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== References ==
== References ==
<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharatiya Janta Party|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party}} {{cite web|title=BJP Leader |url=http://www.modiforpm.org/}}</ref>
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Revision as of 06:32, 30 December 2013

"BJP" redirects here. For other uses, see BJP (disambiguation).

Bharatiya Janata Party
ChairmanRajnath Singh
Parliamentary ChairpersonL.K.Advani
Lok Sabha LeaderSushma Swaraj
(Leader of Opposition)
Rajya Sabha LeaderArun Jaitley
(Leader of Opposition)
FoundedDecember 1980
Preceded byBharatiya Jana Sangh
Headquarters11 Ashoka Road,
New Delhi, 110001
NewspaperKamal Sandesh
Youth wingBharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
Women's wingBJP Mahila Morcha
IdeologyNationalism (Indian)
Integral humanism[1][2] (official)
Hindu nationalism[3][4]
(Hindutva) [1]
Social conservatism[5]
Political positionRight-wing[6][7][8]
ColoursSaffron  
ECI StatusNational Party[9]
AllianceNational Democratic Alliance (NDA)
Seats in Lok Sabha
116 / 545
[10]
Seats in Rajya Sabha
49 / 245
Election symbol
BJP party symbol
Website
www.bjp.org

Template:Hindu politics The Bharatiya Janata Party (pronunciationⓘ;; translation: Indian People's Party; abbreviated BJP) is one of the two major parties in the Indian political system, the other being the Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it is India's second largest political party in terms of representation in parliament and in the various state assemblies.

The Bharatiya Janata Party designates its official ideology and central philosophy to be "integral humanism",[1][2] based upon a 1965 book by Deendayal Upadhyaya.[11][12] The party is labelled as "Hindu nationalist",[13] and advocates social conservatism, self-reliance as outlined by the Swadeshi movement,[14] and a foreign policy centred on key nationalist principles. The party's platform is generally considered to be on the right-wing of the Indian political spectrum.[15][16][17][18]

The BJP led the national government along with a coalition of parties of the NDA from 1998 to 2004, with Atal Bihari Vajpayee as Prime Minister, thus making it the first non-Congress government to last a full term in office. Since its election defeat in the 2004 general elections, the BJP has been the principal opposition party in parliament.

History

Main article: History of the Bharatiya Janata Party

Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–1977)

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), popularly known as simply the Jana Sangh, was founded by Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee in 1951 in response to the secular politics of the dominant Congress party. Widely regarded to be the political arm of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh,[19] its aims included the protection of India's "Hindu" cultural identity, and what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslims and Pakistan by the Congress and Jawaharlal Nehru.[20]

The first major campaign of the Jana Sangh was an agitation demanding the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India. Mookerjee was arrested for violating orders preventing him from leading the protest in Kashmir, and died in jail a few months later, of a heart attack. The leadership of the organization devolved onto Deendayal Upadhyaya, and eventually next generation leaders such as Vajpayee and Advani. However, the vast majority of the party workers, including Upadhyaya, were still adherents of the RSS. Despite the momentum gained through the Kashmir agitation, the Jana Sangh won just three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952. It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967. During this period, a uniform civil code for all Indians, banning the killing of cows, and abolishing the special statues given to Jammu & Kashmir were among the main points on the party's agenda.[21]

After nationwide assembly elections in 1967, the party entered into a coalition with several other parties, including the Swatantra Party and the socialists, and formed governments in various states across the Hindi heartland.[22] This marked the first time that the Jana Sangh had held political office, albeit within a coalition. The constraints of coalition politics also caused the shelving of the Sangh's more radical agenda.[23]

Janata Party (1977–1980)

In 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency over the country. The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protest that followed, and thousands of its members joined the host of other agitators in jails across the country. In 1977, the emergency was rescinded and general elections were held. The Jana Sangh merged with a host of other parties, including the Socialist part and a breakaway faction of the Congress to form the Janata Party, which contested the election with its main agenda being the defeat of Indira Gandhi.[20]

The Janata Party won a huge majority in 1977 and formed the government with Morarji Desai as prime minister. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who had become the leader of the Jana Sangh after Upadhyaya's death in 1967, was appointed the external affairs minister in the new government. However, disagreements over the sharing of power between the various factions of the new party plagued the Janata government, and after two and a half years in power Desai resigned from his position. This precipitated the disintegration of the Janata party. After a brief period of coalition rule, general elections were held in 1980.[24]

