoros 1946-1975 Mayotte 1975-2011 Mayotte incorporated into France 2011- Mexico Mexico 1863-1867 Montserrat Montserrat 1667-1668, 1782-1784 Morocco Morocco 1907-1956 New Caledonia New Caledonia 1853- Niger Middle Niger 1899-1902 Senegambia and Niger 1902-1904 Upper Senegal and Niger 1904-1911 Niger 1911-1960 Damagaram 1899-1911, to Niger Nigeria Muri 1892-1893 Forcados and Badjibo 1900-1930 Reunion Saint Paul 1642-1649 Bourbon Island 1649-1793 Réunion 1793-1801 Bonaparte Island 1801-1810 Bourbon Island 1815-1848 Réunion 1838- Saba Saba 1635-1640, 1781-1784, 1795-1801 Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy 1648-1651, 1665-1758, 1758-1784 Guadeloupe 1878-2007 Saint Bartélemy 2007- Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Christophe 1625-1651, 1665-1702 Saint Lucia Sainte Lucie 1635-1664, 1666-1674 Guadeloupe 1674-1762, 1763-1778 Sainte Lucie 1796, 1802-1803 Saint Martin Saint Christopher 1648-1651, 1665-1672 Saint Martin 1697-1703, 1706-1740, 1748-1781, 1783-1794, 1796-1810 Guadeloupe 1816-2007 Saint Martin 2007- Saint Pierre and Miquelon New France 1536-1713 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1763-1778, 1783-1793, 1802-1803, 1816-1976 Saint Pierre and Miquelon incorporated into France 1976-1985 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1985- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent 1719-1763, 1779-1783 Sao Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé 1709 Senegal Saint Louis 1659-1693, 1693-1718 Senegal 1718-1758, 1779-1809, 1817-1960 Gorée 1763|Gorée 1763-1779, to Senegal Gorée and dependencies 1854-1859, to Senegal Dakar 1924-1946, to Senegal Seychelles Isle de France 1756-1794 Sint Eustatius Sint Eustatius 1781-1784, 1795-1801 Sint Maarten Saint Martin 1679-1689, 1702-1703, 1781-1784, 1795-1801 South Sudan Fashoda 1898 Spain [Menorca 1756-1763 Sri Lanka [Trincomalee 1782-1784 Syria Ottoman Empire 1917-1920 Damascus 1920-1925 mandate Syria 1925-1946 mandate Aleppo 1920-1925 mandate, to Syria Alawite State 1920-1936 mandate, to Syria Jabal Druze 1921-1936 mandate, to Syria Taiwan Pescadores 1885-1886 Trinidad and Tobago - Tobago Tobago 1666-1667, 1781-1793, 1802-1803 Togo occupied Togo 1914-1922, French Togoland 1922-1958 mandate/trust Togo 1958-1960 trust Tunisia Tunisia 1881-1942, 1943-1956 Turkey occupied Ottoman Empire 1917-1922 Constantinople 1918-1923, with France, the United Kingdom and Italy Alexandretta 1920-1923 mandate Aleppo 1923-1925 mandate Syria 1925-1938 mandate Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 1783 United States of America French Florida 1562-1565 Acadia 1604-1710 Canada 1673-1717, to Louisiana Louisiana 1682-1763 Fort Saint Louis 1685-1688 United States Virgin Islands Saint Croix 1665-1733 Vanuatu New Hebrides 1825/1906-1980 condominium Vietnam Cochinchina 1858-1945, 1945-1948 Vietnam 1948-1954 Tonkin 1873/1884-1945 Annam 1884-1945, 1945-1948, to Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Uvea 1887-1888 New Caledonia 1888-1917 Wallis and Futuna 1917-
1/2	Corsica	1052: The Republic of Pisa conquers the island of Corsica after a period of feudal anarchy wherein local Corsican-based nobles warred on each other and struggled for control. 1123: Pisa loses part of Corsica to →Genoa.
	Corsica	1325: Pisa loses its part of Corsica to Aragon. 1450: Genoa becomes the sole dominant force in Corsica. →1450
2/2	Corsica	1123: Pisa loses part of ↑Corsica to Genoa. 1450: The ↑Aragonese withdraw from Corsica. 1736: Corsica becomes independent as a kingdom.
	Corsica	1736: Corsica is reconquered by Genoa. 1755: Corsica secedes from Genoa.
	Corsica	1769: Corsica is annexed by France as part of the motherland. 1793: Corsica secedes from France under British protection.
	Corsica	1793: ↑Corsica secedes from France under British protection. 1794: Corsica becomes a kingdom with the King of Great Britain as king.
	Corsica	1796: Corsica is defeated by France and re-annexed to France. →1796
	French Guiana French Guiana –Territorial collectivity of Guiana
	French Guiana a a French overseas department and region.
1/3	Oyapock	1620: England establishes a settlement at Oyapock in the east of present-day French Guiana (or the west of Brazilian Amapá, but abandons it the same year.
2/3	Cayenne	1643: After earlier attempts France establishes a colony at Cayenne. It is shortly after abandoned. The area is inhabited by Native American peoples, among them the Kalina (Caribs) and Arawak. 1652: Cayenne is resettled.
	Cayenne	1659: After earlier attempts, starting in 1615, to colonize the area, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) conquers Cayenne and establishes the Colony of Cayenne.
	Guiana	1664: Cayenne is seized by France and administered as Guiana, also rendered as French Guiana, initialy under the Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale.
	Cayenne	1676: As part of the Franco-Dutch War the Dutch conquer Cayenne.
	Guiana	1676: The Dutch in Cayenne are defeated by the Frenchh. 1797: The area is organized as department of France. 1801: The are becomes the colony of Guiana, a.k.a. French Guyana.
	Brazil	1809: French Guiana is occupied by Portugal and annexed to Brazil.
	Guiana	1817: Guiana is restored to France 1930: The hinterland is separated as →Inini, under the governor of French Guiana. 1946: Guiana and ↑Inini become together the French overseas department of French Guiana. 2003: Guiana becomes also an overseas region. 2015: Guiana becomes a territorial collectivity. ᐃ
3/3	Inini	1930: The hinterland of ↑French Guiana is separated as the Territory of Inini, under the governor of French Guiana. 1946: Guiana and Inini are merged into Guiana. →1946
	French Polynesia French Polynesia – French Polynesia
	French Polynesia is a a French overseas collectivity.
1/4	Tahiti	1842: Queen Pōmare IV of the Kingdom of Tahiti has to accept that France establishes a protectorate over the kingdom. 1858: France annexes the uninhabited Clipperton Island and adds it to Tahiti.
	Oceania	1880: France annexes Tahiti, ↑Tahuatu and the ↑Tuamotus, changing the status from that of a protectorate to that of a colony, the Settlements of Oceania. 1881: France annexes ↑Mangareva. 1889: France establishes control over Rurutu. 1897: Mexico conquers and annexes Clipperton Island. 1898: France annexes the kingdom of Bora Bora.
	French Oceania	1903: Oceania] is renamed into the French Settlements of Oceania. 1940: The colonial administration recognizes the Free French Forces. 1946: The colony is becomes an overseas territory.
	French Polynesia	1957: French Oceania is renamed into French Polynesia. 1977: French Polynesia is granted partial internal autonomy. 1984: The autonomy is extended. br>2003: French Polynesia becomes a full overseas collectivity of France. ᐃ
2/4	Tahuata	1842: Tahuata, also known as the Marquesas Islands, becomes a French protectorate. The islands become part of Oceania. →1880
3/4	Mangareva	1844: King Maputeoa requests a French protectorate. 1871: The protectorate status is reaffirmed. The islands become part of Oceania. →1881
4/4	Pomotu Islands	1844: The Pomotu Islands becomes a French protectorate.
	Tuamotus	1852: The Pomotu Islands are renamed into the Tuamotu Islands. The islands become part of Oceania. →1880
	French Southern and Antarctic Lands French Southern and Antarctic Lands – French Southern and Antarctic Lands
	The French Southern and Antractic Lands are a French overseas territory, that includes Adélie Land, the French claim on a division of Antarctica.
	Adélie Land	Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1924: Part of Antarctica is claimed by France as Adélie Land, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally.
	French Southern and Antarctic Lands	1955: ↑Adélie Land is merged into the newly found French Southern and Antarctic Lands, including the Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Island, and other uninhabited islands. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims on Antarctica are frozen. ᐃ
	Gabon Gabon – Gabonese Republic
	Gabon is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	French Gabon	1839: France establishes a protectorate over the coast of present-day Gabon as the French Gulf of Guinea settlements. The area is inhabited by several Bantu peoples. 1843: The area is rendered as the French Gabon settlements settlements.
	Gorée and dependencies	1854: →Gorée is separated from Senegal and the separate Colony of Gorée and Dependencies is established, including the settlements in French Gabon, the ↑French Gold Coast and the ↑Southern Rivers Settlements.
	Ivory Coast-Gabon	1859: The colony of Gorée and dependencies is dissolved. 1860: Gabon is integrated with the →French Gold Coast into the Ivory Coast-Gabon colony. 1862/1867: France expands its control to include the interior of Gabon and takes full sovereignty.
	French Gabon	1883: ↑Gabon is separated from the Ivory Coast and becomes the French Gabon colony.
	Congo and Gabon	1886: Gabon merges with ↑French Congo to form together Congo and Gabon. 1889: France starts from Congo and Gabon the conquest of the area north of the Ubangi River.
	French Congo	1891: The colony of Congo and Gabon is continued as French Congo. France establishes in the conquered area north of the Ubangi River Upper Ubangi as part of French Congo. The area is contested with the Congo Free State. France holds from French Congo military expeditions against the Muslim kingdoms in present-day →Chad. 1894: →Upper Ubangi becomes a separate colony. 1898: Upper Ubangi is folded back to French Congo. Inside French Congo the Upper Shari region is established. 1900: France defeats at the Battle of Kousséri between forces of the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr in Chad. French colonial rule is established in Chad.
	Middle Congo-Gabon	1902: French Congo] is reorganized into Middle Congo-Gabon. 1903: France creates out of Upper Ubangi and Upper Shari the separate colony of Ubangi Shari.
	Gabon	1906: Middle Congo-Gabon is partitioned into Gabon and →Middle Congo. 1910: Gabon becomes part of the federal colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of the colony to →German Cameroon. 1914: France invades Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders. The ↑ceded areas are annexed by France.
	French Equatorial Africa	1934: Gabon is with ↑Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari, and Chad are merged into the unitary colony of French Equatorial Africa. 1937: French Equatorial Africa is divided in territories, the former colonies. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Equatorial Africa with its territories becomes a constituent part.
	Gabon	1958: France dissolves French Equatorial Africa. Gabon gets autonomy inside the French Community. 1960: Gabon becomes independent. ᐃ
2/2	Cameroon	1911: With the Treaty of Fez France cedes part of ↑Gabon to German Cameroon. 1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany is defeated, the area is restored to French Gabon. →1916
	The Gambia The Gambia – Republic of The Gambia
	The Gambia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	James Island	1651: Courland establishes the colony of James Island and settles at more islands. The area was in the sixteenth century part of the Songhai Empire.
	Gambia	1659: James Island is taken over by the Dutch West India Company (WIC). 1660: The Dutch withdraw, leaving it to England in 1661.
	Gambia	1661: Former Dutch Gambia is overtaken by England (recognized by Courland de jure in 1664).
	Gambia	1695: France takes over the English possessions at the ↑Gambia River. 1699: England retakes the colony. →1699
	Gambia	1699: England retakes the ↑Gambia.
	Senegambia	1765: Gambia becomes part of the Colony of British Senegambia.
	Senegambia	1779: France occupies Gambia, now part of British Senegambia.
	Senegambia	1783: British rule in Senegambia is restored.
	Bathurst Colony	1816: In British Senegambia the United Kingdom founds the Bathurst Colony. 1821: Bathurst is together with Sierra Leone, the British Gold Coast as well as Nigeria governed as part of the British West African Settlements. 1829: The colony is renamed into the Bathurst Settlement and Dependencies in the Gambia.
	Gambia	1843: Bathurst Colony is renamed into the Gambia Colony and Protectorate. 1850: British West Africa is dissolved. 1866: British West Africa is restored. 1857: French ↑Albreda is ceded to the United Kingdom. 1888: British West Africa is demised. Gambia becomes a separate colony. 1894: A British protectorate proclaimed over the interior. 1901: The possessions are combined into the Gambia Colony and Protectorate. 1963: Gambia gets self-rule. 1965: Gambia becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1970. ᐃ
2/2	Albreda	1681: France acquires the factory of Albreda at the Gambia river. 1857: Albreda is ceded to the United Kingdom. →1857
	Georgia Georgia – Georgia
	Georgia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Russia	1801: The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti is annexed by Russia. 1810: Imereti is annexed to Russia. 1829: Guria is annexed to Russia. 1857: Mingrelia is annexed to Russia. 1918: Transcaucasia secedes from Russia. Shortly after Georgia becomes independent.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Georgia joins Transcaucasia, that becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991: Georgia becomes an independent republic. With Russian support →South Ossetia secedes de facto from Georgia. 1992: →Abkhazia secedes de facto from Georgia with Russian support. The secessions are internationally not recognized. ᐃ
2/3	South Ossetia	1991: See South Ossetia for the unrecognized secession.
3/3	Abkhazia	1992: See Abkhazia for the unrecognized secession.
	Germany Germany – Federal Republic of Germany
	Germany is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/9	Francia	481: The Franks are united into one kingdom, the Kingdom of the Franks. Its area includes parts of present-day Germany.
	East Francia	843: Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of the East Franks, →Kingdom of the West Franks and the →Kingdom of the Middle Franks. 870: ↑Lotharingia is integrated into East Francia.
	Holy Roman Empire	963: East Francia is continued by the Holy Roman Empire. 1526: Partially inside the Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg →Austria becomes with the acquisition of Hungary de facto independent. 1556: The Netherlands become a →Spanish dependency. 1648: →Switzerland and the →Dutch Republic become de jure independent. 1707: Brandenburg merges with Prussia into →Prussia, partially inside the Holy Roman Empire.
		Private German dependency: Venezuela Little Venice 1528-1546
	Confederation of the Rhine	1806: The Holy Roman Empire is dissolved, most of its entities are member of the Confederation of the Rhine, with the exception of →Prussia and →Austria. 1813: The Confederation of the Rhine is dissolved.
	German Confederation	1815: Most German states join the German Confederation.
	North German Confederation	1867: The German Confederation is dissolved, most German states join the North German Confederation. Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt and Austria remain outside the confederation.
	Germany	1871: The North German Confederation merges with Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg and Hesse-Darmstadt into the German Empire. 1890: ↑Heligoland is ceded to the German Empire. 1918: After losing World War I, eastern parts are ceded to →Poland. The →Rhineland is occupied by France, the United Kingdom and Belgium. 1920: The Saar region is separated from the German Empire and becomes the as Territory of the Saar Bassin a League of Nations mandate of →Saar. →Danzig becomes a separate state. >1923: France and Belgium occupy the →Ruhr Area. 1925: The ↑Ruhr Area is restored to Germany. 1930: The allied troops withdraw, leaving ↑Rhineland to Germany.Mr>1935: After the Saar status referendum, ↑Saar joins Germany.
	German dependencies:	German dependencies: Burundi Burundi 1899-1916 Cameroon Cameroon 1884-1916 Central African Republic Cameroon 1911-1916 Chad Cameroon 1911-1916 China Hankou 1895-1917 Jiaozhou 1897-1914 Tianjin 1899-1917 Congo-Brazzaville Cameroon 1911-1916 Gabon Cameroon 1911-1916 Ghana Togo 1884-1914 Guinea Kapitaï and Koba 1884-1885 Kenya Witu 1885-1890 Marshall Islands Marshall Islands 1885-1914 Micronesia Caroline Islands 1885-1914 Mozambique German East Africa 1894-1916 Namibia German South West Africa 1884-1915 Caprivi Strip 1890-1909, to German South West Africa Walvis Bay 1914-1915 Nauru Nauru 1887-1914 Nigeria Cameroon 1884-1916 Mahinland 1885 Northern Mariana Islands Mariana Islands 1899-1914 Palau Caroline Islands 1899-1914 Papua New Guinea Kaiser-Wilhelmsland 1884-1899, to German New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago 1884-1899, to German New Guinea German Solomon Islands 1885-1899, to German New Guinea German New Guinea 1899-1914 Poland Poland partially incorporated into Germany 1870-1918 Queen Maud Land New Swabia 1939-1945 Rwanda Rwanda 1896-1916 Samoa German Samoa 1899-1914 Solomon Islands German Solomon Islands 1885-1899 German New Guinea 1899-1900 Somalia German Somalia 1884-1888 Tanzania German East Africa 1884-1916 Togo Togo 1884-1914
	occupied Germany	1945: After the surrender of Germany in World War II, Germany is under occupation of United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France and divided into the American, Soviet, British and French occupation zones. The city of Berlin is divided in separate →occupation sectors. Eastern parts of Germany are annexed to →Poland and the →Soviet Union. 1947: →Saarland is separated from Germany.
	Germany	1949: The occupation ends and the American, British and French occupation zones become part of the independent Federal Republic of Germany. The Russian occupation zone becomes the independent →German Democratic Republic. 1956: ↑Saarland joins the Federal Republic of Germany. 1990: The German Democratic Republic and ↑Berlin join the Federal Republic of Germany. ᐃ
2/9	Middle Francia	843: Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of the Middle Franks, the →Kingdom of the East Franks and the →Kingdom of the West Franks.
	Lotharingia	855: One of the succesor states of Middle Francia is Kingdom of Lotharingia. 870: Most of Lotharingia is integrated into the Kingdom of the East Franks. →870
3/9	Prussia	1707:Brandenburg merges with the ↑Duchy of Prussia into the Kingdom of Prussia. 1806: Prussia remains outside the Conferation of the Rhine. 1815: Prussia becomes a member of the German Confederation. 1867: Prussia becomes a member of the North German Confederation. 1871: Prussia becomes a constituent member of the German Empire. →1871
		Brandenburger/Prussian dependencies: Ghana Great Fredericksburg 1682-1721 Mauritania Arguin 1685-1721 Poland Poland partially incorporated into Prussia 1772-1871 Cracow 1815-1846, with Austria and Russia United States Virgin Islands Saint Thomas 1685-1715 Venezuela Little Venice 1528-1546 Puerto Rico - Vieques Island of Crabs 1689-1694
4/9	Heligoland	1807: The United Kingdom captures the Danish island of Heligoland, inhabited by Frisians. 1890: The United Kingdom cedes Heligoland to Prussia inside the German Empire. →1890
5/9	occupied Rhineland	1918: After the defeat of the ↑German Empire in World War I forces of France, the United Kingdom and Belgium occupy the Rhineland. 1920: The area is under control of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission. The region near the →Saar is separated from the German Empire. 1930: The allied troops withdraw, leaving the area fully to the German Empire. →1930
6/9	Saar	1920: The Saar region near the Saar is separated from the ↑German Empire and becomes as Territory of the Saar Bassin a League of Nations mandate.
	→Germany	1935: After the Saar status referendum, Saar joins the German Empire.
	→occupied Germany	1945: After the surrender of Germany in World War II, former Saar is under occupation of France and part of the French occupation zones.
	Saarland	1947: Former Saar is separated from Germany. Saarland gets a government under French supervision. 1956: Saarland joins the Federal Republic of Germany. →1956
7/9	occupied Ruhr	1923: France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area in [[#Germany in response to Germany's failure to continue its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I. 1925: The occupation forces withdraw, leaving the area to the German Empire. →1925
8/9	occupied Berlin	1945: After the surrender of ↑Germany in World War II, Berlin is under international occupation and divided into occupation sectors of United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.
	Berlin	1949: The American, British and French sectors become the city of Berlin in association with the Federal Republic of Germany. East Berlin becomes associated with the →German Democratic Republic. 1990: Both parts of Berlin are integrated into the Federal Republic of Germany. →1990
9/9	Eastern Germany	1949: The Russian occupation zone of ↑Germany becomes the independent German Democratic Republic. 1990: The German Democratic Republic joins the Federal Republic of Germany. →1990
	Ghana Ghana – Republic of Ghana
	Ghana is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/9	Gold Coast	1482: With the foundation of Fort São Jorge da Mina de Ouro (Elmina) the Portuguese starts the colonization of the Gold Coast at the border of the Eguafo Kingdom, an Akan polity. 1637: The Dutch take the Fort of Elmina from the Portuguese. 1642: The Portuguese settlements are ceded to the Dutch. →1642
2/9	Guinea Coast	1612: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) starts establishing Dutch possessions on the Coast of Guinea, also rendered as the Dutch Gold Coast. After the Treaty of Asebu, the WIC founds in the area of the Asebu Fort Nassau. 1621: The Dutch Gold Coast is under WIC rule. 1637: The Dutch take the Fort of Elmina from the Portuguese. 1642: The Dutch take the ↑Portuguese Gold Coast, including Ano Bom and São Tomé, confirmed by the Axim in the Treaty of Axim. 1649: Ano Bom and São Tomé are restored to Portugal. 1665: The Dutch take Kormantin from the English. 1687: The Dutch occupy the Brandenburger Fort Dorothea. 1698: Fort Dorothea is returned to Brandenburg. 1711: The Dutch occupy the Prussian Fort Dorothea. 1712: Fort Dorothea is returned to Prussia. 1718/1721: Prussia sells its possessions to the Netherlands.
	British Gold Coast	1782: British forces occupy the Dutch Guinea Coast.
	Guinea Coast	1785: The colony is restored to the Dutch. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic. 1810-1814: Despite the French annexation of the Netherlands, the colony is administered by Dutch settlers. 1813: The Netherlands are restored. 1872: The Dutch settlements are sold to the United Kingdom. →1872
3/9	English Gold Coast	1631: The English Company of Merchants Trading to Guinea establishes a colony at the Gold Coast. 1651: The English Gold Coast gets under the Company of London Merchants. 1657: The English Gold Coast falls under the East India Company. 1663: The English Gold Coast falls to the Company of Royal Adventurers, later known as the Royal African Company. 1672: The English Gold Coast falls to the Royal African Company. 1684: England occupies one of the Danish settlements. 1688: The English withdraw from the Danish settlement.
	British Gold Coast	1707: The English Gold Coast becomes the British Gold Coast. 1750: The same year the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa takes over the administration of the British Gold Coast. 1782-1785: Great Britain occupies both the Dutch Coast of Guinea as the Danish Gold Coast.
	Gold Coast	1821: The Gold Coast]] becomes a crown colony. The same year it becomes the Gold Coast Territory, together with the Gambia, as well as Sierra Leone and Nigeria governed as part of the British West African Settlements. 1828: The British Gold Coast becomes a colony under Company of Merchants Trading to Africa rule. 1843: The British Gold Coast becomes a crown colony, subordinate to Sierra Leone. 1850: The ↑ Danish Gold Coast Settlements are sold to Britain. The same year British West Africa is dissolved. The British Gold Coast is renamed into the Colony of the Gold Coast, including the former Danish Gold Coast settlements. 1866: British West Africa is restored. 1866: The British Gold Coast becomes the Gold Coast Territory as part of British West Africa. 187 872: The ↑Dutch Gulf of Guinea settlements are sold to Great Britain and incorporated into Gold Coast. 1874: The territory becomes the Gold Coast colony, united with Lagos. 1886: Lagos is separated from the Gold Coast. 1888: British West Africa is demised.1901: The Gold Coast become a crown colony. The Northern Territories of the Gold Coast and the Ashanti are subordinated to the governors of the Gold Coast. 1951: The Gold Coast gets self-rule. 1957: The Gold Coast colony, the ↑Ashanti region, the ↑Northern territories and ↑British Togoland become together independent as Ghana, an an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1960. ᐃ
4/9	Cabo Corso	1650: The Swedish start the colonization of the Gold Coast and establishes Cabo Corso, a.k.a. Swedish Gold Coast.
	Danish Gold Coast	1658: Denmark conquers the last Swedish fort, Fort Carlsborg.
	Cabo Corso	1660: Fort Carlsborg is returned to Sweden. 1663: Fort Carlsborg is conquered by Denmark. →1663
5/9	Danish Gold Coast	1658: The Danish West India Company from Denmark starts the conquest of ↑Swedish forts and creates the Danish Gold Coast. 1660: Fort Carlsborg, one of the Swedish forts, is returned to →Sweden. 1663: ↑Fort Carlsborg is again conquered by the Danes. 1684: England occupies one of the Danish settlements. 1688: The English withdraw from the Danish settlement. 1750: The Danish Gold Coast becomes a Danish crown colony.
	British Gold Coast	1782: British forces occupy the Danish Gold Coast.
	Danish Gold Coast	1782: The British 1785: The colony is restored to Denmark. 1850: The Danish Gold Coast is sold to the United Kingdom. →1850
6/9	Great Fredericksburg	1682: The Brandenburger Brandenburg African Company establish the Great Fredericksburg colony, a.k.a. Brandenburger Gold Coast. 1687: The Dutch occupy the Brandenburger Fort Dorothea. 1698: Fort Dorothea is returned to Brandenburg. 1701: Brandenburg is continued by Prussia. 1711: The Dutch occupy the Prussian Fort Dorothea. 1712: Fort Dorothea is returned to Prussia. 1721: The colony is sold to the Netherlands. →1721
7/9	Ashanti	1896: King Prempeh of the Ashanti surrenders and the Ashanti Empire is incorporated into the British possessions. Ashanti becomes a British protectorate. 1902: Ashanti becomes the British Ashanti Colony, subordinated to the governors of the Gold Coast. 1957: The Ashanti region joins the ↑Gold Coast, the ↑Northern territories and ↑British Togoland in becoming independent as Ghana, an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1960. →1957
8/9	Northern Territories	1897: The Northern Territories Military Protectorate (areas north of Ashanti proper) are organized as a dependency of British Gold Coast. 1957: The Northern Territories joins the ↑Gold Coast, the ↑Ashanti region and ↑British Togoland in becoming independent as Ghana, an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1960. →1957
9/9	Togo	1884: Germany establishes the protectorate of Togo. 1905: Togo becomes the colony of Togo.
	British Togoland	1914: The British invade and conquer a part of ↑German Togoland and administer it as a part of the Gold Coast. Another part is occupied by →France. 1922: Togoland becomes the Mandate Territory of Togoland, administered as part of the Gold Coast. 1946: Togoland becomes the Trust Territory of Togoland, administered as part of the Gold Coast. 1957: British Togoland joins the ↑Gold Coast, the ↑Ashanti region and the ↑Northern territories in becoming independent as Ghana, an an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1960. →1957
	Gibraltar Gibraltar – Gibraltar
	Gibraltar is a British overseas territory.
	Gibraltar	The alignment with the United Kingdom is disputed by Spain. 1704: England conquers Gibraltar from Spain and establishes a English (and later British) town and garrison. 1713: Spain cedes in the Treaty of Utrecht Gibraltar to Great-Britain. 1830: Gibraltar is reorganized into the Crown Colony of Gibraltar. 1950: Gibraltar gets self-government. 1969: Under a new constitution Gibraltar is renamed into the City of Gibraltar. ᐃ
	Greece Greece – Hellenic Republic
	Greece is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/17	Cephalonia and Zakynthos	1195: Sicilian crusaders capture the Byzantine islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos and establish the the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos 1363: Venice conquers part of the →Ionian Islands. 1479: Cephalonia and Zakynthos are divided. Cephalonia becomes part of the Ottoman Empire and Zakynthos is conquered by Venice. →1479/→1479
2/17	Corfu	1197: The Byzantine island of Corfu is conquered by Genoa.
	Corfu	1207: Genoa loses Corfu to Venice. 1214: Corfu falls to Epirus. 1259: Corfu is aquired by Sicily 1282: Corfu falls to the Naples.
	Ionian Islands	1363: Venice conquers conquers Corfu from Naples and part of ↑Cephalonia and Zakynthos. 1386: Venice acquires ↑Corfu. 1479: Zakyntos becomes part of the Venetian Ionian Islands. 1500: Cephalonia becomes part of the Venetian Ionian Islands.
	France	1797: France annexes the Venetian Ionian Islands
	Septinsular Republic	1798/1799: Russia and the Ottoman Empire take over the French ↑Ionian Islands. 1800: Both nations install the Septinsular State (a.k.a. Septinsular Republic) as a joint protectorate.
	Septinsular Republic	1807: The Septinsular Republic becomes a French protectorate. 1809/1810: Part of the archipelago is conquered by the →British.
	Ionian Islands	1809/1810: Part of the Septinsular Republic is conquered by the British. 1814: The last island is conquered by the British. 1815: The United States of the Ionian Islands is established as a British protectorate. 1817: The Ionian Islands become a federal state under the direction of a British high commissioner. 1864: With the Treaty of London the United Kingdom cedes the Ionian Islands to independent Greece. →1864
3/17	Thessalonica	1204: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Kingdom of Thessalonica. 1224: Thessalonica is conquered by Byzantine Epirus and is merged into the Empire of Thessalonica. 1246: Thessalonica is conquered by the Empire of Nicaea. 1261: Nicaea conquers Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire is restored. 1453: The renmants of the Byzantine Empire are annexed to the Ottoman Empire. →1453
4/17	Bodonitsa	1204: The crusader kingdom of Thessalonica creates the Marquisate of Bodonitsa. 1248: Bodonitsa becomes subservient to →Achaea. 1414: Bodonitsa is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. →1411
5/17	Candia	1205: Venice conquers Crete from the Byzantine Empire and creates the Kingdom of Candia as a Venetian colony. 1648: The Ottoman Empire invades Crete to conquer it.
	Ottoman Empire	1669: After the Siege of Candia, Candia is fully annexed to the Ottoman Empire as a province.
	Crete	1898: Crete is separated from the Ottoman Empire and becomes the autonomous Cretan State under international supervision. 1908: Crete declares the union with Greece. 1913: Crete becomes part of independent Greece. →1913
6/17	Achaea	1205: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Principality of Achaea. 1432: Achaea is annexed to the Byzantine Empire. 1453: The renmants of the Byzantine Empire are annexed to the Ottoman Empire. →1453
7/17	Athens	1205: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Duchy of Athens.
	Athens	1312: Athens becomes a Aragonese (Sicilian) dependency.
	Athens	1395: Athens is controlled by Venice. 1402: Athens is ruled again by the Acciaioli family of Florence. 1444: Athens becomes a tributary of Byzantine Morea. 1458: Athens is conquered by the Ottomans. →1458
8/17	Neopatras	1205: The Aragonese Catalan Company conquers Neopatras from Thessaly. 1390: Neopatras is ruled by the Acciaioli family of Florence. 1390: Neopatras is conquered by the Ottomans. →1390
9/17	Archipelago	1207: Marco I Sanudo, a nobleman from Venice, becomes the first duke of the Archipelago and separates it from the Empire of the Romans. 1537: The duchy becomes a tributary of the Ottoman Empire. [[#Greece 1537|
10/17	Rhodes	1248: The island of Rhodes, until 1204 part of the Byzantine Empire and since that moment an independent domain, is conquered by Genoa. 1250: The Byzantine Empire conquers Rhodes. →1309
	Rhodes	1309: The Knights Hospitaller led by grandmaster Foulques de Villaret separate ↑Rhodes from the Byzantine Empire.
	Ottoman Empire	1522: After a siege Rhodes falls to the Ottoman Empire. The Knights Hospitallers move to Malta.
	Italian Aegean Islands	1912: Italy conquers the Dodecanese Islands from the Ottoman Empire. 1923: The Dodecanese is formally annexed to Italy as the Italian Aegean Islands Possessions and is governed by an Italian governor. 1943: The Italian Aegean Islands are occupied by Germany.
	Aegean Ialands	1945: The Italian Aegean Islands are occupied by the United Kingdom. 1947: The Aegean Islands are incorporated into Greece. →1947
11/17	Chios	See also the conquests by →Crusaders (1204), →Aragon (1205), →Venice (1207), the →Ottoman Empire (1453) and →Russia (1770) as well as the establishment by Genoa of colonies at →Lesbos (1354). 1304: The Genoese admiral Benedetto I Zaccaria conquers from the Byzantine Empire Chios and becomes lord of Chios, including Samos and Icaria. 1329: The Byzantine Empire regains control over Chios. 1346: The Genoese companyMaona of Chios and Phocaea acquieres Chios. 1348: The original shareholders that lived in Genoa sell their shares to colonists in Chios, led by the Giustiniani family. 1354: Genoa also recieves →Lesbos. 1475: Genoa loses Samos to the →Ottoman Empire. 1566: The Ottoman Empire conquers Chios. →1566
12/17	Lesbos	1354: Lesbos is granted as a fief to the Genoese Francesco Gattilusio. 1462: Lesbos is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. →1462
13/17	Ottoman Empire	1390: The Ottomans conquer ↑Neopatras. 1411: The Ottoman Empire conquers the small crusader state of Bodonitsa. 1453: With the fall of Constantinople the parts of Greece still part of the Byzantine Empire are annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1458: The ↑Duchy of Athens is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1460: Morea is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1462/1579: The Ottoman Empire conquers the remaining parts of Greece. 1500: Ottoman Cephalonia becomes part of the Venetian →Ionian Islands. 1522: ↑Rhodes is conquered. 1669: ↑Candia is after a 21-year war fully annexed to the Ottoman Empire as a province. 1688: Morea falls to →Venice. 1718: Venice loses Morea to the Ottomans. 1770: Russia occupies the →Cyclades. 1774: Russia leaves the ↑Cyclades to the Ottoman Empire. 1828: Part of Greece becomes independent as Greece, the other part remains →Ottoman. 1832: Greece becomes de jure independent. 1864: With the Treaty of London the United Kingdom cedes the ↑Ionian Islands to the Kingdom of Greece. 1913: Upon the outbreak of the First Balkan War, Greece unites with ↑Crete and Icaria and is enlarged with parts of the ↑Ottoman Empire. 1919: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Greece occupies parts of Ottoman ↑Anatolia around the city of →Smyrna, earlier occupied by Italy. 1922: Turkey invades Smyrna and annexes the Greek dependency to →Turkey. The Greek inhabitants are forced to emigrate to Greece. 1947: The ↑Aegean Islands are incorporated into Greece. ᐃ
14/17	Negroponte	1390: When the last triarchs of Negroponte die they leave Negroponte to Venice, which establishes complete predominance while maintaining the triarchic system. 1470: Negroponte is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1470
15/17	Morea	1688: During the Great Turkish War Venice gains ↑Morea from the Ottoman Empire and creates the Kingdom of the Morea as a Venitian colony. 1718: After the Ottoman-Venetian war Venice loses Morea to the Ottoman Empire. →1718
16/17	Cyclades	See also the conquests by →Crusaders (1204), →Aragon (1205), →Venice (1207), →Genoa (1304), and the →Ottoman Empire (1453). 1770: Russia occupies the Ottoman ↑Cyclades. 1774: Russia leaves the islands to the Ottoman Empire. →1774
17/17	Ottoman Empire	1828: When parts of ↑Greece become independent, the Ottoman Empire keeps ruling large parts of the country. 1835: Samos becomes semi-independent. 1898: →Crete becomes autonomous under international supervision. 1911: The →Dodecanese Islands are conquered by Italy. 1912: The Ottoman Empire loses Icaria. 1913: Upon the outbreak of the First Balkan War, the Ottoman Empire is defeated and Greece becomes united. →1913
	Greenland Greenland – Greenland
	Greenland is an autonomous country within the Denmark Kingdom of Denmark.
1/2	Greenland	985: Norsemen from Iceland settle in Greenland, sparsely inhabited by Inuit.
	Greenland	1262: Greenland falls with Iceland under the Norwegian Crown. 1500: Greenland is abandoned. 1721: Norwegian rule, subordinated to Denmark, is re-established in Greenland, subordinated to Iceland. 1775: Greenland is under Royal Greenland Trading Department company rule.
	Greenland	1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires ↑Greenland. 1932: Norway annexes part of East Greenland as →Eric the Red's Land. 1933: After a rule by the International Court of Justice Norway withdraws. ᐃ
2/2	Eric the Red's Land	1932: Norway annexes part of ↑East Greenland as Eric the Red's Land. 1933: After a rule by the International Court of Justice Norway withdraws. →1933
	Grenada Grenada – Grenada
	Grenada is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
	Concepcion Island	1498: Cristoforo Colombo discovers for Castile (Spain) the island of Concepcion, but Spain doesn't start settling the island. The island is inhabited by Caribs.
	Grenada	1523: Concepcion Island is mapped as Granada.
	Grenada	1649: France establishes at Grenada, claimed but not colonized by Spain, the colony of Grenada, inhabited by Caribs, led by Chief Kairouane. 1664: Grenada is administered by the French West India Company.
	Martinique	1674: When Martinique becomes a possession of the French Crown, Grenada becomes a dependency.
	Grenada	1762: As part of the Seven Years' War Grenada is conquered by Great Britain.
	Southern Caribbean Islands	1764: Grenada, ↑Dominica, ↑Saint Vincent, and ↑Tobago are united by Great Britain into the Southern Caribbean Islands colony, administered from Grenada.
	Martinique	1779: France conquers Grenada and restores it to Martinique.
	Southern Caribbean Islands	1783: British rule over Grenada is restored. 1795: Rebels hold part of the island. 1796: The rebels are defeated. 1802: →1802
	Grenada	1802: The Southern Caribbean Islands colony is dissolved and continued by Grenada, →Dominica, and →Saint Vincent. →Tobago becomes French.
	Windward Islands	1833: Grenada, ↑Barbados, ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent and ↑Tobago form together the British Windward Islands. 1885 →Barbados is seceded from the Windward Islands 1899: Tobago is separated from the Windward Islands. 1940: ↑Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the Windward Islands.
	Grenada	1956: The Windward Islands are dissolved, restoring Grenada as a separate colony.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Grenada is united together with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
	Grenada	1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved, Grenada becomes a separate crown colony. 1967: Grenada becomes an associated state. 1974: Grenada becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Guadeloupe Guadeloupe – Region of Guadeloupe
	Guadeloupe is a a French overseas department and region.
	Guadelupe	1502: Cristoforo Colombo lands at present-day Guadeloupe and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.
	Guadeloupe	1635: The French Company of the American Islands starts the conquest of Guadeloupe, completed in 1641. 1664: The island is administered by the French West India Company. 1674: Guadeloupe becomes a possession of the French Crown with Saint Lucia as dependency. |1713: →Saint Martin is returned to France and becomes a dependency of Guadeloupe.
	Guadeloupe	1759: Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain.
	Guadeloupe	1763: Guadeloupe is returned to France.
	Guadeloupe	1794: Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain.
	Guadeloupe	1794: Guadeloupe is returned to France.
	Guadeloupe	1810: Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain.
	Guadeloupe	1813: Guadeloupe, hold by the United Kingdom, is occupied by Sweden.
	Guadeloupe	1814: Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain. 1816: The northern part of Saint Martin is returned to France and is administered as part of Guadeloupe. 1878: The Swedish Island of ↑Saint Barthélemy becomes part of Guadeloupe. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1943: The administration becomes loyal to the Free French. 1946: Guadeloupe becomes an overseas department, including Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. 1982: Guadeloupe becomes also an overseas region. 2007: →Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy become separate overseas collectivities. ᐃ
	Guam Guam – Guam
	"Guam is a United States unincorporated organized territory.
	Mariana Islands	See also the closely related history of the →Northern Mariana Islands. 1521: Fernão de Magalhães discovers the archipelago, with Guam and the present-day →Northern Mariana Islands for Spain. The islands are inhabited by Chamorro people. 1565: Spain claims the archipel as the Mariana Islands, including Guam, adds the archipelago to the Spanish East Indies.
	Guam	1898: Spain cedes Guam to the United States.
	occupied Guam	1941: Guam is occupied byJapan (named Omiyato).
	Guam	1944: Japan loses Guam, American rule is restored. 1950: Guam becomes an unincorporated organized territory of the United States. ᐃ
	Guantanamo Bay Guantanamo Bay – Guantanamo Bay U.S. Naval Base
	"Guantanamo Bay is a United States overseas naval base.
	Cuba	See for the development before 1903 →Cuba.
	Guantanamo Bay	1903: The United States lease from newly independent Cuba Guantanamo Bay as a naval base. ᐃ
	Guatemala Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
	Guatemala is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Guatemala	1524: Spain starts the conquest of present-day Guatemala, fighting the Maya kingdoms in the region. The conquest lasts until 1667. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day Guatemala, →Costa Rica, →Honduras, →Nicaragua and →El Salvador. 1544: The →Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is placed under the administration of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. 1628: England starts to colonize the →Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1641: Spain conquers the English ↑Providence Colony and adds the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina to Guatemala. 1803: The archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is transfered from Guatemala to the →Viceroyalty of New Granada. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, Guatemala becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. 1824: Guatemala joins Central America 1839: Guatemala becomes fully independent. ᐃ
	Guernsey Guernsey – Bailiwick of Guernsey
	Guernsey is a British British crown dependency.
	Guernsey	1259: When England cedes its claim to Duchy of Normandy, Guernsey becomes an English crown dependency. 1801: Great Britain is continued by the United Kingdom. 1940: Guernsey is occupied by Nazi Germany. 1945: Guernsey is liberated. ᐃ
	Guinea Guinea – Republic of Guinea
	Guinea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Southern Rivers	1849: France establishes a protectorate over the coastal region of present-day Guinea, known as the Southern Rivers settlements.
	Gorée and dependencies	1854: →Gorée is separated from Senegal and a the separate Colony of Gorée and Dependencies is established, including the Southern Rivers Settlements, →French Gabon, and the →French Gold Coast.
	Southern Rivers	1859: The colony of Gorée and dependencies is dissolved. The Southern Rivers are re-established. 1882: The Southern Rivers settlements are re-organized into the Southern Rivers Territory. 1883: French Gabon is separated from Ivory Coast. The privatized area at the ↑Ivory Coast becomes part of the Southern Rivers Territory. 1885: Germany cedes its rights to ↑Kapitaï and Koba to France. 1889: The →Ivory Coast is seceded from the Southern Rivers Territory. 1891: The territory becomes the Southern Rivers Colony.
	French Guinea	1893: The Southern Rivers Colony is renamed into French Guinea. 1898: The French forces defeat emperor Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire. 1904: French Guinea becomes part of French West Africa. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1942: The administration supports the Free French. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part. 1958: In a plebiscite Guinea votes not to join the French Community and becomes independent as Guinea. ᐃ
2/2	Kapitaï and Koba	1884: The German trader Friedrich Colin acquires for Germany Kapitaï and Koba, a.k.a. Dembiah or Colinsland. 1885: Germany cedes its rights to France. →1885
	Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau
	Guinea-Bissau is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Guinea	around 1456: Portugal discovers and claims Guinea of Cape Verde. 1588: Portugal creates the settlement of Cacheu in the area of the Kaabu Kingdom.
	Cacheu	1614: Cacheu becomes a Portuguese colony, subject to Cape Verde.
	Cacheu	1624: Cacheu is occupied by the Netherlands.
	Cacheu	1630: Cacheu is restored to Portugal. 1640: Cacheu becomes the Captaincy of Cacheu. 1696: The Captaincy of →Bissau is separated from Cacheu.
	Portuguese Guinea	1852: Cacheu and ↑Bissau are united. 1867: The Kaabu Kingdom seems to be surpressed by Portugal. 1870: ↑Bolama is annexed to Portugal. 1879: Bissau and Cacheu are separated from Cape Verde as the Colony of Portuguese Guinea. 1951: Portuguese Guinea becomes the Overseas Province of Portuguese Guinea. 1973: Separatist declare the province as part of the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence independent as the Guinea-Bissau. 1974: Portugal recognizes the independence. ᐃ
2/3	Bissau	1696: The Captaincy of Bissau is separated from ↑Cacheu. 1707: Bissau is abandoned.
	Bissau	1753: Bissau becomes a Portuguese colony, subject to Cape Verde. Bissau and →Cacheu are united. →1852
3/3	Sierra Leone	1860: The British declare Bolama annexed to Sierra Leone. 1870: Bolama is annexed to Portugal. →1870
	Guyana Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana
	Guyana is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/4	Pomeroon	1581: Colonists from the Dutch province of Zeeland found a colony at Pomeroon. The region is inhabited by Caribs. 1596: Pomeroon is destroyed by local Indians and Spaniards.
	Pomeroon	1657: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) re-establishes Pomeroon, subordinate to →Essequibo. 1666: The Guiana colonies are known as Dutch Guiana. 1689: Pomeroon is integrated into Essequibo. →1689
2/4	Essequibo	1616: The Zeeland branch of the Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes the Colony of Essequibo. 1666: The Guiana colonies are known as Dutch Guiana. 1689: ↑Pomeroon is integrated into Essequibo.
	Essequibo	1781: Essequibo is occupied by British forces.
	Essequibo	1782: France conquers Essequibo, occupied by Great Britain.
	Essequibo	1784: Essequibo is restored to the Dutch. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
	Essequibo	1796: Essequibo is occupied by British forces.
	Essequibo	1802: Essequibo is restored to the Batavian Republic.
	Essequibo	1803: The British occupy Essequibo. 1814: Essequibo becomes part of Demerara-Essequibo. →1814
3/4	Berbice	1666: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes the Colony of Berbice. The Guiana colonies are known as Dutch Guiana. 1720: Berbice is administered by the Society of Berbice.
	Berbice	1781: Berbice is occupied by British forces.
	Berbice	1782: France conquers Berbice, occupied by Great Britain.
	Berbice	1784: Berbice is restored to the Dutch. 1795: The Netherlands are reorganized into the Batavian Republic, that takes over the administration of Berbice.
	Berbice	1796: Berbice is occupied by British forces.
	Berbice	1802: Berbice is restored to the Batavian Republic.
	Berbice	1803: The British occupy Berbice. 1814: The British colony of Berbice is established. 1815: The Netherlands officially cede Berbice to the United Kingdom. 1831: Demerara-Essequibo and Berbice are united as the colony of British Guiana. →1831
4/4	Demerara	1750: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes as one of the Dutch Guiana colonies Demerara, subordinate to Essequibo.
	Demerara	1782: France conquers Demerara, occupied by Great Britain.
	Demerara	1784: Demerara is restored to the Dutch. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
	Demerara	1781: Demerara is occupied by British forces.
	Demerara	1796: Demerara is occupied by British forces.
	Demerara	1802: Demerara is restored to the Batavian Republic.
	Demerara	1803: The British occupy Demerara.
	Demerara-Essequibo	1814: The British merge Demerara and ↑Essequibo into the colony of Demerara-Essequibo is established. 1815: The Netherlands officially cede Demerara and Essequibo to the United Kingdom.
	British Guiana	1831: Demerara-Essequibo and ↑Berbice are united as the colony of British Guiana. 1961: British Guiana gets self-rule. 1966: Guyana becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1970. ᐃ
	Haiti Haiti – Republic of Haiti
	Haiti is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Hispañola	1492: Cristoforo Colombo reaches for Castile (Spain) the island which gets named Hispañola, a.k.a. La Española. The island is inhabited by Taíno. 1493: Spain starts settling on the island.
	Santo Domingo	1511: Spain establishes on Hispañola the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, including Cuba. 1519: Santo Domingo is incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain. 1638: Spain occupies French ↑Tortuga Island. 1639: Spain loses →Tortuga Island to France. 1640: France starts establishing itself in the western part of the →island.
	Saint-Domingue	1640: France starts establishing itself in the western part of Spanish ↑Santo Domingo. 1664: France unites its part of Saint-Domingue with ↑Tortuga Island, establishing the colony of Tortuga Island and the Coast of Saint-Domingue. 1697: The cession to France of the western part as Saint-Domingue is recognized in the Treaty of Rijswijk. 1791: Self-liberated Slaves start the Haitian Revolution against French colonial rule. 1795: Spanish ↑Santo Domingo is taken over by France and added to Saint-Domingue. 1804: Saint-Domingue becomes independent as Haiti. The eastern part is restored to Spain in 1809. 1822: ↑Spanish Haiti is annexed to Haiti. 1844: The Eastern part of Haiti becomes independent as the →Dominican Republic
	Haiti	1915: The United States intervene in Haïti and occupy the country. The Haitian–American Convention grants the United States the right to provide security in and administer the finances of Haiti, making it an U.S. protecorate. 1934: The United States withdraw from Haïti restoring the independence of Haiti. ᐃ
2/3	Tortuga	1633: France establishes a settlement on Tortuga. 1634: The settlements becomes a possession of the Compagnie des Isles d'Amerique.
	Santo Domingo	1638: Spain occupies French Tortuga Island.
	Tortuga	1639: French rule on Tortuga Island is restored. 1641: France takes control over the English colony at ↑Tortuga.
	Tortuga	1651: 1651: The ownership of Tortuga is transfered by the French Islands of America Company to the Knights Hospitaller. 1664: Tortuga is purchased by the French West India Company. →1664
3/3	Tortuga	1639: The English establish a colony on part of †Tortuga. 1641: The colony falls to France. →1641.
	Honduras Honduras – Republic of Honduras
	Honduras is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/4	Guatemala	1502: Cristoforo Colombo makes landfall and starts the colonization for Castile (Spain). 1524: Spain starts the conquest of Hondura, fighting the Maya kingdoms in the region. The conquest lasts until 1539. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day →Guatemala, →Costa Rica, Honduras, →Nicaragua and →El Salvador. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1787: The ↑Kingdom of Mosquito is annexed by Spain. 1803: The Mosquito Coast is transfered to →New Granada. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, Honduras becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. The ↑Mosquito Coast is integrated into Mexico, but remains disputed with Colombia. 1824: Honduras joins Central America. 1838: Honduras becomes independent. 1859/1860: The ↑Bay Islands are ceded by the United Kingdom to Honduras. 197 972: The United States leave the ↑Swan Islands to Honduras. ᐃ
2/4	Mosquito	1638: Part of ↑Honduras becomes part of the Kingdom of Mosquito, an English protecorate, inhabited by Miskito people. 1787: The Kingdom of Mosquito is annexed by Spain. →1787
	Guatemala	1787: The Kingdom of Mosquito is annexed by Spain.
	New Granada	1803: The Mosquito Coast is transfered to New Granada. 1822: After the independence of Colombia, the Mosquito Coast becomes part of Mexico. This is disputed by Colombia. →1822
3/4	Bay Islands	1638: The English Providence Company establishes a settlement on Roatán Island, populated by Pech people. 1650: The Spanish destroy the settlements.
	Bay Islands	1742: Great-Britain resettles the Bay Islands. 1782: Spain destroys the main settlement, Port Royal, and the islands are abandoned by the British.
	Bay Islands	1839: The United Kingdom re-claims the Bay Islands. 1852: The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of the Bay Islands, subordinated to Jamaica. 1859/1860: The Bay Islands are ceded to Honduras. →1859
4/4	Swan Islands	1863: The United States annexes the Swan Islands, disputed by Honduras. 197 972: The United States drop their claim on the islands and leave them to Honduras. →1971
	Hungary Hungary – Hungary
	Hungary is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Hungary	1529: The Ottoman Empire conquers parts of Hungary and establishes a Kingdom of Hungary under Ottoman suzerainity.
	Ottoman Empire	1541: Part of Hungary is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1699: The Ottomans are defeated and Hungary becomes part of Austria 1867: Austria is reorganized into Austria-Hungary 1918: Hungary becomes independent. ᐃ
	Iceland Iceland – Iceland
	Iceland is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Iceland	1262: With the Old Covenant Iceland is brought under the Norwegian throne. 1516:Norway becomes subordinated to Denmark. 1809: The Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen arrests the governor of Iceland and declares himself protector. He is overthrown by a British intervention.
		Icelandic dependencies: Canada Vinland (around 1000 Greenland Greenland (985-1262
	Iceland	1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires ↑Iceland. 1809: The Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen arrests the governor of Iceland and declares himself protector. He is overthrown by a British intervention. 1814: At the dissolution of the personal union of Denmark and Norway, Denmark acquires Iceland. 1874: Denmark grants Iceland homerule. 1904: Iceland is granted extended home rule with a government responsible to the parliament. 1918: Iceland becomes independent in a personal union with Denmark. 1944: Iceland becomes a republic. ᐃ
	India India – Republic of India
	India is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/12	(Portuguese) India	1505: After having landed in Calicut in 1497, Portugal starts creating Portuguese settlements, starting in the Kingdom of Cochin, creating the colony named State of India, part of the time also known as Vice-royalty of Portuguese India. During the upcoming centuries Portuguese India includes many settlements at the Indian coast, as well as present-day Sri Lanka, the Maldives and the Laccadive Islands. 1510: Portugal conquers Goa in the Bijapur Sultanate.. 1608: The Dutch gradually take over part of the Portuguese possessions at →Coromandel. Around that time Portugal loses its possessions in Bengal, where they are succeeded by the →Dutch. 1946: The Portuguese possessions become an overseas province of Portugal. 1961: India invades and conquers Goa and annexes Portuguese India. →1961
2/12	Coromandel	1608: The Vijayanagara Empire allows the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) to settle at Coromandel. The Dutch gradually take over part of the Portuguese possessions in India, creating Dutch India. 1610: The VOC establishes the governorate of Dutch Coromandel. 1693: The Dutch occupy French →Pondicherry. 1699: Pondicherry is returned to →France.
	British India	1795: The British occupy the Dutch possessions in India.
	Coromandel	1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ↑Coromandel is returned to theNetherlands. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the Dutch possessions in India are ceded to the United Kingdom. →1825
3/12	Suratte	1616: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes a directorate at Suratte in the Mughal Empire.
	British India	1795: The British occupy the Dutch possessions in India.
	Suratte	1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ↑Suratte is returned to the Netherlands. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the Dutch possessions in India are ceded to the United Kingdom. →1825
4/12	East India	1619: With the establishment of a settlement at Suratte the English ] in the Mughal Empire colonization by the English]] East India Company starts. 1639: Madras becomes a settlement of the East India Company. c. 1690: England founds Calcutta. 1757: The British East India Company defeats in the Battle of Plassey the Mughal Empire and conquers Bengal. 1761: The British destroy French Pondicherry. Mahé is occupied by Cannanore. 1765: Pondicherry and Mahe are returned to France. The same year the British grant the administration of Bengal as the Bengal Presidency to the East India Company.
	British India	1773: All East India Company settlements are brought under the rule of the British crown. 1778: ↑French India is occupied by the British. 1781: With the Siege of Negapatam Great Britain conquers part of Dutch Coromandel. 1785: French India is restored to →France. 1793: ↑French India is occupied by the British. 1785: The British occupy Dutch ↑Coromandel, ↑Suratte, ↑Bengal, and ↑Malabar. In the upcoming years the French possessions are occupied by Great Britain. 1808: The British occupy ↑Danish India. 1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 →Coromandel, →Suratte, and →Bengal are returned to the Netherlands. 1815: →Danish India is restored to Denmark. 1816: After the conclusion of the wars between the United Kingdom and France, the French establishments are returned to →France. 1818: The Third Anglo-Maratha War leads to the conquest of the Maratha Empire, being annexed by the East India Company. It also leads to the Mughal Empire becoming a de facto British protectorate. With the First Anglo-Burmese War the United Kingdom starts the colonization of various portions of →Burmese territories. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the Dutch possessions in India (↑Coromandel, ↑Suratte, and Bengal)are ceded to the United Kingdom. 1845: ↑Danish India is sold by Denmark to the United Kingdom. 1858: After having supported the anti-British Indian Rebellion of 1857, emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar of the Mughal Empire is deposed. The Mughal Empire is annexed by the United Kingdom. The same goes for all East India Company areas. All British dependencies and protectorates in India are united into the British Raj, a structure comprising British India (a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown and the Princely states, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown. 1861: The Kingdom of Sikkim becomes a British protectorate, until 1890 also a protectorate of Tibet. 1868: The ↑Frederick's Islands, abandoned by Denmark since 1845, are sold by Denmark to the United Kingdom. 1877: British India is styled Empire of India. 1918: Sikkim gets full internal autonomy. 1919: With the Government of India Act, 1919, British India gets more autonomy. 1936: The Government of India Act, 1935 provides for self-government. Aden is separated from India. 1937: →Burma is separated from India. 1942: Japan conquers the →Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 1943: Japan establish as puppet state →Azad Hind (Free India) at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 1945: Japan and Free India are defeated. 1947: British India is partitioned between the independent states of India and →Pakistan. India becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1950, when it becomes a republic. Most of the princely states become at that moment part of India or Pakistan, except for Junagadh and Hyderabad. Jammu and Kashmir wants to remain independent, but joins the same year after a Pakistani attack India. France cedes part of ↑French India to India. Sikkim becomes independent. 1948: Hyderabad and Junagadh are annexed to India. 1954: The remaining parts of ↑French India are annexed to India. 1961: ↑Portuguese India is annexed to India. 1975: Sikkim is annexed to India. ᐃ
5/12	Danish India	1620: The Danish East Indian Company (ØIK) purchases Tranquebar from the sultan of Thanjavur and establishes Fort Dansborg as first settlement of Danish India. 1650: Danish India is abandoned and left to Thanjavur
	Danish India	1670: Danish East India Company rule in former Danish India is restored. 1729: Danish India is nationalized. 1732: Danish India is ruled by Asiatic Company. 1755: From Fort Dansborg the factory of Frederiknagore is established by Denmark. 1756: Denmark colonizes the →Nicobar Islands as the Frederick's Islands. 1777: Danish India is nationalized. 1778: Austria acquires part of the Nicobar Islands as →Theresia Island. 1783: Austria abandons ↑Theresia Island and leaves it to Denmark.
	British India	1808: The British occupy the Danish possessions in India.
	Danish India	1815: Danish India is restored to Denmark. 1845: Danish India is sold to the United Kingdom, with the execption of the →Frederick's Islands. →1845
6/12	Dutch Bengal	1627: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes trading posts at the Ganges River, both in present-day India and →Bangladesh. The area was earlier settled by ↑Portugal. 1655: The VOC establishes the directorate of Dutch Bengal around the trading posts at the Ganges.
	British India	1795: The British occupy the Dutch possessions in India.
	Dutch Bengal	1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ↑Dutch Bengal is returned to the Netherlands. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the Dutch possessions in India are ceded to the United Kingdom. →1825
7/12	Malabar	1661: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes a commandment at Malabar in another part of India, making the Kingdom of Cochin de facto a Dutch puppet state. 1741: The Dutch lose the Travancore–Dutch War against the Kingdom of Travancore, stopping the Dutch expansion in Malabar. 1795: The British occupy the Dutch possessions in India. 1814: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 Malabar is ceded to the United Kingdom. →1795
8/12	French India	See also the colonization by →Portugal (1505), the →Netherlands (1608), →England (1619), →Denmark (1620), and →Austria (1723). 1668: The French East India Company starts establishing settlements in India, starting in Surat in the Mughal Empire. 1673: France acquires Pondicherry in the Sultanate of Bijapur. 1686: Chandernagore is acquired. 1693: The Dutch occupy Pondicherry. 1699: Pondicherry is restored to France. 1720: The French settlement of Surat is overtaken by the British. 1723: France establishes a colony at Yanaon. 1724: The French conquer Mahé. 1727: Yanaon is abandoned. 1731: France re-establishes a colony at Yanaon. 1739: France acquieres Karaikal. 1761: The British destroy Pondicherry. Mahé is occupied by Cannanore. 1765: Pondicherry and Mahé are returned to France. 1769: The possessions of the French East India Company become direct French possessions.
	British India	1778: The British occupy French India.
	French India	1785: French India is restored to France. 1793: French India is occupied by the British. →1793
	British India	1793: The British occupy French India.
	French India	1816: After the conclusion of the wars between the United Kingdom and France, the French establishments are returned to France as the French establishments in India, a.k.a. French India. 1871: French India gets a form of self government. 1940: The administration of French India is loyal to Vichy France. The same year it shifts to the Free French. 1947: France cedes part of French India to newly independent →India. 1950: Another part of French India is ceded to India. 1954: The transfer to India is completed. →1954
9/12	Austrian India	1723: The Austrian Ostend Company establishes settlements in the Mughal Empire. 1744: Austria abandons its Indian settlements and leaves them to the Mughal Empire. →1744
10/12	Frederick's Islands	1756: Denmark colonizes the Nicobar Islands as the Frederick's Islands, subordinated to →Danish India. 1777: Danish India is nationalized. 1778: Austria acquires part of the Nicobar Islands as →Theresia Island. 1783: Austria abandons ↑Theresia Island and leaves it to Denmark.
	British India	1808: The British occupy the Frederick's Islands.
	Frederick's Islands	1815: The Frederick's Islands are restored to Denmark. 1845: When ↑Danish India is sold to the United Kingdom, the Frederick's Islands are abandoned, but the Danes claim the islands. 1868: The claim is sold to Great Britain. →1868
11/12	Theresia Island	1778: Austria acquires part of the ↑Frederick's Islands as Theresia Island. 1783: Austria abandons Theresia Island and leaves it to Denmark. →1783
12/12	occupied India	1942: Japan conquers the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
	Azad Hind	1943: Japan establish as puppet state Free India at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 1945: Japan and Free India are defeated and British rule is restored. →1945
	Indonesia Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia
	Indonesia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/7	Spicy Islands	1512: Portugal begins to colonize the independent Banda Islands. 1520: Portugal establishes a colony at the island of Solor. 1576/1578: Portugal establishes settlements at Ambon, and Tidore in the Maluku Islands. 1605: The VOC defeats the Portuguese in the Maluku Islands. 1655: With the conquest of Makassar the Portuguese are defeated in Celebes. →1655
2/7	Dutch East Indies	1596: The first Dutch colonists arrive at Sumatra in present-day Indonesia. 1602: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) starts to establish setttlements. 1603: Both the VOC and the English East India Company establish settlements in Banten. 1605: The VOC defeats the Portuguese in the Maluku Islands. The same year the Dutch start the colonization of Celebes. 1610: The Netherlands establish the Dutch East Indies, also rendered as Netherlands East Indies, under VOC rule. 1611: The VOC establishes several trading posts in Java and Sumatra. 1619: The VOC conquer Jakarta and establish Batavia. 1621: The Banda Islands are conquered by the Dutch. 1623: The English withdraw from the archipelago. 1655: With the conquest of Makassar the ↑Portuguese are defeated in Celebes. 1663: Spain withdraws from the area and leaves their ↑possessions to the Netherlands. 1665: The Dutch bring the Sultanate of Bone on Celebes under their control. 1680: The Sultanate of Mataram becomes a VOC vassal state. 1682: ↑Bantam is conquered by the VOC. 1704: After the First Javanese War of Succession sultan Pakubuwono of the Sultanate of Mataram grants parts of its territory on Java and Madura to the VOC. 1755: Mataram is partitioned into the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate. 1796: The VOC is nationalized. 1796: Great Britain occupies part of the archipelago. 1800: The bankrupt VOC is formally dissolved. 1801: The colony comes under direct rule as Dutch East Indies. 1808: Bantam is included in the colony.
	French East Indies	1810: When the Netherlands are annexed by France, the Dutch authorities in the East Indies adhere to France. Most of the Dutch East Indies remain occupied by the United Kingdom
	Dutch East Indies	1814/1817: After France is defeated, the Dutch East Indies are restored to the Netherlands. Dutch East Indies is ruled as a conglomerate of direct Dutch possessions and protectorates. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 ↑Bencoolen is ceded to the Netherlands. Dutch rule over Sumatra is recognized by the United Kingdom. 1828: After earlier European attempts to settle, Western New Guinea is claimed as part of Dutch India. 1849: With the Treaty of Kuta Bali gets under Dutch rule. 1873: The Dutch start the Aceh War to conquer Aceh. 1891: The Dutch extend their rule in their part of Borneo. 1903: Aceh is declared conquered. 1906: The Dutch destroy the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan. 1913: The Riau-Lingga Sultanate is fully extinguished by the Netherlands colonial government. 1918: A advisory people's council is established. 1925: The people's coouncil gets semi-legislative tasks. 1941: The Netherlands declare war on Japan. 1942: Japan defeats the Dutch and allies at the Battle of the Java Sea, leading to the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. 1945: Japan is defeated and the area is occupied by the allied British and Australian forces. In part of the area, independence proclaimed as Indonesia, later the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian War of Independence starts. 1946: The allied forces turn over the archipelago to the Netherlands. 1947: In the Linggadjati Agreement the Netherlands recognize the Republic of Indonesia as the de facto authority in Java, Madura and Sumatra.
	Indonesia	1948: The Dutch East Indies are renamed into Indonesia. 1949: Indonesia with the exception of →Netherlands New Guinea becomes independent. 1963: ↑West Papua is annexed to Indonesia. 1975: ↑East Timor is annexed to Indonesia. 1999: Indonesia rescinds the annexation of →East Timor. ᐃ
3/7	East India	1603: The English East India Company establishes a station, later a factory on Bantam. 1616: After an earlier attempt, England settles on the Banda island of Run. 1621: The English are expelled from Bantam and Run.. 1628: The factory at Bantam is restored. 1667: England formally cedes its claim to the Dutch. 1682: The English are definitely expelled from Bantam by the Dutch. →1682
4/7	Spanish East Indies	1606: Spain conquers some settlements (e.g. Ternate and Tidore) from the →Portugese and adds them to the Spanish East Indies. 1663: Spain withdraws from the area and leaves them to the Netherlands. →1663
5/7	Fort York	1685: England establishes Fort York under its East India Company, subordinate to Madras.
	Bencoolen	1760: Fort Marlborourgh, successor of Fort York, becomes the British Presidency of Bencoolen. 1785: Bencoolen gets subordinated to Bengal. 1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 Bencoolen is ceded to the Netherlands. →1825
6/7	Dutch East Indies	1796: Great Britain occupies part of the ↑Dutch East Indies. 1810: The Dutch East Indies are formally annexed by France as result of the annexation of the Netherlands by France, most of the Dutch East Indies are occupied by the United Kingdom. 1814/1817: After France is defeated, the Dutch East Indies are restored to the Netherlands. →1814
7/7	Netherlands New Guinea	1949: Netherlands New Guinea is separated from →Indonesia and becomes a separate colony.
	West Papua	1961: Netherlands New Guinea is renamed into West Papua.
	West New Guinea	1962: West Papua is as West New Guinea brought under the administration of the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA). 1963: West Papua becomes part of Indonesia. →1963
	Iran Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran
	Iran is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Gombroon	1514: The port of Gombroon in Safavid Persia is conquered by Portugal, that establishes a colony. 1614: Combroon is conquered by an alliance of Persian and English forces. Persia annexes the city as Bandar Abbas. 1622: Persia re-conquers →Hormuz. →1907
2/3	Hormuz	1515: Portugal occupies the territory of the Kingdom of Hormuz, making it a Portuguese protectorate. 1622: The Portuguese are defeated by an alliance of Persian and English forces, leading to the abandonment by the Portuguese. Hormuz becomes part of Persia. →1622
3/3	Persia	1907: With the Anglo-Russian Convention Russia and the United Kingdom create spheres of influence in ↑Persia, regardless of her national sovereignty. 1918: The new rulers in Russia renounce the convention, ending the spheres of influence in Persia. Persia restores it full independence as Persia.br>1935: Persia names itself in English Iran. ᐃ
	Iraq Iraq – Republic of Iraq
	Iraq is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Ottoman Empire	1534: Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, is after a long war with Persia annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1623: Mesopotamia is occupied by Persia.
	Ottoman Empire	1747: Mesopotamia is ruled by an autonomous Mamelike dynasty inside the Ottoman Empire. 1831: Direct Ottoman rule is restored.
	Ottoman Empire	1917/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, French and British forces conquer Mesopotamia. The area is placed under British occupation. 1920: The League of Nations intends to award the area under mandate to the United Kingdom in the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. A revolt breaks out against the British occupation. The revolt is surpressed.
	Iraq	1921: The British create in their part of the occupied ↑Ottoman Empire the Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration and appoint Faisal bin Hussein as king of Iraq. 1932: Iraq becomes independent.
	Iraq	2003: After an invasion ↑Iraq is occupied by an international coalition, that establishes a Coalition Provisional Authority. 2004: The independence of Iraq is restored, supported by the forces of the international coalition. ᐃ
	Ireland Ireland – Ireland
	Ireland is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Ireland	See also the closely related history of →Northern Ireland. 1171: King Henry II of England lands in Ireland and begins the English claim to and occupation of Ireland. Ireland is populated by Gaelic trinbes. 1201: Ulaid is defeated and has to accept the lord of Ireland as overlord. 1542: Ireland becomes a the Kingdom of Ireland with king Henry VIII of England as king of Ireland. 1632: Ireland annexes the last parts of Leinster, completing the full conquest of Ireland.
	England	1649: With the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Ireland] is integrated into the Commonwealth of England.
	Ireland	1660: The Commonwealth is defeated and the kingdom of Ireland is restored with king Charles II in a personal union with England and Scotland.
	United Kingdom	1801: Ireland merges into the United Kingdom under king George III. 1918: The separatist Irish Republic controls part of Ireland. 1919: After the declaration of independence of the Irish Republic, the Irish War of Independence start. 1922: Ireland becomes a self-governing dominion of the United Kingdom. →Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. 1937: Ireland becomes a independent dominion. ᐃ
	Israel Israel – State of Israel
	Israel is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of 31 countries.
	Jerusalem	1099: crusaders conquer from the Fatimid Caliphate Palestine and establishes after the conquest of Jerusalem the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187: Jerusalem is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
	Jerusalem	1191: The crusaders restore the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291: The Kingdom is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
	Ottoman Empire	1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate, including Palestine.
	Ottoman Empire	1916/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, and British forces conquer ↑Palestine. The area is placed under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
	Palestine	1920: The League of Nations awards Palestine in the occupied ↑Ottoman Empire under mandate to the United Kingdom in the British Mandate of Palestine. 1947: A civil war starts in the mandate between Arab and Jewish inhabitants. 1948: The Jewish community declares the independence of Israel. This leads to the Arab-Israeli War and the occupation of parts of Palestine by Transjordan and Egypt. 1967: Israel occupies the →Westbank and Gaza. 1988: Palestine declares its independence, not recognized by Israel. 1994: The administration over Gaza and parts of the Westbank are handed over to the →Palestinian National Autority. ᐃ
		Israeli occupations Lebanon occupied South Lebanon 1982-2000 Egypt occupied Sinai Peninsula 1967-1982 Syria occupied Golan Heights 1967-1981 Golan Heights incorporated into Israel 1981- Palestine occupied Gaza Strip 1967-1994 occupied West Bank 1967-
	Italy Italy – Italian Republic
	Italy is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
0/11	Italy	The feudal belongings of Italian states and the territorial expansion of Italian states, including Savoy and Sardinia, are not listed. Italian statehood could be said to start in 1713 with the unification of Savoy with Sardinia. 1720: The duke of Savoy exchanges Sicily with Austria for Sardinia and annexes Sardinia, names the whole of his state Kingdom of Sardinia, existing out of Sardinia and Piedmont, the former Savoy with Turin, predecessor of Italy. 1859: Lombardy becomes part of Sardinia. 1860: ↑Central Italy with ↑Tuscany. ↑Modena and Reggio and ↑Parma and Piacenza are annexed to Sardinia. 1861: Sardinia merges with ↑Two Sicilies into the Kingdom of Italy. 1866: ↑Venetia is annexed to Italy. ᐃ
		Pisan dependencies: Corsica Corsica 1052-1325 Sardinia Sardinia 1258-1323
		Genoese dependencies: Algeria Bone 1641-1710 France Corsica 1123-1736, 1736-1755 Greece Corfu 1197-1207 Rhodes 1248-1250 Chios 1304-1329, 1348-1566 Lesbos 1354-1462 Italy Sardinia 1259-1274 Tunisia Tabarca 1540-1741 Ukraine Gazaria 1266-1475
		Venetian dependencies: Albania Venetian Albania 1392-1501 Croatia Venetian Dalmatia 1409-1797 Cyprus Cyprus 1489-1571 Greece Candia 1205-1669 Corfu 1207-1214 Ionian Islands 1363-1797 Archipelago 1207-1537 Negroponte 1390-1470 Athens 1395-1402 Morea 1688-1718 Montenegro Venetian Albania 1420-1797
		Italian dependencies: Albania Albania 1939-1944 China Tianjin 1902-1943/1944 Greece Italian Aegean Islands 1912-1945 Eritrea Assab 1869-1890 Eritrea 1890-1936 Italian East Africa 1936-1941 Ethiopia Italian East Africa 1936-1941 Libya Italian North Africa 1911-1927 Tripolitania 1927-1934 Italian Libya 1934-1943 Cyrenaica 1927-1934, to Italian Libya Italy Sicily 1713-1720 Somalia 1876 Italian Somalia 1876-1936 Italian East Africa 1936-1941 Somalia 1950-1960 Hobyo 1888-1909, to Italian Somalia Majerteen 1889-1909, to Italian Somalia Trans-Juba 1924-1925 Turkey occupied Ottoman Empire 1918-1922 Constantinople 1918-1923, with France and the United Kingdom
1/1	Sardinia	1258: Pisa annexes part of the Giudicato of Cagliari on Sardinia. 1288: Pisa annexes the Giudicato of Gallura.
	Sardinia	1323: Aragon conquers the Pisan part of ↑Sardinia. 1365: Most of the Aragonese part of Sardinia is conquered by the Giudicato of Arborea. 1410: Aragonese Sardinia defeats judge Guillem II de Narbona of ↑Arborea and conquers the entire island. 1516: Aragon merges into Spain, making ↑Sardinia a Spanish possession.
	Sardinia	1713: With the Treaty of Utrecht Spain loses Sardinia to the Habsburg Monarchy. 1720: The duke of Savoy exchanges Sicily with Austria for Sardinia and annexes Sardinia. →1720
2/11	Sardinia	1259: Genoa annexes the Giudicato of Logudoro on Sardinia. 1274: Genoese Sardinia is conquered by Arborea. 1365: Most of the ↑Aragonese part of Sardinia is conquered by Arborea. 1410: Arborea is defeated by Aragon. →1410
3/11	Sicily	1282: After an unprising, the Sicilian Vespers, king Pere III of Aragon conquers Sicily, ruled by the House of Anjou, and becomes king of Sicily. 1285: Sicily is ruled in a dynastic union with Aragon. 1409: Sicily is ruled in personal union with Aragon by king Martí of Aragon. 1516: Aragon merges into Spain, making Sicily a Spanish dependency.
	Sicily	1713: As a result of Treaty of Utrecht Spain loses ↑Sicily to the duke of Savoye.
	Sicily	1720: The duke of Savoy exchanges Sicily for Sardinia and emperor Karl VI, ruler of Austria, becomes king of Sicily. 1735: Spain conquers Naples and Sicily and the Spanish prince Carlos becomes king of Kingdom of Sicily in a personal union with Naples. 1816: Naples and Sicily are united into the Two Sicilies. →1816
4/11	Naples	1442: King Alfonso V of Aragon and Sicily conquers Naples, ruled by the House of Anjou, and becomes also king in Naples. 1458: The personal union of Naples with Aragon and Sicily ends and the independence of Kingdom of Naples is restored in a dynastic union with Aragon (until 1501). 1504: Naples is ceded to king Ferran II of Aragon and Sicily. 1516: Aragon merges into Spain, making Naples a Spanish dependency.
	Naples	1713: With the Treaty of Utrecht emperor Karl VI, ruler of Austria, becomes king of Naples. 1735: Spain conquers Naples and Sicily and the Spanish prince Carlos becomes king of the Kingdom of Naples in a personal union with Sicily. 1816: Naples and Sicily are united into the →Two Sicilies 1861: The Two Sicilies are merged with Sardinia into the Kingdom of Italy. →1861
5/11	Milan	1540: After the death of duke Francesco II Sforza of Milan and the following war, the Duchy of Milan is conquered by the Habsburgs, that make prince Felipe II of Spain duke of Milan. 1556: Felipe II becomes king of Spain, bringing Milan in a personal union with Spain.
	Milan	1707: Archduke Karl VI of Austria becomes duke of ↑Milan, confirmed in 1713. 1745: ↑Mantua is annexed to Milan. 1796: Milan becomes as the Transpadane Republic a French client state. 1797: Transpadania is merged with ↑Cispadania in to the Cisalpine Republic. 1802: The Cisalpine Republic is renamed into (Napoleonic Italy) Italy.
	Lombardy-Venetia	1814: Austrian rule is restored. Former ↑Venice is united with Lombardy into Lombardy-Venetia. 1859: Lombardy becomes part of Sardinia. →1859
6/11	Mantua	1708: Archduke Karl VI of Austria becomes duke of Mantua, confirmed in 1713, ending the rule of the House of Gonzaga-Nevers. 1745: Mantua is annexed to Milan. →1745
7/11	Parma and Piacenza	1731: The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, ruled by the House of Farnese, is brought in a dynastic union with Spain when prince Carlos becomes duke.
	Parma and Piacenza	1735: Archduke Karl VI of Austria becomes duke of ↑Parma and Piacenza.
	Parma and Piacenza	1748: ↑Parma and Piacenza is restored to the Spanish house of Bourbon-Parma. 1802: Parma and Piacenza are annexed to France. 1815: Parma and Piacenza is restored as a separate duchy. 1859: Parma and Piacenza become part of →Central Italy. 1860: Central Italy is annexed to Sardinia. →1860
8/11	Tuscany	1737: When François Étienne of Lorraine, husband of archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, becomes grand duke of Tuscany, Tuscany becomes an Austrian puppet state. 1802: Tuscany is contuinued by Etruria as a French client state. 1807: Etruria is annexed to France.
	Tuscany	1814: Tuscany is restored as an Austrian puppet state. 1859: Tuscany becomes part of Central Italy. 1860: Central Italy is annexed to Sardinia. →1860
9/11	Modena and Reggio	1740: During the rule of duke Francesco III d'Este Modena and Reggio are as part of the War of the Austrian Succession occupied by Austria. 1748: The independence of Modena and Reggio is restored. 1796: Modena and Reggio become part of the Cispadane Republic. 1797: Cispadania is merged in to the →Cisalpine Republic. 1802: The Cisalpine Republic is renamed into (Napoleonic) →Italy.
	Modena and Reggio	1815: Modena and Reggio are restored as a puppet state of Austria. 1859: Modena and Reggio become part of →Central Italy. 1860: Central Italy is annexed to Sardinia. →1860
10/11	Veneto	1797: Venice is annexed by Austria. 1805: Venice is annexed to Napoleonic →Italy.
	Lombardy-Venetia	1814: Austrian rule is restored. ↑Venice is united with Lombardy into Lombardy-Venetia. 1859: Lombardy becomes part of →Sardinia. 1866: Venetia is annexed to Italy] →1866
11/11	Trieste	1947: After the defeat of Italy in World War II, Trieste and surroundings are separated from Italy. The Free Territory of Trieste under international occupation is established, partially occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States partially by Yugoslavia. 1954: The territory is divided between 'Italy and →Yugoslavia. →1946
	Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Ivory Coast – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
	Ivory Coast is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Grand Bassam	1842: The king of Grand Bassam agrees to a French protectorate.
	French Gold Coast	1843: The king of Grand Bassam is followed by the kings of Assinie and Sanwi. France establishes the French Settlements of the Gold Coast.
	Gorée and dependencies	1854: The Gold Coast joins →Gorée, separated from Senegal, in the separate Colony of Gorée and Dependencies, including settlements in →French Gabon and the →Southern Rivers Settlements.
	Ivory Coast-Gabon	1859: The colony of Gorée and dependencies is dissolved. 1860: The French Gold Coast is integrated with →Gabon into the Ivory Coast-Gabon colony.
	Southern Rivers	1883: →French Gabon is separated from Ivory Coast. The privatized area at the Ivory Coast becomes part of the Southern Rivers Territory.
	Ivory Coast	1889: The Ivory Coast is seceded from the Southern Rivers Territory and re-organized into the Protectorate of Ivory Coast. 1893: Ivory Coast becomes the Colony of Ivory Coast. 1904: Ivory Coast is enlarged with parts of the ↑Mossi Protectorates and becomes part of French West Africa. 1919: A part of the colony is ceded to the new →Upper Volta Colony. 1932: After a re-division part of ↑Upper Volta falls to Ivory Coast. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part with Ivory Coast as an overseas territory. 1947: After a re-division part of Ivory Coast falls to →Upper Volta. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Ivory Coast inside the French Community. 1960: Ivory Coast becomes independent. ᐃ
	Jamaica Jamaica – Jamaica
	Jamaica is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
	Santiago	1492: Cristoforo Colombo reaches for Castile (Spain) the island of Jamaica. 1509: Castile starts settling on the island, establishing the Colony of Santiago. The island is inhabited by Taíno. 1519: Santiago is incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
	Jamaica	1655: England conquers Spanish Santiago and establishes the Colony of Jamaica. 1661: English settlers from Jamaica arrive in the originally uninhabited →1Cayman Islands. 1670: England takes formal control over the →Cayman Islands as dependencies of Jamaica. 1873: The ↑Turks and Caicos Islands become part of the colony of Jamaica.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Jamaica is united with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago form the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. 1959: The →Turks and Caicos Islands and the →Cayman Islands are separated from Jamaica inside the federation. 1962: The federation is dissolved. Jamaica becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Japan Japan – Japan
	Japan is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
1/4	Yamato	ca. 453: The Japanese tribes and entities are said to have developed into Yamato. With the Taika Reform Japan becomes a unitary state.
	Japan	ca 700: The state is said to be named Nippon, usually now translated with Japan. 1609: Japan allows the Dutch to establish a falility on →Hirado, to be continued in →Dejima after 1634. 1860: When Japan opens its harbours for foreign trade, the ↑Dejima factory is closed and returned to Japan. 1875: The ↑Osegawara Islands are annexed to Japan. 1879: The ↑Ryukyu Islands are annexed to Japan. →1945.
		Japanese dependencies: China Tianjin 1895-1945 Amoy 1895-1045 Hankou 1898-1937 Kwantung 1905-1945 South Manchurian Railway Zone 1905-1937, to Manchukuo Jiaozhou 1914-1922 Manchukuo 1931-1945 Japan (Bonin Islands) Ogasawara Islands 1862-1945 Ogasewara Islands incorporated into Japan 1968- Japan (Ryukyu) Ryukyu Islands 1609-1879 Ryukya Islands incorporated into Japan 1879-1945, 1972- Marshall Islands occupied Marshall Islands 1914-1922 South Pacific Mandate 1922-1944 mandate} Micronesia occupied Caroline Islands 1914-1922 South Pacific Mandate 1922-1944 mandate Northern Mariana Islands occupied Mariana Islands 1914-1922 South Pacific Mandate 1922-1944 mandate North Korea Korea 1905-1910 Korea incorporated into Japan 1910-1945 Palau occupied Caroline Islands 1914-1922 South Pacific Mandate 1922-1944 mandate incorporated into Russia - Sakhalin Karafuto 1905-1945 South Korea Korea 1905-1910 Korea incorporated into Japan 1910-1945 Taiwan Taiwan 1895-1945
	occupied Japan	1945: After the capitulation of Japan in World War II, the United States, supported by forces of the British Commonwealth, occupy Japan. The →Ryukyu Islands and the →Osegawara Islands are under separate American occupation.