BJP (1980–present)

One of the new parties that emerged from the breakup of the Janata Party in 1980 was the Bharatiya Janata Party. Although technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor, and Vajpayee was appointed its first president. Historian Ramachandra Guha writes that despite the factional wars within the Janata government, its period in power saw a rise in support for the RSS, marked by a wave of communal violence in the early 1980s.[25] Despite this rise in support, the BJP initially moderated the Hindu nationalist stance of its predecessor, in order to gain a wider appeal. This strategy was unsuccessful, as the BJP won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984.[26] The assassination of Indira Gandhi a few months prior to the election also contributed to the low tally, as the Congress won a record number of seats.[27]

Founders
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the first and the only BJP Prime Minister of India (1998–2004) as of 2013.

The failure of the moderate strategy championed by Vajpayee led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindutva and Hindu fundamentalism.[26] In 1984 Advani was appointed president, and under him the BJP became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. In the early 1980s, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) had begun a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya. The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple once stood there that was demolished by the Mughal emperor Babur when he constructed the Babri mosque. The BJP threw its support behind this campaign, and made it a part of their election plank. On the strength of the movement the BJP won 86 Lok Sabha seats in 1989, a tally which made its support crucial to the National Front government of VP Singh.[28]

In September 1990, Advani began a "rath yatra" to Ayodhya in support of the Ram mandir movement. The riots caused by the yatra led to Advani's arrest by the government of Bihar, but a large body of 'kar sevaks' or Sangh Parivar activists nonetheless reached Ayodhya, and attempted to attack the mosque. This resulted in a pitched battle with the paramilitary forces that ended with the death of several 'kar sevaks'. The BJP withdrew its support to the V.P. Singh government, leading to fresh elections being called. In these elections the BJP once again increased its tally of seats to 120, as well as winning a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly.[29]

On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving thousands of VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque. Under circumstances that are not entirely clear, the rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the destruction of the mosque. Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country, killing over 2000 people. The VHP was briefly banned by the government, and many BJP leaders, including L.K. Advani were arrested briefly for provoking the destruction. Several prominent historians have stated that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar, and not merely a spontaneous act.[28] In the parliamentary elections in 1996, the BJP capitalized on the communal polarization that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament. Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime minister, but was unable to cobble together a majority in the Lok Sabha, and had to resign after 13 days.[29]

A coalition of regional partied had formed the government in 1996, but this grouping was short lived, and mid-term polls were held in 1998. The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which contained its existing allies, the Samata Party, the Shiromani Akali Dal and Shiv Sena, in addition to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and the Biju Janata Dal. Among these regional parties, the Shiv Sena was the only one which had an ideology similar to the BJP; Amartya Sen, for example, called the coalition an "ad hoc" grouping.[30][31] Nonetheless, with outside support provided by the Telugu Desam Party (TDP), the NDA could muster a slim majority, and Vajpayee returned as prime minister.[32] However, the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK, Jayalalitha, withdrew her support, and fresh elections were again held.

Former Prime Minister of India and BJP leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee with Russian president Vladimir Putin in 2000. Under the Vajpayee government, the defence relations between India and Russia saw a new rebound with the signing of several key military deals such as the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, T-90S Bhishma, INS Vikramaditya and the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA.[33]

On 13 October 1999, the BJP-led NDA, this time without the AIADMK, won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority. The BJP alone had its highest ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became prime minister for the third time, and Advani became the deputy prime minister and Home Minister. This NDA government lasted its full term of five years. Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror as well as Neo-liberal economic policies.[34]

Vajpayee called elections in early 2004, six months ahead of schedule. The NDA's campaign was based on the slogan of "India Shining" which sought to depict the NDA government as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country. However, the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat, winning only a 186 seats in the Lok Sabha, compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies. Dr. Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as prime minister at the head of the United Progressive Alliance. Some commentators have stated that the NDA's failure to reach out to rural Indians was the explanation for its defeat; others have pointed to its "divisive" policy agenda as the reason.[35][36]

In May 2008, the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka. This was the first time that the party had won Assembly elections in any south Indian state. However, it lost the next assembly election in 2013. In the 2009 general elections its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats.