	Japan	1952: The occupation ends and the sovereignty of Japan is restored. 1967: Part of the ↑Ryukyu Islands are restored to Japan. 1968: The ↑Bonin Islands are returned to Japan. 1972: ↑Okinawa is reverted to Japan. ᐃ
2/4	Hirado	1609: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) gets permission to establish a permanent facility on the island of Hirado inside Japan.. 1634: The right to make use of Hirado is revoked and the VOC moves its facility to Dejima.
	Dejima	1634: The VOC is forced to abandon Hirado and allowed to establish a factory on Deshima near the Japanese city of Nagasaki. 1860: When Japan opens its harbours for foreign trade, the Dejima factory is closed and returned to Japan. →1860
3/4	Bonin Islands	1827: The United Kingdom claims the uninhabited Bonin Islands. 1830: The islands are settled by the United Kingdom. 1862: Japan claims the islands.
	Ogasawara Islands	1862: Japan Japan claims the Bonin Islands also claimed by the United Kingdom.
	→Japan	1875: The U.K. annexation is invalidated and the islands are left and annexed to Japan as the Ogasawara Islands.
	occupied Bonin Islands	1945: The Ogasawara Islands are occupied by the United States as the Bonin Islands. 1968: The Bonin Islands are reverted to the sovereignity of Japan. →1968
4/4	Ryukyu Islands	1609: The Ryukyu Kingdom, a tributary state of China, is invaded by Japan and its king Shō Nei has to accept that the islands become a vassal state of the Japanese Satsuma Domain, being at the same time a Chinese tributary state. 1872: The Ryukyu Islands become an autonomous polity associated with Japan.
	→Japan	1879: The Ryukyu Islands are incorporated into Japan.
	Ryukyu Islands	1945: The Ryukyu Islands are occupied by the United States. 1946: The islands are under United States administration. 1967: The islands are restored to Japan, Okinawa remains under U.S. administration. 1972: Okinawa is reverted to the sovereignity of Japan. →1972
	Jersey Jersey – Bailiwick of Jersey
	Jersey is a British British crown dependency.
	Jersey	1259: When Englands cedes its claim to Duchy of Normandy, Jersey becomes an English crown dependency. 1801: Great Britain is continued by the United Kingdom. 1940: Jersey is occupied by Nazi Germany. 1945: Jersey is liberated. ᐃ
	Jordan Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
	Jordan is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Ottoman Empire	1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate, including present-day Jordan.
	Ottoman Empire	1916/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab and British forces conquer parts of the ↑Ottoman Empire. The area is placed under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
	Transjordan	1921: The area is seceded from the ↑Ottoman Empire and the Emirate of Transjordan with emir Abdullah bin al-Hussein is established under British protectorate. 1946: Transjordan becomes independent as Jordan. ᐃ
	Kazakhstan Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan
	Kazakhstan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Russia	1730: Russia gains control over the Lesser Horde. 1798: Russia conquers the Middle Horde. 1824/1864: With the acceptance of Russian protection by the Great Horde in the 1820s, the further conquerst present-day Kazakhstan starts.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1936: Inside the Soviet Union the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic is established. 1991: Kazakhstan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
	Kenya Kenya – Republic of Kenya
	Kenya is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Mombassa	1528: Portugal conquers Mombassa, until then the capital of the Mombassa Sultanate. 1585: Portugal abandons Mombassa.
	Mombassa	1589: Portugal re-conquers Mombassa and colonizes it. 1632: Portugal establishes direct control over Mombassa and adds it to its colony of India.
	Zanzibar	1698: In and around Mombassa Portugal is defeated by the sultan of Muscat. The region becomes part of Muscati Zanzibar.
	Mombassa	1728: Portugal conquers Mombassa.
	Zanzibar	1729: Mombassa is returned to Muscat.
	Mombassa	1824: Mombassa becomes a British protectorate.
	Zanzibar	1826: Muscati rule in Mombassa is restored. 1861: When Muscat and Oman is partitioned, the region becomes part of Sultanate of Zanzibar'.
	British East Africa	1887: The sultan of Zanzibar leases coastal areas of present-day Kenya to the United Kingdoms British East Africa Company, later the Imperial British East Africa Company, including Mombassa. 1888 and further: The areas of Maasai, Nandi and Wanga are incorporated into the British areas. 1890: Germany hands over ↑Wituland to the United Kingdom. 1895: The British government established direct rule through the East Africa Protectorate. The coastal areas are under the sovereignity of the sultan of Zanzibar and include →Jubaland. 1902: The border is extended to Uganda. →1920
	Kenya	1920: British East Africa is continued as the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya. 1924: →Jubaland is ceded to Italy 1940: A small part of Kenya is occupied by Italy as part of World War II. 1941: Italy is defeated. 1963: Kenya becomes independent as the Commonwealth realm of Kenya, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1964. ᐃ
2/2	Witu	1885: Germany establishes a protectorate over part of Zanzibar's coastal possessions as Witu. 1890: Witu is ceded to Great Britain. →1890
	Kiribati Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati
	Kiribati is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/6	Christmas Islands	1882: The United Kingdom annexes the uninhabited Christmas Islands. 1919: The Christmas Islands are annexed to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. →1919
2/6	Enderbury Island	1899: The United Kingdom claims the ininhabited Enderbury Island. 1938: Enderbury Island is also claimed by the →United States. 1939: Enderbury Island becomes part of the British-American condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands.
	Canton and Enderbury Islands	1939: The United Kingdom joins its claims on Enderbury Island and ↑Canton Island with the United States's claim on →Canton and Enderbury in creating the British-American condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands. 1979: The islands become part of independent Kiribati. →1979
3/6	Gilbert and Ellice Islands	1892: The United Kingdom declares the Gilbert Islands together with the →Ellice Islands a British protectorate with the name Gilbert and Ellice Islands, administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories. The Gilbert Islands are mainly inhabited by Micronesians.(BWTP). 1901: ↑Ocean Island is included in the protectorate. 1916: The administration of the BWTP ends and the islands become a Crown Colony. The ↑Union Islands are included in the colony. 1919: The ↑Christmas Islands are annexed to the colony. 1926: The →Union Islands are separated from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and placed under the jurisdiction of New Zealand.
	occupied Gilbert Islands	1942: After the British evacuate from the ↑Gilbert Islands, the Gilbert Islands are conquered by Japan .
	Gilbert and Ellice Islands	1943: The Gilbert Islands are conquered by the allied forces. 1971: The BWPT are dissolved. 1975: The colony is split into the Gilbert Islands and →Tuvalu.
	Gilbert Islands	1975: The Gilbert Islands become a separate colony. 1977: The Gilbert Islands obtain internal self-government. 1979: The islands become independent as Kiribati, including the ↑Canton and Enderbury Islands. ᐃ
4/6	Ocean Island	1900: The British Pacific Phosphate Company is granted right for the exclusive right to mine at Ocean Island. Ocean Island is inhabited by Micronesians. 1901: Ocean Island is annexed to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. →1901
5/6	Canton Island	1936: The United Kingdom claims Canton Island 1938: Canton Island is also claimed by the →United States. 1939: Canton Island becomes part of the British-American condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands.
6/6	Canton and Enderbury Islands	1938: The ↑Canton and ↑Enderbury Islands, claimed by the United Kingdom, are also claimed by the United States. 1939: The Canton and enderbury Islands become a joint British-American condominium. →1939
	Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) Korea, North – Democratic People's Republic of Korea
	North Korea is a sovereign republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of France, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
	Korea	The colonial history of North Korea is closely related to the colonial history of →South Korea. 1905: With the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire has to accept that Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate.
	Japan	1910: Korea is with the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 annexed to Japan.
	Korea	1945: Japan surrenders in World War II and the Korean peninsula is divided between Soviet and American occupation forces. 1948: The Soviet occupied North of Korea becomes independent as North Korea. ᐃ
	Republic of Korea Korea, South – Republic of Korea
	South Korea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic, recognized by most countries with the exception of North Korea.
	Korea	'1905:With the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire has to accept that Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate.
	Japan	1910: Korea is with the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 annexed to Japan.
	Korea	1945: Japan surrenders in World War II and the Korean peninsula is divided between and American and Soviet occupation forces. 1948: The American occupied South of Korea becomes independent as South Korea. ᐃ
	Kosovo (disputed) Kosovo – Republic of Kosovo
	Kosovo is a republic, not recognized by Serbia, but recognized by 111 UN member states and Taiwan.
	Ottoman Empire	1459: Present-day Kosovo is conquered from the Serbian Despotate and is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1912: Kosovo is conquered by and annexed to Serbia 1918: Serbia becomes part of Yugoslavia. 1998-1999: The Kosovo War takes place, leading to the international supervision of Kosovo. →1999
	Kosovo	1999: The United Nations establishes the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo to administer the Serbian region of ↑Kosovo. 2008: Kosovo declares its independence and becomes a partially recognized state, disputed by Serbia. ᐃ
	Kuwait Kuwait – State of Kuwait
	Kuwait is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Ottoman Empire	1534: Mesopotamia, including present-Kuwait, is after a long war with Persia annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1623: Mesopotamia is occupied by Persia. 1638: The area is restored to the Ottoman Empire. 1752: Kuwait is founded by local rulers subordinated to the Ottoman Empire.
	Kuwait	1899: Despite being subordinate to the Ottoman Empire Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait and the United Kingdom agree in the Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement that the Sheikhdom of Kuwait becomes a British protectorate. 1913: In the Anglo-Ottoman Convention it is agreed that Kuwait is both a British protectorate and a autonomous region of the Ottoman Empire.
	Kuwait	1914: Kuwait is occupied by the United Kingdom. 1919: After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa begins the Kuwait-Najd War to conquer Kuwait. 1920: Kuwait wins the war against Nejd. 1961: The British protecorate ends and Kuwait becomes independent. ᐃ
	Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Republic
	Kyrgyzstan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Russia	1864/1876: Most of present-day Kyrgyzstan, part of the Khanate of Kokand, is conquered by and annexed to Russia.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1946: Inside the Soviet Union Kirghizstan is established. 1991: Kyrgyzstan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
	Laos Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic
	Laos is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Luang Phrabang	1889: King Oun Kham of Luang Phrabang requests for French protection against Siam.
	Laos	1893: After the Franco-Siamese War, Siam is forced to recognise French control over Luang Phrabang east of the Mekong River. France establishes the French Protectorate of Laos. Oun Kham remains in office during the protectorate. The protectorate includes the kingdom of Champasak and the principality of Phuan. The protectorate becomes part of Indochina, officially know as the Indochinese Union.
	Laos	1940: Laos comes under the administration of Vichy France government along with the rest of French Indochina and the government is under Japanese supervision. Part of Laos is ceded to Thailand.
	occupied	1945: Laos is occupied by Japan.
	Laos	1945: The same year it withdraws from the country. A war breaks out between the French and Lao Issara movement of Phetsarath Ratanavongsa. 1946: The Lao Issara movement and the French resume control. 1947: The Kingdom of Laos is established as part of a federation with the rest of French Indochina, then known as the Indochinese Federation. 1953: Laos becomes independent. ᐃ
2/2	Thailand	1940: Part of Laos is ceded to Thailand. 1945: The annexation is withdrawn and the area is restored to Laos. →1945
	Latvia Latvia – Republic of Latvia
	Latvia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Livonian Order	1237: The Livonian Order, affiliated to the Teutonic Order, conquers part of present-day Latvia and →Estonia, inhabited by Baltic tribes, like the Curonians, Semigallians, Selonians and Latgalians as well as Finnic Livonian tribes.<. King Valdemar IV of Denmark sells ↑Estonia to the Livonian Order. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1561: The Order is continued by Courland and Semigallia 1726: Courland and Semigallia are annexed to Poland-Lithuania. →1792
2/2	Sweden	1621: Riga and part of Livonia are conquered by Sweden.
	Russia	1710: The Swedes in Livonia surrender in the Swedish-Russian Great Northern War and Livonia is conquered by Russia. 1772/1792: As a result of the partitions of Poland-Lithuania more parts of present-day Latvia, including ↑Courland and Semigallia become part of Russia. 1918: Latvia secedes from Russia.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1940: Latvia joins after a Soviet invasion as a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). 1941: Latvia is conquered by Nazi-Germany. 1944: Nazi-Germany is defeated and Latvia returns to the USSR. 1991: Latvia secedes from the USSR. ᐃ
2/3	Couronian dependencies: Gambia James Island 1651-1659 Trinidad and Tobago New Courland 1649-1659, 1680-1693
	Lebanon Lebanon – Lebanese Republic
	Lebanon is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/4	Jerusalem	1099: Crusaders conquer from the Fatimid Caliphate Jerusalem and establishes the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187: Jerusalem is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
	Jerusalem	1191: The crusaders' Kingdom of Jerusalem is re-established. 1291: The Kingdom is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
2/4	Tripoli	1109: Crusaders conquer Tripoli from the Fatimid Caliphate and establish the County of Tripoli. 1289: Tripoli is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
	Ottoman Empire	1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate. 1833: Inside the Ottoman Empire the area is under Egyptian rule. 1841: Direct Ottoman rule is restored. 1860: →Mount Lebanon gets under French supervision. 1915: The autonomy of ↑Mount Lebanon is abolished.
	Ottoman Empire	1917/1918: Lebanon is as part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire conquered by Arab, French and British forces. The area is placed under the French Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
	Greater Lebanon	1920/1922: The League of Nations awards Lebanon under mandate to France in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon as the State of Greater Lebanon.
	Lebanon	1926: Greater Lebanon is continued by the Lebanese Republic inside the mandate. 1943: Lebanon becomes independent. 1946: France withdraws from Lebanon. 1982: Israel occupies part of →South Lebanon. 2000: Israel withdraws from ↑South Lebanon. ᐃ
3/4	Mount Lebanon	1860: An international protocol between the Ottoman rulers of ↑Lebanon and France with allies fixes within the Ottoman Empire the autonomy of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate under the protection of France. 1915: As part of World War I the autonomy is abolished. [[#Lebanon 1915|→1915]
4/4	South Lebanon	1982: Israel occupies part of South Lebanon. 2000: Israel withdraws from South Lebanon and the area returns to Lebanon. →2000
	Lesotho Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho
	Lesotho is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Basutoland	1868: The United Kingdom agrees with king Moshoeshoe of the Basuto to protect his land against the Orange Free State. The land is subordinated to →Natal. 1871: The land is transferred to the →Cape Colony. 1884: The land is seceded from the Cape Colony and becomes the Crown colony of Basutoland, also rendered as Territory of Basutoland. 1959: Basutoland gets self-government. 1966: Basutoland becomes independent as Lesotho. ᐃ
	Liberia Liberia – Republic of Liberia
	Liberia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Liberia	For Liberia there are no entries of colonization. The settlements by American freed slaves are not listed.ᐃ
	Libya Libya – Libya
	Libya is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Barbary Coast	1510: Castile (Spain) enlarges its colonies at the Barbary Coast with the conquest of Tripoli, previously part of the Hafsid Sultanate of Tunis.
	Tripoli	1530: Tripoli is granted by king Carlos of Castile to the Knights Hospitaller. 1551: Tripoli is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1551
	Tripolitania	1551: Tripoli, Tripolitania, is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. Tripolitania and ↑Cyrenaica become together the Regency of Tripolitania. 1711: The regency gets de facto hereditary rulers under Ottoman suzerainity.
	Ottoman Empire	1835: Tripolitania gets under direct Ottoman rule.
	Italian North Africa	1911: Italy conquers in the Italo-Turkish War Tripolitania and forms Italian North Africa. 1918: The unrecognized Tripolitanian Republic secedes.
	Tripolitania	1927: Italian North Africa is divided into Tripolitania and →Cyrenaica
	Italian Libya	1934: Tripolitania and ↑Cyrenaica are united as Italian Libya.
	Libya	1943: The United Kingdom occupies as part of World War II Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, whereby France occupies →Fezzan. 1947: Italy relinquishes all claims to Libya. 1949: Libya is under United Nations administration, administered by the United Kingdom and France. Cyrenaica becomes independent. 1951: Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and ↑Fezzan become together independent as Libya. ᐃ
2/3	Ottoman Empire	1521: Cyrenaica, formerly part of the Mamluk Sultanate, is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1551: When Tripolitania is also annexed to the Ottoman Empire, Cyrenaica becomes part of the Regency of Tripolitania.
	Tripolitania	1551: When →Tripoli is annexed to the Ottoman Empire, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica become together the Regency of Tripolitania. 1711: The regency gets de facto hereditary rulers under Ottoman suzerainity.
	Ottoman Empire	1835: Tripolitania gets under direct Ottoman rule.
	Italian North Africa	1911: Italy conquers in the Italo-Turkish War Ottoman Tripolitania and forms Italian North Africa.
	Cyrenaica	1927: Italian North Africa is divided into Cyrenaica and →Tripolitania. →1934
3/3	Fezzan-Ghadames	1943: France occupies ↑Fezzan, part of Italian Libya. 1947: Italy relinquishes all claims to Libya. 1949: Fezzan is as part of Libya under United Nations administration, administered by the United Kingdom and France. 1951: Fezzan becomes part of independent Libya. →1951
	Liechtenstein Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
	Liechtenstein is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Liechtenstein	For Liechtenstein there are no entries of colonization. De facto Liechtenstein is a Swiss protectorate. ᐃ
	Lithuania Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania
	Lithuania is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Russia	1772: Russia annexes part of Poland-Lithuania. 1792/1795: As a result of the partitions of Poland-Lithuania more parts of present-day Lithuania become part of Russia. 1918: Lithuania secedes from Russia. 1923: The ↑Memel Territory is conquered and annexed by Lithuania. 1925: The international administration ends de jure.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1940: Lithuania joins after a Soviet invasion as a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). 1941: Lithuania is conquered by Nazi-Germany. 1944: Nazi-Germany is defeated and Lithuania returns to the USSR. 1990: Lithuania secedes from the USSR. ᐃ
2/2	Teutonic Order	1230: The Teutonic Order establishes the State of the Teutonic Order in areas of present-day Lithuania, →Poland and →Russia, populated by the Baltic tribe of the Prussians. A section of the order, the Livonian Order, controls parts of present-day →Estonia and →Latvia. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the state loses its western part to Poland and becomes a fief of Poland. 1525: The state is secularized and continued by the Duchy of Prussia 1707: Prussia merges with Brandenburg into the Kingdom of Prussia. 1871: Prussia becomes part of Germany.
	Memel Territory	1919: With the Treaty of Versailles the Memel Territory is detached from Germany and put under the administration of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. 1923: The Memel Teritory is conquered and annexed by Lithuania. 1925: The international administration ends de jure. →1923
	Lugansk (disputed) Lugansk – Lugansk People's Republic
	Lugansk is a de facto republic, not recognized by Ukraine, not recognized by any country.
	Ukraine	See for the development before 2014 →Ukraine.
	Lugansk	2014: Huge protests in ↑Ukraine spark a revolution. In reaction part of the Lugansk oblast falls in the hands of separatists. Lugansk secedes unrecognized as the Luhansk People's Republic and can be considered a Russian client state. ᐃ
	Luxembourg Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
	Luxembourg is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Spanish Netherlands	1556: Felipe, who became after the abdication of emperor Charles V ruler in the Netherlands, becomes king Felipe II of Spain. He rules the Netherlands as a Spanish dependency, including Luxembourg. 1566: The Eighty Years' War between Dutch resistance and the Spanish rulers start. 1648: The northern part of the Netherlands become de jure independent as the →Netherlands.
	France	1683: Luxembourg is occupied by France.
	Spanish Netherlands	1697: Spanish rule is restored.
	Austrian Netherlands	1713: The Spanish Netherlands fall to Austria. 1790: The Austrian Netherlands secede from Austria as the United Belgian States.
	Austrian Netherlands	1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year. 1792: The Austrian Netherlands are annexed to France. 1815: The former Austrian Netherlands become part of the →Netherlands, whereby Luxembourg becomes a grand duchy in a personal union with the Netherlands. 1890: The personal union with the Netherlands ends. 1914: Luxembourg is occupied by Germany. 1918: Luxembourg is restored. 1940: Luxembourg is occupied by Germany. 1944: Luxembourg is restored. ᐃ
	Macedonia Macedonia – Republic of Macedonia
	Macedonia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Ottoman Empire	1394: The Lordship of Prilep is conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1912: Macedonia is conquered by and annexed to Serbia 1918: Serbia becomes part of Yugoslavia. 1991: Republic of Macedonia secedes from Yugoslavia. ᐃ
	Madagascar Madagascar – Republic of Madagascar
	Madagascar is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/5	Fort Dauphin	1643: In the area of the Antanosy people, the French French East India Company founds Fort Dauphin. 1674: After a conflict with the Antanosy people, the survivors are evacuated in 1674. 1825: The Antanosy are defeated by the Kingdom of Imerina.
2/5	Sainte-Marie	1750: The Betsimisaraka Confederation cedes Sainte Marie to France . The exact impact of this cession is unclear. Sainte-Marie becomes a dependency of Bourbon Island. →1842
3/5	Bourbon Island	1840: Nosy-Be, in 1837 lost by the Boina Kingdom to the Kingdom of Imerina, becomes a French possession, subordinated to →Bourbon Island. 1842: Nosy-Be and ↑Sainte-Marie become dependencies of Mayotte, itself a dependency of Bourbon Island.
	Réunion	1848: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion. 1896: Sainte-Marie and Nosy-Bé are incorporated into Madagascar. →1896
4/5	Madagascar	1883: France establishes a settlement on Madagascar. 1896: The Kingdom of Imerina is defeated and France establishes the Protecorate of Madagascar, also rendered as Malagasy Protectorate. 1897: The Malagasy Protectorate island is annexed as a colony, the Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies. 1912: The Comoros are annexed to Madagascar as a province of that colony. 1940: The colonial administration remains loyal to Vichy France. 1942: The colony is under British occupation, administered by the Free French. 1946: The Comoros become a separate overseas territory of France. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which Madagascar becomes a constituent part.
	Malagasy	1958: ↑Madagascar gets autonomy as Malagasy inside the French Community. 1960: Madagascar becomes independent. France is allowed to keep using its naval facilities in Diego Suarez until 1973. ᐃ
5/5	Diégo Suarez	1885: After the first Franco-Hova War, Queen Ranavalona III of Imerina grants France a protectorate over Diégo Suarez. 1896: Diégo Suarez is incorporated into Madagascar. →1896
	Malawi Malawi – Republic of Malawi
	Malawi is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Shire Highlands	1889: British officials create the Shire Highlands Protectorate, inhabited by Maravi and Angoni.
	British Central Africa	1891: The Shire Highlands and the ↑Nyasaland Districts protectorates are united into the British Central Africa Protectorate.
	Nyasaland	1907: The British Central Africa Protectorate is renamed into the Nyasaland Protectorate.
	Rhodesia and Nyasaland	1953: ↑Southern Rhodesia and the protectorates of ↑Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland become the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
	Nyasaland	1963: After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Nyassaland is restored as a separate protectorate. 1964: The same year it becomes an independent Commonwealth realm as Malawi, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1966. ᐃ
2/2	Nyasaland	1889: British officials create the Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, inhabited by Maravi and Angoni. 1891: The protectorate is united into the British Central Africa Protectorate. →1891
	Malaysia Malaysia – Malaysia
	Malaysia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
1/14	Malacca	1511: The Sultanate of Malacca is overthrown and annexed by Portugal, subordinated to Portuguese India.
	Malacca	1641: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) conquers ↑Malacca from Portugal.
	Malacca	1795: Great Britain conquers ↑Malacca.
	Malacca	1818: Malacca is restored to the Netherlands.
	Malacca	1825: As a result of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 ↑Malacca is ceded to the United Kingdom and becomes a British colony.
	Straits Settlements	1826: Malacca, ↑Prince Edward Island and ↑Singapore are united into the Straits Settlements. 1857: The Straits Settlements become subordinated to British India. 1867: The Straits Settlements becomes a crown colony separated from British India.
	occupied Straits Settlements	1942: The Straits Settlements are occupied by Japan.
	Straits Settlements	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1946: The Straits Settlements are dissolved, Malacca and Penang join the Malay Union. Singapore becomes a →separate colony. →1946
2/14	North Borneo	1763: Sultan Azim ud-Din II of the Sulu cedes a part of his area to the British East India Company. 1775: The area is abandoned and returned under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Sulu.
	North Borneo	1881: The sultan of Sulu cedes ↑North Borneo to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. 1888: North Borneo becomes a protectorate. 1890: Labuan becomes part of North Borneo.
	occupied North Borneo	1942: North Borneo is occupied by Japan.
	North Borneo	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1963: North Borneo united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore into Malaysia. →1963
3/14	Selangor	1784: The Sultanate of Selangor is occupied by the Dutch United East India Company (VOC). 1786: The VOC withdraws from Selangor and the independence of Selangor is restored.
	Selangor	1874: The Sultanate of Selangor becomes a British protectorate.
	Federated Malay States	1896: The United Kingdom unites Selangor with ↑Negeri Sembilan, ↑Pahang and ↑Perak into the Federated Malay States.
	occupied Malaya	1942: Malaya is occupied by Japan.
	Federated Malay States	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored.
	Malaya	1946: The Federated Malay States, the unfederated states of ↑Johor, ↑Kedah, ↑Kelantan, ↑Terengganu, and ↑Perlis as well as ↑Malacca and Penang are united in the Malay Union. 1948: The Malay Union is continued by the Federation of Malaya. 1957: Malaya becomes independent. 1963: Malaya unites with ↑North Borneo, ↑Sarawak and ↑Singapore into Malaysia. 1965: →Singapore becomes independent. ᐃ
4/14	Prince of Wales Island	1786: Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah cedes Penang to Great Britain. It becomes the Prince of Wales Island colony under the British East India Company. 1826: The Prince Edward Island becomes part of the Straits Settlements. →1826
5/14	Labuan	1846: The sultan of Brunei cedes Labuan Island to the United Kingdom. 1848: Labuan becomes a colony. 1867: Labuan becomes a crown coloniy. 1890: Labuan becomes part of North Borneo. →1890
6/14	Perak	1874: The Sultanate of Perak becomes a British protectorate. 1896: Perak becomes one of the Federated Malay States. →1896
7/14	Johor	1885: The Sultanate of Johor becomes a British protectorate.
	occupied Johor	1942: Johor is occupied by Japan.
	Johor	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1946: Johor becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
8/14	Negeri Sembilan	1888: The Negeri Sembilan become a British protectorate. 1896: The Negeri Sembilan become one of the Federated Malay States. →1896
9/14	Pahang	1888: The Sultanate of Pahang becomes a British protectorate. 1896: Pahang becomes one of the Federated Malay States. →1896
10/14	Sarawak	1888: The Kingdom of Sarawak becomes a British protectorate.
	occupied Sarawak	1942: Sarawak is occupied by Japan.
	Sarawak	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1942: Sarawak is occupied by Japan. 1945: Japan is defeated. 1963: Sarawak unites with Malaya, North Borneo and Singapore into Malaysia. →1963
11/14	Kedah	1909: The Sultanate of Kedah becomes a British protectorate.
	Thailand	1943: Kedah is together with Kelantan, Terengganu and Perlis annexed to Thailand.
	Sultanate of Kedah	1945: Japan is defeated and Thailand is forced to restore Kedah to British rule. 1946: Kedah becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
12/14	Kelantan	1909: Kelantan is seceded from Siam and becomes a British protectorate.
	Thailand	1943: Kelantan is annexed to Thailand.
	Kelantan	1945: Japan is defeated and Thailand is forced to restore Kelantan to British rule. 1946: Kelantan becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
13/14	Terengganu	1909: Terengganu is seceded from Siam and becomes a British protectorate.
	Thailand	1943: Terengganu is annexed to Thailand.
	[Terengganu]]	1945: Japan is defeated and Thailand is forced to restore Terengganu to British rule. 1946: Terengganu becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
14/14	Perlis	1909: Perlis is seceded from Siam and becomes a British protectorate.
	Thailand	1943: Perlis is annexed to Thailand.
	Perlis	1945: Japan is defeated and Thailand is forced to restore Perlis to British rule. 1946: Perlis becomes part of the Malay Union. →1946
	Maldives Maldives – Republic of Maldives
	Maldives is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Maldives	1558: [[#Portugal|Portugal] establishes a garrison in the Sultanate of the Maldives administered from their main colony in India. 1573: A popular revolt drive the Portuguese out of Maldives.
	Ceylon	1600s: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establish from Ceylon hegemony over Maldivian affairs without involving themselves directly in local matters.
	Maldives	1796: Great Britain expels the Dutch from the Maldives and includes Maldives as a protected state. 1887: The status of Maldives as a British protectorate is confirmed in a contract between the Sultan of the Maldives and the governor of Ceylon. The Maldives continued to be ruled under a succession of sultans. 1952: The Maldives become a republic after a referendum. 1953: After another referendum the sultanate is restored. 1957: The United Suvadive Republic secedes from the Maldives. 1963: The Suvadives are defeated and re-incorporated into the Maldives. 1965: Maldives gains independence under an agreement signed with United Kingdom. ᐃ
	Mali Mali – Republic of Mali
	Mali is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Senegal	1880: France extends its colony of Senegal into present-day Mali as the Upper River region.
	French Sudan	1890: The Upper River region is separated from Senegal and becomes a separate colony as French Sudan. In that time the Toucouleur Empire is defeated. 1898: The French forces defeat emperor Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire.
	Upper Senegal	1899: French Sudan is divided into Upper Senegal and →Middle Niger.
	Senegambia and Niger	1902: Upper Senegal and ↑Middle Niger are united into the Territory of Senegambia and Niger.
	Upper Senegal and Niger	1904: Senegambia and Niger is re-organized into Upper Senegal and Niger as part of French West Africa. After the inclusion of parts of the Mossi protectorates, the colony incluses parts of present-day Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. 1911: Niger is seperated as the Military Territory of →Niger. 1919: A part of the colony is ceded to the new →Upper Volta Colony.
	French Sudan	1921: Upper Senegal and Niger is renamed into French Sudan. 1932: After a re-division part of Upper Volta falls to French Sudan. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part. 1947: After a re-division part of French Sudan falls to →Upper Volta.
	Sudan	1958: France grants autonomy to French Sudan as the Sudanese Republic inside the French Community. 1960: Together with ↑Senegal, French Sudan becomes independent as the Mali Federation, split the same year into Maliand →Senegal. ᐃ
2/2	Middle Niger	1899: ↑French Sudan is divided into Middle Niger and →Upper Senegal. France starts to conquer present-day →Niger, previously part of the Bornu Empire, and adds the conquered areas to Middle Niger. 1902: Middle Niger and ↑Upper Senegal are united into the Territory of Senegambia and Niger. →1902
	Malta Malta – Republic of Malta
	Malta is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Malta	1530: Spain grants Malta, part of the Kingdom of Sicily, to the Knights Hospitaller, led by Jean Parisot de Valette, who lost ↑Rhodes in 1522.
		Dependencies of the Knights Hospitaller: Haiti Tortuga 1651-1664 Libya Tripoli 1530-1551 Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy 1651-1665 Saint Croix Saint Croix 1651-1665 Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Christopher Saint Martin Saint Martin 1651-1665
	Malta	1798: Malta is conquered by France.
	Malta	1800: Malta is conquered by Great Britain and becomes the British Protectorate of Malta, while being legally part of Sicily. 1814: Malta becomes theCrown Colony of the Island of Malta and its Dependencies. 1849: Malta gets self-government. 1921: Malta gets home rule. 1934: The constitution is abolished. 1946: Malta gets self-government. 1958: The constitution is suspended and Malta is placed under direct colonial administration. 1962: Self-government is restored. 1964: Malta becomes independent as a commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II of United Kingdom as queen. ᐃ
	Isle of Man Isle of Man – Isle of Man
	The Isle of Man is a British British crown dependency.
	Isle of Man	1504: The Kingdom of Man becomes a English crown dependency. 1801: Great Britain is continued by the United Kingdom. ᐃ
	Marshall Islands Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands
	The Marshall Islands are a sovereign and internationally recognized republic, associated with the United States.
	Marshall Islands	1874: The international community recognizes the claim of Spain to the Marshall Islands. Spain adds the islands to the Spanish East Indies. The islands were earlier explored and are inhabited by Micronesians.
	Marshall Islands	1885: The Marshall Islands are annexed by Germany and are also known as Jaluit, administered by the German New Guinea Company. 1906: The Marshall Islands are administered as part of →German New Guinea.
	Marshall Islands	1914: Japan occupies the German Marshall Islands.
	South Pacific Mandate	1922: The Marshall Islands become become part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate, administered by Japan. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1935: Japan annexes the mandate.
	Pacific Islands	1944: The South Pacific Mandate, annexed by Japan in 1935, are occupied by the United States. 1947: The South Pacific Mandate is succeeded by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration and includes the Marshall Islands.
	Marshall Islands	1979: The Marshall Islands becomes a separate republic. 1987: The Marshall Islands becomes independent, freely associated with the United States. ᐃ
	Martinique Martinique – Territorial collectivity of Martinique
	Martinique is a a French overseas department and region.
	Martinica	1502: Cristoforo Colombo lands at present-day Martinique and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs and not settled by Spain.
	Martinique	1625: France claims Martinique. 1635: It becomes the Colony of Martinique, under the Company of the American Islands. 1650: The island is granted to the Dyel du Parquet family. 1664: Martinique is under the administration of the French West India Company. 1674: The island becomes a possession of the French Crown, including →Grenada.
	Martinique	1762: Martinique is occupied by Great Britain.
	Martinique	1764: Martinique is restored to France.
	Martinique	1794: Martinique is occupied by Great Britain.
	Martinique	1802: Martinique is restored to France.
	Martinique	1809: Martinique is occupied by Great Britain.
	Martinique	1816: Martinique is restored to France. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1943: The administration becomes loyal to the Free French. 1946: Martinique becomes an overseas department. 1974: Martinique becomes also an overseas region. 2015: Martinique combines the departmental and regional authorities and becomes the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique. ᐃ
	Mauritania Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania
	Mauritania is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Arguin	1445: Portugal establishes a factory at Arguin. The area around the island is mainly inhabited by Moors.
	Arguin	1633: The Dutch West India Company (WIC)conquers the island of Arguin from Portugal.
	Arguin	1655: Arguin is occupied by England.
	Arguin	1655: Arguin is restored to the Dutch the same year.
	Arguin	1685: Brandenburg establishes a colony at Arguin. 1701: Brandenburg is continued by Prussia.
	Arguin	1721: France conquers Arguin from Prussia.
	Arguin	1722: Arguin is occupied by the Netherlands.
	Arguin	1724: Arguin is restored to France. 1728: Arguin is abandoned and reverted to the control of indigenous peoples. 1900s: In the beginning of the twentieth century Arguin becomes part of French Mauritania. →1900s
2/2	Senegal	after 1825: France starts to establish settlements on the north bank of the Senegal River, part of various Maures kingdoms. 1901: France starts conquering most of Mauritania. 1902: France conquers the Emirate of Trarza.
	Mauritania	1903: Mauritania becomes a separate French protectorate. 1904: Mauritania becomes as a civil territory part of French West Africa. 1904: France annexes Brakna. 1905: The Taganit Confederation is brought under French control. 1909: The Sultanate of Adrar is brought under French control. 1920: The Colony of Mauritania is established. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent territory. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Islamic Republic of Mauritania inside the French Community. 1960: Mauritania becomes independent. ᐃ
	Mauritius Mauritius – Republic of Mauritius
	Mauritius is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Mauritius	1638: The Dutch United East India Company establishes the colony Mauritius, until then uninhabited, discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese Diogo Fernandes Pereira. 1710: The Dutch abandon Mauritius.
	Isle de France	1715: France settles and annexes Mauritius, further known as Isle de France. Shortly after the Chagos Archipelago becomes part of Isle de France Mauritius. 1756: France claims and settles the →Seychelles as part of Isle de France. 1794:The →Seychelles are conquered by Great Britain.
	Mauritius	1810: Isle de France is - with ↑Rodrigues, the ↑Seychelles and the Chagos Archipelago - annexed by the United Kingdom and named Mauritius. 1903: The →Seychelles are separated from Mauritus. 1965: The British secede the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius and merge it with the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from the Seychelles to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. 1968: Mauritius becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1992. ᐃ
2/2	Bourbon Island	1735: France conquers the uninhabited island of Rodrigues, discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese Diogo Fernandes Pereira, and adds it to Bourbon Island.
	Réunion	1793: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion.
	Bonaparte Island	1801: Réunion is renamed into Bonaparte Island. 1809: Rodriques is conquered by the United Kingdom and added to Mauritius. →1810
	Mayotte Mayotte – Mayotte
	Mayotte is a a French overseas department and region.
	Bourbon Island	1841: Sultan Andriantsoly of Mayotte sells Mayotte to France, that makes it the island a dependency of Bourbon Island. →Sainte Marie becomes a dependency of Mayotte.
	Réunion	1848: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion.
	Comoros	1908: Mayotte merges with the French protectorates of ↑Ngazidja, ↑Ndzwani and ↑Mwali into the single Territory of the Comoros.
	Madagascar	1912: The Comoros are annexed to Madagascar as a province of that colony.
	Comoros	1946: France establishes the French Union, in which the Comoros are separated from Madagascar and become a separate overseas territory of France. 1961: Internal political autonomy is granted in 1961. 1975: The Comorian parliament passes a resolution declaring unilateral independence. The deputies of from Mayotte abstain. The →Comoros become independent, Mayotte remains French.
	Mayotte	1975/1976: Mayotte becomes a territorial collectivity. 2001: Mayotte becomes a departemental collectivity Mayotte becomes an overseas collectivity. 2011: Mayotte becomes an overseas department. ᐃ
	Mexico Mexico – United Mexican States
	Mexico is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
	Mexico	1517: Spain establishes its first settlements at Yucatán. 1519: Spain starts the conquest of the Aztec Empire. 1521: The Aztec Empire is defeated. 1527:Spain establishes the Royal Audiencia of Mexico to administer the conquered region. 1530: Spain defeats the Tarascan state.
	New Spain	1535: Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including present-day Mexico, but also the Spanish possessions in Central America, the Caribean with Florida and the northern parts of South America. 1690: New Spain expands into →Texas. 1717: The →Viceroyalty of New Granada is separated from New Spain. 1762: Spain acquieres with the Treaty of Fontainebleau →Louisana and adds it to New Spain. 1767: New Spain is enlarged with the Californias. 1789: New Spain enlarges into present-day →Canada. At that moment New Spain includes present-day Mexico, →Guatemala, →El Salvador, →Honduras, →Nicaragua, →Belize, →Costa Rica, →western and southern parts of the United States, a small portion of →Canada, →Cuba, the →Dominican Republic, the →Philippine Islands, →Micronesia, →Puerto Rico, →Guam and the →Northern Mariana Islands. 1795: The settlements in Canada are abandoned. 1802: With the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Louisana is returned to France. 1810: The Mexican War of Independence against Spanish rule in Mexico starts. 1819/1821: Spanish Florida is ceded to the United States. 1821: The main parts of New Spain in Mexico, Central America and the United States secede from Spain with the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire as Mexico. 1824: →Central America secedes from Mexico. 1835: →Texas secedes from Mexico. 1845: Mexico secedes →Northern Mexico to the United States.
	Mexico	1863: France invades ↑Mexico and occupies the country. 1864: France establishes the Mexican Empire. 1867: France withdraws from Mexico, independent Mexico is restored. ᐃ
	Micronesia Micronesia – Federated States of Micronesia
	Micronesia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic, associated with the United States.
	Caroline Islands	1528: Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón visits the islands, presently known as Micronesia, and claims them for Spain. The islands are inhabited by Micronesians. 1565: Spain adds the islands to the Spanish East Indies. 1686: The islands are named the Caroline Islands. 1885: After a German attempt to annex the Caroline Islands, the international community recognizesthe Caroline Islands with →Palau as a Spanish possession.
	Caroline Islands	1899: Spain sells the Caroline Islands to Germany, that adds them to →German New Guinea.
	Caroline Islands	1914: Japan occupies the German Caroline Islands.
	South Pacific Mandate	1922: The Caroline Islands become part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate, administered by Japan. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1935: Japan annexes the mandate.
	Pacific Islands	1944: The South Pacific Mandate are occupied by the United States. 1947: The South Pacific Mandate is succeeded by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration, that includes Micronesia, →Palau, the Marshall Islands and the →Northern Mariana Islands.
	Micronesia	1979: Micronesia becomes a separate federal republic. 1990: The Federated States of Micronesia become independent, freely associated with the United States. ᐃ
	Midway Atoll Midway Atoll – Midway Atoll
	"The Midway Atoll is an uninhabited United States unincorporated unorganized territory.
	Midway Atoll	1867: The United States annex Midway Atoll as an unincorporated territory. ᐃ
	Moldova Moldova – Republic of Moldova
	Moldova is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Moldavia	1621: The principality of Moldavia is confirmed as a tribute of the Ottoman Empire.
	Russia	1792: Bessarabia, the eastern part of Moldavia is conquered by Russia. 1812: Bessarabia is annexed to Russia. 1918: Bessarabia becomes independent as the Moldovan Democratic Republic, and joins Romania the same year.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1940: Bessarabia is conquered and annexed to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a constituent state. 1941: Moldova is annexed to Romania.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1944: Bessarabia is conquered and re-incorporated as Moldova in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991: Moldova becomes an independent republic. 1992: With Russian support →Transnistria secedes de facto from Moldova. The secession is internationally not recognized. ᐃ
2/2	Transnistria	1992: See Transnistria for the unrecognized secession.
	Monaco Monaco – Principality of Monaco
	Monaco is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Monaco	For Monaco there are no entries of colonization. The inclusions in Genoa and France are not listed. De facto Monaco is a French protectorate.ᐃ
	Mongolia Mongolia – Mongolia
	Mongolia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Xiongnu	208 BCE: The establishment of the Xiongnu empire marks the beginning of statehood on the territory of present-day Mongolia. 48: The Xiongnu empire gets divided into the southern and northern Xiongnu.