In general elections

Year General Election Seats Won Change in Seat % of votes votes swing
Indian general election, 1980 7th Lok Sabha 12 Increase 12 8.75% Increase 8.75
Indian general election, 1984 8th Lok Sabha 2 Decrease 10 7.74% Decrease 1.01
Indian general election, 1989 9th Lok Sabha 85 Increase 83 11.36 Increase 3.62
Indian general election, 1991 10th Lok Sabha 120 Increase 37 20.11 Increase 8.75
Indian general election, 1996 11th Lok Sabha 161 Increase 41 20.29 Increase 0.18
Indian general election, 1998 12th Lok Sabha 183 Increase 21 25.59% Increase 5.30
Indian general election, 1999 13th Lok Sabha 189 Increase 6 23.75 Decrease 1.84
Indian general election, 2004 14th Lok Sabha 144 Decrease 45 22.16% Decrease 1.69
Indian general election, 2009 15th Lok Sabha 116 Decrease 22 18.80% Decrease 3.36

Ideology and political positions

The BJP is a political party that espouses integral humanism and Hindutva, which it describes as cultural nationalism which is dedicated to a harmonious society as opposed to Hindu nationalism. It supports strong national defence policies.

Hindutva

Main article: Hindutva

The BJP expresses a commitment to Hindutva, an ideology developed by Hindu politician Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. It asserts that Hindutva is cultural nationalism, which favours India's heritage, civilisation and culture over Westernisation. While critics allege that the party is antagonistic to religious minorities, the BJP asserts that cultural nationalism naturally extends to all Indians, including Muslims and Christians.

The BJP in turn accuses the Congress party of allegedly employing so-called "pseudo-secular" political tactics that included giving preferential treatment and appeasement of Muslims and other minorities at the expense of Hindus, and promoting Western culture at the expense of India's indigenous culture. The BJP criticises Congress and other opponents for allegedly exploiting minorities and India's lower caste communities by taking their votes for granted

Atal Bihari Vajpayee considered the European concept of "secularism" inappropriate for his interpretation of Indian culture, and places it in opposition to the BJP's version of Mohandas Gandhi's doctrine of Sarva Dharma Sambhava, which the BJP considers as a traditionalised Indian form of secularism.[37] He describes the Indian secular as follows:

Mahatma Gandhi describes the correct attitude towards religion as 'Sarva Dharma Sambhava', equal respect to all religions. The concept of 'Sarva Dharma Sambhava' is somewhat different from European secularism, which is independent of religion ... We may say that the Indian concept of secularism is that of Sarva Dharma Sambhava ... Sarva Dharma Sambhava is not against any religion. It treats all religions with equal respect. And, therefore, it can be said that the Indian concept of secularism is more positive.[38]

The concept of Integral Humanism has always been a pivotal element of the BJP's ideology, the party's considerably right-wing stance comprises some aspects of modern conservatism, social conservatism, progressivism and enlightened nation[clarification needed], drawing much of the party's ideology from India's ancient culture and values, a major source of guidance for the BJP. As per the party's constitution[unreliable source?], the objectives of the party are explained thus:

"The party is pledged to build up India as a strong and prosperous nation, which is modern, progressive and enlightened in outlook and which proudly draws inspiration from India's ancient culture and values and thus is able to emerge as a great world power, playing an effective role in the community of nations for the establishment of world peace and a just international order. The Party aims at establishing a democratic state which guarantees to all citizens irrespective of caste, creed or sex, political, social and economic justice, equality of opportunity and liberty of faith and expression. The Party shall bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and to the principles of socialism, secularism and democracy and would uphold the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India."

The BJP supports the construction of the Ram Janmabhoomi Temple in Ayodhya at the site of the Babri Mosque. It advocates banning the killing of cows since the cow is considered as one of the Hindu Gods (in line with conservative Indian belief) and promotes the teaching of Indian cultural[clarification needed] subjects in schools and colleges. During the Vajpayee government (1998-04), Education Minister Murli Manohar Joshi ordered the incorporation of Vedic astrology as a subject in college curriculum and ordered other controversial changes to history curriculums determined by the NCERT.

Some members of the BJP-led Government of Karnataka have recommended the teaching of the Hindu holy book, the Bhagavad Gita in schools. The BJP also supports banning religious conversions and generally opposes Muslim and Christian missionary activities. Although the BJP asserts[citation needed] that it respects the Constitution of India and secularism, some[which?] BJP leaders have called for a constitutional amendment that declares India a "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu Nation).