	Xianbei	93: Xiognu is defeated by the Xianbei. 147: The Xianbei establish the Xianbei state.
	Rouran Khaganate	330: A branch of the Xiabei establish the Rouran Khaganate, succeeding the Xianbei state.
	Turkic Khaganate	552: The Rouran Khaganate is overthrown by the Turkic Khaganate.
	China	630: The Turkic Khaganate is defeated and the area is conquered by →China.
	Turkic Khaganate	682: The Turkic Khaganate is restored.
	Uyghur Khaganate	744: After a revolt the Turkic Khaganate is replaced by the Uyghur Khaganate.
		840: The Khaganate is destroyed by Yenisei Kyrgyz, who don't establish statehood in the area.
	Great Liao	907: After an era of disunity the Great Liao comes to existence, dominated by the Khitan people. 1125: The Liao dynasty is finally defeated by the Great Jin in 1115, dominated by Jurchen people. The Khitans leave the area, which is further poulated by various Mongol tribes.
	Khamag Mongol	12th century: Various Mongol tribes unite as the Khamag Mongol under Khabul Khan.
	Mongol Empire	1206: Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes and established the Great Mongol State. 1271: ↑China is conquered by the Mongols, that unite conquered China, ↑Jin and ↑Xi Xia with proper Mongolia into the Great Yuan, a Mongol division founded by Kublai Khan.
	Great Yuan	1294: At the death of Kublai Khan, the Mongol Empire gets divided into the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in the southwest and the Great Yuan in the east, including proper Mongolia. Mid 14th century: →Tibet secedes from the Great Yuan.
	Northern Yuan	1368: The Mongols withdraw from China into what is known as Northern Yuan, including present-day Mongolia and →Xinjiang. 1399: The Oirat tribes secede and establish the →Alliance of the four Oirats. 15th century: the Northern Yuan gets fragmented.
	Great Qing	1634: Great Qing (China) defeats the renmants of long lasting Mongol Empire and annexes it.
	Mongolia	1911: After the Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Outer Mongolia declares its independence from China as the Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia.
	China	1919: Mongolia is occupied by China.
	Mongolia	1921: The Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia establishes its de facto independence from China. 1924: The Bogd Khaanate is continued by the Mongolian People's Republic. 1946: The independence is recognized by China. 1992: The state is renamed into Mongolia. ᐃ
	Montenegro Montenegro – Montenegro
	Montenegro is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Venetian Albania	1420: The independent city of Cattaro asks Venice for protection. Venis establishes Venetian Albania around its cities of Cattaro and →Durazzo. 1797: Venetian Albania becomes part of the Austrian Empire. 1805: The region becomes part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. 1809: The region is included into the French Illyrian Provinces. 1814: The region is again included into the Austrian Empire. 1918: Cattaro is annexed to Serbia and becomes with Serbia part of Yugoslavia. →1918
2/2	Ottoman Empire	1496: The Ottoman Empire annexes Zeta. 1696: Montenegro becomes a separate state, of which the suzerainity to the Ottoman Empire is disputed. 1878: Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin recognize the formal independence of Montenegro. 1918: Montenegro is annexed to Serbia and becomes with Serbia part of Yugoslavia. 2003: Yugoslavia is reorganized into Serbia and Montenegro. 2006: Montenegro secedes and becomes independent. ᐃ
	Montserrat Montserrat – Montserrat
	Montserrat is a British British crown dependency.
	Montserrat	1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the uninhabited island he names Montserrat and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island remains uncolonized.
	Antigua	1632: England creates from Antigua the first settlement on ↑Montserrat and Irishmen from Saint Christopher are resettled to Montserrat.
	Montserrat	1667: France occupies Montserrat
	Antigua	1668: English rule in Montserrat is restored.
	Leeward Islands	1671: Antigua is united with Saint Christopher, Nevis, ↑Anguilla and the ↑English Virgin Islands into the Leeward Islands.
	Montserrat	1782: Montserrat is occupied by France
	Leeward Islands	1784: British rule in Montserrat is restored.
	Antigua	1816: The Leeward Islands are dissolved, Antigua (with Montserrat and Barbuda) is governed as the colony of Antigua, the other islands as the colony of →Saint Christopher.
	Leeward Islands	1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
	Antigua	1956: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Antigua is restored as a separate entity.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Montserrat is separated from Antigua and forms together with ↑Antigua, ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
	Montserrat	1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and Montserrat becomes a separate crown colony. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	Morocco Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco
	Morocco is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
1/6	#Portugal	1471: Portugal starts to establish settlements at the coast of Wattasid Morocco, starting with Asilah (Arzila). 1769: The last Portuguese settlement, Mazagão falls to Morocco. 1476: Spanish Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña falls to Morocco. 1684: English ↑Tangier falls to Morocco. 1907: Morocco is conquered by France. →1907
2/6	Tangier	1474: Portugal conquers the city of Tangier and establishes a colony.
	Tangier	1662: England conquers Tangier. 1684: England loses Tangier to →Morocco.
	Tangier	1924: Tangier in ↑Spanish Morocco becomes the Tangier International Zone under the joint administration of France, Spain, and the United Kingdom, nominally under suzerainty of Morocco. Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United States, and from 1945 Soviet Union join the administration afterwards.
	Morocco	1940: Tangier] is occupied by Spain and de facto annexed to Spanish Morocco.
	Tangier	1945: The International Zone in Tangier is restored. 1956: Tangier is incorporated into independent Morocco. →1956
3/6	Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña	1476: Castile establishes a settlement called Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña in the south of Wattasid Morocco. Shortly after it abandons the region.
	Ifni	1860: After a Spanish-Moroccan War the area around the old settlement is ceded to Spain as Ifni. 1934: The governor-general of Spanish Sahara takes up residence in Ifni. 1936: Ifni becomes a Spanish province. →1946
	Spanish West Africa	1946: Ifni is united with ↑Spanish Sahara and Cape Juby into Spanish West Africa. 1957: After the Ifni War most of Ifni is occupied by Morocco.
	Ifni	1958: Ifni becomes a separate province. 1969: Spain formally returns Ifni to Morocco. →1969
4/6	Morocco	1907: France starts conquering parts of independent Morocco. 1912: With the Treaty of Fez, sultan Abd al-Hafid has to accept that France establishes the French protectorate in Morocco. He abdicates after signing the treaty. France lets Spain establish a Spanish protectorate in Morocco. 1953: Sultan Mohammed V is sent to exile. 1955: Mohammed V is allowed to return from exile. 1956: The protectorates are abolished and Morocco becomes independent, and incorporates ↑Tangier. 1969: ↑Ifni falls to Morocco. 1975: After the Madrid Accords Spain abandons ↑Spanish Sahara. The Sahara is divided and annexed by Morocco and Mauretania. 1976: The independence of →Sahara is proclaimed, that controls only a thin strip of area in the Western Sahara region and claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara. 1979: Mauretania withdraws from the Western Sahara and leaves its part to Morocco. ᐃ
5/6	Morocco	1912: France lets Spain establish a Spanish protectorate in ↑Morocco. 1916: Spanish Morocco includes Cape Juby. 1921: Berbers in Spanish Morocco secede as the Rif Republic. 1924: Due to the Tangier Protocol the city of Tangier becomes the →Tangier International Zone. 1926: The Rif Republic is defeated. 1940: ↑Tangier is annexed to Spanish Morocco. 1945: The →Tangier International Zone is restored. 1956: The protectorates are abolished and Morocco becomes independent as Morocco. →1956
6/6	Western Sahara	1976: See Western Sahara for the unrecognized secession.
	Mozambique Mozambique – Republic of Mozambique
	Mozambique is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/4	Sofala	1498: Vasco da Gama claims the area of present-day Mozambique for Portugal. The area is inhabited by Swahili and Bantu peoples. 1501: The Portuguese administration begins with the Captaincy of Sofala, subordinated to →India.
	Mozambique and Sofala	1507: Mozambique Island is conquered, Sofala is renamed into the Captaincy of Mozambique and Sofala. 1531: Portugal starts to settle the inland.
	Mozambique and Rivers of Sofala	1569: The colony becomes the Captaincy-general of Mozambique and Rivers of Sofala.
	Mozambique, Sofala, Ríos de Cuama, and Monomatapa	1609: The colony is renamed into the Colony of Mozambique, Sofala, Ríos de Cuama, and Monomatapa, subordinated to India. 1730: The Dutch withdraw from ↑Fort Lijdzaamheid, which is overtaken by the Portuguese.
	Mozambique, the Zambesi and Sofala	1752: The colony is renamed into the Colony of Mozambique, the Zambesi and Sofala. 1781: The Austrian ↑Sankt Joseph and Sankt Maria forts are conquered by Portugal.
	Mozambique	1836: The colony is renamed into the Province of Mozambique, also called Portuguese East Africa. 1890: Portugal annexes the Angoche Sultanate.
	Eastern Africa	1891: Mozambique is renamed into the State of Eastern Africa. 1892: Part of the colony is administered by the Mozambique Company.
	Mozambique	1893: Portuguese Eastern Africa is renamed into the Province of Mozambique. 1894: Another part of the colony is administered by the Nyassa Company. 1895: Portugal defeats and annexes the Gaza Empire. 1920: The ↑Kionga Triangle, conquered in 1916, is annexed to the colony. 1926: The colony is renamed into the Colony of Mozambique. 1929: The charter of the Nyassa Company is revoked. 1942: The charter of the Mozambique Company is revoked. 1951: Mozambique becomes the overseas Province of Mozambique. 1964: The Mozambican War of Independence starts. 1972: The colony is renamed State of Mozambique. 1974: Mozambique gets local autonomy. 1975: After the overthrow of the dictatorship in Portugal, Portugal agrees to the independence of Mozambique. Mozambique becomes independent. ᐃ
2/4	Fort Lijdzaamhed	1721: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes Fort Lijdzaamheid in an area inhabited by Tsonga people. 1730: The Dutch withdraw and leave the area to the Portuguese. →1730
3/4	Saint Joseph and Saint Mary	1771: The Austrian Austrian East India Company establishes the Saint Joseph and Saint Mary forts in the area earlier settles by the Dutch at ↑Fort Lijdzaamheid. 1781: The forts are abandoned and left to Portugal. →1781
4/4	German East Africa	1894: Germany adds the Kionga Triangle to German East Africa.
	Kionga Triangle	1916: Portugal occupies the Kionga Triangle from Germany. 1920: The Kionga Triangle is annexed to Mozambique. →1920
	Myanmar (Burma) Myanmar – Republic of the Union of Myanmar
	Myanmar is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	British India	1824: With the First Anglo-Burmese War the United Kingdom starts the colonization of various portions of Burmese territories, including Rangoon and Pegu. The area is inhabied by Bamar as dominant ethnic group. 1826: Arakan, Tenasserim, Manipur, Assam and the coastline are annexed to British India. Pegu is restored to Burma. 1852: After the Second Anglo-Burmese War Pegu is annexed. 1858: The British dependencies and protectorates in India are united into the British Raj, a structure comprising British India (a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown and the Princely states, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown. 1862: Arakan, Tenasserim, and Pegu are united as British or Lower Burma (within British India). 1877: British India is styled Empire of India. 1885: After the Third Anglo-Burmese War the remnants of the Kingdom of Burma are as Upper Burma are annexed to British Burma. 1886: Upper and Lower Burma are united as the Province of Burma (within British India). 1919: With the Government of India Act, 1919, British India gets more autonomy. 1936: The Government of India Act, 1935 provides for self-government.
	Burma	1937: Burma becomes the separate Colony of Burma with self-government.
	occupied Burma	1942: Burma is occupied by Japan.
	Burma	1943: Japan establishes as puppet state Burma.
	Burma	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored. 1948: Burma becomes independent. ᐃ
	Namibia Namibia – Republic of Namibia
	Namibia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	German South West Africa	1883: The German trader Adolf Lüderitz buys from the ǃKhorebeb-ǁNaixab, a.k.a. Josef Frederiks II, captain of the !Nama, Angra Pequeña and renames it into Lüderitz. 1884: Lüderitz and surroundings are nationalized and German South West Africa is established. 1887: Lijdensrust is annexed to German South West Africa. 1909: The ↑Caprivi Strip is incorporated into German South West Africa. 1914: Germany conquers the South-African exclave of ↑Walvis Bay.
	South West Africa	1915: South Africa conquers German South West Africa. →Walvis Bay is restored to South Africa. 1920: South West Africa becomes a League of Nations mandate, administered by South Africa. 1946: The United Nations makes South West Africa a United Nations trust territory, administered by South Africa, rejected by South Africa. 1954: South Africa annexes South West Africa. 1966: The United Nations terminates the South African mandate, South Africa continues its de facto authority. 1990: South West Africa becomes independent as Republic of Namibia. 1994: ↑Walvis Bay is ceded to Namibia. ᐃ
2/3	Caprivi Strip	1890: The Caprivi Strip, claimed by the United Kingdom, is ceded to Germany. It is also known as German Barotseland or German Zambeziland. 1909: The Caprivi Strip is incorporated into German South West Africa. →1909
3/3	Cape Colony	1793: The Dutch establish Walvis Bay as a dependency of the Cape Colony.
	Cape of Good Hope	1797: Walvis Bay becomes with the Cape Colony British, but remains unsettled. 1878: Great Britain occupies Walvis Bay, confirming the settlement of 1797, and permits the Cape Colony to annex it.
	South Africa	1910: Walvis Bay becomes with Cape Good Hope part of South Africa.
	German South West Africa	1914: The South African exclave of Walvis Bay is overrun by the Germans during the South West Africa Campaign.
	South Africa	1915: The Germans are defeated and ousted by South African forces. 1922: Walvis Bay is administered with South West Africa. 1977: Walvis Bay is reincorporated into South Africa. 1994: Walvis Bay is ceded to Namibia. →1994
	Nauru Nauru – Republic of Nauru
	Nauru is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Nauru	1887: King Aweida of the Nauruan tribes has to accept that Nauru becomes a German protectorate administered by the German New Guinea Company. 1899: The protectorate becomes an entity of German New Guinea.
	Nauru	1914: As part of World War I, Nauru is conquered by Australia. 1920: Nauru becomes a League of Nations mandate, administered by Australia.
	occupied Nauru	1942: Japan occupies Nauru.
	Nauru	1945: Japan is defeated, Nauru becomes a United Nations trust territory, administered by Australia. 1968: Nauru becomes independent. ᐃ
	Nepal Nepal – Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
	Nepal is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
	Nepal	1816: After the Anglo-Nepalese War Nepal is forced to sign the Treaty of Sugauli, making Nepal de facto a British protectorate. 1923: With a new Treaty of perpetual peace and friendship, the protectorate ends, restoring full independence of Nepal. ᐃ
	The Netherlands The Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands
	The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy, divided in the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten as constituent countries
1/2	Spanish Netherlands	1556: Felipe, who became after the abdication of emperor Charles V ruler in the Netherlands, becomes king Felipe II of Spain. He rules the Netherlands as a Spanish Spanish dependency, including present-day →Belgium, the Netherlands and →Luxembourg. 1566: The Eighty Years' War between Dutch resistance and the Spanish rulers start. The northern part becomes de facto independent as the Netherlands 1648: The Netherlands become de jure independent. Part of the present-day Netherlands remain under →Spanish rule. 1795: The Netherlands are succeeded by the Batavian Republic. 1806: The Batavian Republic is succeeded by Holland. 1810: Holland is annexed to France. 1813: The Netherlands are restored. 1815: Present-day →Belgium and th becomes part of the Netherlands. 1830: →Belgium secedes from the Netherlands. 1940: The Netherlands are occupied by Germany. 1944/1945: The Netherlands are restored. ᐃ
		Dutch dependencies: Angola Loango-Angola 1640-1648 Anguilla Anguilla 1631-1633 Aruba Curaçao 1634-1804, 1804-1805, 1805-1807, 1816-1828 West Indian Possessions 1828-1854 Curaçao 1854-1946 Netherlands Antilles 1946-1986 Aruba 1986- Australia New Holland 1606 Bangladesh Dutch Bengal 1627-1795, 1814-1825 Benin Slave Coast 1660-1760 Bonaire Curaçao 1635-1642, 1652-1807, 1815-1828 West Indian Possessions 1828-1854 Curaçao 1854-1946 Netherlands Antilles 1946-2010 Bonaire incorporated into the Netherlands 2010- Brazil New Holland 1630-1654 British Virgin Islands Dutch Virgin Islands 1628-1680 Chile Brouwershaven 1643 Curaçao Curaçao 1634-1800, 1803-1810, 1816-1828 West Indian Possessions 1828-1854 Curaçao 1854-1946 Netherlands Antilles 1946-2010 Curaçao 2010- Equatorial Guinea - Annobón Guinea Coast 1641-1649 French Guiana Cayenne 1659-1664, 1676 Gambia Upper Coast 1659-1660 Ghana Guinea Coast 1612-1672 Guinea-Bissau Cacheu 1624-1630 Guyana Pomeroon 1581-1596, 1657-1689, to Essequibo Essequibo 1616-1781, 1782-1796, 1802-1803 Berbice 1666-1781, 1782-1796, 1802-1803 Demerara 1750-1781, 1782-1796, 1802-1803 India Dutch Coromandel 1608-1795, 1814-1825]] Dutch Suratte 1616-1795, 1814-1825 Dutch Bengal 1627-1795, 1814-1825 Dutch Malabar 1661-1795/1814 Indonesia Dutch East Indies 1596-1810, 1814-1948 Indonesia 1948-1949 Netherlands New Guinea 1949-1961 West Papua 1961-1962 Jan Mayen Jan Mayen 1615-1638 Japan Hirado 1609-1634 Dejima 1634-1860 Malaysia Malacca 1641-1795, 1818-1825 Selangor 1784-1786 Maldives Ceylon 1600s-1796 Mauritania Arguin 1633-1655, 1655-1678, 1722-1724 Mauritius Mauritius 1638-1710 Mozambique Fort Lijdzaamheid 1721-1730 Namibia Cape Colony (Walvis Bay) 1793-1797 Nigeria Slave Coast 1660-1760 Saba Saba 1640-1665, 1665-1672, 1682-1781, 1784-1794, 1801, 1803-1810 Sint Eustatius 1816-1828 West Indian Possessions 1828-1854 Curaçao 1854-1946 Netherlands Antilles 1946-2010 Saba incorporated into the Netherlands 2010- Saint Helena Saint Helena 1633-1659, 1672-1673 Saint Martin Sint Maarten 1687-1697, 1703-1706 São Tomé and Príncipe - Príncipe Guinea Coast 1598-1599 São Tomé and Príncipe - São Tomé Guinea Coast 1599, 1641-1649 Senegal Goedereede 1617-1627 Upper Coast 1627-1678 Sint Eustatius Sint Eustatius 1636-1665, 1668-1672, 1682-1689, 1696-1781, 1784-1795, 1802-1810, 1816-1828 West Indian Possessions 1828-1854 Curaçao 1854-1946 Netherlands Antilles 1946-2010 Sint Eustatius incorporated into the Netherlands 2010- Sint Maarten Sint Maarten 1631-1633, 1648-1679, 1689-1690, 1703-1779, 1802-1816 Sint Eustatius 1816-1828 West Indian Possessions 1828-1854 Curaçao 1854-1946 Netherlands Antilles 1946-2010 Sint Maarten 2010- South Africa Cape Colony 1652-1795, 1803-1806 Sri Lanka Ceylon 1640-1795 Suriname Suriname 1667-1799, 1802-1804, 1816-1828 West Indian Possessions 1828-1845 Suriname 1845-1975 Svalbard Smeerenburg 1615-1660 Taiwan Pescadores 1622-1624 Formosa 1624-1662 Fort Noord Holland 1664-1668 Trinidad and Tobago New Walcheren 1626-1637, 1654-1666, 1667-1672, 1676-1677 United States of America New Netherland 1615-1664, 1673-1674 New Holland 1674-1675 United States Virgin Islands - Saint Croix Dutch Virgin Islands (Santa Cruz) 1625-1645 United States Virgin Islands - Saint Thomas Dutch Virgin Islands 1657-1672 Venezuela Tortuga 1624-1638 Vietnam Tonkin 1636-1699
2/2	Spanish Netherlands	1648: When the northern part of the Netherlands becomes de jure independent as the →Netherlands, part of the present-day Netherlands remain Spanish.
	Austrian Netherlands	1713: The ↑Spanish Netherlands fall to Austria. 1790: The Austrian Netherlands secede from Austria as the United Belgian States.
	Austrian Netherlands	1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year. 1792: The Austrian Netherlands are annexed to France. 1815: The former Austrian Netherlands become part of the Netherlands. →1815
	New Caledonia New Caledonia – New Caledonia
	New Caledonia is a a French overseas collectivity with special status.
	New Caledonia	1853: France establishes the Colony of New Caledonia on islands inhabited by the Kanak people. 1864: The Loyalty Islands are annexed to France. 1888: The kings of Sigave and Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi sign a treaties establishing protectorates. The islands are together with Uvea put under the authority of New Caledonia 1917: The Wallis and Futuna protectorates are annexed to France and turned into the colony of Wallis and Futuna under the authority of New Caledonia. 1929: The Matthew and Hunter Islands are annexed to New Caledonia. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France, but shifts its loyalty to the Free French the same year. The administration of Wallis and Futuna remains pro-Vichy. 1942: The administration of Wallis and Futuna is deposed by the Free French. 1946: New Caledonia becomes the French Overseas Territory of New Caledonia. 1961: Wallis and Futuna are fully separated from New Caledonia. 1984: The territory gets autonomy, Kanak secessionist unrest starts. 1998: The Nouméa Accord grants political power to the Kanaks, New Caledonia becomes a French collectivité sui generis. ᐃ
	New Zealand New Zealand – New Zealand
	New Zealand is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
	New South Wales	1817: The governor of British New South Wales is given legal authority over the area of present-day New Zealand. 1840: The Treaty of Waitangi between the United Kingdom and various Māori chiefs from the North Island of present-day New Zealand brings the area under British sovereignity. At first it is administered as part of the colony of New South Wales.
	New Zealand	1841: New Zealand becomes a separate colony as the Colony of New Zealand. 1901: The Cook Islands and Niue are annexed to New Zealand. 1907: The colony is succeeded by the more independent dominion of New Zealand. 1931: The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Statute of Westminster 1931 effectively establishing the legislative independence of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. 1947: New Zealand becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
		New Zealand dependencies: Chatham Islands Chatham Islands 1907- Cook Islands Cook Islands 1901- Niue Cook Islands 1901-1965 Niue 1965- Ross Dependency Ross Dependency 1923- Samoa Samoa 1914-1920 Western Samoa 1920-1962 mandate/trust Tokelau Union Islands 1926-1956 Tokelau Islands 1956-1976 Tokelau 1976-
	Nicaragua Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
	Nicaragua is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Guatemala	1502: Cristoforo Colombo makes for Castile (Spain) landfall. The area is inhabited by various indigenous tribes. 1522: Spain starts the conquest of present-day Nicaragua. The conquest lasts until 1533. 1542: Spain establishes the Real Audiencia of Guatemala inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain, including also present-day →Guatemala, →Costa Rica, →Honduras, Nicaragua and →El Salvador. 1609: The Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain is established. 1544: The →Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is placed under the administration of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. 1787: The Kingdom of ↑Mosquito is annexed by Spain. 1803: The Mosquito Coast is transfered to →New Granada. 1821: Following the Mexican War of Independence, Nicaragua becomes part of independent Mexico in 1822. The ↑Mosquito Coast is integrated into Mexico, but remains disputed with Colombia. De facto the area remains outside of Spanish control. 1824: Nicaragua joins Central America. 1838: Nicaragua becomes independent. 1844: →Mosquito is seceded as a British protectorate. 1860: ↑Mosquito is restored to Nicaragua.
	Nicaragua	1912: The United States intervene in ↑Nicaragua and occupy the country. 1914: With the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty Nicaragua becomes more or less a U.S. protectorate. The United States lease from Nicaragua the →Corn Islands. 1933: The United States withdraw from Nicaragua, restoring the independence of Nicaragua. 1971: The lease of the ↑Corn Islands is terminated. ᐃ
2/3	Mosquito	1638: Part of the Nicaraguan and Honduran coast is incorporated into the Mosquito, an English protectorate, populated by Miskito people.
	Guatemala	1787: The Kingdom of Mosquito is annexed by Spain.
	New Granada	1803: The Mosquito Coast is transfered to New Granada. 1822: After the independence of Colombia, the Mosquito Coast becomes part of Mexico. This is disputed by Colombia. 1922: Mosquito becomes part of Central America. 1838: Mosquito becomes part of Nicaragua.
	Mosquito	1844: The United Kingdom re-establishes in the Mosquito Kingdom as a protectorate. 1860: The Mosquito Kingdom is restored to Nicaragua. →1860
3/3	Corn Islands	1914: The United States lease from ↑Nicaragua the Corn Islands. 1971: The lease is terminated by Nicaragua. →1971
	Niger Niger – Republic of Niger
	Niger is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Middle Niger	1899: France starts to conquer present-day Niger, previously part of the Bornu Empire, and adds the conquered areas to Middle Niger.
	Senegambia and Niger	1902: Middle Niger is united with ↑Upper Senegal into the Territory of Senegambia and Niger.
	Upper Senegal and Niger	1904: Senegambia and Niger is re-organized into Upper Senegal and Niger as part of French West Africa. After the inclusion of parts of the Mossi protectorates, the colony incluses parts of present-day Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso.
	Niger	1911: Niger is seceded from Upper Senegal and Niger and together with ↑Damagaram organized as the Military Territory of Niger. 1920s: The Tuareg are finally defeated. 1921: The Colony of Niger is established inside French West Africa. 1932: After a re-division part of Upper Volta falls to Niger. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which the Overseas Territory of Niger inside French West Africa becomes a constituent part.1947:After a re-division part of Niger falls to new →Upper Volta. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Niger inside the French Community. 1960: Niger becomes independent. ᐃ
2/2		1899: France defeats the Sultanate of Damagaram and makes it a French protectorate. 1911: Damagaram is incorporated into the territory of Niger. →1911
	Nigeria Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria
	Nigeria is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/8	Slave Coast	1660: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) starts establishing various settlements at what they name the Slave Coast in present-day Nigeria and Benin. 1760: The WIC abandons the last settlement at the Slave Coast.
	Bight of Benin	1852: The United Kingdom declares the the former Slave Coast as Bight of Benin a British protectorate.
	Oil Rivers Protectorate	1885: The Bight of Benin and the ↑Bight of Biafra protectorates are united as the Oil Rivers Protectorate, including the former German claim on ↑Mahinland.
	Niger Coast	1893: The Oils River Protectorate is extended and renamed in Niger Coast Protectorate.
	Southern Nigeria	1900: The Niger Coast Protectorate is united with parts of the territories of the ↑Royal Niger Company to form the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. The other parts become the →Protectorate of Northern Nigeria. 1906: ↑Lagos is incorporated and the protectorate is continued as the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria.
	Nigeria	1914: Southern Nigeria and ↑Northern Nigeria are merged into the Nigeria Colony and Protectorate. 1930: ↑Forcados and Badjibo become part of Nigeria. 1954: Nigeria becomes autonomous as the Federation of Nigeria. 1960: Nigeria becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1963. The northern part of ↑British Cameroon merges into Nigeria. ᐃ
2/8	Bight of Biafra	1849: The United Kingdom declares the Bight of Biafra a British protectorate. 1884: The British protectorate is enlarged over Brass, Bonny, Opobo, Aobh, and Old Calabar. 1885: The protectorate merges into the Oil Rivers Protectorate. →1885
3/8	Lagos	1861: Lagos and the adjacent area are annexed by the United Kingdom as the Lagos Colony. 1866: Lagos becomes a territory of the British West African Settlements.
	Gold Coast	1874: Lagos becomes part of the →Gold Coast colony inside British West Africa.
	Lagos	1886: Lagos becomes a separate colony. 1887: Lagos is enlarged with a protectorate in its hinterland, Yorubaland. 1888: British West Africa is dissolved. 1906: Lagos is incorporated into Southern Nigeria. →1900
4/8	Cameroon	1884: Germany establishes the Cameroon colony.
	Cameroon	1914: France, the United Kingdom and Belgium invade German Cameroon as part of World War I. 1916: Germany surrenders and Cameroon is occupied.
	British Cameroons	1922: Occupied Cameroon is divided by the League of Nations into the French mandate of Cameroon and the British League of Nation mandate of British Cameroons. 1946: Both mandates become United Nations trust territories, administered by France and the United Kingdom. 1961: After a plebiscite British Cameroons is divided. The southern part merges into the →Cameroon. The northern part of British Cameroons merges into Nigeria. →1961
5/8	Mahinland	1885: Gottlieb Leonhard Gaiser acquires for Germany what he calls Mahinland, east of Lagos. The same year Germany cedes its rights to the United Kingdom, leaving the area to the Oils River Protectorate. →1885
6/8	National African Company	1885: The British National African Company establishes a protectorate in the hinterland.
	Royal Niger Company	1886: The National African Company is renamed into the Royal Niger Company. 1900: The territories of the Royal Niger Company are divided between the →Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria.
	Northern Nigeria	1900: Parts of the territories of the Royal Niger Company become the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria.1902: In Northern Nigeria the remnants of the Bornu Empire are conquered. 1903: The British take over the Sokoto Caliphate and the Kano Emirate. 1914: Northern Nigeria becomes part of the Nigeria Colony and Protectorate. →1914
7/8	Muri	1892: France establishes a protectorate over the Emirate of Muri. 1893: France withdraws from Muri. 1900: The area becomes part of Northern Nigeria. →1900
8/8	Forcados and Badjibo	1900: France leases from the United Kingdom in Nigeria the enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo for thirty years. 1930: The lease is not renewed, leaving the area to united Nigeria. →1930
	Niue Niue – Niue
	Niue is a New Zealand self-governing state, with sovereignty within the Ne Zealand realm..
	Savage Island	1900: In response to requests of the ruler of Niue, Niue becomes a British protectorate, administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories.
	Cook Islands	1901: The United Kingdom incorporates Niue as part of the Cook Islands into New Zealand.
	Cook Islands	1907: New Zealand becomes a dominion, making the Cook Islands a New Zealand dependency.
	Niue	1965: Niue is separated from the Cook Islands. 1974: Niue becomes self-governing. ᐃ
	Norfolk Island Norfolk Island – Territory of Norfolk Island
	Norfolk Island is a Australian overseas territory.
/1	New South Wales	1786: The uninhabited Norfolk Island is annexed by Great Britain to New South Wales.
	Van Diemen's Land	1844: Norfolk Island is transferred to the colony of Van Diemen's Land.
	Norfolk Island	1856: Norfolk Island becomes a distinct and separate settlement.
		1914: The United Kingdom cedes Norfolk Island to Australia. ᐃ
	Northern Cyprus (disputed) Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
	Northern Cyprus is a de facto republic, not recognized by Cyprus, and only recognized by Turkey.
	Cyprus	See for the development before 1974 →Cyprus.
	Northern Cyprus	1974: In response to a coup in ↑Cyprus, the Turkish army invades the island and conquers the north of Cyprus. Turkey secedes Northern Cyprus from Cyprus and establishes a federal state. 1983: Turkish Cyprus declares itself a independent republic, internationally not recognized and considered as part of Cyprus. ᐃ
	Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands – Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
	"The Northern Mariana Islands are a United States unincorporated organized territory.
	Mariana Islands	See also the closely related history of →Guam. 1521: Fernão de Magalhães discovers the archipelago for Spain. The islands are inhabited by Chamorro people. 1565: Spain claims the archipel as the Mariana Islands, including Guam, adds the archipelago to the Spanish East Indies. 1898: Spain cedes →Guam to the United States of America.
	Mariana Islands	1899: Spain sells the northern part of the Mariana Islands to Germany, that adds them to German New Guinea.
	Mariana Islands	1914: Japan occupies the Northern Mariana Islands.
	South Pacific Mandate	1922: The Northern Mariana Islands become part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate, administered by Japan. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1935: Japan annexes the mandate.
	Pacific Islands	1944: The South Pacific Mandate, annexed by Japan in 1935, are occupied by the United States. 1947: The South Pacific Mandate is succeeded by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration and includes the Northern Mariana Islands.
	Northern Mariana Islands	1978: The Northern Mariana Islands become the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States. ᐃ
	Norway Norway – Kingdom of Norway
	Norway is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
1/3	Norway	1537: Norway, until then a kingdom in a personal union with Denmark, becomes by declaration of the Danish Privy Council subordinated to Denmark.
	Norway	1814: Denmark cedes in the Treaty of Kiel ↑Norway to Sweden in a personal union. The →Faroe Islands, →Iceland and →Greenland become Danish colonies. 1905: Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved and elects a new king. With this Norway achieves full independence, which is confirmed with the Convention of Karlstad. 1922: Norway annexes →Jan Mayen. 1925: Norway formally assumes sovereignty over →Svalbard. ᐃ
		Norwegian dependencies: Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 1035-1516/1814 Greenland Greenland 1262-1516/1814 Eric the Red's Land 1932-1933 Iceland Iceland 1262-1516/1814 Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land 1939- Svalbard Svalbard incorporated into Norway 1920- United Kingdom Northern Isles (875-1516/1590
2/3	Svalbard	1615: See Svalbard.
3/3	Jan Mayen	1615: The Dutch Northern Company uses the recently discovered island of Jan Mayen as a whaling base. 1638: Jan Mayen is abandoned. 1922: Jan Mayen is annexed to Norway →1922
	Oman Oman – Sultanate of Oman
	Oman is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
1/2	Oman	1517: Portugal conquers Muscat. Iman Muhammad bin Ismail has to accept the establishment of a protectorate over the Imamate of Oman.
	Muscat	1552: Muscat is shortly occupied by the Ottoman Empire.
	Muscat	1552: Muscat is restored to '’'Portugal the same year.
	Muscat	1581: Muscat is conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
	Muscat	1588: Portugal re-conquers Muscat. 1650: Sultan bin Saif bin Malik succeeds in expulsing the Portuguese and restores the independence of the Sultanate of Muscat. 1820: Muscat merges with the Imamate of Oman into Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. 1854: The →Kuria Muria Islands are ceded by Muscat and Oman to the United Kingdom. 1856: Muscat and Oman are partitioned into Muscat and Oman and →Zanzibar. 1967: The islands are restored to Oman. 1970: Muscat and Oman is continued by Oman. ᐃ
		Omani dependencies: Kenya Zanzibar 1698-1728, 1729-1824, 1826-1861 Pakistan Gwadar 1783-1958 Somalia Zanzibar 1704-1726, 1828-1861 Tanzania Zanzibar 1698-1861
2/2	Kuria Muria Islands	1854: The Kuria Muria Islands are ceded by Muscat and Oman to the United Kingdom 1937: The islands are administered under →Aden. 1963: The islands are administered by the resident of the Persian Gulf. 1967: The islands are restored to Oman. →1967
	Pakistan Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan
	Pakistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Gwadar	1783: The Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch, grants suzerainty over Gwadar to Taimur Sultan, the defeated ruler of Muscat. When Taimur Sultan recaptures Muscat, Gwadar becomes a possession of Muscat. 1958: Oman transfers Gwadar to Pakistan. →1958
2/2	British India	1843: The British East India Company defeats at the Battle of Miani the Talpur rulers of Sindh and annexes Sindh. 1849: The East India Company defeats in the Anglo-Sikh wars the Sikh Empire and annexes its area as Punjab. 1858: After having supported the anti-British Indian Rebellion of 1857, emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar of the Mughal Empire is deposed. The Mughal Empire is annexed by the United Kingdom. The same goes for all East India Company areas. All British dependencies and protectorates in India are united into the British Raj, a structure comprising British India (a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown and the Princely states, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of the British Crown. 1876: With the Treaty of Kalat of Makran, Kharan, Las Bela and Kalat become princely states under British protection. 1877: British India is styled Empire of India. 1919: With the Government of India Act, 1919, British India gets more autonomy. 1936: The Government of India Act, 1935 provides for self-government. 1947: British India is partitioned between the independent states of India and Pakistan of which the area is part under the name West Pakistan. Pakistan also includes present-day Bangladesh. Pakistan becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1956. Most of the princely states become at that moment part of India or Pakistan. Junagadh State tries to join Pakistan, but is annexed to India. Jammu and Kashmir wants to remain independent, but joins the same year after a Pakistani attack India. Part is annexed to Pakistan. 1958: Oman transfers ↑Gwadar to Pakistan. 1971: East Pakistan secedes from Pakistan as →Bangladesh. ᐃ
	Palau Palau – Republic of Palau
	Palau is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic, associated with the United States.
	Caroline Islands	1885: After a German attempt to annex Palau, the international community recognizes Palau as a Spanish possession and part of the Caroline Islands. Palau is inhabited by Micronesians.
	Caroline Islands	1899: Spain sells the Caroline Islands to Germany, that adds them to →German New Guinea.
	Caroline Islands	1914: Japan occupies the German Caroline Islands.
	South Pacific Mandate	1922: The Caroline Islands become part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate, administered by Japan. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1935: Japan annexes the mandate.
	Pacific Islands	1944: The Carolines are are occupied by the United States. 1947: The South Pacific Mandate is succeeded by the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under United States administration and includes the Caroline Islands.
	Palau	1981: Palau becomes a separate republic. 1987: Palau becomes independent, freely associated with the United States. ᐃ
	Palestine Palestine – State of Palestine
	Palestine is a republic, not recognized by Israel, but recognized by 126 UN member states, the Holy See as well as Sahara.
	Jerusalem	1099: crusaders conquer from the Fatimid Caliphate Palestine and establishes after the conquest of Jerusalem the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187: Jerusalem is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
	Jerusalem	1191: The crusaders restore the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291: The Kingdom is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
	Ottoman Empire	1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate, including Palestine.
	Ottoman Empire	1916/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, and British forces conquer ↑Palestine. The area is placed under the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
	Palestine	1920: The League of Nations awards Palestine in the occupied ↑Ottoman Empire under mandate to the United Kingdom in the British Mandate of Palestine. 1947: A civil war starts in the mandate between Arab and Jewish inhabitants. 1948: The Jewish community declares the independence of Israel. This leads to the Arab-Israeli War and the occupation of parts of Palestine by Transjordan and Egypt.
	West Bank and Gaza Strip	1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the Westbank and Gaza. 1988: Palestine declares its independence, not recognized by Israel. 1994: The administration over Gaza and parts of the Westbank are handed over to the Palestinian National Authority. ᐃ
	Panama Panama – Republic of Panama
	Panama is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	New Spain	1538: Spain conquers what now is known as Panama, and makes it part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The area is inhabited by Cueva people and other indigenous tribes.
	Peru	1542: The area becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1698: Scotland establishes the colony of Caledonia. 1700: Scotland abandons ↑Caledonia and leaves it to Spain.
	New Granada	1717: Peru is divided and the region becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada. New Granada also includes alsp present-day Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. 1819: Separatist from Venezuela and New Granada declare their republics to be united as the Colombia. The liberation war continues. 1821: New Granada, including Panama, succeeds in the secession from Spain and become together with Venezuela independent as Colombia. 1831: Colombia falls apart and New Granada becomes a independent country. 1858: New Granada is renamed into the Granadine Confederation. 1863: The Granadine Confederation is renamed into Colombia. 1903: Panama secedes from ↑Colombia. 1904: Panama leases the →Panama Canal Zone to the Uited States. 1979: The United States return the Canal Zone to Panama. ᐃ
2/3	Caledonia	1698: The Scottish Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies establishes the colony of Caledonia. 1700: The colony is abandoned and left to Spain. →1700
3/3	Panama Canal Zone	1904: Newly independent ↑Panama leases the Panama Canal Zone to the United States. 1979: The United States return the Canal Zone to Panama. →1979
	Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea
	Papua New Guinea is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/5	British New Guinea	1883: The government of British Queensland annexes the southeastern quarter of the island of New Guinea for the British Empire. New Guinea is inhabited by several Papuan tribes. 1884: The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over this part of New Guinea, creating British New Guinea.
	British New Guinea	1902: The United Kingdom transfers British New Guinea to the authority of the new British dominion of Australia.
	Papua	1906: British New Guinea is renamed into the Territory of Papua. 1942: Japan occupies part of →Papua. 1943: Australia reconquers the occupied part of ↑Papua.
	Papua and New Guinea	1949: The Australian dependency of ↑Papua and the Australian United Nations mandate of ↑New Guinea are administrative unified as Papua and New Guinea.
	Papua New Guinea	1971: Papua and New Guinea is renamed into Papua New Guinea. 1975: Papua New Guinea becomes independent. ᐃ
2/5	Kaiser-Wilhelmsland	1884: Part of New Guinea is annexed by Germany as the protectorate of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, administered by the German New Guinea Company. It is inhabited by various Papuan tribes.
	German New Guinea	1899: Kaiser-Wilhelmsland is united with the ↑Bismarck Archipelago, and the ↑German Solomon Islands into German New Guinea, also administering →Nauru, the →Caroline Islands and the →Mariana Islands. 1900: The eastern part of the Solomon Islands is ceded to the →British Solomon Islands 1906: The →Marshall Islands are administered by German New Guinea.
	New Guinea	1914: The Bismarck Archipelago, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the German Solomon Islands are conquered by Australia. →Nauru, the →Caroline Islands and the →Mariana Islands are conquered by Japan. 1920: German New Guinea becomes a League of Nations mandate as New Guinea, administered by Australia.
	occupied New Guinea	1942: Japan occupies New Guinea.
	New Guinea	1944: Australia and allies reconquer New Guinea. 1945: New Guinea becomes a United Nations trust territory, administered by Australia. →1949
3/5	Bismarck Archipelago	1884: The Bismarck Archipelago, inhabited by indigenous tribes, is annexed by Germany as a protectorate administered by the German New Guinea Company. →1899
4/5	German Solomon Islands	1885: The northern part of the Solomon Islands becomes the German protectorate of the German Solomon Islands, administered by the German New Guinea Company. The islands are inhabited by indigenous tribes.→1899
5/5	occupied Papua	1942: Japan occupies part of Papua. 1943: Australia reconquers Papua. →1943
	Paraguay Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
	Paraguay is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	New Andalusia	1537: The Spanish colonization of Paraguay begins as part of New Andalusia. The area is inhabited by Guaraní people.
	Río de la Plata	1542: New Andalusia becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and inside Peru of the Governorate of Río de la Plata. →1617
	Paraguay	1617: The Governorate of Paraguay is separated from Río de la Plata.
	Río de la Plata	1776: Paraguay becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. 1810: The war of independence of Upper Peru starts. 1811: The local Spanish administration is overthrown, Paraguay becomes independent. ᐃ
	Peru Peru – Republic of Peru
	Peru is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Peru	1524: Spain starts the conquest of the Inca Empire. 1533: The conquest is completed and present-day Peru is annexed by Spain. 1542: Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of Peru, including present-day (North) Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. 1717: The Viceroyalty of →New Granada is separated from Peru. 1724: New Granada is re-incorporated into Peru. 1739: →New Granada is separated from Peru. 1776: The new →Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata is separated from the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1789: The →Captaincy General of Chile is separated from Peru. 1811: The Peruvian War of Independence starts. 1814: ↑Upper Peru is re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1821: Peru declares its independence. 1824: Spain is defeated and Peru becomes independent, without →Upper Peru that remains under control by Spain. ᐃ
	The Philippines Philippines – Republic of the Philippines
	The Philippines is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Spanish East Indies	1531: Fernão de Magalhães claims the present-day Philippines for Spain. 1543: The archipelago is named the Philippines (Filipinas). 1565: With an expedition by Miguel López de Legazpi Spain starts to colonize the Philippines and creates the Spanish East Indies inside the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The archipelago, first explored and claimed for Spain by Fernão de Magalhães in 1521, is inhabited by various indigenous nations. The Spanish East Indies include the →Caroline Islands and the Mariana Islands. 1606: Parts of present-day Indonesia become part of the Spanish East Indies. 1664: Spain withdraws from present-day →Indonesia. 1874: Spain adds the →Marshall Islands to the Spanish East Indies. 1885: Spain adds →Palau to the Spanish East Indies. 1896: The Philippine Revolution starts. 1898: The revolution succeeds and the Philippines become independent,
	Philippines	1898: The Philippine Republic is defeated and the ↑Philippines become the United States territory of the Philippine Islands. 1915: ↑Sulu is integrated into the Philippines. 1935: The Philippines are renamed into the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
	occupied Philippines	1942: The Philippines are occupied by Japan.
	Philippines	1943: Japan establishes the nominal independent Republic of the Philippines.
	Philippines	1945: Japan is defeated and United States rule is restored. 1946: The Philippines become independent as the Philippines. ᐃ
2/2	Sulu	1851: After the defeat of the Sulu forces by Spain, the eastern part of the sultanate becomes a Spanish protectorate. 1878: The western part is ceded to the United Kingdom as →North Borneo.
	Sulu	1898: With the defeat of the Spanish in the Spanish-American War, Sulu becomes an American protectorate. 1915: Sulu is integrated into the Philippines. →1915
	Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands – Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
	The Pitcairn Islands are a British British crown dependency.
	Pitcairn Islands	1838: Pitcairn Island, inhabited by descendants of mutineers of the Bounty and their Tahitian consorts, is made a British colony. 1898: Pitcairn is administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories until 1952. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is referred to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	Poland Poland – Republic of Poland
	Poland is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/6	Teutonic Order	1230: The Teutonic Order establishes the State of the Teutonic Order in areas of present-day Poland, →Russia and →Lithuania, populated by the Baltic tribe of the Prussians. A section of the order, the Livonian Order, controls parts of present-day →Estonia and →Latvia. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the state loses its western part to Poland and becomes a fief of Poland. 1525: The state is secularized and continued by the Duchy of Prussia 1707: Prussia merges with Brandenburg into the Kingdom of Prussia. 1871: Prussia becomes part of Germany. 1945: Parts of Prussia are annexed to Poland. →1945
2/6	Prussia	1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation in Poland leads to the first partition of Poland. Part of Poland is annexed by Prussia. 1793: With the second partition of Poland, more of Poland is annexed by Prussia. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. 1807: After a French occupation, part of Galicia becomes independent as →Warsaw. 1813: ↑Warsaw is destroyed. Poland remains divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia. 1871: Prussia becomes part of Germany. 1945: Parts of Prussia are annexed to Poland. 1918: Part of Prussia is included in independent →Poland. 1920: →Danzig becomes a free city under League of Nations supervision. 1939: ↑Danzig is re-incorporated into Germany. 1945: More of Prussia is awarded to Poland →1945
3/6	Galicia and Lodomeria	1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation in Poland leads to the first partition of Poland. Part of Poland is annexed by Austria that establishes the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. More of Poland becomes part of Austria. 1809: Part of the annexed areas are ceded to the →Warsaw. 1813: ↑Warsaw is destroyed. Poland remains divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia. 1815: Austria, Prussia and Russia create the protectorate of →Cracow. 1846: After the Greater Poland uprising, ↑Cracow is incorporated into Austrian Galicia 1918: Western Galicia becomes part of independent Poland. →1918
4/6	Russia	1795: With the third partition of Poland Russia annexes part of present-day Poland. 1807: After a French occupation, Poland becomes independent as Duchy of Warsaw. 1809: Part of ↑Galicia are ceded to the Warsaw.
	Kingdom of Poland	1813: Warsaw is occupied by Russia. 1815: Russia establishes the Kingdom of Poland, subordinate to Russia. 1815: Austria, Prussia and Russia create the protectorate of Cracow out of former ↑Polish territory. 1832: Poland is integrated into Russia. 1915: Russian Poland is occupied by Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1918: Poland becomes independent, including parts of ↑Prussia and ↑Galicia. 1939: Poland is divided between Nazi-Germany and the Soviet Union. 1941: The whole of Poland is annexed to Nazi-Germany. 1945: Poland regains independence, loses parts to the Soviet Union and gains parts from Germany, including former ↑Danzig. ᐃ
5/6	Cracow	1815: Austria, Prussia and Russia create the protectorate of Cracow out of former ↑Polish territory. 1846: After the Greater Poland uprising, Cracow is incorporated into Austrian Galicia →1846
6/6	Danzig	1920: Danzig is separated from →Germany and is established as free city under auspices of the League of Nations (firstly under the authority of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers). 1939: Danzig is incorporated into Germany. →1846
	Portugal Portugal – Portuguese Republic
	Portugal is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
0/2	Portugal	For Portugal see the entries →Madeira and →Azores. Not listed are the conquests by Arabs in Portugal and the territorial expansion of Portugal. ᐃ
		Portuguese dependencies: Angola Angola 1575-1640, 1648-1975 Kongo 1857-1914, to Angola Portuguese Congo 1885-1920s, to Angola Bahrain Bahrain 1521-1602 Benin Ajudá 1680-1822, 1865-1961 Brazil Brazil 1500-1572, to Rio de Janeiro and Bahia Rio de Janeiro 1572-1578, to Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 1607-1613, to Brazil Brazil 1578-1607, to Rio de Janeiro and Bahia Brazil 1613-1822 Bahia 1572-1578, to Brazil, 1607-1613, to Brazil Maranhão 1641-1654 Maranhão and Grão-Pará 1654-1751 Grão-Pará and Maranhao 1751-1772 Maranhão and Piauí 1772-1775, to Brazil Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772-1775, to Brazil Trindade 1782-1822 Canada Terra Nova 1521-1570s Cape Verde Cape Verde 1456-1975 China Macau 1557-1999 East Timor Portuguese Timor 1515-1942, 1945-1975 Equatorial Guinea - Annobón São Tomé 1474-1641, 1649-1778 Equatorial Guinea - Bioko São Tomé 1494-1778 French Guiana Brazil 1809-1817 Ghana Gold Coast 1482-1642 Guinea-Bissau Cape Verde 1456/1588-1614 Cacheu 1614-1624, 1630-1852, to Portuguese Guinea Bissau 1696-1852, to Portuguese Guinea Portuguese Guinea 1852-1974 India (Portuguese) India 1505-1961 Indonesia Spicy Islands 1512-1655 Iran Gombroon 1514-1614 Iran Hormuz 1515-1622 Kenya Mombassa 1528-1585, 1589-1698, 1728-1729 Malaysia Malacca 1511-1641 Maldives Maldives 1558-1573 Mauritania Arguin 1445-1633 Morocco various settlements incorporated into Portugal 1471-1769 Tangier 1474-1662 Mozambique Sofala 1498/1501-1507 Mozambique and Sofala 1507-1569 Mozambique and Rivers of Sofala 1569-1609 Mozambique, Sofala, Ríos de Cuama, and Monomatapa 1609-1752 Mozambique, the Zambesi and Sofala 1752-1836 Mozambique 1836-1891 Eastern Africa 1891-1893 Mozambique 1893-1975 Kionga Triangle 1916-1920, to Mozambique Oman Muscat 1517-1552, 1552-1581, 1588-1650 Portugal Azores 1427-1832, incorporated into Portugal Madeira 1418-1801, 1802-1807, 1814-1835, incorporated into Portugal Qatar Bahrein 1521-1602 Reunion Santa Apolónia 1509-1513 Mascarene Island 1513-1642 Sao Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé 1493-1599, 1599-1641, 1649-1709, 1709-1753, to São Tomé and Príncipe Príncipe 1502-1598, 1599-1753, to São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe 1753-1975 Senegal Ilha de Palma 1444-1571 Cacheu 1645-1852 Portuguese Guinea 1852-1888 Spain Lanzarote 1448-1477 Ceuta 1415-1640 Sri Lanka Ceylon 1505/1597-1658 Uruguay Uruguay 1512-1669, 1817-1822 Colonia del Sacramento 1680-1706, 1716-1777 Yemen Socotra 1506-1512 Aden 1513-1538, 1547-1548 Zanzibar Zanzibar 1505-1508, 1528-1698
1/2	Madeira	1418: Madeira is claimed for Portugal by João Gonçalves Zarco. 1420: The colonization of the islands starts. The islands are divided into several s. 1580: Madeira is united into the crown colony of Madeira.
	Madeira	1801: Madeira is occupied by British forces.
	Madeira	1802: Madeira is restored to Portugal.
	Madeira	1807: Madeira is occupied by British forces.
	Madeira	1814: Madeira is restored to Portugal.
	Portugal	1835: Madeira is fully integrated into Portugal]. →1835
2/2	Azores	1427: The uninhabited Azores are discovered for Portugal and granted as separate donatarias in the upcoming years. 1766: The islands are united into the Captaincy-general of the Azores.
	Portugal	1832: The Azores are fully integrated into Portugal. →1832
	Puerto Rico Puerto Rico – Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
	"Puerto Rico is a United States unincorporated organized territory.
1/2	Santo Domingo	1493: Cristoforo Colombo lands for Castile (Spain) at present-day Puerto Rico and claims it as Isla de San Juan Bautista. The island is inhabited by Taíno. 1508: The Spanish colonization of the island starts. It becomes a colony subordinated to Santo Domingo inside New Spain. 1520: The island gets the name Puerto Rico. 1700s: Puerto Rico includes the ↑Island of Crabs or Spanish Virgin Islands.
	Puerto Rico	1797: Puerto Rico is separated from Santo Domingo. 1811: The ↑Island of Crabs becomes part of Puerto Rico as Vieques. 1897: The island gets self-government.
	Porto Rico	1898: As part of the Spanish–American War, the United States invade Puerto Rico. Spain cedes Puerto Rico to the United States, that names it Porto Rico. 1917: Porto Rico becomes a U.S. territory.
	Puerto Rico	1932: Porto Rico is renamed into Puerto Rico. 1952: Puerto Rico becomes an associated state as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. ᐃ
2/2	Saint Thomas	1682: The Danish West India and Guinea Company (VGK) conquers from Saint Thomas what they call Island of Crabs.
	Island of Crabs	1689: Brandenburg settles from Saint Thomas the Island of Crabs]]. 1694: Brandenburg abandonds the island.
	Vieques	1698: A Scottish fleet of the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and The Indies makes landfall and takes possession of the former Brandenburger Island of Crabs. The Scots abandon the island shortly after, de facto restoring it to Spain. →1700s
	Qatar Qatar – State of Qatar
	Qatar is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Bahrein	1521: Part of the Eastern Arabian coast, including Bahrain and Qatar, dominated by Bani Khalid, is seized by Portugal from the Jabrid ruler of Eastern Arabia Migrin ibn Zamil. The Portuguese rule is disputed by the rulers of Al-Hasa.
	Ottoman Empire	1602: The Portuguese are expelled from Qatar and the area comes under Ottoman control. 1670: Qatar comes under control of the Bani Khalid. 1793: Qatar is annexed to Diriyah 1818: Qatar becomes part of Bahrain.
	Bahrain	1820: Bahrain of which Qatar is a dependency, participates in the General Maritime Treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. 1868: The United Kingdom recognizes the Emirate of Qatar as an independent state separated from Bahrain.
	Ottoman Empire	1872: The sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire over ↑Qatar is recognized. 1916: Qatar becomes a British protectorate.
	Qatar	1916: Emir Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani signs a treaty to make ↑Qatar a British protectorate. 1937: Zubarah, previously part of Bahrain, is annexed. 1971: Qatar becomes independent. ᐃ
	Queen Maud Land Queen Maud Land – Queen Maud Land
	Queen Maud Land is the Norwegian claim on a division of Antarctica.
1/2	Queen Maud Land	Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), →New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1939: Norway establishes as claim on a part of the Antarctic Queen Maud Land, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. The same year Nazi-Germany claims an area in Antarctica as →New Swabia, coinciding with the Norwegian claim. 1945: ↑New Swabia is abandoned and left to Norway. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ
2/2	New Swabia	1939: Nazi-Germany claims an area in Antarctica as New Swabia, coinciding with the Norwegian claim of →Queen Maud Land. 1945: New Swabia is abandoned and left to Norway. →1945
	Réunion Réunion – Region of Réunion
	Réunion is a a French overseas department and region.
	Santa Apolónia	1509: Portugal claims the uninhabited island of Santa Apolónia, present-day Réunion, discovered in 1507 by Diogo Fernandes Pereira.
	Mascarene Island	1513: Santa Apolóni is renamed Mascarene Island, but remains unsettled.
	Saint-Paul	1642: The uninhabited Mascarene Island, claimed by Portugal, is conquered and claimed by France as Saint Paul.
	Bourbon Island	1649: Saint Paul is renamed into Bourbon Island. 1665: Colonization starts. 1735: France conquers →Rodrigues and adds it to Bourbon Island.
	Réunion	1793: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion.
	Bonaparte Island	1801:Réunion is renamed into Bonaparte Island. 1809: Rodriques is conquered by the →United Kingdom.
	Bourbon Island	1810: Bonaparte Island is occupied by the United Kingdom and renamed into Bourbon Island.
		1815: Bourbon Island is returned to France. 1840: France annexes →Nossi-Bé to Réunion. 1842: France makes the island of →Mayotte a dependency of Bourbon Island.
	Réunion	1848: Bourbon Island is renamed into Réunion. 1908: →Mayotte is separated from Réunion. 1940: With the start of World War II the island is under the authority of the Vichy Regime. 1942: The Free French take over the island. 1946: Réunion becomes an overseas department. 1982: The island becomes also an overseas region. ᐃ
	Romania Romania - Romania
	Romania is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Wallachia	1541: The Principality of Wallachia becomes an Ottoman vassal. 1861: Wallachia and ↑Moldavia unite into the United Romanian Principalities. 1877: Romania becomes independent, recognized in 1878. 1918: Transylvania becomes part of Romania. The same year ↑Bessarabia, independent as the Moldovan Democratic Republic, joins Romania. 1940: →Bessarabia is conquered and annexed to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Moldova. 1941: ↑Moldova is annexed to Romania. 1944: →Moldova is conquered by the Soviet Union. ᐃ
2/3	Moldavia	1541: The Principality of Moldavia becomes an Ottoman vassal. 1792: Bessarabia, the eastern part of Moldavia is conquered by →Russia. 1861: Wallachia and Moldavia unite into the United Romanian principalities. →1861
3/3	Ottoman Empire	1541: Part of ↑Hungary, including Transylvania is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1699: The Ottomans are defeated and Hungary becomes part of Austria 1867: Austria is reorganized into Austria-Hungary 1918: Transylvania becomes part of Romania. →1918
	Ross Dependency Ross Dependency – Ross Dependency
	The Ross Dependency is the New Zealand claim on a division of Antarctica.
	Ross Dependency	Claims in Antarctica are established by →Argentina (1904), →United Kingdom (1908), New Zealand (1923), →France (1924), →Australia (1933), →Norway (1939), →Germany (1939), and →Chile (1940). 1923: Part of Antarctica is claimed by New Zealand as Ross Dependency, the validity of this claim is not recognised universally. 1961: The Antarctic Treaty System is signed, in which no territorial sovereignty claims are recognized or established. All claims are frozen. ᐃ
	Russia Russia – Russian Federation
	Russia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
0/3	Russia	Russia itself was not colonized, but in the area of Russia entities of various countries existed. The territorial expansion of Muscovy and Russia inside present-day Russia is not listed. Crimea can be found here. ᐃ
		Russian dependencies: Åland Finland incorporated into Russia 1809-1917 Armenia Armenia incorporated into Russia 1813-1918 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan incorporated into Russia 1813-1918 Belarus Lithuania incorporated into Russia 1772-1918 China Hankou 1896-1920 Dalian 1898-1905 Tianjin 1899-1920 Estonia Estonia and Livonia incorporated into Russia 1710-1918 Finland Finland 1809-1917 Georgia Georgia incorporated into Russia 1800-1918 Greece Cyclades 1770-1774 Septinsular Republic 1798/1800-1807 Iran Persia 1907-1918 Kazakhstan Central Asia incorporated into Russia 1730-1922 Kyrgyzstan Kokand incorporated into Russia 1864-1922 Latvia Latvia incorporated into Russia 1710-1918 Lithuania Lithuania incorporated into Russia 1772-1918 Moldova Bessarabia incorporated into Russia 1792-1918 Poland Poland incorporated into Russia 1795-1807 Poland 1813-1832 Poland incorporated into Russia 1832-1915 Cracow 1815-1846, with Austria and Prussia Russia Tuva incorporated into Russia 1912-1920 Tannu-Tuva 1921-1944 Tajikistan Bukhara 1868-1922 Central Asia incorporated into Russia 1868-1922 Turkmenistan Central Asia incorporated into Russia 1869-1922 Ukraine Ukraine incorporated into Russia 1648-1918 Crimean Khanate 1774-1783 Crimean Khanate incorporated into Russia 1783-1917 Crimea incorporated into Russia 1920-1922 United States Fort Elizabeth 1815-1817 Russian America 1774-1867 Uzbekistan Central Asia incorporated into Russia 1865-1922 Bukhara 1868-1922 Khiva 1873-1922
		Soviet dependencies: Afghanistan Afghanistan 1979-1989 Armenia Transcaucasia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1936 Armenia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1936-1991 Austria occupied Austria 1945-1955 Azerbaijan Transcaucasia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1936 AZerbaijan constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1991 Belarus Belarus constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1941, 1944-1991 Estonia Estonia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1939-1941, 1944-1991 Georgia Transcaucasia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1936 Georgia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1936-1991 Germany occupied Germany 1945-1949 occupied Berlin 1945-1990 Kazakhstan Russia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1936 Kazakhstan constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1936-1991 Kyrgyzstan Russia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1946 Kyrgyzstan constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1991 Latvia Latvia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1939-1941, 1944-1991 Lithuania Lithuania constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1939-1941, 1944-1991 Moldova Moldavia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1940-1941, 1944-1991 North Korea occupied Korea 1945-1948 Russia Tannu-Tuva 1921-1944, to Russia inside the Soviet Union Tajikistan Bukhara 1922-1924, to Uzbekistan inside the Soviet Union Russia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1924 Uzbekistan constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1924-1929 Tajikistan constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1929-1991 Turkmenistan Russia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1924 Turkmenistan constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1924-1991 Ukraine Ukraine constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1941, 1944-1991 Uzbekistan Russia constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1922-1924 Uzbekistan constituent republic of the Soviet Union 1924-1991 Bukhara 1922-1924 Khiva 1822-1924
		Modern Russian satellite states Georgia South Ossetia 1991- Abkhazia 1992- Moldova Transnistria 1992- Ukraine Donetsk 2014- Luganks 2014-
1/3	Teutonic Order	1230: The Teutonic Order establishes the State of the Teutonic Order in areas of present-day Russia, →Russia and →Lithuania, populated by the Baltic tribe of the Prussians. A section of the order, the Livonian Order, controls parts of present-day →Estonia and →Latvia. 1410: The Livonian Order is separated from the Teutonic Order. 1466: With the Peace of Thorn the state loses its western part to Poland and becomes a fief of Poland. 1525: The state is secularized and continued by the Duchy of Prussia 1707: Prussia merges with Brandenburg into the Kingdom of Prussia. 1871: Prussia becomes part of Germany. 1945: Parts of Prussia are annexed to Russia inside the Soviet Union. →1945
2/4	Crimea	1266: See Ukraine.
3/4	China	1696: The Mongol region of Tannu Uriankhai is annexed to China.
	Russia	1912: After a separatist revoluton in 1911, Tuva, a.k.a. Tannu, is occupied by Russia.
	China	1920: Tuva is occupied by China.
	Tannu-Tuva	1921: Tuva is occupied by Russia, that establishes Tannu-Tuva as soviet protectorate. 1944: Tuva joins the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. →1944
4/4	Karafuto	1855: The Treaty of Shimoda acknowledges that both Russia and Japan haved joint rights of occupation to Sakhalin, without setting a definite territorial demarcation. 1875: In the Treaty of Sain Petersburg, Japan agrees to give up its claims on Sakhalin in exchange for undisputed ownership of the Kuril Islands. 1905: The southern part of Sakhalin Island becomes a Japanese colony as Karafuto. 1945: Karafuto is conquered and annexed as Sakhalin by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. →1945
	Rwanda Rwanda – Republic of Rwanda
	Rwanda is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Rwanda	1896: King Yuhi V of Ruanda accepts that the kingdom becomes a German protectorate within →German East Africa.
	Ruanda-Urundi	1916: Ruanda is conquered by Belgium. 1922: Ruanda is together with →Burundi administered as part of the Belgian League of Nations mandate Ruanda-Urundi. 1945: Ruanda-Urundi becomes a Belgian United Nations trust territory. 1962: Ruanda-Urundi is partitioned, Ruanda becomes independent as Rwanda. ᐃ
	Saba Saba – Public body of Saba
	Saba is a public body of the Netherlands.
	Saba	1635: The at that time uninhabited island of Saba is claimed but not colonized by France.
	Saba	1640: Saba is colonized by the Dutch West India Company (WIC).
	Saba	1665: Saba is occupied by England.
	Saba	1665: Saba is the same year restored to the Dutch.
	Saba	1672: Saba is occupied by England.
	Saba	1682: Saba is restored to the Dutch.
	Saba	1781: Saba is occupied by Great Britain.
	Saba	1781: Saba, occupied by Great Britain, is occupied by France.
	Saba	1784: Saba is restored by France to the Dutch. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
	Saba	1795: Saba is occupied by France.
	Saba	1801: Saba is returned to the Batavia Republic as successor of the Netherlands.
	Saba	1801: Saba is occupied by British forces.
	Saba	1803: Saba is restored to the Batavia Republic.
	Saba	1810: Saba is occupied by British forces.
	Sint Eustatius	1816: Saba is returned to the Netherlands and united into Sint Eustatius and Dependencies.
	West Indian Possessions	1828: ↑Suriname, ↑Curaçao and Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
	Curaçao	1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Saba becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Curaçao.
	Netherlands Antilles	1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
	Saba	2010: The Netherlands Antilles is dissolved and Saba becomes an overseas part of the Netherlands. ᐃ
	Sahara See Western Sahara
	Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy – Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy
	Saint Barthélemy is a French overseas collectivity.
	San Bartolomé	1502: Cristoforo Colombo lands at present-day Saint Barthélemy and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs..
	Saint Barthélemy	1648: French colonists settle the island of San Bartolomeo as Saint Barthélemy, owned by the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique.
	Saint Barthélemy	1651: The 1651: The French settlement is destroyed by Caribs. Ownership of Saint Barthélemy is transfered by the French Islands of America Company to the Knights Hospitaller.
	Saint Barthélemy	1665: Saint Barthélemy is bought from the Knights Hospitaller by the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales along with the Order's other possessions in the Caribbean. 1674: The company is dissolved and the island becomes part of the French Kingdom.
	Saint Barthélemy	1758: Saint Barthélemy is briefly controlled by Great Britain.
	Saint Barthélemy	1758: Saint Barthélemy is returned to France the same year.
	Saint Barthélemy	1784: France cedes Saint Barthélemy to Sweden.
	Saint Barthélemy	1801: Saint Barthélemy is occupied by British forces.
	Saint Barthélemy	1802: Swedish rule at Saint Barthélemy is restored. 1812: Saint Barthélemy becomes a personal possession of the Swedish king. 1840s: The island is brought under national administration.
	Guadeloupe	1878: Sweden sells Saint Barthélemy to France, that makes it part of Guadeloupe. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1943: The administration becomes loyal to the Free French. 1946: Guadeloupe becomes an overseas department, including Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. 1982: Guadeloupe becomes also an overseas region.
	Saint Barthélemy	2007: Saint Barthélemy becomes a separate overseas collectivity. ᐃ
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha – Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British British crown dependency.
1/3	Saint Helena	1588: The island of Saint Helena is claimed for England.
		1633: The island of Saint Helena, claimed by England, is also claimed by the Netherlands, but remains unsettled.
		1659: The English East India Company establishes the colony of Saint Helena.
		1672: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) conquers Saint Helen.
		1673: The Dutch are defeated and Saint Helena is restored to England. 1834: The rule of the East India Company ends and Saint Helena becomes the Crown Colony of Saint Helena. 1922: ↑Ascension becomes a dependency of Saint Helena. 1938: ↑Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency of Saint Helena.
	Saint Helena and Dependencies	1945: Saint Helena is renamed into Saint Helena and Dependencies. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: Saint Helena and dependencies are referred to as a British overseas territory.
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	2009: ↑Saint Helena and Dependencies is renamed into Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. ᐃ
2/3	Ascension	1815: The island of Ascension is annexed to the United Kingdom. 1922: Ascension becomes a dependency of Saint Helena. →1922
3/3	Tristan da Cunha	1816: The island of Tristan da Cunha is annexed to the United Kingdom. 1938: Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency of Saint Helena. →1938
	Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
	Saint Kitts and Nevis is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
1/3	San Cristóbal	See also the separate entry →Nevis. 1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of San Cristóbal and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.< →1625/→1625
	Saint Christopher	1625: England and →France divide the Spanish claimed island of San Cristóbal]. 1650: England colonizes →Anguilla from Saint Christopher.
	Saint Christophe	1666: France conquers the entire island.
	Saint Christopher	1667: The French are defeated and the English part of Saint Christopher with →Anguilla is restored.
	Leeward Islands	1671: Saint Christopher is united with ↑Antigua, Nevis and the ↑English Virgin Islands into the Leeward Islands.
	Saint Christophe	1696: France conquers the entire island.
	Leeward Islands	1697: The French are defeated and the English rule over part of Saint Christopher is restored. 1702: England conquers the entire island.
	Saint Christopher	1816: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Saint Christopher becomes a separate colony, including ↑Nevis, ↑Anguilla, and the ↑Virgin Islands.
	Antigua	1833: The colony of Saint Christopher is incorporated into Antigua.
	Leeward Islands	1871: The colony of Antigua is united with →Dominica into the Leeward Islands. 1940: Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the →Windward Islands.
	Saint Christopher	1956: The Leeward Islands are dissolved, Saint Christopher becomes a separate colony
	West Indies Federation	1958: Saint Christopher unites with ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago into the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
	Saint Christopher	1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and Saint Christopher becomes a separate colony.
	Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla	1967: Saint Christopher is renamed into Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. The independence of →Anguilla is proclaimed, not recognized by the United Kingdom. 1969: The Republic of Anguilla is proclaimed, not recognized by the United Kingdom. The same year British rule restored under emergency powers. 1971: →Anguilla is formally detached from Saint Christopher-Nevis and becomes de facto a separate dependency.
	Saint Christopher and Nevis	1980: Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla is renamed into Saint Christopher and Nevis. 1983: Saint Kitts and Nevis become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
2/3	Nuestra Señora de las Nieves	1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of Nevis and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.
	Nevis	1623: England colonizes Spanish claimed Nuestra Señora de las Nieves as Nevis. The island is inhabited by Caribs.<
	Leeward Islands	1671: Nevis becomes with ↑Antigua, Saint Christopher, and the ↑English Virgin Islands part of into the Leeward Islands. 1816: After the dissolution of the Leeward Islands, Nevis become part of the colony of Saint Christopher. →1816
3/3	Saint Christophe	1625: France and →England divide the Spanish claimed island of San Cristóbal. 1648: French Saint Christophe includes the French part of Saint Martin.
	Saint Christophe	1651: The ownership of the French part of Saint Christopher is transfered by the Islands of America Company to the Knights Hospitaller.
	Saint Christophe	1665: The Knights' part of Saint Christophe is bought by the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales along with the Order's other possessions in the Caribbean. 1666: France conquers the ↑entire island. 1667: The status ante quo bellum is →restored. 1696: France conquers the entire island. 1697: The status ante quo bellum is →restored. 1702: England conquers the entire island. →1702
	Saint Lucia Saint Lucia – Saint Lucia
	Saint Lucia is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
	Santa Lucia	1502: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of Saint Lucia and claims it for Castile (Spain).
	Sainte Lucie	1635: France claims the island of ↑Saint Lucia. The island is inhabited by Caribs. 1643: France establishes the first settlement.
	Saint Lucia	1664: French ↑Saint Lucia is occupied by England.
	Sainte Lucie	1666: ↑Saint Lucie is restored to France.
	Guadeloupe	1674: Guadeloupe becomes a possession of the French Crown with Saint Lucie as dependency.
	neutral territory	1724: Saint Lucie is a neutral territory between Great Britain and France.
	Guadeloupe	1743: Saint Lucia is under French control.
	neutral territory	1748: The island is a neutral territory between Great Britain and France.
	Guadeloupe	1756: Saint Lucie is under French control. 1759: While Guadeloupe is occupied by Great Britain, Saint Lucie remains a French possession.
	Saint Lucia	1762: Saint Lucia is occupied by Great Britain.
	Guadeloupe	1763: Guadeloupe and Saint Lucie are returned to France.
	Saint Lucia	1778: The Sainte Lucie] is occupied by Great Britain.
	Sainte Lucie	1796: Saint Lucia is occupied by France.
	Saint Lucia	1796: Saint Lucia is restored to England the same year.
	Sainte Lucie	1802: France occupies Saint Lucia.
	Saint Lucia	1803: The United Kingdom occupies and annexes Saint Lucia, which is confirmed in 1814.
	Windward Islands	1833: Saint Lucia joins ↑Grenada, ↑Barbados, ↑Saint Vincent and ↑Tobago form together the British Windward Islands. 1885: →Barbados is seceded from the Windward Islands 1899: Tobago is separated from the Windward Islands. 1940: ↑Dominica is separated from the Leeward Islands and becomes part of the colony of the Windward Islands.
	Saint Lucia	1956: The Windward Islands are dissolved.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Saint Lucia joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago in the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence.
	Saint Lucia	1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and and Saint Lucia becomes a separate colony. 1979: Saint Lucia becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Saint Martin (Dutch) See Sint Maarten.
	Saint Martin (French) Saint Martin – Territorial collectivity of Saint Martin
	Saint Martin is a a French overseas collectivity.
	San Martín	The colonial history of Saint Martin is closely related to the colonial history of →Sint Maarten on the same island. 1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of Saint Martin and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.
	Sint Maarten	1631: Dutch West India Company (WIC) founds the settlement of Fort Amsterdam on Spanish claimed San Martín.
	San Martín	1633: Spain conquers San Martín from the Dutch.
	Saint Christophe	1648: Spain deserts the island of ↑San Martín. France and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Concordia and agree to divide the island in two: Saint Martin and Sint Maarten. Saint Martin is part of the colony of Saint Christophe.
	Saint Martin	1651: The ownership of Saint Martin is transfered by the French Islands of America Company to the Knights Hospitaller.
	Saint Christophe	1665: Saint Martin is bought by the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales along with the Order's other possessions in the Caribbean.
	Saint Christopher	1672: Saint Martin is together with Saint Christophe occupied by England.
	Saint Christophe	1674: Saint Martin is returned to France. 1679: France conquers Sint Maarten. 1689: Sint Maarten is restored to the →Netherlands.
	Saint Martin	1690: The whole island is occupied by England.
	Saint Martin	1699: The whole island is returned to France.
	Sint Maarten	1703: The Dutch conquers the whole island.]
	Guadeloupe	1713: Saint Martin is returned to France and becomes a dependency of Guadeloupe.
	Saint Martin	1744: Saint Martin is occupied by Great Britain.
	Guadeloupe	1748: Saint Martin is returned to France.
	Guadeloupe	1759: Saint Martin is occupied by Great Britain.
	Guadeloupe	1763: Saint Martin is returned to France.
	Saint Martin	1779: Saint Martin is occupied by Great Britain.
	Guadeloupe	1779: Saint Martin is returned to France. France holds the entire island.
	Saint Martin	1781: The entire island is occupied by Great Britain. The same year the Dutch zone is srestored to the Netherlands.
	Guadeloupe	1784: Saint Martin is returned to France.
	Saint Martin 1793}Sint Maarten	1793: The Dutch conquers the whole island.
	Guadeloupe	1794: Saint Martin is occupied by Great Britain.
	Guadeloupe	1795: The entire island is hold by France.
	Saint Martin	1801: The entire island is occupied by the United Kingdom.
	Guadeloupe	1802: Saint Martin is returned to France.
	Saint Martin	1810: The entire island is occupied by the United Kingdom.
	Guadeloupe	1816: Saint Martin is returned to France and is administered as part of Guadeloupe. 1946: Guadeloupe becomes an overseas department, including Saint Martin. 1982: Guadeloupe becomes also an overseas region.
	Saint Martin	2007: ↑Saint Martin becomes a separate overseas collectivity. ᐃ
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon – Overseas Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon are a a French overseas collectivity.
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	1536: France takes Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which are not permanently settled into possession as part of →New France.
	Newfoundland	1713: Saint Pierre and Miquelon are conquered by the British and as Saint Peter and Miquelon administered as part of Newfoundland.
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	1763: Saint Pierre and Miquelon are returned to France.
	Saint Peter and Miquelon	1778: Saint Pierre and Miquelon become British.
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	1783: Saint Pierre and Miquelon are returned to France.
	Saint Peter and Miquelon	1793: Saint Pierre and Miquelon become British.
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	1802: Saint Pierre and Miquelon are returned to France.
	Saint Peter and Miquelon	1803: Saint Pierre and Miquelon become British.
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	1816: The French possession of Saint Pierre and Miquelon is confirmed and the islands are resettled. 1946: The islands become an overseas territory. 1976: The islands become an overseas department. 1985: The islands become a territorial collectivity. 2003: The islands become an overseas collectivity. ᐃ
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
	Saint Vincent	1719: France establishes the first settlement on Saint Vincent. The island is inhabited by Caribs. The island gets disputed between France and Great Britain.
	Saint Vincent	1763: Saint Vincent becomes a British colony.
	Southern Caribbean Islands	1764: Saint Vincent, ↑Grenada, ↑Dominica, and ↑Tobago are united by Great Britain into the Southern Caribbean Islands colony, administered from Grenada.
	Saint Vincent	1779: Saint Vincent is restored to French rule.
	Southern Caribbean Islands	1793: Saint Vincent is regained by the British.
	Saint Vincent	1802: The Southern Caribbean Colony is dissolved, Saint Vincent becomes a separate colony.
	Windward Islands	1833: Saint Vincent forms together with ↑Grenada, ↑Barbados, ↑Saint Lucia, and ↑Tobago the British Windward Islands.
	Saint Vincent	1956: The Windward Islands are dissolved and Saint Vincent becomes a seperate crown colony.
	West Indies Federation	1958: [Saint Vincent joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago in the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. →1962
	Saint Vincent	1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and Saint Vincent becomes a seperate crown colony. 1979: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Samoa Samoa – Independent State of Samoa
	Samoa is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	German Samoa	1899: Germany and the United States abolish the Kingdom of Samoa. 1900: Germany establishes in the west of Samoa the protectorate of German Samoa.
	Samoa	1914: As part of World War I New Zealand conquers and occupies German Samoa.
	Western Samoa	1920: Occupied Samoa is administered as the New Zealand League of Nations mandate Western Samoa. 1945: Western Samoa becomes a New Zealand United Nations trust territory. 1962: Western Samoa becomes independent. 1997: Western Samoa is renamed into Samoa. ᐃ
	San Marino San Marino – Republic of San Marino
	San Marino is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	San Marino	San Marino follows the history of the Papal States until 1243. 1243: The Republic of San Marino is recognized by the Papal States as an independent state, confirmed in 1631.
	São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
	São Tomé and Príncipe is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	São Tomé	1493: Portugal establishes the settlement of São Tomé and rules as its dependency also ↑Ano Bom. The unihabited island of São Tomé was discovered in 1471 by João de Santarém. 1494: Portugal starts the settlement of →Fernão do Po. 1522: São Tomé becomes a Portuguese crown colony.
	São Tomé	1599: Portuguese São Tomé is conquered by the Netherlands.
	São Tomé	1599: São Tomé is retaken by Portugal the same year.
	Guinea Coast	1641: São Tomé is conquered by the Netherlands.
	São Tomé	1649: São Tomé is returned to Portugal.
	São Tomé	1709: São Tomé is occupied by France.
	São Tomé	1709: São Tomé is restored to Portugal the same year.
	São Tomé and Príncipe	1753: São Tomé and ↑Príncipe are united into the Crown Colony of São Tomé and Príncipe. 1778: Under the Treaty of El Pardo Portugal cedes the islands of Ano Bom and Fernão do Po with its possessions at the Guinea coast to →Spain. 1951: The islands become the Overseas Province of São Tomé & Príncipe. 1974: The islands receive autonomy. 1975: São Tomé and Príncipe become independent. ᐃ
2/2	Príncipe	1502: Príncipe, earlier known as Santo Antão and discovered in 1471 by João de Santarém, is settled by Portugal.
	Príncipe	1598: Portuguese Príncipe is conquered by the Netherlands.
	Príncipe	1599: Príncipe is restored to Portugal. 1753: Príncipe becomes part of São Tomé and Príncipe. →1753
	Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Saudi Arabia is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
1/3	Ottoman Empire	1517: The west of present-day Saudi-Arabia, formerly part of the Mamluk Sultanate, Hejaz, is conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1803: The region is occupied by Diriyah.
	Ottoman Empire	1813: Ottoman rule is restored. 1916: The region becomes independent as Hejaz. 1924/1925: →Nejd conquers Hejaz. 1927: Hejaz becomes part of Hejaz and Nejd. →1927
2/3	Ottoman Empire	1550: Al-Hasa is conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1670: Ottoman rule ends and the region is controlled by the Banu Khalid tribe. 1795: Al-Hasa is conquered by Diriyah. 1818: The Banu Khald tribe reconquers al-Hasa. 1830: The Emirate of Nejd conquers al-Hasa.
	Ottoman Empire	1871: Ottoman rule is restored over al-Hasa. 1913: Al-Hasa is conquered and annexed by Nejd. →1913
3/3	Ottoman Empire	1818: Diriyah is defeated and conquered by the Ottoman Empire. 1824: The region becomes independent as Nejd. 1830: Nejd conquers ↑al-Hasa. 1871: Ottoman rule is restored over →al-Hasa. 1913: ↑Al-Hasa is conquered and annexed by Nejd. 1924/1925: Nejd conquers →Hejaz. 1927: Hejaz and Nejd become the dual kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd 1930: Asir is incorporated into Hejaz and Nejd. 1932: Hejaz and Nejd are continued as Saudi-Arabia ᐃ
	Senegal Senegal – Republic of Senegal
	Senegal is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/4	Ilha de Palma	1444: Portugal claims the uninhabited Ilha de Palma, present-day Gorée.
	Goedereede	1617: The Dutch West Indian Company (WIC) takes Ilha da Palma from Portugal and rename it into Goedereede.
	Upper Coast	1627: The WIC establishes the Upper Coast, administered from the island of Goedereede. 1677: France conquers Goedereede and continue it as →Gorée.
	Saint Louis	1678: France conquers the other Dutch trading posts in the Upper Coast.
	Senegal Coast	1693: The French possessions at the Senegal Coast are occupied by England.
	Senegal Coast	1693: The possessions at the Senegal Coast are returned to France.
	Senegambia	1758: Great Britain occupies Gorée and Senegal.
	Gorée	1763: Gorée is restored to France.
	Senegal	1779: Gorée is retaken by France
	Senegambia	1809: Senegal is occupied by the United Kingdom
	Senegal	1817: Senegal is restored to France.