On India's founding fathers, the BJP has expressly criticised India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, for his fabian socialism, alleged pro-Muslim bias and "mistakes" in resolving the Kashmir dispute. The BJP has praised the role of India's first home minister Vallabhbhai Patel in unifying the country. Despite the fact that the BJP officially commemorates Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, and has Narendra Modi as a prominent leader in the party, it is often criticised as a party of the Hindu upper castes.

In 2013 the Supreme court of India reinstated the controversial law known as section 377, which, among other things, criminalizes homosexuality. Despite the national outcry, the BJP issued a statement supporting the verdict, stating that homosexuality was "unnatural" and therefore could not be condoned.[39][40]

The BJP has been affected by the various criticisms against the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which has been criticised for being anti-Muslim, fascist in nature and for encouraging communal conflict. The BJP's affinity towards the ideologies of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar has been equated with criticism of Mohandas Gandhi, and allegations against the RSS that it endorsed Gandhi's killing have also impacted the BJP. While the RSS strongly denies these allegations, it has often criticised Gandhi for appeasement of Muslims and for consenting to the partition of India. However, the BJP vehemently denies being anti-Gandhi or anti-Muslim, defends its ties with the RSS and in turn criticises its political opponents with allegations of appeasement and exploiting the votes of minorities and lower castes.

Economic policies

The BJP and its predecessors opposed Marxism and the socialist economic policies of the Congress party, which has ruled the Republic of India for most of its history. However, it espoused Swadeshi, or the promotion of indigenous industries and products as opposed to foreign imports and the establishment of friendly trade relations with foreign nations, thus remaining protectionist. During its tenure, the Vajpayee government continued the free-market reforms and economic liberalisation that was initiated in 1991, and oversaw a period of rapid economic growth after years of stagnation.[41][42]

Concurrently, the BJP-led government invested in major infrastructure development projects such as the Golden Quadrilateral network of national highways and launched a major effort to attract foreign investment[citation needed] and introduce free trade. Despite the emergence of a burgeoning middle-class[citation needed], the BJP lost the 2004 elections over criticism that it neglected the needs of India's poor in favour of Indian industrialists and mercantile classes.

Defence and terrorism

The BJP is seen as supporting a strong national defence policy, which includes a modernisation of India's armed forces and a strong nuclear deterrence. It supports the full integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India by revoking its "special status" granted in the Indian constitution.

The Vajpayee government oversaw Pokhran-II - five nuclear tests in May 1998 and the tests of multiple ballistic missile systems. The Vajpayee government also ordered the Indian armed forces to take all measures to expel Pakistani infiltrators who had occupied territory in Kashmir, in what became known as the Kargil War. Although the Vajpayee government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that failed to detect Pakistani infiltration, the decisive response and success of military operations bolstered its popularity and image of toughness on national security.[clarification needed] After the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, Prime Minister Vajpayee ordered the mobilisation of India's armed forces along India's border with Pakistan, but tensions were later defused.

In response to the December 2001 terrorist attacks on the Indian Parliament, the BJP-led government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), which significantly expanded the scope of intelligence operations and the authority of police forces to detain suspects. The measures were criticised by the Congress and other opposition parties, which criticised the law as targeting India's Muslims. As a result, a joint session of Parliament had to be called to enable the bill to pass. It was later repealed by the Congress-led government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The BJP has continually criticised the Congress government's response to terrorist attacks perpetrated in India as being weak[clarification needed] and ineffectual[why?].

Foreign policy

Historically, the BJP has criticised the Congress-led governments that brought India closer to the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc, although technically non-aligned.[clarification needed] During its tenure, the Vajpayee government oversaw major improvement in Indo-U.S. relations, precipitated by the 2000 visit of U.S. President Bill Clinton to India. After the September 11th attacks, India expanded its cooperation with the United States in fighting the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, and in turn received greater investment, trade and military aid.

Although expected by most observers to take a hardline approach in foreign policy, the Vajpayee government took steps to improve relations with India's traditional rivals, Pakistan and the People's Republic of China. In 1998, Vajpayee made a landmark visit to Pakistan, inaugurating the Delhi-Lahore Bus service. Although the Lahore Declaration was signed to improve relations in the aftermath of the 1998 nuclear tests, Pakistan's infiltration into Kashmir was discovered only three months later.

After several years of hostility and tensions, Vajpayee again initiated a peace process in 2002 by inviting Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf to Delhi and Agra, but talks were inconclusive. In 2003, Vajpayee renewed the peace process over Kashmir by calling a ceasefire by Indian security forces and initiating talks with Pakistan again.