	Gorée and dependencies	1854: Gorée is separated from Senegal and a the separate Colony of Gorée and Dependencies is established, including the settlements in →French Gabon, the →French Gold Coast and the →Southern Rivers Settlements. 1859: The colony of Gorée and dependencies is dissolved, Gorée without its dependencies is re-incorporated into Senegal. →1859
2/4	Cacheu	1645: Portugal establishes the settlement of Ziguinchor in Casamance. Ziguinchor is subordinated to Cacheu.
	Portuguese Guinea	1852: Ziguinchor becomes with Cacheu part of Portuguese Guinea. 1888: As a result of the Berlin Conference of 1886, Portugal hands the town over to France. →1888
3/4	Saint Louis	1659: France starts the conquest of the coast of Senegal with the establishment of Saint-Louis by French traders on an uninhabited island called Ndar in the Kingdom of Waloo. 1677: France conquers Dutch ↑Goedereede and continue it as Gorée. 1678: France conquers the other Dutch trading posts in the ↑Upper Coast.
	Senegal Coast	1693: The French possessions at the Senegal Coast are occupied by England.
	Saint Louis	1693: The english occupied French possessions at the Senegal Coast are returned to France.
	Senegal	1718: The colony is administered through the French East India Company.
	Senegambia	1758: Great Britain occupies Senegal. 1763: Gorée is returned to →France. 1765: Great Britain creates the Colony of Senegambia. 1766: The colony becomes the Crown Colony of Senegambia.<
	Senegal	1779: Senegal is retaken by France, with Gambia. 1783: Gambia is separated from Senegal and formally restored to Great Britain.
	Senegal	1809: Senegal is occupied by the United Kingdom.
	Senegal	1817: Senegal is restored to France. after 1825: France starts to establish settlements on the north bank of the Senegal River in present-day →Mauritania. 1850: France establishes protectorate treaties with local rulers in Casamance. 1854: →Gorée becomes a separate colony. 1859: ↑Gorée is reintegrated into Senegal. 1880: France extends its colony of Senegal into present-day Mali as the →Upper River region. 1886: ↑Ziguinchor is formally ceded to France by Portugal. 1888: Ziguinchor and Casamance becomes part of Senegal. 1890: The Upper River region becomes a separate colony as →French Sudan. 1895: Senegal becomes part of French West Africa. 1899: French Sudan is divided, part goes to Senegal. 1901: France starts conquering most of →Mauritania. 1903: →Mauritania becomes a separate French protectorate. 1904: Senegal becomes as Senegal Colony and Protectorate one of the entities of French West Africa. 1924: →Dakar is separated into a separate colony. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France. 1942: The administration supports the Free French. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French West Africa becomes a constituent part. ↑Dakar is reintegrated into Senegal. 1958: France grants autonomy to the Republic of Senegal inside the French Community. 1960: Senegal becomes part if the Mali Federation, split the same year into the Senegal and →Mali. ᐃ
4/4	Dakar	1924: Dakar is separated from ↑Senegal as a separate colony inside French West Africa. 1946: Dakar is reintegrated into Senegal. →1946
	Serbia Serbia – Republic of Serbia
	Serbia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Ottoman Empire	1459: With the Ottoman victory over the Serbian Despotate, the Ottoman Empire starts the conquest of present-day Serbia. 1521: Most of Serbia is annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1689: Northern Serbia is occupied by Austria. 1691: Ottoman rule is restored. 1689: Northern Serbia is occupied by Austria. 1691: Ottoman rule is restored. 1717: Northern Serbia is occupied by Austria. 1739: Ottoman rule is restored. 1789: Northern Serbia is occupied by Austria. 1791: Ottoman rule is restored. 1804: An uprising against Ottoman rule takes place. 1813: The uprising is defeated.
	Serbia	1815: In a part of Serbia the Ottoman vassal state of Serbia is established. The remaining part remain under direct Ottoman rule. 1867: Serbia becomes independent. 1878: ↑Southern Serbia is annexed to Serbia. 1912: ↑Kosovo and ↑Macedonia are annexed to Serbia. 1918: Serbia becomes part of Yugoslavia. 2003: Yugoslavia is reorganized into Serbia and Montenegro. 2006: Montenegro secedes and Serbia becomes independent. ᐃ
2/3	Ottoman Empire	1815: When In a part of Serbia the vassal state of→Serbia is established, the remaining part remain under direct Ottoman rule. 1878: Southern Serbia is annexed to Serbia. →1878
2/3	Kosovo	1999: See Kosovo for the unrecognized separation.
	Seychelles Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles
	Seychelles is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Isle de France	1756: France claims and settles the uninhabited Seychelles as part of Isle de France.
	Isle de France	1794: The Seychelles are occupied by Great Britain.
	Mauritius	1810: The Seychelles are formally annexed to the United Kingdom as part of Mauritius.
	Seychelles	1903: The Seychelles are separated from Mauritus. 1965: Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches are ceded to the new →British Indian Ocean Territory. 1976: The Seychelles become independent. ᐃ
	Sierra Leone Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone
	Sierra Leone is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Sherbro Island	1628: An English trading post is established on Sherbro Island for the coast of present-day Sierra Leone. England keeps settlements at this coast for the upcoming centuries. 1808: The settlements become part of Sierra Leone. →1808
2/3	Freedom	1787: The Province of Freedom is established by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor. 1800: The Province of Freedom is abandoned. →1808
3/3	Freetown	1792: Settlers from British Nova Scotia establish the Colony of Freetown.
	Sierra Leone	1808: ↑Freetown is joined with the other ↑British possessions into the new Sierra Leone Colony. 1821: Sierra Leone is together with →Bathurst and the →British Gold Coast governed as part of the British West African Settlements. 1850: British West Africa is dissolved. 1860: The British declare →Bolama annexed to Sierra Leone. 1870: Bolama is restored to →Portugal. 1866: British West Africa is restored. 1888: British West Africa is demised. 1896: The colony is enlarged into the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, including the interior of Sierra Leone. 1953: Sierra Leone gets self-government. 1961: Sierra Leone becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1971. ᐃ
	Singapore Singapore – Republic of Singapore
	Singapore is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Singapore	1819: Singapore becomes a de facto British protectorate, ruled by the East India Company. 1824: Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor cedes the island to the East India Company.
	Straits Settlements	1826: ↑Prince Edward Island, ↑Malacca, and Singapore are united into the Straits Settlements. 1857: The Straits Settlements become subordinated to British India. 1867: The Straits Settlements becomes a crown colony separated from British India.
	occupied Singapore	1942: The Straits Setllements are occupied by Japan.
	Straits Settlements	1945: Japan is defeated and British rule is restored.
	Singapore	1946: The Straits Settlements are dissolved. Malacca and Penang become part of the →Malay Union. Singapore becomes a separate colony. 1955: Singapore is granted autonomy. 1959: Singapore is granted self-rule as the State of Singapore. 1963: Singapore becomes part of the newly formed Malaysia 1965: Singapore becomes independent. ᐃ Japan
	Sint Eustatius Sint Eustatius – Public body of Sint Eustatius
	Sint Eustatius is a public body of the Netherlands.
	San Eustaquio	1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of the uninhabited island of Sint Eustatius and claims it for Castile (Spain).
	Sint Eustatius	1636: Sint Eustatius is colonized by the Dutch West India Company (WIC)
	Sint Eustatius	1665: Sint Eustatius is occupied by England.
	Sint Eustatius	1668: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands.
	Sint Eustatius	1672: Sint Eustatius is occupied by England.
	Sint Eustatius	1682: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands.
	Sint Eustatius	1689: Sint Eustatius is occupied by England
	Sint Eustatius	1696: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands.
	Sint Eustatius	1781: Sint Eustatius is occupied by England.
	Sint Eustatius	1781: France conquers the British occupied Dutch island of Sint Eustatius.
	Sint Eustatius	1784: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
	Sint Eustatius	1795: France conquers Sint Eustatius.
	Sint Eustatius	1801: Sint Eustatius is occupied by British forces.
	Sint Eustatius	1802: Sint Eustatius is returned to the Batavian Republic as successor of the Netherlands.
	Sint Eustatius	1810: Sint Eustatius is occupied by British forces.
	Sint Eustatius	1816: Sint Eustatius is restored to the Netherlands. Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten and Saba are united into Sint Eustatius and Dependencies.
	West Indian Possessions	1828: ↑Suriname, ↑Curaçao and Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
	Curaçao	1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Sint Eustatius becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Curaçao.
	Netherlands Antilles	1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. →2010
	Sint Eustatius	2010: The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved. Sint Eustatius becomes an overseas part of the Netherlands. ᐃ
	{{anchor|Sint Maarten))
	Sint Maarten (Saint Martin (Dutch)) Sint Maarten – Sint Maarten
	Sint Maarten is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands|- valign=top
	San Martín	The colonial history of Sint Maarten is closely related to the colonial history of →Saint Martin on the same island. 1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the island of Isla de San Martín and claims it for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited by Caribs.
	Sint Maarten	1631: Dutch West India Company (WIC) founds the settlement of Fort Amsterdam on Spanish claimed San Martín.
	San Martín	1633: Spain conquers San Martín from the Dutch.
	Sint Maarten	1648: Spain deserts the island of San Martín. France and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Concordia and agree to divide the island in two: Saint Martin and Sint Maarten. Sint Maarten is subordinated to the WIC administration in Sint Eustatius.
	Saint Martin	1679: France holds the wholhe island.
	Sint Maarten	1689: Sint Maarten is restored to the Netherlands.
	Saint Martin	1690: The entire island is occupied by England.
	Saint Martin	1699: The entire island is controlled by France.
	Saint Martin	1702: Sint Maarten is returned to the Netherlands. 1703: The Netherlands occupy Saint Martin.<br1713: Saint Martin is left to →France.
	Sint Maarten	1703: The Dutch WIC defeats the French and holds the entire island. 1713: The northern part is returned to →France.
	Guadeloupe	1779: The entire islandis occupied by France.
	Saint Martin	1781: United Kingdom conquers the entire island.
	Sint Maarten 1781a}Sint Maarten	1784: Sint Maarten is restored to the Netherlands. 1792: The WIC is dissolved and its possessions are nationalized by the Dutch Republic.
	Guadeloupe	1795: The entire island is hold by France.
	Saint Martin	1801: The entire island is occupied by British forces.
	Sint Maarten	1802: Sint Maarten is restored to the Batavian Republic as successor of the Dutch Republic.
	Saint Martin	1810: The entire island is occupied by British forces.
	Sint Eustatius	1816: Sint Maarten is restored to the Netherlands and united with Sint Eustatius and Saba into Sint Eustatius and Dependencies.
	West Indian Possessions	1828: ↑Suriname, ↑Curaçao and Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
	Curaçao	1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Curaçao and →Suriname. Sint Maarten becomes part of Curaçao and Depencies. 1936: The colony is renamed into Curaçao.
	Netherlands Antilles	1946: Curaçao is renamed into the Netherlands Antilles. 1954: The Netherlands Antilles become a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
	Sint Maarten	2010: Sint Maarten becomes a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. ᐃ
	Slovakia Slovakia – Slovak Republic
	Slovakia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Slovakia	For Slovakia there are no entries of colonization. The feudal belonging to Hungary as well as the inclusion in Austria(-Hungary) and Czechoslovakia are not listed ᐃ
	Slovenia Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia
	Slovenia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Trieste	1947: After the defeat of Italy in World War II, Trieste and surroundings are separated from Italy. The Free Territory of Trieste under international occupation is established, partially occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States partially by Yugoslavia. 1954: The territory is divided between →Italy and within Yugoslavia between Slovenia and →Croatia. 1991: Slovenia secedes from Yugoslavia. ᐃ
	Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
	The Solomon Islands are a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
1/2	Solomon Islands	1595: Spain Spain is unsuccesful in establishing colonies in what they named the Solomon Islands. The islands are populated by Papuans and Melanesians. 1605: The islands are finally abandoned by Spain.
	German Solomon Islands	1885: The northern part of the Solomon Islands becomes the German protectorate of the German Solomon Islands, administered by the German New Guinea Company. The islands are inhabited by indigenous tribes. →1899
	German New Guinea	1899: The German Solomon Islands become part of German New Guinea. 1900: The eastern part of the Solomon Islands is ceded to the British Solomon Islands, the northern part remains part of →German New Guinea. →1900
2/2	British Solomon Islands	1893: The United Kingdom establishes the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories. 1900: Germany cedes part of the ↑German Solomon Islands to the British.
	occupied Solomon Islands	1942: The Solomon Islands are occupied by Japan as part of World War II.
	British Solomon Islands	1943: British rule is restored after the Battle of Guadalcanal. 1960: The islands get self-government. 1971: The BWPT are dissolved.
Solomon Islands	1978: The Solomon Islands become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Somalia Somalia – Federal Republic of Somalia
	Somalia is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/8	Zanzibar	1704: Muscat conquers the Mogadishu sultanate. 1726: Oman withdraws from Mogadishu.
	Zanzibar	1828: Muscat and Oman brings Mogadishu under its suzerainty. 1861: When Oman is partitioned, the region becomes part of Zanzibar →1876
2/8	Somalia	1870: Ottoman Egypt starts the conquest of the Somali Coast, peviously controlled by Muscat.
	British Somaliland	1884: The United Kingdom takes over the Egyptian administration of the Somali Coast and establishes the protectorate of British Somaliland, garrisoned from Aden and administered from British India. 1886: The United Kingdom signs protectorate treaties with sultan Maxamuud Cali Shiire of the Warsangali Sultanate and other northern Somali sultans. 1898: The British protectorate is formalized into the British Protectorate of the Somali Coast, using various official names. 1905: The British protectorate is formally named Protectorate of British Somaliland. 1920: The Dervish State is defeated by the British. 1940: British Somaliland is occupied by Italy as part of World War II. 1941: Italy is defeated and British Somaliland is restored. 1960: British Somaliland, succeeded by the State of Somaliland and the Trust Territory of Somaliland unite into independent Somalia. →1960
3/8	Italian Somalia	1876: Italian societies start to explore and settle at the Somali Coast. The settlements remains unorganized. 1888: Germany leaves its settlements to Italy. 1909: The Italian Somali settlements, ↑Hobyo and ↑Majerteen are administered as the Colony of Italian Somalia. The Sultanate of the Geledi is incorporated into Italian Somalia. 1925: ↑Trans-Juba is incorporated into Italian Somalia.
	Italian East Africa	1936: Italian Somalia becomes with ↑Eritrea and conquered ↑Ethiopia part of Italian East Africa.
	Italian Somalia	1941: Italian Somalia is conquered and occupied by the United Kingdom.
	Somalia	1950: Occupied Italian Somalia becomes the United Nations Trust Territory of Somalia under Italian administration. 1960: British Somaliland, succeeded by the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia unite into independent Somalia. ᐃ
4/8	German Somalia	1884: Gustav Hörnecke and others acquire on behalf of Germany various settlements at the Somali Coast. 1888: Germany abandons the Somali Coast and leave the area to Italy. →1888
5/8	Jubaland	1887: The southern part of present-day Somalia, Jubaland, is leased by the sultan of Zanzibar to the United Kingdom’s British East Africa Company, later the Imperial British East Africa Company.
	British East Africa	1895: The same year the British government established direct rule over Jubaland through the East Africa Protectorate, remaining under the sovereignity of the sultan of Zanzibar.
	Trans-Juba	1924: Jubaland is ceded by the British to Italy as the colony of Trans-Juba. 1925: Trans-Juba is incorporated into Italian Somalia. →1925
6/8	Hobyo	1888: Sultan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid of the Sultanate of Hobyo signs an agreement to make the sultanate an Italian protectorate. 1909: Hobyo is incorporated into Italian Somalia. →1909
7/8	Majerteen	1889: Sultan Cismaan Maxamuud of the Majerteen Sultanate signs an agreement to make the sultanate an Italian protectorate. 1909: Majerteen is incorporated into Italian Somalia. →1909
8/8	Somaliland	1991: See Somaliland for the unrecognized secession.
	Somaliland (disputed) Somaliland – Republic of Somaliland
	Somaliland is a de facto republic, not recognized by Somalia, internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia.
	Somalia	See for the development before 1991 →Somalia.
	Somaliland	1991: ᐃ
	South Africa South Africa – Republic of South Africa
	South Africa is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/13	Cape Colony	1652: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes the Cape Colony. The area is inhabited by Khoisan. In the upcoming decades the colony is enlarged to the north and the east into areas also inhabited by Xhosa people.
	Cape Colony	1795: Great Britain conquers the Dutch Cape Colony and annexes Swellendam. 1796: Great Britain annexes Graaff-Reinet.
	Cape Colony	1803: The Cape Colony is returned to the Batavian RepublicDutch as successor of the Netherlands, meanwhile the VOC was nationalized in 1796.
	Cape Colony	1806: The British defeats the in the Battle of Blaauwberg and conquer the Cape Colony.
	Cape of Good Hope	1814: The Netherlands cede in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the Cape Colony to the United Kingdom, whereby the Colony of Cape of Good Hope is formed, a.k.a. The Cape Colony. 1830s: Dutch farmers migrate inland in wat is known as the Great Trek and form various Boer republics independent from the British. 1848: The Cape Colony declares British sovereignty over the lands to the north and to the south of the Vaal river. The Boers inhabiting the area resist British sovereignity. 1852: With the Sand River Convention the United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the South African Republic. 1854: The United Kingdom recognizes the Orange Free State as an independent state. 1860: British →Kaffraria is separated from the Cape of Good Hope and becomes a separate crown colony. 1866: ↑Kaffraria is incorporated into the Cape of Good Hope. 1872: The Cape Colony becomes self-governing. 1880: ↑New Griqualand and ↑Griqualand West become part of the Cape Colony. 1885: The area inhabited by Tswana is divided. One part becomes as British Bechuanland part of the Cape Colony. At the same time the United States of Stellaland are annexed to British Bechuanaland. The northern part becomes as Bechuanaland Protectorate a protectorate of the United Kingdom. 1910: The Cape Colony unites with Natal, Transvaal and the Orange River Colony to form South Africa. →1910
2/13	Natal	1843: The United Kingdom conquers and annexes the Natalia Republic and establishes the Natal Colony. 1848: The colony of Natal annexes the Republic of Klip River. 1893: Natal gets self-government. 1897: ↑Zululand is incorporated into Natal. 1910: The Cape Colony unites with Natal, Transvaal and the Orange River Colony to form South Africa. →1910
3/13	Orange River Sovereignity	1848: The Cape Colony declares British sovereignty over the lands to the north and to the south of the Vaal river. The Boers inhabiting the area resist British sovereignity. 1854: The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Orange Free State. 1899: The British invade the Orange Free State in the Second Boer War.
	Orange River Colony	1899: The British invade the Orange Free State in the Second Boer War. 1902: The Orange Free State is defeated and with the Treaty of Vereeniging it is annexed to the British Empire as the Orange River Colony. 1907: The Orange River Colony gets self-government. 1910: The Orange River Colony unites with the Cape Colony, Natal and Transvaal to form South Africa. →1910
4/13	British Kaffraria	1860: British Kaffraria is separated from the Cape of Good Hope and becomes a separate crown colony. 1866: Kaffraria is incorporated into the Cape of Good Hope. →1866
5/13	Griqualand West	1871: Griqualand West becomes a British colony. 1880: Griqualand West becomes part of the Cape Colony. →1880
6/13	New Griqualand	1874: The British conquer the Republic of New Griqualand. 1880: New Griqualand becomes part of the Cape Colony. →1880
7/13	Transvaal	1877: The British invade and annex the South African Republic in the First Boer War as the Transvaal Colony. 1881: After a victory in the First Boer War Transvaal becomes independent as the South African Republic. 1899: The British invade the South African Republic in the Second Boer War.
	Transvaal	1899: The British invade the South African Republic in the Second Boer War. 1902: The republic is defeated and with the Treaty of Vereeniging it is annexed to the British Empire as the Transvaal Colony. 1906: Transvaal gets self-government. 1910: Transvaal unites with the Cape of Good Hope, Natal and the Orange River Colony to form South Africa. →1910
8/13	South Africa	1910: The ↑Cape Colony unites with ↑Natal, ↑Transvaal and the ↑Orange River Colony to form South Africa. 1931: The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Statute of Westminster 1931 effectively establishing the legislative independence of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. South Africa becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1961. 1976/1981: South Africa creates out of its territory the so-called independent republics of →Transkei, →Bophuthatswana, →Venda, and →Ciskei. 1994: The so-called independent states of ↑Transkei, ↑Bophuthatswana, ↑Venda, and ↑Ciskei are re-integrated into South Africa. ᐃ
		South African dependencies: Namibia Walvis Bay 1910-1994 South West Africa 1915-1920, 1920-1990 mandate/trust
		South African satellite states: South Africa Transkei 1976-1994, incorporated into South Africa Bophuthatswana 1977-1994, incorporated into South Africa Venda 1979-1994, incorporated into South Africa Ciskei 1981-1994, incorporated into South Africa
9/13	Zululand	1887: The British protectorate of Zululand is established. 1897: Zululand is incorporated into Natal. →1897
10/13	Transkei	1976: South Africa declares Transkei independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Transkei is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994
11/13	Bophuthatswana	1977: South Africa declares Bophuthatswana independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Bophuthatswana is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994
12/13	Venda	1979: South Africa declares Venda independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Venda is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994
13/13	Ciskei	1981: South Africa declares CIskei independent, making it a de facto dependency. 1994: Ciskei is reintegrated into South Africa. →1994
	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands – South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a British British crown dependency.
	Falkland Islands	1775: Great Britain claims sovereignty over South Georgia. 1908: The United Kingdom claims sovereignty over the South Sandwich Islands. Both are governed as part of the →Falkland Islands Dependencies. 1927: Argentina claims South Georgia. 1938: Argentina claims the South Sandwich Islands.
	Malvine Islands	1982: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are occupied by Argentine forces.
	Falkland Islands	1982: The islands are after the Falkland War under British control.
	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	1985: The islands are split from the Falkland Islands and divided into the British dependent territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the →British Antarctic Territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	South Ossetia-Alania (disputed) South Ossetia – Republic of South Ossetia-State of Alania
	South Ossetia is a de facto republic, not recognized by Georgia, and only recognized by Russia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela as well as Sahara, Abkhazia, Artsakh and Transnistria.
	Georgia	See for the development before 1991 →Georgia.
	South Ossetia	1991: When ↑Georgia becomes independent, the South Ossetian parliament secedes unrecognized, leading to a de facto Russian protectorate.. 1992: With the Sochi agreement a cease fire between South Ossetia and Georgia is enacted, leading to the de facto independence of South Ossetia. 2008: After a Georgian attempt to regain control over South Ossetia, Russia intervenes in Georgia to secure its de facto independence. Georgia loses the area of South Ossetia it controlled. Russia recognizes the independence of South Ossetia.
	South Ossetia-Alania	2017: South Ossetia is renamed into Republic of South Ossetia-State of Alania ᐃ
	South Sudan South Sudan – Republic of South Sudan
	South Sudan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Ottoman Empire	1871: Present-day South Sudan, controlled by Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur, becomes part of the Ottoman →Egyptian Sudan. The region is populated by Dinka, Luo and Nuer. 1881: Mahdiya starts to establish a secessionist state.
	Sudan	1882: Egypt, that rules most of present-day Sudan and South Sudan becomes a de facto British protectorate. 1885: The Mahdi movement leads a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum and the establishment of the de facto Mahdist State. 1894: The British lease the →Lado Enclave to the king of Belgium. 1898: A combined British-Egyptian force is sent to Sudan and defeats the Mahdist State. France establishes a settlement at →Fashoda in the southern part of Sudan. Under British pressure, France withdraws from the region 1899: Sudan is proclaimed a condominium under British-Egyptian administration as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1910: The ↑Lado Enclave is handed over to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1922: Egypt becomes independent. The United Kingdom gradually assumes more control of the condominium, edging out Egypt almost completely by 1924. 1953: Sudan gets self-government. 1956: After an agreement between Egypt and the United Kingdom Sudan becomes independent. 2011: South Sudan becomes independent from Sudan. ᐃ
2/3	Lado Enclave	1894: Belgium leases from the British rulers in ↑Sudan the Lado Enclave, administered from the →Congo Free State. 1910: The Lado Enclave is ceded to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, the southern tip of the Enclave is integrated into Uganda. →1910
3/3	Fashoda	1898: France establishes a settlement at Fashoda in the southern part of ↑Sudan. Under British pressure, France withdraws from the region. →South Sudan
	Spain Spain – Kingdom of Spain
	Spain is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
0/5		For Spain see the entries →Canary Islands, →Ceuta, →Melilla and →Menorca. Spain claims →Gibraltar. Not listed are the conquests by Arabs and the territorial expansion of Aragon and Castile in mainland Spain. ᐃ
		Aragonese dependencies: France Corsica 1325-1450 Greece Neopatras 1205-1390 Athens 1312-1395 Italy Sicily 1282-1516 Sardinia 1323-1516 Naples 1442-1516
		Castilian dependencies: Algeria Barbary Coast 1505-1516 Antigua and Barbuda Saint Mary of Antigua 1493-1516 no settlement Barbuda 1493-1516 no settlement Aruba Aruba 1499-1516 Belize Guatemala 1506-1516 Bermuda Bermuda 1503-1516 no settlement Bonaire Bonaire 1499-1516 Cayman Islands Cayman Islands 1492-1516 no settlement Colombia New Spain 1499-1516 San Andrés and Providencia 1510-1516 Costa Rica Guatemala 1502-1516 Cuba Cuba 1492/1511-1516 Curaçao Curaçao 1499-1516 Dominica Dominica 1493-1516 no settlement Dominican Republic Hispañola 1492-1511 Santo Domingo 1511-1516 Grenada Concepción Island 1498-1516 no settlement Guadeloupe Guadelupe 1502-1516 no settlement Haiti Hispañola 1492-1511 Santo Domingo 1511-1516 Honduras Guatemala 1502-1516 Jamaica Santiago 1492/1509-1655 Libya Barbary Coast 1510-1516 Martinique Martinica 1502-1516 no settlement Montserrat Montserrat 1493-1516 no settlement Morocco Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña 1476 Nicaragua Guatemala 1502-116 Puerto Rico Santo Domingo 1493-1508 Isla de San Juan Bautista 1508-1516 Saint Barthélemy San Bartolomé 1502-1516 no settlement Saint Kitts and Nevis San Cristóbal 1493-1516 no settlement Nuestra Señora de las Nieves 1493-1516 no settlement Saint Lucia Santa Lucia 1502-1516 no settlement Saint Martin San Martín 1493-1516 no settlement Sint Eustatius San Eustaquio 1493-1516 Sint Maarten San Martín 1493-1516 Spain Canary Islands 1402-1516 Melilla 1497-1516 Trinidad and Tobago Asunción 1498-1516 no settlement Isla La Santissima Trinidad 1498-1516 no settlement Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 1492-1516 no settlement United States of America New Spain 1513-1516 United States Virgin Islands Santa Cruz 1493-1516 no settlement
		Spanish dependencies: Algeria Barbary Coast 1516-1708, 1732-1792 Antigua and Barbuda Saint Mary of Antigua 1516-1632 no settlement Barbuda 1516-1624 no settlement Argentina New Andalusia 1536-1542 Río de la Plata 1542-1816/1818 Aruba Aruba 1516-1636 Bahamas Bahamas 1703, 1782-1783 Belgium Spanish Netherlands 1556-1713 Belize Guatemala 1516-1798 Bermuda Bermuda 1516-1609 no settlement Bolivia Charcas 1524-1766 Upper Peru 1776-1825 Bonaire Bonaire 1516-1645, 1642 Brazil Santa Catarina 1777-1778 Brunei Brunei 1578 Canada New Spain 1789-1795 Cayman Islands Cayman Islands 1516-1661 no settlement Chile New Extremadura 1520-1609 Chile 1609-1818/1828 Colombia New Spain 1516/1538-1542 Peru 1542-1717 New Granada 1717-1723 Peru 1723-1739 New Granada 1739-1821 San Andrés and Providencia 1516-1628, 1641-1666, 1666-1670, 1689-1803, to New Granada Costa Rica Guatemala 1516/1524-1821 Cuba Cuba 1516-1762, 1763-1898 Curaçao Curaçao 1516-1634 Dominica Dominica 1516-1632 not settlement Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 1516-1795, 1809-1821, 1861-1865 Ecuador New Spain 1532-1542 Peru 1542-1717 New Granada 1717-1723 Peru 1723-1739 New Granada 1739-1821 El Salvador Guatemala 1524-1821 Equatorial Guinea Fernando Póo and Annabón 1778-1844 Gulf of Guinea 1844-1926 Spanish Guinea 1926-1964 Equatorial Guinea 1964-1968 Río Muni 1885-1926, to Spanish Guinea Falkland Islands Malvine Islands 1766-1811 Grenada Concepción Island 1516-1523 no settlement Grenada 1523-1649 no settlement Guadeloupe Guadelupe 1516-1635 no settlement Guam Mariana Islands 1521-1898 Guatemala Guatemala 1524-1822 Haiti Santo Domingo 1516-1640/1697 Honduras Guatemala 1516/1524-1822 New Granada 1803-1822 Indonesia Spanish East Indies 1606-1663 Italy Naples 1516-1713 Sardinia 1516-1713 Sicily 1516-1713 Milan 1540-1707 Parma and Piacenza 1731-1735, 1748-1802 Jamaica Santiago 1516-1655 Libya Barbary Coast 1516-1530 Luxembourg Spanish Netherlands 1557-1683, 1697-1713 Marshall Islands Marshall Islands 1874-1885 Martinique Martinica 1516-1625 no settlement Mexico Mexico 1517-1535 New Spain 1535-1821 Micronesia Caroline Islands 1528-1899 Montserrat Montserrat 1516-1632 no settlement Morocco Ifni 1860-1946 Spanish West Africa 1946-1958 Ifni 1958-1969 Morocco 1912-1956 Tangier 1940-1945 Netherlands Spanish Netherlands 1556-1566/1648 Spanish Netherlands 1648-1713 Nicaragua Guatemala 1516/1524-1822 New Granada 1803-1822 Northern Mariana Islands Mariana Islands 1521-1899 Palau Caroline Islands 1885-1899 Panama New Spain 1538-1542 Peru 1542-1717 New Granada 1717-1723 Peru 1723-1739 New Granada 1739-1821 Paraguay New Andalusia 1537-1542 Río de la Plata 1542-1617 Paraguay 1617-1776 Río de la Plata 1776-1811 Peru New Spain 1524-1542 Peru 1542-1824 Philippines Spanish East Indies 153 565-1896 Sulu 1531-1898 Puerto Rico Santo Domingo 1516-1508 Isla de San Juan Bautista 1508-1520 Puerto Rico 1520-1898 Saint Barthélemy San Bartolomé 1516-1648 no settlement Saint Kitts and Nevis San Cristóbal 1516-1625 no settlement Nuestra Señora de las Nieves 1516-1623 no settlement Saint Lucia Santa Lucia 1516-1635 no settlement Saint Martin San Martín 1516-1631 no settlement), 1633-1648 Sint Eustatius San Eustaquio 1516-1636 Sint Maarten San Martín 1516-1631 no settlement, 1633-1648 Solomon Islands Solomon Islands 1595-1605 Spain Canary Islands 1516-1883 Canary Islands incorporated into Spain 1883- Ceuta 1640-1847 North Africa 1847-1912 Morocco 1912-1956 Ceuta incorporated into Spain 1956- Melilla 1516-1847 North Africa 1847-1912 Morocco 1912-1956 Melilla incorporated into Spain 1956- Suriname Guayana 1593-1650 Taiwan Formosa 1626-1642 Trinidad and Tobago Asunción 1516-1626 no settlement Isla La Santissima Trinidad 1516-1521 no settlement Trinidad 1521-1591 Guayana and Trinidad 1591-1717 New Granada 1717-1724 Santo Domingo 1724-1739 New Granada 1739-1777 Venezuela 1777-1797/1802 Tunisia Barbary Coast 1535-1574 Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 1516-1681 no settlement United States of America New Spain 1513/1535-1607 Cuba 1607-1763 Florida 1783-1810 New Spain 1690-1821 United States Virgin Islands Santa Cruz 1493-1625 no settlement), 1642-1651 Uruguay New Andalusia 1516/1536-1842 Río de la Plata 1542-1816 Venezuela New Spain 1522-1528 Peru 1542-1717 New Granada 1717-1723 Peru 1723-1739 New Granada 1739-1777 Venezuela 1777-1821 Western Sahara Río de Oro 1884-1924 Spanish Sahara 1924-1946 Spanish West Africa 1946-1958 Spanish Sahara 1958-1975 Saguia el-Hamra 1904-1924, to Spanish Sahara
1/5	Canary Islands	1402: Jean de Béthencourt conquers Fuerteventura, Hierro and Lanzarote islands and then proclaims himself king of the Kingdom of the Canary Islands as a vassal of the king of Castile. The islands are inhabited by indigenous people now known as Guanches. 1405: The Canary Islands become a protectorate of Castile. 1448: →Lanzarote becomes Portuguese. 1477:↑Lanzarote is ceded to Castile. 1480: Gran Canaria becomes a colony of Castile. 1483: The conquest of Gran Canaria completed. 1493: The conquest of La Palma is completed. 1496: The conquest of Tenerife completed. Tenerife comes a colony of Spain. 1526: The Real Audiencia de Canarias is created. 1569: Lanzarote is occupied by Morocco, that retreats the same year. 1586: Lanzarote is occupied by Morocco, that retreats the same year. 1589: The islands are united into the Captaincy-general of the Canary Islands. 1595: The islands are redivided into individual islands. 1625: The Captaincy-general of the Canary Islands is restored.
	Spain	1833: The Canary Islands become a integral part of Spain. →1833
2/5	Lanzarote	1448: ↑Lanzarote is sold to Portugal. 1477: Lanzarote is ceded to Castile. →1477
3/5	Ceuta	1415: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from Marinid Morocco.
	Ceuta	1640: Ceuta remains part of Spain when Portugal and Spain are separated.
	North Africa	1847: Ceuta, →Melilla, Vélez de la Gomera, and Peñón de Alhucemas are united as the Captaincy-general of North Africa.
	Morocco	1912: Ceuta becomes subordinated to Spanish Morocco.
	Spain	1956: When Spanish Morocco becomes part of independent →Morocco, Ceuta becomes part of mainland Spain. →1956
4/5	Melilla	1497: Castile (Spain) conquers Melilla by defeating Wattasid Moroccan forces.
	North Africa	1847: Melilla, →Ceuta, Vélez de la Gomera, and Peñón de Alhucemas are united as the Captaincy-general of North Africa.
	Morocco	1912: Melilla becomes subordinated to Spanish Morocco.
	Spain	1956: When Spanish Morocco becomes part of independent →Morocco, Melilla becomes part of mainland Spain. →1956
5/5	Menorca	1708: Menorca, inhabited by Catalans, is conquered by Great-Britain. 1713: Spain cedes in the Treaty of Utrecht Menorca to Great-Britain.
	Menorca	1756: Menorca is occupied by France.
	Menorca	1763: British rule over Menorca is restored. 1782: Menorca returns to Spain.
	Menorca	1798: British rule in Menorca is restored after an invasion. 1802: The United Kingdom cedes Menorca to Spain. →1802
	Sri Lanka Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
	Sri Lanka is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Ceylon	1505: Portuguese settlers arrive in the Kingdom of Kotte. 1597: Kotte falls to Portugal, colonizing part of the island of Ceylon as Portuguese Ceylon, subordinated to India. 1619: Portugal annexes the Kingdom of Jaffna. 1658: Portuguese power in Ceylon is overthrown by the Dutch.
	Ceylon	1640: As part of the Dutch–Portuguese War the Dutch support the Kingdom of Kandy against the Portuguese occupiers of Ceylon. They establish the Governorate of Dutch Ceylon, administered by the Dutch United East India Company (VOC). 1658: With the conquest of Jaffna, Portugal is completely defeated. 1782: Great Britain occupies ↑Trincomalee. 1784: ↑Trincomalee Trincomalee is restored to the Netherlands.
	Ceylon	1795: The British East India Company begins the occupation of Dutch Ceylon. The conquered areas become subordinate to the presidency of Madras in British India. 1796: The conquest of Dutch Ceylon is completed.
	British Ceylon	1798: Ceylon becomes a separate colony as British Ceylon. 1802: Ceylon becomes the Crown Colony of Ceylon. 1815: After the British defeated king Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of the Kingdom of Kandy, Kandy is with the Kandyan Convention annexed to British Ceylon. 1931: With the Donoughmore Constitution Ceylon gets self-government. 1948: Ceylon becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1972. 1972: Ceylon is renamed into Sri Lanka. ᐃ
2/2	Trincomalee	1782: Great Britain occupies Trincomalee on Dutch Ceylon.
	Trincomalee	1782: France conquers British occupied Trincomalee on the Dutch island of Ceylon. 1784: Trincomalee is restored to the Netherlands. →1784
	Sudan Sudan – Republic of the Sudan
	Sudan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Ottoman Empire	1820: Ottoman Egypt starts the conquest of Sudan 182 822: With the conquest of the Sultanate of Sennar, most of present-day Sudan is annexed by Egypt. 1871: Egyptian rule is enlarged into →South Sudan. 1875: The Sultanate of Darfur is defeated and annexed by the Ottomans. 1881: Mahdiya starts to establish a secessionist state.
	Anglo-Egyptian Sudan	1882: Egypt, that rules most of present-day Sudan becomes a de facto British protectorate. 1885: The Mahdi movement leads a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum and the establishment of the de facto Mahdist State. 1898: A combined British-Egyptian force is sent to Sudan and defeats the Mahdist State. 1899: Sudan is proclaimed a condominium under British-Egyptian administration as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 1922: Egypt becomes independent. The United Kingdom gradually assumes more control of the condominium, edging out Egypt almost completely by 1924. 1953: Sudan gets self-government. 1956: After an agreement between Egypt and the United Kingdom Sudan becomes independent. 2011: →South Sudan becomes independent from Sudan. ᐃ
	Suriname Suriname – Republic of Suriname
	Suriname is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Guayana	1593: Spain establishes as colony the Province of Guayana in a region inhabited mainly by Caribs.
	Willoughby	1650: England establishes in the area claimed by Spain as Guayana as settlement Willoughby at the coast of present-day Suriname.
	Suriname	1667: The English cede Willoughbyland to the Dutch West India Company (WIC), that creates the colony of Suriname. Suriname, Essequibo, Berbice and Demerara are together known as Dutch Guiana. 1683: Suriname is governed by the Society of Suriname. 1795: The Society of Suriname is nationalized.
	Suriname	1799: Suriname is occupied by British forces.
	Suriname	1802: Suriname is restored to the Batavian Republic.
	Suriname	1804: Suriname is occupied by British forces.
	Suriname	1816: Suriname is restored to the Netherlands.
	West Indian Possessions	1828: Suriname, ↑Curaçao and ↑Sint Eustatius are united into the Dutch West Indies.
	Suriname	1845: The Dutch West Indies are dissolved and partitioned into Suriname and →Curaçao. 1845: The colony is partitioned and Suriname becomes a separate colony. 1941: Suriname is occupied by the United States on request of the Dutch government in exile, Dutch rule continues. 1945: The occupation ends. 1954: Suriname becomes a country inside the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1975: Suriname becomes independent. ᐃ
	Svalbard Svalbard – Svalbard
	Svalbard is part of Norway with several restrictions under the Svalbard Treaty.
	Smeerenburg	1615: The Dutch Northern Company establishes the settlement of Smeerenburg at what is then calles Spitsbergen. around 1660: Smeerenburg is abandoned.
	Svalbard	1920: After been a neutral territory between Norway and Russia, Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard starts to be recognized. 1925: Norway formally assumes sovereignty. [#Contents|ᐃ]]
	Swaziland (eSwatini) Swaziland – Kingdom of eSwatini
	Swaziland is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Swaziland	1903: After the United Kingdom defeated Transvaal, Queen regent Labotsibeni Mdluli has to accept a British protectorate over Swaziland. 1967: Swaziland gets autonomy as the Protected State of Swaziland. 1968: Swaziland becomes independent. ᐃ
	Sweden Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
	Sweden is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Sweden	For Sweden there are no entries of colonization. The territorial expansion of Sweden inside present-day Sweden is not listed.ᐃ
		Swedish dependencies: Estonia Estonia and Livonia incorporated into Sweden 1561-1710 Finland Finland incorporated into Sweden;; 12th century-1809 Ghana Cabo Corso 1650-1663 Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 1813-1814 Latvia Livonia incorporated into Sweden 1621-1710 Norway Norway 1814-1905 Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy 1784-1801, 1802-1878 United States of America New Sweden 1638-1655
	Switzerland Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
	Switzerland is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
	Switzerland	For Switzerland there are no entries of colonization. The territorial expansion of Switzerland is not listed.ᐃ
	Syria Syria – Syrian Arab Republic
	Syria is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/6	Antioch	1098: crusaders conquer Antioch from the Fatimid Caliphate and establish the Principality of Antioch. 1268: Antioch is conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate. 1516: Syria is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1516
2/6	Edessa	1098: crusaders conquer Edessa from the Fatimid Caliphate and establish the County of Edessa. 1150: Edessa is conquered by the Seljuk Empire. 117 194: This part of the Seljuk Empire becomes part of the Ayyubid Empire. around 1260: The are becomes part of the Mamluk Sultanate. 1516: Syria is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. →1516
3/6	Ottoman Empire	1516: The Ottoman Empire conquers and annexes large parts of the Mamluk Sultanate, including present-day ↑Syria. 1833: Inside the Ottoman Empire the area is under Egyptian rule. 1841: Direct Ottoman rule is restored.
	Ottoman Empire	'1917/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, French and British forces conquer present-day ↑Syria. The area is placed under French Occupied Enemy Territory Administration and includes also →1917 and part of →1917|.
	Damascus	1920: The League of Nations awards under mandate to France in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The mandate is divided in six states, among them is the State of Damascus. The other states are →Aleppo, →Alwaite State/→Jabal Druze, →Grand Lebanon and Alexandrette.
	Syria	1925: Damascus and ↑Aleppo are united into the State of Syria. 1930: The State of Syria is continued by the Syrian Republic inside the mandate. 1936: ↑Jabal ad-Druze and the ↑Alawite State merge into Syria. 1938: →Alexandrette secedes as the Hatay State from Syria, to become part of Turkey in 1939. 1940: Syria comes under control of Vichy France. 1941: Syria is conquered by the Free French. Syria proclaims its independence. 1946: Syria becomes independent. 1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the →Golan Heights. 1981: The Golan Heights are de facto annexed to Israel. ᐃ
3/6	Aleppo	1920: The League of Nations mandate for ↑Syria and the Lebanon is divided in six states, among them is the State of Aleppo. 1923: ↑Alexandrette is attached to Aleppo. 1925: Damascus and Aleppo are united into the State of Syria. →1925
4/6	Alawite State	1920: The League of Nations mandate for ↑Syria and the Lebanon is divided in six states, among them is the Alawite State. 1936: The Alawite State merges into Syria. →1936
5/6	Jabal Druze	1920: The League of Nations mandate for ↑Syria and the Lebanon is divided in six states, among them is Jabal ad-Druze. 1936: Jabal ad-Druze merges into Syria. →1936
6/6	Golan Heights	1967: As a result of the Six-Day War, Israel conquers and occupies the Syrian ↑Golan Heights. 1981: The Golan Heights are de facto annexed to Israel. ᐃ
	Taiwan (Republic of China) Taiwan – Republic of China
	Taiwan is a republic, not recognized by China, but recognized by a limited number of countries as the Republic of China.
1/5	Pescadores	1622: After the lost Battle of Macau against Portugal, the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes a fort on the Pescadores. 1624: The Dutch are expelled from the islands by Ming Chinaand resettle at →Taiwan.
2/5	Formosa	1624: The Dutch VOC , expelled from the ↑Pescadores establishes the colony of Formosa, inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines. 1642: The Dutch VOC defeat the Spanish and annex Spanish ↑Formosa to Dutch Formosa. 1645: The Kingdom of Middag is conquered and annexed to Dutch Formosa. 1640s/1650s: Both Chinese immigrants as native inhabitants of the islands start to rebel against Dutch rule. 1662: The Dutch are defeated by Tungning. 1664: The Dutch re-capture the fortress of →Fort Noord-Holland in the north of the kingdom. 1668: ↑Fort Noord-Holland is abandoned and left to Tungning.
	China	1683: The Kingdom of Tungning is defeated and Taiwan is annexed to China. 1885: France captures as part of the Sino-French War the →Pescadores. 1886: France abandons the ↑Pescadores.
	Taiwan	1895: With the Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese War, China cedes Taiwan to Japan, that makes it a Japanese colony.
	China	1945: After the Japanese defeat, Taiwan is re-incorporated into China. 1949: After it lost the civil war in China, the Nationalist Chinese government flees to Taiwan. As Republic of Republic of China it becomes a de facto independent state. ᐃ
3/5	Formosa	1626: Spain establish the colony of Spanish Formosa as part of the Spanish East Indies. 1642: The Dutch defeat the Spanish and annex Spanish Formosa to Dutch Formosa. →1642
4/5	Fort Noord-Holland	1664: The Dutch re-capture the fortress of Fort Noord-Holland in the north of Tungning. 1668: Fort Noord-Holland is abandoned and left to Tungning. →1668
5/5	Pescadores	1885: France captures as part of the Sino-French War the Pescadores or Penghu Islands from China. 1886: France abandons the Pescadores. →1886
	Tajikistan Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan
	Tajikistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Bukhara	1868: Parts of present-day Tajikistan is conquered by and annexed to Russia.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1924: ↑Bukhara joins the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Together with other parts of present-day Tajikistan it becomes part of Uzbekistan as a constituent state. 1929: Tajikistan is separated from Uzbekistan. 1991: Tajikistan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
2/2	Bukhara	1868: The Emirate of Bukhara, including parts of present-day Tajikistan become a Russian protectorate. 1924: BUkhara becomes part of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan. →1924
	Tanzania Tanzania – United Republic of Tanzania
	Tanzania is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/2	Zanzibar	1505: The island of Zanzibar is conquered by Portugal. 1508: The island is abandoned by Portugal.
	Zanzibar	1528: Zanzibar is brought under Portuguese suzerainty.
	Zanzibar	1698: Zanzibar becomes part of the Sultanate of Muscat. It includes part of the coast of present-day Kenya, Tanzania and →Somalia. 1861: Muscat and Oman is divided into two independent states, Muscat and Oman and Zanzibar 1885"anzibar has to accept a German protectorate over a part of its →coastal possessions. 1887: Zanzibar leases the →coast of present-day Kenya to the United Kingdom.
	Zanzibar	1890: The Sultanate of Zanzibar becomes a British protectorate. 1963: The United Kingdom grants Zanzibar self-rule. The same year Zanzibar becomes independent as Zanzibar. 1964: Zanzibar merges with Tanganyika into Tanzania. →1964
2/2	German East Africa	1885: Germany establishes a protectorate over part of ↑Zanzibar's coastal possessions, known as German East Africa, administered by the German East Africa Company (DOAK). 1891: The DOAK protectorate is sold out to the German government, that rules German East Africa directly. 1894: The →Kionga Triangle is annexed to German East Africa. 1896: →Rwanda becomes a protectorate within German East Africa. 1899: →Burundi becomes a protectorate within German East Africa.
	German East Africa	1916: German East Africa is as part of World War I conquered by British and Belgian forces.
	Tanganyika	1922: The League of Nations awards German East Africa without Burundi and Ruanda under mandate to the United Kingdom as the Tanganyika. A small part falls to →Portuguese East Africa. 1946: Tanganyika becomes a United Nations trust territory, administered by the United Kingdom. 1961: Tanganyika becomes the independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state until 1962. 1964: Tangayika merges with ↑Zanzibar into Tanzania. ᐃ
	Thailand Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand
	Thailand is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Thailand	For Thailand there are no entries of colonization. The Japanese occupation is not listed.ᐃ
	Timor-Leste See East Timor.
	Togo Togo – Togolese Republic
	Togo is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Togo	1884: Germany establishes the protectorate of Togo in part of the Slave Coast, inhabited by Ewe and other tribes. 1905: Togo becomes the colony of Togo.
	French Togoland	1914: British and French forces invade and conquer German Togo. 1916: Togoland is divided in French and British zones, whereby the British zone is administered as part of the →Gold Coast. 1922: The League of Nations divides Togo into the French mandate of French Togoland and the British League of Nation mandate of →British Togoland. 1940 The administration is loyal to Vichy France until 1942, when it shifts to the Free French. 1946: The mandate becomes a United Nations trust territory. 1946: France establishes the French Union, of which French Togoland becomes a constituent part.
	Togo	1958: France grants autonomy to the Togolese Republic inside the French Community. 1960: Togo becomes independent. ᐃ
	Tokelau Tokelau – Tokelau
	Tokelau is a New Zealand overseas territory.
	Union Islands	1877: The United Kingdom claims all unclaimed pacific islands, among them the Union Islands and subordinate them to the British Western Pacific Territories. 1899: The United Kingdom conquers the Union Islands.
	Gilbert and Ellice Islands	1916: The Union Islands are included in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands.
	Union Islands	1926: The Union Islands are separated from the British Gilbert and Ellice Islands and placed under the jurisdiction of New Zealand.
	Tokelau Islands	1956: The Union Islands are renamed into Tokelau Islands. 1948: The islands are annexed to New Zealand.
	Tokelau	1976: The Tokelau Islands are renamed into Tokelau. 2001: The islands become self-governing. ᐃ
	Tonga Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga
	Tonga is a sovereign and internationally recognized monarchy.
	Tonga	1900: Tonga becomes a protected state due to a treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom, while retaining its sovereignty. 1970: The status of protected state ends, Tonga becomes fully independent. ᐃ
	Transnistria (disputed) Transnistria – Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
	Transnistria is a de facto republic, not recognized by Moldova, and only recognized by Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia.
	Moldova	See for the development before 1992 →Moldova.
	Transnistria	1992: Transnistria secedes supported by unrecognized from ↑Moldova and is by most countries considered part of Moldova. De facto Transnistria can be considered a Russian client state.The secession leads to the Transnistria War. The war ends with a cease-fire. ᐃ
	Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
	Trinidad and Tobago is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Trinidad	1498: Trinidad is discovered by Cristoforo Colombo as Isla La Santissima Trinidad and claimed for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited Caribs and Arawak.
	Trinidad	1521: Trinidad becomes a Spanish colony as the Trinidad Province, subordinated to Santo Domingo.
	Guayana and Trinidad	1591: Trinidad becomes part of the Province of Guayana and Trinidad, still subordinated to Santo Domingo.
	New Granada	1717: Trinidad becomes part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
	Santo Domingo	1724: Trinidad is subject again to Santo Domingo.
	New Granada	1739: Trinidad becomes the province of Trinidad, subordinated to New Granada.
	Venezuela	1777: Trinidad is with Venezuela separated from New Granada.
	Trinidad	1797: Trinidad is occupied by Great Britain. 1802: Trinidad is formally ceded by Spain to Great Britain and becomes the Colony of Trinidad. 1889: Tobago is administered from Trinidad.
	Trinidad and Tobago	1899: Trinidad and ↑Tobago are united into the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Trinidad and Tobago joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Jamaica (with the ↑Cayman Islands and the ↑Turks and Caicos Islands), ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, and ↑Saint Vincent to form the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. →Turks and Caicos Islands and the →Cayman Islands are separated from Jamaica inside the federation. 1962: The federation is dissolved. Trinidad and Tobago become an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as their head of state until 1976. ᐃ
2/3	Asuncion	1498: Tobago is discovered by Cristoforo Colombo as Isla de la Asunción and claimed for Castile (Spain). The island is inhabited Caribs.
	New Walcheren	1626: After attempts by Spain and England to settle at Tobago, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes the colony of New Walcheren at ↑Tobago. 1637: Spain destroys New Walcheren.
	Tobago	1639: England establishes a settlement at Tobago, abandoned in 1640.
	New Courland	1649: Courland establishes New Courland on Tobago. 1650: New Courland is abandoned. 1654: Courland establishes New Courland for the second time, whilst the Netherlands re-establish →New Walcheren. 1659: New Courland is conquered by the Netherlands and added to New Walcheren. →1654
3/3	New Walcheren	1654: New Walcheren is re-established on Tobago by the Dutch WIC. The same year Courland establishes the colony of New Courland. The two colonies co-exist. 1659: The WIC occupies ↑New Courland, uniting Tobago as New Walcheren under Dutch rule.
	Tobago	1666: New Walcheren is occupied by England.
	Tobago	1666: France conquers British occupied New Walcheren on Tobago.
	New Walcheren	1667: New Walcheren is returned by France to the Dutch.
	Tobago	1672: England occupies Dutch New Walcheren, leading to its abandonment. →1676
	New Walcheren	1676: New Walcheren is restored as a Dutch colony. 1677: After a French attack, New Walcheren is abandoned, which it remains until 1680.
	New Courland	1680: Courland re-establishes New Courland. 1693: New Courland is abandoned.
	Tobago	1763: After several attempts for settlement, Tobago becomes the separate British Colony of Tobago.
	Southern Caribbean Islands	1764: Tobago becomes with ↑Grenada, ↑Dominica, ↑Saint Vincent, and ↑Tobago part of the united Southern Caribbean Islands colony, administered from Grenada.
	Tobago	1781: Tobago becomes a French colony.
	Southern Caribbean Islands	1793: Tobago is occupied by Great Britain.
	Tobago	1802: The Southern Caribbean Islands colony is dissolved, Tobago is returned to France.
	Tobago	1803: Tobago is conquered by Great Britain and becomes the crown Colony of Tobago.
	Windward Islands	1833: Tobago forms together with ↑Grenada, ↑Barbados, ↑Saint Lucia, and ↑Saint Vincent the British Windward Islands. 1885 →Barbados is seceded from the Windward Islands. 1889: Tobago is administered from Trinidad. 1899: Tobago is merged into Trinidad and Tobago. →1899
	Tunisia Tunisia – Tunisian Republic
	Tunisia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Tunis	1531: The Sultanate of Tunis becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. 1535/1550: Spain enlarges its possessions at the Barbary Coast into the coast of Tunis. 1540: The ruler of Tunis gives the island of →Tabarca as a concession to the Genoese Lomellini family. 1570: Tunis comes under Ottoman suzerainty. 1573: The city of Tunis is occupied by Spain. 1574: Spain abandons its possessions at the coast of Tunis. 1574: The Ottoman Empire defeats the Sultanate of Tunis and annexes present-day Tunisia. 1705: Tunisia becomes a the Beylik of Tunis a de facto regency under Ottoman suzerainty. 1741: Genoa surrenders ↑Tabarca to Tunis.
	Tunisia	1881: France invades and conquers the autonomous Ottoman Beylik of Tunis. Bey Ali III ibn al-Husayn of Tunisia has to accept a de facto protectorate over Tunisia. 1883: The Conventions of La Marsa leads to the formation of the French protectorate of Tunisia, in which the bey of Tunis remains head of state. 1940: Tunisia is administered by the Vichy government. 1942: As part of World War II Italian and German forces enter and occupy Tunisia in the Tunisian Campaign. 1943: Italian and German forces are forced out of Tunisia and the Free French overtake Tunisia. Bey Muhammad VII al-Munsif is accused of collaborating with the Vichy Government and is deposed. 1955: Tunisia gets self-government. 1956: Tunisia becomes independent. ᐃ
2/3	Barbary Coast	1535/1550: Spain enlarges its possessions at the Barbary Coast into Bizerte, Tunis, La Goulette and Mahdia, previously part of the Hafsid Sultanate of Tunis. 1574: Spain abandons its possessions. →1574
3/3	Tabarca	1540: The Ottoman Bey of ↑Tunis gives the island of Tabarca as a concession to the Genoese Lomellini family. 1741: Genoa surrenders Tabarca to Ottoman Tunis. →1741
	Turkey Turkey – Republic of Turkey
	Turkey is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/7	Latin Empire	1204: After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, in which Byzantine emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae amongst others to create the Latin Empire. 1261: The Latin Empire is defeated leading to the restoration of the Byzantine Empire. 1453: The Byzantine Empire is defeated and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. 1917: France occupies →Hatay. 1918: France occupies →Cilicia, Italy conquers part of →Anatolia and a international occupation of →Constantinople starts. 1919: Italy cedes →Smyrna to Greece.br>1922: France and ↑Italy withdraw from Turkey and leaves the regions to Turkey. The same year Turkey conquers ↑Smyrna. 1923: The allies forces retreat from ↑Constantinople and leave the city to Turkey. 1939: ↑Hatay joins Turkey. ᐃ
2/7		Ottoman dependencies: Albania Albania incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1415-1912 Algeria Algiers 1536-1837 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1463-1878 Bulgaria Bulgaria incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1396-1878/1908 Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885/1908 Cyprus Cyprus 1571-1878 Egypt Egypt 1517-1798, 1801-1882/1914 Eritrea Habesh 1554-1826 Egypt 1826-1882 Greece Greece incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1390-1913 Dodecanese incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1522-1912 Crete incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1669-1898 Hungary Hungary 1529-1541 Hungary incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1541-1699 Iraq Mesopotamia incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1534-1914/1918 Israel Palestine incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1516-1917/1918 Jordan Palestine incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1516-1916/1918 Kosovo Serbia incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1459-1912 Kuwait Mesopotamia incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1534-1914 Lebanon Lebanon incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1516-1917/1918 Libya Libya incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1521-1551, to Tripolitania Tripolitania 1551-1835 Libya 1835-1911 Macedonia Macedonia incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1394-1912 Moldova Moldavia 1621-1792 Montenegro Zeta incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1496-1696/1878 Oman Oman 1552, 1581-1588 Palestine Palestine incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1516-1917/1918 Qatar Watar incorporated into the Ottoman Empire ;;1602-1670, 1872-1916 Romania Wallachia 1541-1861 Romania 1861-1877/1878 Moldavia 1541-1861, to Romania Transylvania incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1541-1699 Saudi Arabia Hejaz incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1517-1803, 1813-1916 al-Hasa incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1550-1795, 1871-1913 Diriyah incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1818-1824 Serbia Serbia incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1459-1878 Serbia 1815-1867 Somalia Egypt 1870-1884 South Sudan Egypt 1871-1882 Sudan Egypt 1820-1882 Syria Syria incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1516-1917/1918 Tunisia Tunis 1531-1881 Ukraine Crimean Khanate 1475-1774 Podolia incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1672-1774 Ukraine (Crimea) Crimean Khanate 1475-1774 Gazaria incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1475-1774 Yemen 1517 Yemen incorporated into the Ottoman Empire 1517-1653, 1849-1918
	Modern Turkish satellite state: Cyprus Northern Cyprus 1974-
3/7	Constantinople	1918: After the Ottoman defeat in World War I the capital of the Ottoman Empire Constantinople is occupied by the international forces of the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. 1923: The allies forces retreat from Constantinople and leave the city to Turkey. →1923
4/7	Ottoman Empire	1918: As part of the campaign inWorld War I against the Ottoman Empire Italy occupies parts of Ottoman Anatolia. The area is placed under the Italian Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. 1919: Italy leaves the Izmir region to →Greece. 1922: Italy withdraws from Cilicia and leaves the region to Turkey. →1922
5/7	Ottoman Empire	1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire French forces conquer the Cilicia region. The area is placed under the French Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. 1922: France withdraws from Turkey and leave the region to Turkey. →1922
6/7	Smyrna	1919: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Greece occupies parts of Ottoman Anatolia around the city of Smyrna, earlier occupied by →Italy. 1922: Turkey invades Smyrna and annexes the Greek dependency to Turkey. The Greek inhabitants are forced to emigrate to Greece. →1922
7/7	Ottoman Empire	1917/1918: As part of the campaign in World War I against the Ottoman Empire Arab, French and British forces conquer present-day Alexandretta. The area is placed under French Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.
	Alexandretta	1920: The League of Nations awards a small part of present-day Turkey under mandate to France in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The mandate is divided in six states, among them is the Sanjak of Alexandretta.
	Aleppo	1923: Alexandrette is attached to Aleppo.
	Syria	1925: Damascus and Aleppo are united into the State of Syria. 1930: The State of Syria is continued by the Syrian Republic inside the mandate. 1938: Alexandrette secedes as Hatay from Syria, to become part of Turkey in 1939. →1939
	Turkmenistan Turkmenistan – Turkmenistan
	Turkmenistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	Russia	1869/1885: The area of present-day Turkmenistan, ruled by the Tekke Turkomans, is conquered by and annexed to Russia.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1924: Turkmenistan is separated from Russia and becomes a separate constituent state. 1991: Turkmenistan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
	Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands – Turks and Caicos Islands
	The Turks and Caicos Islands are a British British crown dependency.
	Turks and Caicos Islands	1492: Cristoforo Colombo discovers the islands he names Turks and Caicos and claims them for Castile (Spain). The islands, inhabited by Taíno and Lucayans remain uncolonized.
		1681: Salt collectors from Bermuda settle the Turks Islands, claimed by Spain, making it an English possession. 1706: France, England and Spain dispute the islands. The islands become popular pirate hideouts.
		1783: The islands are conquered by France in the Battle of Grand Turk.
		1783: With the Treaty of Paris the Turks and Caicos Islands are returned to Great Britain.
	Bahamas	1799: The Turks and Caicos Islands are annexed by Great Britain to the Bahamas.
	Turks and Caicos Islands	1848: The Turks and Caicos Islands become a separate colony.
	Jamaica	1873: The Turks and Caicos Islands become part of the colony of Jamaica.
	West Indies Federation	1958: Jamaica joins ↑Antigua (with ↑Montserrat, that becomes a separate province), ↑Barbados, ↑Dominica, ↑Grenada, ↑Saint Christopher (with Nevis and ↑Anguilla), ↑Saint Lucia, ↑Saint Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago to form the West Indies Federation in preparation of a joint independence. 1959: The Turks and Caicos Islands are separated from Jamaica inside the federation.
	Turks and Caicos Islands	1962: The West Indies Federation is dissolved and the islands become a separate colony. 1983: The crown colony is referred to as a British dependent territory. 2002: The British dependent territory is refered to as a British overseas territory. ᐃ
	Tuvalu Tuvalu
	Tuvalu is a sovereign and internationally recognized Commonwealth realm.
	Gilbert and Ellice Islands	1892: The United Kingdom declares the Ellice Islands together with the →Gilbert Islands a British protectorate with the name Gilbert and Ellice Islands. The Ellice Islands are inhabited by Polynesians. The protectorate is administered as one of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT). 1900: ↑Ocean Island is included in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. 1916: The administration of the BWTP ends and the islands become a Crown Colony. The ↑Union Islands are included in the colony. 1919: The ↑Christmas Islands are annexed to the colony.< 1927: The Union Islands are as →Tokelau separated from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and placed under the jurisdiction of New Zealand. 1942: The British evacuate from the colony due to World War II. The Gilbert Islands are conquered by Japan. 1943: Most of the Gilbert Islands are under control of the allied forces. 1971: The BWPT are dissolved.
		1975: The Gilbert and Ellice Islands are split into Tuvalu, the former Ellice Islands, and →Gilbert Islands. 1978: Tuvalu becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state. ᐃ
	Uganda Uganda – Republic of Uganda
	Uganda is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Uganda	1892: King Mwanga II of the Kingdom of Buganda signs a treaty giving Buganda the status of protectorate under the authority of the United Kingdoms Imperial British East Africa Company. 1894: The protectorate becomes the British Uganda Protectorate. 1896: The protectorate is extended to include Bunyoro-Kitara, Tooro, Nkore and Busoga and is further enlarged afterwards. 1910: The southern tip of the ↑Lado Enclave is integrated into Uganda. 1962: Self-government is granted. The same year Uganda becomes an independent Commonwealth realm, retaining the British monarch as its head of state, until 1963. ᐃ
2/2	Lado Enclave	1894: Belgium leases from the British rulers in ↑Sudan the Lado Enclave, administered from the →Congo Free State. 1910: The southern tip of the Lado Enclave is integrated into Uganda. →1910
	Ukraine Ukraine – Ukraine
	Ukraine is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/7	Gazaria	Crimea is nowadays disputed between Ukraine and Russia. 1266: The Golden Horde transfers parts of southern Crimea to Genoa. The Genoese possessions in Crimea are named Gazaria.
	Ottoman Empire	1475: Gazaria is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. 1774: Former Gazaria is annexed to the Khanate of Crimea. →1774
2/7	Crimean Khanate	Crimea is nowadays disputed between Ukraine and Russia. 1475: The Ottoman Empire conquers the Crimean Khanate and make it a vassal state. The Khanate includes at that moment also parts of present-day →Ukraine outside Crimea.
	Crimea	1774: As a result of the Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans grant in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca the ↑Crimean Khanate independence, in reality it becomes a Russian satellite state. Crimea annexes former ↑Gazaria from the Ottoman Empire.
	Russia	1783: Crimea is annexed to Russia. 1917: Crimea secedes as Crimea from Russia. 1918: Crimea is continued by Taurida 1919: Taurida is continued by Crimea.
	Russia	1920: Crimea is annexed to Russia.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1942: Crimea is occupied by Nazi Germany. 1943: The Soviet Union reconquers Crimea. 1954: Within the Soviet Union Crimea is transferred to Ukraine. 1991: Crimea becomes part of independent Ukraine.
	Russia	2014: Crimea secedes from Ukraine and joins unrecognized the same year Russia. By most countries Crimea is considered to be legally part of Ukraine. ᐃ
3/7	Russia	1648: Defeating Poland, Russia enlarges into present-day Ukraine with the annexation of Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk. 1667: Russia annexes more of Ukraine, including Kiyiv. 1774: Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire and annexes the ↑Ottoman parts of Ukraine. 1783: Russia annexes the →Crimean Khanate. 1793: With the second partition of Poland, part of present-day Ukraine is annexed by Russia. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. More of present-day Ukraine becomes part of Russia. 1917: Ukraine secedes from Russia.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Ukraine becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1939: ↑West Ukraine is annexed by the USSR. 1941: The western part of the USSR, including Ukraine, is conquered and occupied by Nazi Germany. 1944: Soviet rule is restored. 1991: Ukraine becomes an independent republic. 2014: In reaction to a revolution pro-Russion separatists secede de facto →Donetsk and →Lugansk from Ukraine. The secessions are internationally not recognized. ᐃ
4/7	Ottoman Empire	1672: Podolia is ceded by Poland to the Ottoman Empire. 1774: After been defeated by Russia, Podolia is ceded to Russia. →1774
5/7	Galicia and Lodomeria	1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation in Poland leads to the first partition of Poland. Part of present-day Ukraine is annexed by Austria that establishes the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. 1795: In a reaction to an uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. 1918: Eastern Galicia becomes independent as West Ukraine. 1920: West Ukraine is annexed to Poland. 1939: West Ukraine is annexed to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. →1939
6/7	Donetsk	2014: See #Donetsk|Donetsk]] for the unrecognized secession.
7/7	Lugansk	2014: See #Donetsk|Donetsk]] for the unrecognized secession.
	United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates – United Arab Emirates
	The United Arab Emirates are a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
	Trucial Sheikhdoms	1820: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain participate in the General Maritime Treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. 1822: Ras al-Khaimah signs the General Maritime Treaty. 1833: Dubai secedes from Abu Dhabi, shortly after signing the treaty. 1853: They sign a treaty with the United Kingdom, under which the sheikhs (the Trucial Sheikhdoms) agreed to a "perpetual maritime truce". 1871: Daba secedes from Sharjah. 1875: Hamriyya secedes from Sharjah.
	Trucial States	1892: The Trucial Sheikdoms become British protectorates as the Trucial States, a.k.a. as Trucial Oman. 1968: After the British decision to withdraw from its involvement in the Trucial States, the sheiks of Abu Dhabi and Dubai invite the other trucial rulers to join them in a Federation. 1971: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Sharjah, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah found the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah becomes an independent emirate, joining the union in 1972. ᐃ
	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
	The United Kingdom is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal monarchy.
0/2	United Kingdom	For the United Kingdom see the entries →Orkney and Shetland Islands and →Northern Ireland. Not listed are the creation of states by Danish and Norwegian vikings and the territorial expansion of England and other states inside Great Britain. ᐃ
		Scottish dependencies: Canada Nova Scotia 1629-1632 Panama Caledonia 1698-1700 Puerto Rico Island of Crabs 1689
		English dependencies: Anguilla Saint Christopher 1650-1666, 1667-1671 Leeward Islands 1671-1707 Antigua and Barbuda Antigua 1632-1666, 1667-1671 Leeward Islands 1671-1707 Bahamas Eleuthera 1648-1657 New Providence 1670-1703 Barbados Barbados 1625-1707 Belize British Honduras 1638-1707 Benin Fort William 1681-1707 Bermuda Virgina 1609-1615 Somers Isles 1615-1648 Bermuda 1684-1707 British Virgin Islands Leeward Islands 1672-1707 Canada Newfoundland 1497-1707 Nova Scotia 1654-1670 Rupert's Land 1670-1707 Colombia Providence Island 1628-1641, 1666 Cyprus Cyprus 1191-1192 French Guiana Oyapock 1620 Gambia Gambia 1661-1695, 1699-1707 Ghana English Gold Coast 1631-1707 Gibraltar Gibraltar 1704-1707 Guernsey Guernsey 1259-1707 Haiti Tortuga 1639-1641 Honduras Mosquito 1638-1707 Bay Islands 1638-1650 India East India 1619-1707 Indonesia Bantan & Banda Islands 1603-1621, 1628-1682 Fort York 1685-1707 Ireland Ireland 1171-1649 Ireland incorporated into England 1649-1660 Ireland 1660-1707 Jamaica Jamaica 1655-1707 Jersey Jersey 1259-1707 Man Man 1504-1706 Mauritania Arguin 1655 Montserrat Antigua 1632-1666, 1667-1671 Leeward Islands 1671-1707 Morocco Tangier 1662-1684 Nicaragua Mosquito 1638-1707 Saba Saba 1665, 1672-1682 Saint Helena Saint Helena 1588/1659-1672, 1673-1707 Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Christopher 1625-1666, 1667-1671 Leeward Islands 1671-1707 Nevis 1623-1671, to Leeward Islands Saint Lucia Saint Lucia 1664-1666 Saint Martin Saint Christopher 1672-1687 Senegal Senegal 1693 Sierra Leone Sherbro Island 1628-1707 Sint Eustatius Saint Eustace 1665-1668, 1672-1682, 1689-1686 Sint Maarten Saint Martin 1690-1702 Suriname Willoughby 1650-1667 Trinidad and Tobago Tobago 1639-1640, 1666, 1672 Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 1681-1707 United Kingdom Ireland 1201-1649 Ireland incorporated into England 1649-1660 Ireland 1660-1707 United States of America Roanoke 1586-1587 Cuttyhunk 1602 Virgina 1607-1707 Popham 1607-1608 Plymouth 1620-1691, to Massachusetts Bay Cape Ann 1624-1626 Salem 1628-1629, to Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay 1628-1707 Maine 1629-1691, to Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire 1629-1641 to Massachusetts Bay 1641-1680 New Hampshire 1680-1707 Carolina 1629-1707 Maryland 1632-1707 Saybrook 1635-1644, to Connecticut Providence Plantations 1636-1663, to Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Connecticut 1636-1707 New Haven 1637-1664, to Connecticut Rhode Island 1639-1663, to Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Gardiners Island 1639-1665, to New York Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1663-1707 New York 1664-1673, 1674-1707 New Jersey 1664-1676, split into East Jersey and West Jersey West Jersey 1676-1703, to New Jersey East Jersey 1676-1703, to New Jersey New Jersey 1703-1707 Pennsylvania 1681-1707 Delaware 1701-1707 United States Virgin Islands Saint Croix 1625-1631, 1642-1650 Vietnam Pulo Condore Island 1702-1705
		'British dependencies: Afghanistan Afghanistan 1838-1842, 1878-1919 Akrotiri and Dhekelia Cyprus 1878-1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1960- Anguilla Leeward Islands 1707-1816 Saint Christopher 1816-1833 Antigua 1833-1871 Leeward Islands 1871-1956 Saint Christopher 1956-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Saint Christopher 1962-1967 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla 1967-1971 Anguilla 1971- Antigua and Barbuda Leeward Islands 1707-1816 Antigua 1816-1871 Leeward Islands 1871-1956 Antigua 1956-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Antigua and Barbuda 1962-1981 Aruba Aruba 1804, 1805, 1807-1817 Australia New South Wales 1770-1901, to Australia Van Diemen’s Land 1825-1856 Tasmania 1856-1901, to Australia Swan River Colony 1829-1832 Western Australia 1832-1901, to Australia South Australia 1836-1901, to Australia Victoria 1851-1901, to Australia Queensland 1859-1901, to Australia Australia 1901-1942 dominion Austria occupied Austria 1945-1955 Bahamas Bahamas 1718-1776, 1776-1782, 1783-1973 Bahrain Bahrain 1829-1971 Bangladesh British India 1747-1947 Barbados Barbados 1707-1833 Windward Islands 1833-1885 Barbados 1885-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Barbados 1962-1966 Belize British Honduras 1707/1862-1973 Belize 1973-1981 Benin Fort William 1707-1812 Bermuda Bermuda 1707- Bhutan Bhutan 1865-1947 Bonaire Bonaire 1807-1815 Botswana Tati 1872-1911, to Bechuanaland Bechuanaland 1885-1966 Brazil Trindade 1781-1782 South Trinidad 1895-1896 British Antarctic Territory British Antarctic Territory 1908- British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius 1810-1965 British Indian Ocean Territory 1965- British Virgin Islands Leeward Islands 1707-1816 Saint Christopher 1816-1833 Antigua 1833-1871 Leeward Islands 1871-1956 Saint Christopher 1956-1958 British Virgin Islands 1958- Brunei Brunei 1888-1974 Cameroon Ambas Bay 1884-1887 occupied German Cameroon 1914-1922 British Cameroons 1922-1961, mandate/trust Canada Newfoundland 1707-1907, 1907-1934 dominion, 1934-1949 Rupert's Land 1707-1870, to Canada Nova Scotia 1710-1867, to Canada Saint John's Island 1758-1798 Prince Edward Island 1798-1873, to Canada Quebec 1763-1791 Lower Canada 1791-1841 Canada 1841-1867, 1867-1939 dominion Cape Breton 1763-1820, to Nova Scotia Upper Canada 1781-1841, to Canada Columbia District 1793-1858 British Columbia 1858-1871, to Canada New Brunswick 1794-1867, to Canada New Caledonia 1815-1858, to British Columbia Vancouver Islands 1849-1866, to British Columbia Queen Charlotte Islands 1853-1858, to British Columbia Cayman Islands Jamaica 1707-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Cayman Islands 1962- Chatham Islands Chatham Islands 1842-1907 China Hong Kong 1841-1997 Shanghai 1846-1863, 1863-194 943 condominium Amoy 1852-1930 Shameen 1849-194 945 Tianjin 1860-194 943 Hankou 1861-1929 Weihaiwei 1989-1930 Christmas Island Christmas Island 1888-1942, 1945-1958 Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1857-1942, 1945-1955 Cook Islands Cook Islands 1888-1907 Cuba Cuba 1762-1763 Curaçao Curaçao 1800-1803, 1808-1816] Cyprus Cyprus 1878-1960 Dominica Dominica 1761-1764 Southern Caribbean Islands 1764-1778, 1783-1802 Dominica 1802-1871 Leeward Islands 1871-1940 Windward Islands 1940-1956 Dominica 1956-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Dominica 1962-1978 Egypt Egypt 1982-1922 Equatorial Guinea Port Clarence 1827-1858 Eritrea Italian Eritrea 1941-1952 Ethiopia Gambela 1902-1936, 1941-1956 Falkland Islands Falkland Islands 1765-1776, 1833-1982, 1982- Fiji Fiji 1874-1970 France Corsica 1793-1796 Gambia British Senegambia 1765-1779, 1783-1816 Bathurst 1816-1843 Gambia 1843-1965 Germany Heligoland 1807-1890 occupied Rhineland 1918-1930 with France and Belgium occupied Germany 1945-1949 occupied Berlin 1945-1990 Ghana British Gold Coast 1707-1821 Gold Coast 1821-1957 Ashanti 1896-1957 Northern Territories 1897-1957 oocupied German Togo 1914-1922 British Togoland 1922-1957 mandate/trust Gibraltar Gibraltar 1707- Greece Ionian Islands 1809-1864 Dodecanese 1945-1947 Grenada Grenada 1762-1764 Southern Caribbean Colony 1764-1779, 1783-1802 Grenada 1802-1833 Windward Islands 1833-1956 Grenada 1956-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Grenada 1962-1974 Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 1759-1763, 1794, 1810-1813 Guernsey Guernsey 1707-1940, 1945- Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone 1860-1870 Guyana Demerara 1781-1782, 1796-1802, 1803-1814 Demerara-Essequibo 1814-1831 British Guiana 1831-1966 Berbice 1781-1782, 1796-1802, 1803-1831, to British Guiana Essequibo 1781-1782, 1796-1802, 1803-1814, to Demerara-Essequibo Honduras Mosquito 1707-1787 Bay Islands 1742-1782, 1839-1859 India East India 1707-1773 British India 1737-1947 Indonesia Fort York 1707-1760 Bencoolen 1760-1824 Dutch East Indies 1796-1814 Iran Persia 1908-1918 Iraq occupied Ottoman Empire 1917-1921 Iraq 1921-1932 mandate Ireland Ireland 1707-1801 Ireland incorporated into the United Kingdom 1801-1922/1937 Israel occupied Ottoman Empire 1916-1921 Palestine 1921-1948 mandate Italy Trieste 1947-1954, with the United States Jamaica Jamaica 1707-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Japan Bonin Islands 1827-1875 Jersey Jersey 1707-1940, 1945- Jordan occupied Ottoman Empire 1916-1921 Transjordan 1921-1946 mandate Kenya Mombassa 1824-1826 British East Africa 1887-1920 Kenya 1920-1963 Kiribati Christmas Islands 1882-1919, to Gilbert and Ellice Islands Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892-1975 Kiribati 1975-1979 Banaba Island 1900-1901, to Gilbert and Ellice Islands Enderbury Island 1899-1939, to Canton and Enerbury Canton Island 1936-1939 Canton and Enderbury Islands 1939-1979, condominium Kuwait Kuwait 1899-1961 Lesotho Basutoland 1868-1966 Libya Italian Libya 1943-1951 Malawi Nyasaland 1889-1891 British Central Africa 1891-1907 Nyasaland 1907-1953 Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1953-1963 Shire Highlands 1889-1891, to British Central Africa Malaysia North Borneo 1763-1963 Prince of Wales Island 1786-1826, to Straits Settlements Malacca 1795-1818, 1825-1826, to Straits Settlements Straits Settlements 1826-1946, to Malay Union Labuan 1846-1890, to North Borneo Perak 1874-1896, to Federated Malay States Selangor 1874-1896, to Federated Malay States Johor 1885-1942, 1945-1946, to Malay Union Negeri Sembilan 1888-1896, to Federated Malay States Pahang 1888-1896, to Federated Malay States Sarawak 1888-1942, 1945-1963 Federated Malay States 1896-1942, 1945-1946, to Malay Union Kedah 1909-1943, 1945-1946, to Malay Union Kelantan 1909-1943, 1945-1946, to Malay Union Terengganu 1909-1943, 1945-1946, to Malay Union Perlis 1909-1943, 1945-1946, to Malay Union Malay Union 1946-1963 Maldives Maldives 1796-1965 Malta Malta 1800-1964 Man Man 1707- Martinique Martinique 1762-1764, 1794-1802, 1809-1816 Mauritus Mauritius 1810-1968 Montserrat Leeward Islands 1707-1816 Antigua 1816-1871 Leeward Islands 1871-1956 Antigua 1956-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Montserrat 1962- Myanmar British India 1824-1937 Burma 1937-1942, 1945-1948 Namibia Cape of Good Hope 1878-1910 Nepal Nepal 1816-1923 New Zealand New South Wales 1817-1841 New Zealand 1841-1907, 1907-1947 dominion Nicaragua Mosquito 1707-1787, 1844-1860 Nigeria Bight of Biafra 1849-1885, to Oil Rivers Protectorate Bight of Benin 1852-1885, to Oil Rivers Protectorate Lagos 1861-1866 British West African Settlements 1866-1874 Gold Coast 1874-1886 Lagos 1886-1906, to Southern Nigeria Oil Rivers Protectorate 1885-1893 Niger Coast Protecorate 1893-1900 Southern Nigeria 1900-1914, to Nigeria National African Company 1885-1886 Royal Niger Company 1886-1900 Northern Nigeria 1900-1914, part falls to Southern Nigeria, to Nigeria Nigeria 1914-1960 ocupied German Cameroon 1914-1922 British Cameroons 1922-1961, mandate/trust Niue Savage Island 1900-1901 Cook Islands 1901-1907 Norfolk Island New South Wales 1786-1844 Van Diemen's Land 1844-1845 Norfolk Island 1856-1914 Oman Kuria Muria Islands 1854-1937 Aden 1937-1967 Pakistan British India 1843-1947 Palestine occupied Ottoman Empire 1916-1921 Palestine 1921-1948 mandate Papua New Guinea British New Guinea 1883-1902 Pitcairn Pitcairn Island 1838- Portugal Madeira 1801-1802, 1807-1814 Qatar Bahrain 1820-1868 Qatar 1868-1971 Reunion Bourbon Island 1810-1815 Saba 1781-1782, 1801-1803, 1810-1816 Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy 1758 1801-1802 Saint Helena Saint Helena 1707-1945 Saint Helena and Dependencies 1945-2009 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2009- Ascension 1815-1922, to Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha] 1816-1938, to Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Leeward Islands 1707-1816 Saint Christopher 1816-1833 Antigua 1833-1871 Leeward Islands 1871-1956 Saint Christopher 1956-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Saint Christopher 1962-1967 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla 1967-1980 Saint Christopher and Nevis 1980-1983 Saint Lucia Saint Lucia 1762-1763, 1778-1796, 1796-1802, 1803-1833 Windward Islands 1833-1956 Saint Lucia 1956-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Saint Lucia 1962-1974 Saint Martin Saint Martin 1740-1748, 1781-1783, 1784-1796, 1810-1816 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Newfoundland 1713-1763 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1778-1783, 1793-1802, 1803-1816 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1763 Saint Vincent 1753-1764 Southern Caribbean Colony 1764-1779, 1793-1802 Saint Vincent 1802-1833 Windward Islands 1833-1956 Saint Vincent 1956-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Saint Vincent 1962-1979 Senegal Senegambia 1758-1779, 1809-1817 Seychelles Isle de France 1794-1810 Mauritius 1810-1903 Seychelles 1903-1976 Sierra Leone Sherbro Island 1707/1808, to Sierra Leone Freedom 1787-1800 Freetown 1792-1808 Sierra Leone 1808-1961 Singapore Straits Settlements 1819/1826-1942, 1945-1946 Singapore 1946-1963 Sint Eustatius Saint Eustace 1781, 1801-1816 Sint Maarten Saint Martin 1779-1781, 1795-1802, 1810-1816 Solomon Islands British Solomon Islands 1893-1978 Somalia British Somaliland 1884-1960 Jubaland 1887-1895 British East Africa 1895-1924 occupied Italian Somaliland 1941-1950 South Africa occupied Cape Colony 1796-1803, 1806-1814 Cape of Good Hope 1810-1910, to South Africa Natal 1843-1910, to South Africa Orange River Sovereignity 1848-1854 Orange River Colony 1902-1910, to South Africa British Kaffraria 1860-1866, to Cape of Good Hope Griqualand West 1871-1880, to Cape of Good Hope New Griqualand 1874-1880, to Cape of Good Hope Transvaal 1877-1881, 1902-1910, to South Africa Zululand 1887-1897, to Natal South Africa 1910-1931 dominion South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Falkland Islands 1775-1982, 1982-1985 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1985- South Sudan Sudan 1882-1960 Spain Menorca 1708-1756, 1763-1782, 1798-1802 Sri Lanka Trincomalee 1782 occupied Dutch Ceylon 1795-1798 British Ceylon 1798-1948 Sudan Sudan 1882-1960 Suriname Suriname 1799-1802, 1804-1816 Swaziland Swaziland 1903-1968 Tanzania occupied German East Africa 1916-1922 Tanganyika 1922-1961 Zanzibar 1890-1964 Tokelau Union Islands 1877-1916 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1916-1926 Tonga Tonga 1900-1970 Trinidad and Tobago Tobago 1763-1764 Southern Caribbean Colony 1764-1781, 1793-1802 Tobago 1803-1833 Windward Islands 1833-1889 Tobago 1889-1899, to Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad 1797-1899 Trinidad and Tobago 1899-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 1707-1783, 1783-1799 Bahamas 1799-1848 Turks and Caicos Islands 1848-1873 Jamaica 1873-1958 West Indies Federation 1958-1962 Turks and Caicos Islands 1962- Turkey Constantinople 1918-1923, with France and and Italy Tuvalu Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892-1942, 1943-1975 Tuvalu 1975-1978 Uganda Uganda 1892-1962 United Arab Emirates Trucial Sheikhdoms 1820-1892 Trucial States 1892-1971 United Kingdom Ireland 1201-1649 Ireland incorporated into England 1649-1660 Ireland 1660-1801 Ireland incorporated into the United Kingdom 1801-1922 Northern Ireland incorporated into the United Kingdom 1922- United States of America Virgina 1707-1776/1783 Massachusetts Bay 1707-1776/1783 New Hampshire 1707-1776/1783 Carolina 1707-1712, split in Northern Carolina and Southern Carolina Maryland 1707-1776/1783 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1707-1776/1783 Connecticut 1707-1776/1783 New York 1707-1776/1783 New Jersey 1707-1776/1783 Pennsylvania 1707-1776/1783 Delaware 1707-1776/1783 North Carolina 1712-1776/1783 South Carolina 1712-1776/1783 Georgia 1732-1776/1783 East Florida 1763-1783 West Florida 1763-1783 Indian Reserve 1763-1783 Quebec 1763-1787 Columbia 1793-1846 United States Virgin Islands Danish West Indies 1801-1802, 1807-1815 Vanuatu New Hebrides 1826/1906-1980, comdominium Yemen Aden 1838-1863, to South Arabia Kamaran 1915-1967 Aden Protectorate 1874-1962, to South Arabia Arab Emirates of the South 1959-1962 South Arabia 1962-1967 South Arabia Protectorate 1962-1967 Zambia Northern Zambesia 1890-1895 Rhodesia 1895-1900 North Eastern Rhodesia 1900-1911 Northern Rhodesia 1911-1953 Rhodesia and Nyassaland 1953-1963 Northern Rhodesia 1963-1964 Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia 1899-1911, to Northern Rhodesia Zimbabwe Matabeleland 1888-1894 Southern Zambesia 1894-1895 Rhodesia 1895-18990 Southern Rhodesia 1899-1953 Rhodesia and Nyassaland 1953-1963 Southern Rhodesia 1963-1965, 1980 Mashonaland 1889-1894, to Southern Zambesia
1/2	Northern Isles	875: King Haraldr Hárfagri of Norway annexes the present-day Orkney and Shetland Islands as the Northern Isles. 1439: The Orkney Islands are mortgaged to Scotland. 1468: The Shetland Islands are mortgaged to Scotland. 1516:Norway becomes subordinated to Denmark. 1590: The sovereignty over the islands are ceded to Scotland. →1590
2/2	Ireland	Northern Ireland is nowadays part of the →United Kingdom. See also the closely related history of →Ireland. 1201: Ulaid is defeated and has to accept the English lord of Ireland as overlord. 1542: Ireland becomes a the Kingdom of Ireland with king Henry VIII of England as king of Ireland. 1632: Ireland annexes the last parts of Leinster, completing the full conquest of Ireland.