Party structure

The highest authority in the party is the president, and the constitution of the BJP provides for a three-year term for that office. In recent times, both Venkaiah Naidu and LK Advani have resigned before the completion of their respective terms, due to factionalism and controversies. Rajnath Singh held the post from 2006 to 2009, when he was succeeded by Nitin Gadkari.

Working under the president are several vice-presidents, general-secretaries, treasurers and secretaries. The national executive consists of a variable number of senior party leaders from across the nation, who are the highest decision-making body in the party. At the state level, a similar structure is in place, with every state unit being led by the respective president, who also officially serves a three-year term.[43]

The rank-and-file leadership of BJP is largely derived from the members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its affiliates. It also maintains friendly relations and links with other Sangh Parivar organisations, such as Vishwa Hindu Parishad and Swadeshi Jagaran Manch (an organisation promoting economic protectionism).

Other groups directly affiliated with the RSS include the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), which is the students' wing of the RSS, the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh, their farmers' division, the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, which is their labour union, and the Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad, their Advocate/lawyer's Association.[44]

BJP also maintains the BJP Mahila Morcha, which is its women's division, the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, its youth wing, the BJP Minority Morcha, its Minority division and many other similar organisations, including the BJP Legal & Legislative Cell.

The BJP in various states

NDA coalition government in brown.

As of December 2013, the BJP has a majority of assembly seats in five states: (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,Rajasthan and Goa). In two other states — Punjab and Nagaland — it shares power with other political parties of the NDA coalition. The BJP has previously ruled Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Karnataka, as well as Odisha, and Jharkhand as part of coalition governments.

List of current NDA Chief Ministers

BJP

Allied Parties

List of presidents of the party

Year Name Rationale
1980–1986 Atal Bihari Vajpayee
1986–1991 Lal Krishna Advani First term
1991–1993 File:Murli Manohar Joshi 2.jpg Murli Manohar Joshi
1993–1998 Lal Krishna Advani Second term
1998–2000 Kushabhau Thakre
2000–2001 Bangaru Laxman
2001–2002 Jana Krishnamurthi
2002–2004 Venkaiah Naidu
2004–2006 Lal Krishna Advani Third term
2006–2009 Rajnath Singh First term
2009–2013 File:Nitin gadkari (1).jpg Nitin Gadkari First term
2013 – present Rajnath Singh Second term

Controversies

1992 Babri mosque demolition

See also: Ayodhya dispute, Babri Masjid demolition, and Liberhan Commission

On 6 December 1992, the Babri mosque was demolished by Karsevaks of Ramajanmabhumi movement mobilised by the call given by organisations like VHP and Bajrang Dal. L K Advani of the party was a leading figure of the movement, along with several other leaders of Hindu organisations.[46][47] Its destruction sparked off communal clashes around the country.[48] resulting in the killing of thousands of Muslims and Hindus.[49][dead link‍]

A 2009 report, authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan, claimed that 68 people were responsible for the demolition of the mosque in Ayodhya, who were mostly leaders from the BJP and a few bureaucrats. Among those named in the reports were Vajpayee, the former BJP prime minister and Advani, the party's then (2009) leader in parliament. Kalyan Singh, who was the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the mosque's demolition, has also come in for harsh criticism in the report. He is accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the mosque’s demolition in Ayodhya.[50] Former Education Minister in NDA Government Murli Manohar Joshi has also been found culpable in the demolition in the Liberhan Commissions' Report. Anju Gupta, an Indian police officer appeared as a prosecution witness. She was in charge of Advani's security on the day of the demolition and she revealed that Advani and Joshi made inflammatory speeches.[51]

2001 Tehelka Arms deal

Main article: Operation West End

In 2001, Bangaru Laxman, then the BJP president, reportedly accepted a bribe of ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹4.0 lakh or US$4,800 in 2023)[52] to recommend to the Defence Ministry[53] for supply of hand-held thermal imagers for the Indian Army,[54] from Tehelka journalists, who, posing as arms dealers, filmed him in a fake arms deal operation. BJP was then forced to make him resign as party president and a criminal case commenced against him. In April 2012, he was sentenced to four years in jail.[55]

2002 Gujarat violence

Main article: 2002 Gujarat violence

The 2002 Gujarat violence, also known as the Gujarat pogrom was a period of inter-communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat which lasted for approximately three days. The then Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi has been accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as have police and government officials who allegedly directed the rioters and gave lists of Muslim-owned properties to them.[56]

References

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