	England	1649: With the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Ireland is integrated into the Commonwealth of England.
	Ireland	1660: The ↑Commonwealth is defeated and the kingdom of Ireland is restored with king Charles II in a personal union with England and Scotland.
	United Kingdom	1801: Ireland merges into the United Kingdom under king George III. 1918: The separatist Irish Republic controls part of Ireland. 1919: After the declaration of independence of the Irish Republic, the Irish War of Independence start. 1922: →Ireland becomes a self-governing dominion of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. →1590
	United States of America United States of America – United States of America
	The United States of America is a sovereign and internationally recognized federal republic.
1/40	Florida	1513: Castile (Spain) claims on the basis of discovery large parts of south eastern part of the present-day United States of America as Spanish Florida, mainly inhabited by Muskogee and the Caribs. 1535: Florida is considered to be part of New Spain. 1565: Spain starts to establish settlements in Florida and destroys ↑French Florida. 1607: Florida is administered as part of the Captaincy General of Cuba inside New Spain. 1719: The French conquer part of Spanish Florida.
	East Florida	1763: Spain cedes Florida to the British. The colonies of East Florida and →West Florida are established.
	Florida	1783: With the Peace of Paris East Florida and ↑West Florida are ceded to Spain. 1810: West Florida declares its independence, but is annexed to the →United States of America the same year. 1821: Spanish Florida is ceded with the Adams–Onís Treaty to the United States. →1821
2/40	French Florida	1562: French Huguenots establish the colony of French Florida. Florida is inhabited by indigenous tribes, e.g. the Timucua. 1565: In reaction to French Florida, Spain starts to establish settlements in Florida and destroys French Florida. →1565
3/40	Roanoke	1586: English colonist found the Roanoke Colony in present-day North Carolina, a region inhbaited mainly by Roanoke people. 1587: The colony is abandoned and refounded. Shortly after the colonists disappear. →1629
4/40	Cuttyhunk	1602: The English Bartholomew Gosnold founds at Cuttyhunk, one of the Elizabeth Islands in present-day Massachusetts, a fort and trading post, in a region mainly inhabited by Wampanoag.The settlement is abandoned the same year. →1620
5/40	Acadia	1604: Acadia, inhabited by indigenous tribes, becomes a division of French →New France. It includes parts of Maine. 1674: The Dutch conquer the capital of Acadia, Fort Pentagouet, and claim the area as New Holland. 1675: France regains control over the colony. 1710: Acadia is conquered by Great Britain and become part of Massachusetts Bay. →1710
6/40	Virginia	1606: The Virginia Company of London is chartered by England. 1607: The company founds the settlement of Jamestown in a region occupied chiefly by Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan peoples. 1609-1615: →Bermuda is governed by the Virginia Company. 1611: The company founds Henricus. 1622: Henricus is destroyed. 1624: The possessions of the company become the royal Colony of Virginia. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: New York joins the United States of America. →1776
7/40	Popham Colony	1607: The English Virginia Company of Plymouth settles the Popham Colony in present-day Maine in a region mainly inhabited by Abenaki. 1608: The colony is abandoned. →1629
8/40	New Netherland	1615: The Dutch New Netherland Company starts to colonize what is to be called New Netherland in an area mainly inhabited by various Algonquian tribes, including the Lenape. 1621: New Netherland is administered by the Dutch West India Company (WIC). 1638: The Swedish South Company establishes the colony of →New Sweden in area claimed by the WIC. 1655: The WIC conquers ↑New Sweden and annexes it to New Netherland.
	New York	1664: The English conquer New Netherland, which is confirmed at the Treaty of Breda. The English establish in the area the provinces of New York and →New Jersey . 1665: ↑Gardiners Island joins New York.
	New Netherland	1673: New York is captured by the Dutch as New Netherland.
	New York	1674: The Dutch are defeated and New York is restored to England . 1688: New York joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: New York joins the United States of America. →1776
9/40	Plymouth	1620: English settlers establish the Plymouth Colony of Massachusetts in a region mainky inhabited by Wampanaog. 1686: Plymouth Colony joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1691: The Plymouth Colony becomes part of Massachusetts Bay. →1691
10/40	Cape Ann	1624: The English Dorchester Company settles the fishing colony of Cape Ann. 1626: The settlers abandon Cape Ann and move to Salem.
	Salem Colony	1628: The English settlers from Cape Ann found the establish the Salem Colony in present-day Massachusetts. 1629: The Salem Colony merges into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. →1629
11/40	Massachusetts Bay	1628: The Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded by the English in a region inhabited chiefly by Massachusett. 1629: The ↑Salem Colony merges into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1641: ↑New Hampshire is incorporated into Massachusetts. 1680: →New Hampshire is seceded from Massachusetts. 1686: Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, the Plymouth Colony and the possessions in Maine work together in the Dominion of New England. 1687: Rhode Island and Connecticut join New England. 1688: East Jersey, West Jersey and New York join New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1691: The Massachusetts Bay Colony, the ↑Plymouth Colony and the settlements in ↑Maine are united in the Province of Massachusetts Bay 1710: ↑Acadia is conquered by Great Britain. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Massachusetts Bay joins the United States of America. →1776
12/40	Maine	1629: The first English settlements in Maine are established in a region dominaited by the Wabanaki. 1686: Maine joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1691: Maine becomes part of Massachusetts Bay. →1691
13/40	New Hampshire	1629: The Province of New Hampshire is founded by the English in a region mainly inhabited by Abenaki.
	Massachusetts Bay	1641: New Hampshire is integrated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
	New Hampshire	1680: New Hampshire is separated from Massachusetts and restored. 1686: New Hampshire joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: New Hampshire joins the United States of America. →1776
14/40	Carolina	1629: The Province of Carolina is founded by the English in a region inhabited by Pamlico, Cherokee and Siouan tribes|.
	North Carolina	1712: British Carolina is divided into the Provinces of North Carolina and →South Carolina. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: North Carolina joins the United States of America. →1776
15/40	Maryland	1632: The English Province of Maryland is founded in a region populated by a mix of Iroquois and Algonquian peoples. 1776: Maryland joins the United States of America. →1776
16/40	Saybrook	1635: The English Saybrook Colony in present-day Connecticut is founded in a region inhabited by Wangunk tribes. 1644: Saybrook is incorporated into Connecticut. →1644
17/40	Providence Plantations	1636: English colonists from Massachusetts Bay found the Providence Plantations in present-day Rhode Island in an area granted by the Narragansett.
	Rhode Island and Providence Plantations	1663: The Providence Plantations and ↑Rhode Island are united into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1687: Rhode Island joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Rhode Island and Providence Plantations joins the United States of America. →1776
18/40	Connecticut	1636: The English Connecticut Colony is founded in a region inhabited y Wangunk.. 1644: ↑Saybrook is incorporated into Connecticut 1650: With the Treaty of Hartford ↑New Netherland cedes its eastern part to English Connecticut. 1664: ↑New Haven is incorporated into Connecticut. 1687: Connecticut joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Connecticut joins the United States of America. →1776
19/40	New Haven	1637: The English New Haven Colony in present-day Connecticut is founded in a region inhabited by Wangunk. 1664: New Haven is incorporated into Connecticut. →1664
20/40	Rhode Island	1638: English colonists from Massachusetts Bay found a colony at Rhode Island, populated by Narrangansett. 1663: Rhode Island merges into Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. →1663
21/40	Gardiners Island	1639: The English Lion Gardiner from Connecticut founds the proprietary colony of Gardiners Island, he bought from the Montaukett. 1665: Gardiners Island becomes subordinated to New York. →1665
22/40	New Sweden	1638: The Swedish Swedish South Company establishes the colony of New Sweden in area claimed by the Dutch and inhabited bhy Lenape. 1655: New Sweden is conquered by the Netherlands. →1655
23/40	New Jersey	1664: The English conquer ↑New Netherland, which is confirmed at the Treaty of Breda. The English establish in the area the Province of New Jersey.
	East Jersey	1676: New Jersey is divided into East Jersey and →West Jersey. 1688: East Jersey joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished.
	New Jersey	1703: East Jersey and ↑West Jersey are united as New Jersey, until 1738 administered by New York. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: New Jersey joins the United States of America. →1776
24/40	Canada	1673: The French start to settle from →New France in the north into what becomes Illinois Country as part of the colony of Canada. Illinois Country is inhabited by the Illiniwek tribes and other tribes. 1717: Illinois Country is seceded from Canada and becomes as Upper Louisiana part of Louisiana. →1717
25/40	New Holland	1674: The Dutch conquer the capital of ↑Acadia, Fort Pentagouet, and claim the area as New Holland. 1675: France regains control over the colony. →1675
26/40	West Jersey	1676: ↑New Jersey is divided into West Jersey and →East Jersey. 1688: West Jersey joins the Dominion of New England. 1689: The Dominion of New England is abolished. 1703: East and West Jersey are united as New Jersey. →1703
27/40	Pennsylvania	1681: The English Province of Pennsylvania is founded in a region inhabited by Lenape. 1701: →Delaware is separated from Pennsylvania. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Pennsylvania joins the United States of America. →1776
28/40	Louisiana	1682: The French enlarge their colony in North America, →New France as Louisiana into large part of the middle of the present-day United States. The area is inhabited by various Native American tribes. 1699: The French start the permanent settlement of lands in the Lower Mississippi River watershed in what is called Lower Louisiana. 1717: ↑Illinois Country is seceded from Canada and becomes as Upper Louisiana part of Louisiana. 1719: The French conquer part of Spanish Florida. 1762/1763: Spain acquieres with the Treaty of Fontainebleau Louisiana, that continues it as Spanish Louisiana inside New Spain.
29/40	Fort Saint Louis	1685: France establishes the Fort Saint Louis in present-day Texas in a region inhabited by Karankawa. 1688: The colonization attempt fails. →1690
30/40	New Spain	1690: Spanish New Spain expands into present-day Texas. The area is inhabited by various Native American tribes. 1762/1763: Spain acquires ↑French Louisana and adds it as Spanish Louisana to New Spain. 1767: New Spain is enlarged with the Californias in the west of the present-day United States. 1800: With the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Louisiana is returned by Spain to France. 1810: The Mexican War of Independence against Spanish rule in New Spain starts. 1821: The main parts of New Spain, including the parts in the present-day United States secede from Spain with the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire as Mexico. 1835: Texas secedes from Mexico and joins the United States in 1845. 1845: Mexico secedes Northern Mexico to the United States. →1845.
31/40	Delaware	1701: The Delaware Colony is separated from ↑Pennsylvania. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Delaware joins the United States of America. →1776
32/40	South Carolina	1712: British ↑Carolina is divided into the Provinces of South Carolina and →North Carolina. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: South Carolina joins the United States of America. →1776
33/40	Georgia	1732: The British establish the Province of Georgia as buffer colony against the Spanish in a region inhabited by Yamasee and Hitchiti. 1766: With the Declaratory Act the British parliament stated that its authority is the same in the American colonies as in Britain and asserts its authority to pass laws that are binding on the American colonies. This leads to resistance to British power in the colonies. 1776: Georgia joins the United States of America. →1776
34/40	West Florida	1763: Spain cedes ↑Florida to the British. The colonies of West Florida and →East Florida are established. 1783: With the Peace of Paris East and West Florida are ceded to Spain. →1783
35/40	Quebec	1763: The parts east of the Missouri River of French Louisiana are ceded by France to Great Britain and become part of their colony of Quebec. 1787: The British part of former Illinois County falls to the United States of America. →1787
36/40	Indian Reserve	1763: Great Britain establishes the Indian Reserve west of the colonies. 1783: With the Peace of Paris Great Britain recognizes the Indian Reserve as part of the United States of America. →1783
37/40	Russian America	1774: Russia starts the colonization of the Aleutian Islands with the establisment of Unalaska. The area is inhabited by Inuit. 1799: The Russian settlements, known as Russian America are under Russian-American Company rule. 1812: As part of Russian America, Russia establishes Fort Ross in California. 1842: Russia abandons Fort Ross.
	Alaska	1867: Russia sells Russian America to the United States. The region is administered as Department of Alaska). 1870: Alaska becomes the district of Alaska. 1912: Alaska becomes an incorporated territory of the United States of America. →1912
38/40	United States of America	1776: The British colonies of ↑New Hampshire, ↑Massachusetts Bay, ↑Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, ↑Connecticut, ↑New York, ↑New Jersey, ↑Pennsylvania, ↑Delaware, ↑Maryland, ↑Virginia, ↑North Carolina, ↑South Carolina and ↑Georgia, declare at the Continental Congress their independence as the United States of America, leading to the American Revolutionary War. 1783: With the Peace of Paris Great Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America and cedes the ↑Indian Reserve to the United States. 1787: The British part of former ↑Illinois County falls to the United States of America. 1810: ↑West Florida is annexed to the United States. 1821: Spanish ↑Florida is ceded with the Adams–Onís Treaty to the United States. 1835: ↑Texas, until 1835 part of Mexico joins the United States. 1845: Mexico secedes ↑Northern Mexico to the United States. 1846: Part of the ↑Columbia Department falls as Oregon to the United States. 1861: The Confederate States of America secede from the United States. 1865: The Confederate States of America are defeated and reincorporated into the United States. 1867: Russia sells ↑Russian America to the United States. 1900: ↑Hawaii, American since 1898, becomes an incorporated territory of the United States. 1912: ↑Alaska, American since 1867, becomes an incorporated territory of the United States. ᐃ
		United States dependencies: American Samoa Tutuila 1899-1911 1911- Austria occupied Austria 1945-1955 Bahamas Bahamas 1776 China Shanghai 1845-1863, 1863-194 943 condominium Tianjin 1860-1896 Cuba Cuba 1899-1902, 1906-1909 Guantanamo Bay 1903- Dominican Republic occupied Dominican Republic 1916-1924 Germany occupied Germany 1945-1949]] occupied Berlin 1945-1990 Guam Guam 1898-1941, 1944- Haiti occupied Haiti 1915-1934 Honduras Swan Islands 1863-197 972 Italy Trieste 1947-1954, with the United Kingdom Japan occupied Japan 1945-1952 Bonin Islands 1945-1968 Ryukyu Islands 1945-1972 Kiribati Canton and Enderbury Islands 1938-1939, 1939-1979 condominium Marshall Islands occupied South Pacific Mandate 1944-1947 Pacific Islands 1947-1979, trust Marshall Islands 1979-1987, trust Micronesia 'occupied South Pacific Mandate 1944-1947 Pacific Islands 1947-1979, trust Micronesia 1979-1990, trust Midway Island Midway Island 1867- Nicaragua occupied Nicaragua 1912-1933 Corn Islands 1914-1971 Northern Mariana Islands occupied South Pacific Mandate 1944-1947 Pacific Islands 1947-1978, trust Northern Mariana Islands 1978- Palau South Pacific Mandate 1944-1947 Pacific Islands 1947-1981, trust Palau 1981-1987 Panama Panama Canal Zone 1904-1979 Philippines Philippines 1898-1942, 1945-1946 Sulu 1898-1915, to Philippines Puerto Rico Porto Rico 1898-1932 Puerto Rico 1932- South Korea occupied Korea 1945-1948 United States Alaska 1867-1912, incorporated into the United States Hawaii 1898-1900, incorporated into the United States United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands 1917- Wake Island Wake Island 1899-1941, 1945-
39/40	Columbia	1793: The British North West Company establishes the Columbia District in present-day Washington and Oregon in an area mainly inhabited by Native American tribes. 1816: The United States claim the Columbia District as the Oregon County. 1821: The North West Company is absorbed into the Hudson Bay Company, whereby the Columbia district is renamed into the Columbia Department. 1846: The Columbia Department is divided between the United States of America and the →British. →1846
40/40	Kauaʻi	1815: Russia's Russian-American Company establishes a protectorate over Kauaʻi with the support of its ruler Kaumualii and establishes Fort Elizabeth. 1817: Russia leaves the island to Hawaii.
	Hawaii	1898: Hawaii is annexed to the United States. 1900: Hawaii becomes an incorporated territory of the 'United States of America. →1900
	United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands – Virgin Islands of the United States
	"The United States Virgin Islands are a United States unincorporated organized territory.
1/7	Santa Cruz	1493: Cristoforo Colombo discovers and claims Saint Croix for Castile (Spain), mainly inhabited by Caribs.
	Santa Cruz	1625: Both England and the →Netherlands establish a colony at Santa Cruz. 1631: The English colony is destroyed by Spain.
	Santa Cruz	1642: England establishes a new colony at Santa Cruz. 1645: The Dutch leaves their colony at ↑Santa Cruz to England.
	Santa Cruz	1650: The English colony at Santa Cruz is conquered by Spain.
	Saint Croix	1651: The Spanish are defeated by a French intervention. France leaves the island to the Knights Hospittaler.
	Saint Croix	1665: Saint Croix is bought by the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales along with the Order's other possessions of the Knights Hospitaller in the Caribbean.
	Saint Croix	1733: The Compagnie sells Saint Croix to the Danish West India and Guinea Company (VGK) from the French West India Company. It is administered as a separate colony. →1754
2/7	Dutch Virgin Islands	1625: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establish a permanent settlement at the eastern part of ↑Santa Cruz, starting the Dutch Virgin Islands. 1628: The WIC establish a permanent settlement at →Virgin Gorda in the present-day British Virgin Islands. 1648: The WIC establishes a permanent settlement on Ter Tholen. 1645: The WIC leaves Santa Cruz to England. →1645
3/7	Dutch Virgin Islands	1657: The Dutch West India Company (WIC) establishes a colony at Saint Thomas as part of the Dutch Virgin Islands. The island is mainly inhabited by Caribs. 1666: The Danish West India and Guinea Company (VGK) starts the conquest of →Saint Thomas. 1672: The VGK annexes Saint Thomas. →1672
5/7	Saint John	1684: The Denmark West India and Guinea Company (VGK) annexes Saint John, mainly populated by Caribs. Saint John becomes part of the Danish West Indies. →1754
6/7	Saint Thomas	1685: Brandenburg leases a factory on Danish ↑Saint Thomas. 1715: The factory is returned to Denmark. →1715
4/7	Saint Thomas	1666: The Danish West India and Guinea Company (VGK) starts the conquest of Dutch ↑Saint Thomas. 1672: The VGK annexes Saint Thomas. 1685: Brandenburg leases a factory on →Saint Thomas. 1715: The Prussian (Brandenburger) lease on ↑Saint Thomas ends. Saint Croix becomes part of the Danish West Indies. →1754
7/7	Danish West Indies	1754: Saint Thomas, ↑Saint Croix, and ↑Saint John are nationalized and merged as the Danish West Indies.
	Danish West Indies	1801: The Danish West Indies are occupied by British forces.
	Danish West Indies	1802: The Danish West Indies are restored to Denmark.
	Danish West Indies	1807: The Danish West Indies are occupied by British forces.
	Danish West Indies	1815: The Danish West Indies are restored to Denmark.
	U.S. Virgin Islands	1917: The Danish West Indies are purchased by the United States and renamed into the Virgin Islands of the United States. 1954: The Virgin Islands become a organized, unincorporated United States territory. ᐃ
	Uruguay Uruguay – Oriental Republic of Uruguay
	Uruguay is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Uruguay	1512: Portuguese explorers visit present-day Uruguay. 1516: The →Spanish arrive in the region. The indigenous peoples', the Charrúa, resistance to conquest, limits their settlement and the region becomes a zone of contention between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. 1669: When Portugal tries to expand into the region, Spanish colonization increases and Portugal is defeated. →1669
2/3	New Andalusia	1516: The Spanish arrive in the region. The indigenous peoples', the Charrúa, resistance to conquest, limits their settlement and the region becomes a zone of contention between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. 1536: The region is considered part of the Governorate of New Andalusia.
	Río de la Plata	1542: New Andalusia is succeeded by the Governorate of the Río de la Plata, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1624: Spain founds its first permanent settlement. 1669: When Portugal tries to expand into the region, Spanish colonization increases. The region is known as Banda Oriental. 1706: Portuguese ↑Sacramento is under Spanish rule. 1716: Portuguese rule in →Sacramento is restored. 1776: The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, with the Banda Oriental, is separated from Peru. 1777: ↑Sacramento is ceded to Spain. 1807: The main settlement, Montevideo is shortly occupied by a British force. 1811: A successful revolution against the Spanish authorities in the region starts. 1815: The region becomes as Banda Oriental autonomous. 1816: Rio de la Plata declares its independence.
	Brazil	1817: Portugal conquers the Banda Oriental and annexes it to Brazil. 1822: The Empire of Brazil becomes independent and keeps the Banda Oriental. 1825: Banda Oriental becomes part of Rio de la Plata. 1828: Uruguay becomes independent. ᐃ
3/3	Colonia del Sacramento	1680: Portugal establishes the Colony of Sacramento
	Río de la Plata	1706: Sacramento is under Spanish rule.
	Colonia del Sacramento	1716: Portuguese rule in Sacramento is restored. 1777: Sacramento is ceded to Spain. →1777
	Uzbekistan Uzbekistan – Republic of Uzbekistan
	Uzbekistan is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/3	Russia	1864/1876: The eastern part of Uzbekistan, part of the Khanate of Kokand, is conquered by and annexed to Russia.
	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	1922: Russia becomes a constituent state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1924: ↑Bukhara and ↑Khiva join the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Uzbekistan is established as a constituent state. 1991: Uzbekistan becomes an independent republic. ᐃ
2/3	Bukhara	1868: The Emirate of Bukhara becomes a Russian protectorate. 1924: Bukhara becomes part of Uzbekistan inside the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. →1924
3/3	Khiva	1873: The Khanate of Khiva becomes a Russian protectorate. 1924: Bukhara becomes part of Uzbekistan inside the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. →1924
	Vanuatu Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu
	Vanuatu is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
	New Hebrides	1825-1887: British and French traders and settlers arrive in the New Hebrides, inhabited by indigenous Melanesians and immigrant Polynesians, 1878: Both countries declare the area to be neutral territory. The British settlers are under the jurisdiction of →Fiji. 1887: The Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission is instituted to protect the colonists. 1889: The Independent Commune of Franceville declares itself independent, without being recognized. 1890: The commune is dissolved. 1900: The French settlers placed under the jurisdiction of New Caledonia. 1906: The countries establish the British-French New Hebrides Condominium, whereby the British administration is part of the British Western Pacific Territories. 1940: The French administration is loyal to the Free French. 1975: The New Hebrides get limited self-government. 1977: The self-government is abolished. 1980: Espiritu Santo tries to secede as the Republic of Vemerana. The same year the New Hebrides become independent as Vanuatu. Vemerana is with the support of Papua-New Guinea integrated into Vanuatu. ᐃ
	Vatican City Vatican City – Vatican City State
	Vatican City is a sovereign and internationally recognized thecoratic state.
	Vatican City	For Vatican City there are no entries of colonization. The French occupation and the Italian annexation of the Papal States are not included. De facto Vatican City is an Italian protectorate.ᐃ
	Venezuela Venezuela – Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
	Venezuela is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Venezuela	1522: The Spanish colonization of present-day Venezuela starts. The region is inhabited by many Amerindian tribes, aming them the Kalina Caribs and the Timoto-Cuica. 1527: Spain establishes the Province of Venezuela as part of New Spain.
	Little Venice	1528: Spain grants the Welser family from Germany most of Venezuela as Little Venice.
	Venezuela	1546: The Welser colony is revoked by Spain. Spanish rule in ↑Venezuela is restored as the Province of Venezuela inside the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1638: The Dutch are expelled from ↑Tortuga. 1717: The province becomes part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada. 1777: Venezuela is separated from New Granada as the Captaincy General of Venezuela. 1810: Venezuela declares its independence as the United States of Venezuela. 1812: The separatists are defeated. 1813: Separatists conquer part of Venezuela in the Admirable Campaign and establish the Republic of Venezuela. 1814: The separatists are defeated. 1817: The separatists gain as part of the Venezuelan War of Independence most of Venezuela and proclaim the Republic of Venezuela. 1819: Separatists from Venezuela and Colombia declare their republics to be united as Colombia. The liberation war continues. 1821: New Granada, including Panama, succeeds in the secession from Spain and become together with Venezuela Colombia. 1823: The remaining Spanish forces are finally defeated. 1830: Venezuela becomes independent from Colombia. ᐃ
2/2	Tortuga	1624: The Dutch start to seasonally visit Tortuga to exploit the salt evaporation ponds on the east of the island and establish a fort. 1638: The Dutch are expelled by Spain. →1638
	Vietnam Vietnam – Socialist Republic of Vietnam
	Vietnam is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/4	Tonkin	1636: The Dutch United East India Company (VOC) establishes trading posts in Tonkin, especially in Đông Kinh (Hanoi) and Hoi An. 1699: The VOC abandons Đông Kinh. 1741: The VOC abandons Hoi An and leaves it to Vietnam. 1787: The area is continued as Dai Viet. 1804: Dai Viet is continued as Vietnam. 1839: Vietnam is continued as Dai Nam. 1858: France starts the conquest of the south as →Cochinchina. 1884: The remaining parts of Vietnam become the protectorates of Tonkin and Annam. →1884/ →1884
	Tonkin	1873: France occupies Hanoi and Haiphong in Tonkin. 1884: Emperor Hiệp Hòa of Dai Nam agrees in the Treaty of Hué with France that Tonkin becomes the Protectorate of Tonkin and Annam becomes the →Protectorate of Annam, orginally administered as one entity. 1887: ↑Annam, Tonkin and ↑Cochinchina are united with Cambodia into the Indochinese Union, a.k.a. French Indochina. 1940: The colonial administration is loyal to Vichy France and accepts that Japanese troops are based in Indochina.
	Vietnam	1945: Japan occupies Indochina. Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the French protectorate and the restoration of the independence of Vietnam as the Empire of Vietnam (in full cooperation with Japan).
	Tonkin	1945: The same year the empire is abolished. Tonkin is occupied by Chinese forces. Independence is proclaimed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 1946: The First Indochina War starts between the North Vietnamese and France.
	Vietnam	1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor of Tonkin, ↑Annam and ↑Cochinchina. 1949: In the south the State of Vietnam becomes autonomous as member of the Indochinese Federation.
	(North) Vietnam	1954: The division of Vietnam is formalized by the Geneva Accords. The last French troops leave Hanoi. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and →South Vietnam are recognized as independent republics.
	Vietnam	1975: ↑South Vietnam is annexed to North Vietnam, becoming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. ᐃ
		Vietnamese dependency Cambodia occupied Kampuchea 1979-1992
2/4	Pulo Condore Island	1702: The English East India Company founds a post on the island of Pulo Condor off the south coast of Vietnam, inhabited by Vietnamese.. 1705: The settlement is destroyed. →1705
3/4	Cochinchina	1858: France occupies Da Nang (renamed Tourane) in the Dai Nam. 1859: French occupy Saigon and the southern part of Dai Nam. 1862: The occupied territories are ceded to France. 1864: France establishes the Colony of Cochinchina. 1867: France annexes more parts of southern Dai Nam. 1887: ↑Annam, ↑Tonkin and Cochinchina are united with Cambodia into the Indochinese Union, a.k.a. French Indochina. 1940: The colonial administration is loyal to Vichy France and accepts that Japanese troops are based in Indochina.
	Vietnam	1945: Japan occupies Indochina. Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the French protectorate and the restoration of the independence of Vietnam as the Empire of Vietnam (in full cooperation with Japan).
	Cochinchina	1945: The same year the empire is abolished and French rule is restored. Cochinchina is occupied by British forces. 1946: The First Indochina War starts between the North Vietnamese and France. Cochinchina becomes the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina. 1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor. →1948
	VietnamVietnam	1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor of Tonkin, ↑Annam and Cochinchina. 1949: In the south the State of Vietnam becomes autonomous as member of the Indochinese Federation. 1954: The division of Vietnam is formalized by the Geneva Accords. The last French troops leave Hanoi. South Vietnam and the →North Vietnam' are recognized as independent republics. 1975: South Vietnam is annexed to North Vietnam, becoming Vietnam. →1975
4/4	Annam	1884: Emperor Hiệp Hòa of Vietmam agrees in the Treaty of Hué with France that Tonkin becomes the →Protectorate of Tonkin and Annam becomes the Protectorate of Annam, orginally administered as one entity. 1887: Annam, Tonkin and Cochinchina are united with Cambodia into the Indochinese Union, a.k.a. French Indochina. 1940: The colonial administration is loyal to Vichy France and accepts that Japanese troops are based in Indochina.
	Vietnam	1945: Japan occupies Indochina. Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the French protectorate and the restoration of the independence of Vietnam as the Empire of Vietnam (in full cooperation with Japan).
	Annam	1945: The same year the empire is abolished. The south of Annam is occupied by British forces. The north is occupied by Chinese forces. In the northern part independence is proclaimed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 1946: The First Indochina War starts between the North Vietnamese and France. 1948: France establishes the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam as successor. →1948
	Wake Island Wake Island – Wake Island
	"Wake Island is an uninhabited United States unincorporated unorganized territory.
	Wake Island	1899: The United States annex Wake Island as an unincorporated territory.
	occupied Wake Island	1941: Wake Island is occupied by Japan as Otori-Jima.
	Wake Island	1945: Japan is defeated and American rule is restored. ᐃ
	Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna – Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
	Wallis and Futuna is a a French overseas collectivity.
	Uvea	1887: The Queen of Uvea (on the island of Wallis) signs a treaty officially establishing a French protectorate.
	New Caledonia	1888: The kings of Sigave and Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi sign a treaties establishing protectorates. The islands are together with Uvea put under the authority of New Caledonia.
	Wallis and Futuna	1917: The Wallis and Futuna protectorates are annexed to France and turned into the colony of Wallis and Futuna under the authority of New Caledonia. 1940: The administration is loyal to Vichy France, but shifts its loyalty to the Free French the same year. The administration of Wallis and Futuna remains pro-Vichy. 1942: The administration of Wallis and Futuna is deposed by the Free French. 1961: The islands are separated from New Caledonia and become a French overseas territory. 2003: Wallis and Futuna becomes a overseas collectivity. ᐃ
	Western Sahara (disputed) Western Sahara – Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
	Western Sahara is a republic with limited territorial control, not recognized by Morocco, but recognized by 45 UN member states and South Ossetia
1/3	Río de Oro	1884: Despite resistance of Morocco Spain claims as a result of the Berlin Conference a protectorate over the Saharan coast from Cape Bojador to Cap Blanc, named Río de Oro, controlled by Morocco. 1924: Río de Oro becomes part of Spanish Sahara. →1924
2/3	Saguia el-Hamra	1904: Spain annexes Saguia el-Hamra and establishes a second district. 1924: Saguia el-Hamra becomes part of Spanish Sahara. →1924
3/3	Spanish Sahara	1924: ↑Río de Oro and ↑Saguia el-Hamra are united as the Colony of Spanish Sahara.
	Spanish West Africa	1946: Spanish Sahara and ↑Ifni are united into Spanish West Africa. 1957: After the Ifni War most of Ifni is occupied by Morocco.
	Spanish Sahara	1958: The Spanish Sahara is separated from →Ifni as the Overseas Province of Spanish Sahara. 1973: The War of Independence against the Spanish rulers commences. 1975: After the Madrid Accords Spain abandons the province. The Sahara is divided and annexed by Morocco and Mauretania. 1976: The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is proclaimed, that controls only a thin strip of area in the Western Sahara region and claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara. 1979: Mauretania withdraws from the Western Sahara and leaves its part to Morocco. ᐃ
	Yemen Yemen – Republic of Yemen
	Yemen is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/6	Socotra	1506: The island of Socotra is conquered by Portugal from the Mahra Sultanate. 1512: Socotra is regained by the Mahra Sultanate. 1886: Mahra joins the Aden Protectorate →1886
2/6	Aden	1513: Portugal conquers the Yemenite city of Aden.
	Ottoman Empire	1538: Aden falls to the Ottoman Empire.
	Aden	1547: Aden is reconquered by Portugal.
	Ottoman Empire	1548: Aden falls to the Ottoman Empire. 1653: The Qasimi State drives the Ottomans out of the country completely. 1740: The sultanate of Lahej becomes independent.
	British India	1838: After been defeated, Lahej cedes Aden to the United Kingdom, that adds it as the Aden Settlement to British India.
	Aden	1937: Aden becomes a separate crown colony, the Colony of Aden. 1937: The →Kuria Muria islands are administered from Aden. 1963: Aden joins the Federation of South Arabia. →1963
3/6	Ottoman Empire	1517: Parts of Yemen are annexed to the Ottoman Empire. Most of the northern part of the country is controlled by the Zaidiyyah. 1538: The Ottomans conquer ↑Aden from Portugal. 1547: Aden is re-conquered by →Portugal. 1548: The Ottomans conquer ↑Aden from Portugal. 1597: Yemeni separatists establish the Qasimi State. 1653: The Qasimi State drives the Ottomans out of the country completely.
	Ottoman Empire	1849: Ottoman rule in parts of Yemen is restored. 1915: The Ottoman Empire loses Saadi dynastyKamaran to the British. 1918: North Yemen becomes independent as Yemen. 1990: ↑South Yemen unifies with (North) Yemen into Yemen. ᐃ
4/6	Aden Protectorate	1874: The hinterland of Aden and Hadhramaut are loosely tied to the United Kingdom as the Aden Protectorate, administered from Aden. 1886: ↑Mahra joins the protectorate. 1959: Part of the states inside the Aden Protectorate unite into the →Federation of Arab Emirates of the South. 1962: More of the states join the federation, renamed into the →Federation of South Arabia.
	South Arabia Protectorate	1963: The remaining states of the Aden Protectorate establish the Protectorate of South Arabia. 1967: The Federation of South Arabia becomes together with the Protectorate of South Arabia independent as South Yemen. →1967
5/6	Arab Emirates of the South	1959: Part of the states inside the Aden Protectorate unite into the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South.
	South Arabia	1962: More of the states of the Aden Protectorate join the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, renamed into the Federation of South Arabia. 1963: ↑Aden becomes part of the federation. 1967: The Federation of South Arabia becomes together with the Protectorate of South Arabia independent as South Yemen, including ↑Kamaran, The Kuria Muria islands are restored to →Oman. 1990: South Yemen merges with North Yemen into Yemen. →1990
6/6	Kamaran	1915: The United Kingdom seizes the Kamaran island from the Ottoman Empire and makes it subordinated to the Aden Colony. 1967: The Kamaran Island becomes part of independent South Yemen. →1967
	Zambia Zambia – Republic of Zambia
	Zambia is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Northern Zambesia	1890: The British British South Africa Company, a chartered company on behalf of the British government, start to rule present-day Zambia, known as Northern Zambesia. It includes parts of the former Kingdom of Lunda.
	Rhodesia	1895: Northern Zambesia and ↑Southern Zambesia are united by the British British South Africa Company into Rhodesia.
	Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia	1899: The BSAC establishes the protectorate of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia, part of Rhodesia. 1900: The BSAC establishes the protectorate of North-Eastern Rhodesia as another successor of Rhodesia.
	Northern Rhodesia	1911: Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and ↑North-Eastern Rhodesia are amalgamated into Northern Rhodesia. 1924: The BSAC rule ends and as Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia is becomes a British protectorate.
	Rhodesia and Nyasaland	1953: Northern Rhodesia, ↑Southern Rhodesia and ↑Nyasaland become the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
	Northern Rhodesia	1963: After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia is separated. 1964: Northern Rhodesia becomes independent as Zambia. ᐃ
2/2	North-Eastern Rhodesia	1900: The BSAC establishes the protectorate of North-Eastern Rhodesia as successor of the northern part of ↑Rhodesia. <r>1911: North-Eastern Rhodesia and ↑Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia are amalgamated into Northern Rhodesia. →1911
	Zimbabwe Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe
	Zimbabwe is a sovereign and internationally recognized republic.
1/2	Matabeleland	1888: The British British South Africa Company, a chartered company on behalf of the British government, establishes a protectorate over Matabeleland.
	Southern Zambesia	1894: The protectorates over Matabeleland and ↑Mashonaland are jointly known as Southern Zambesia.
	Rhodesia	1895: Southern Zambesia and ↑Northern Zambesia are united by the British British South Africa Company into Rhodesia.
	Southern Rhodesia	1899: The BSAC establishes the protectorate of Southern Rhodesia in the territory of former Southern Zambesia. 1923: Southern Rhodesia is annexed by the United Kingdom and becomes as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia a self-governing Crown colony.
	Rhodesia and Nyasaland	1953: Southern Rhodesia and the protectorates of ↑Northern Rhodesia and ↑Nyasaland become the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. →1963
	Rhodesia	1963: After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesia is separated. The colony renames itself into Rhodesia, whereby the British authorities use to old name of Southern Rhodesia. 1965: The colony unilaterally declares itself independent as Rhodesia with the monarch of the United Kingdom as head of state. The United Kingdom doesn't recognise the new state. 1970: Rhodesia becomes an unrecognized republic. 1979: Rhodesia is continued as Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
	Southern Rhodesia	1980: Zimbabwe Rhodesia is abolished and the Colony of Southern Rhodesia under British rule is restored. The same year Southern Rhodesia becomes independent as the Zimbabwe. ᐃ
2/2	Mashonaland	1889: The British British South Africa Company, a chartered company on behalf of the British government, establishes a protectorate over Mashonaland. →1894

Notes

Remarks References