Jump to content

User:Opera hat/MPs 1841

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is list of members of the fourteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom, which was summoned to meet at Westminster on 19 August 1841 and dissolved on 23 July 1847.

It includes those Members of Parliament elected in the general election of 1841 and those elected in subsequent by-elections.

Sessions of Parliament[edit]

Met Prorogued
19 August 1841 7 October 1841
3 February 1842 12 August 1842
2 February 1843 24 August 1843
1 February 1844 5 September 1844
4 February 1845 9 August 1845
22 January 1846 28 August 1846
19 January 1847 23 July 1847

The duration of the Parliament was five years, eleven months and four days.[1]

Members of Parliament[edit]

Constituency Name Date of birth Party Date of election MP since Notes LG
Bedfordshire Viscount Alford 15 October 1812 Conservative 7 July 1841 1835 [2]
William Astell 13 October 1774 1841 (previously sat 1807–1832) Died 7 March 1847.
Lord Charles James Fox Russell 10 February 1807 Whig 30 March 1847 (vice Astell) 1847 (previously sat 1832–1841) [3]
Bedford Frederick Polhill 2 July 1798 Conservative 29 June 1841 1835 (previously sat 1830–1832) [2]
Henry Stuart 5 April 1804 1841 (previously sat 1837–1838)
Berkshire Robert Palmer 31 January 1793 Conservative 3 July 1841 1832 (previously sat 1825–1831) [4]
Philip Pusey 25 June 1799 1835 (previously sat 1830–1831 and 1831–1832)
The Viscount Barrington 6 October 1793 1837
Abingdon Thomas Duffield October 1782 Conservative 30 June 1841 1832 Appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds April 1844. [4]
Frederic Thesiger (knighted 23 May 1844) 25 April 1794 11 May 1844 (vice Duffield) 1840 Appointed Attorney-General 29 June 1845. [5]
9 July 1845 (re-elected) [6]
Reading Charles Russell 22 July 1786 Conservative 30 June 1841 1841 (previously sat 1830–1837) [4]
Viscount Chelsea 15 February 1812 1841
Wallingford William Seymour Blackstone 1809 Conservative 29 June 1841 1832 [4]
New Windsor [4]
Buckinghamshire [7]
Aylesbury [7]
Buckingham [7]
Chipping Wycombe [7]
Great Marlow [7]
Cambridgeshire [8]
Cambridge University [8]
[9]
Cambridge [8]
Cheshire (Northern) [7]
Cheshire (Southern) [7]
Chester Lord Robert Grosvenor 24 April 1801 Whig 29 June 1841 1822 Appointed Treasurer of the Household 3 August 1846. [10]
John Jervis (knighted 1 August 1846) 12 January 1802 Radical 1832 Appointed Attorney-General 17 July 1846.
11 July 1846 (re-elected) [11]
Lord Robert Grosvenor 24 April 1801 Whig 8 August 1846 (re-elected) 1822 Appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds January 1847. [12]
Earl Grosvenor 13 October 1825 30 January 1847 (vice Grosvenor) 1847 [13]
Macclesfield [7]
Stockport [7]
Cornwall (Eastern) [7]
Cornwall (Western) [7]
Bodmin [7]
Helston [7]
Launceston [7]
[9]
Liskeard Charles Buller 6 August 1806 Radical 29 June 1841 1841 Appointed Judge Advocate General 8 July 1846. [7]
15 July 1846 (re-elected) [14]
Penryn [7]
St Ives [7]
Truro [7]
Cumberland (Eastern) [8]
Cumberland (Western) [8]
Carlisle [8]
Cockermouth [8]
Whitehaven [8]
Derbyshire (Northern) [15]
Derbyshire (Southern) [15]
Derby [15]
Devon (Northern) [16]
Devon (Southern) [16]
Ashburton William Jardine 24 February 1784 Whig 30 June 1841 1841 Died 27 February 1843. [16]
James Matheson 17 November 1796 8 March 1843 (vice Jardine) 1843 [17]
Barnstaple [16]
Clifton, Dartmouth and Hardness [16]
Devonport [16]
[11]
Exeter Sir William Webb Follett 2 December 1796 Conservative 28 June 1841 1835 Appointed Solicitor-General 6 September 1841. [15]
Edward Divett 1797 Radical 1832
Sir William Webb Follett 2 December 1796 Conservative 13 September 1841 (re-elected) 1835 Appointed Attorney-General 14 April 1844. [18]
28 April 1844 (re-elected) Died 28 June 1845. [19]
Sir John Thomas Buller Duckworth 17 March 1809 7 July 1845 (vice Follett) 1845 [6]
Honiton [16]
Plymouth [16]
[11]
Tavistock John Rundle 1791 Whig 30 June 1841 1835 Appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds March 1843. [16]
Lord Edward Russell 24 April 1805 1841
John Salusbury Trelawny 2 June 1816 Radical 16 March 1843 (vice Rundle) 1843 [20]
Tiverton [16]
[11]
Totnes [16]
Dorset [15]
Bridport [15]
[9]
Dorchester [15]
Lyme Regis [15]
Poole [10]
Shaftesbury [15]
Wareham [15]
Weymouth and Melcombe Regis [15]
County Durham (Northern) [21]
County Durham (Southern) [21]
Durham [21]
Gateshead [21]
South Shields [21]
Sunderland [21]
Essex (Northern) [8]
Essex (Southern) [8]
Colchester [8]
Harwich [8]
Maldon [8]
Gloucestershire (Eastern) [2]
Gloucestershire (Western) [2]
Bristol [7]
Cheltenham [2]
Cirencester [2]
Gloucester [4]
[11]
Stroud [2]
Tewkesbury [2]
Herefordshire [22]
Hereford [22]
Leominster [22]
Hertfordshire [8]
Hertford [8]
St Albans [8]
Huntingdonshire [8]
Huntingdon Sir Frederick Pollock 23 September 1783 Conservative 1 July 1841 1831 Appointed Attorney-General 6 September 1841. [8]
Jonathan Peel 12 October 1799 1831 (previously sat 1826–1830) Appointed Surveyor-General of the Ordnance 9 September 1841.
Sir Frederick Pollock 23 September 1783 14 September 1841 (re-elected) 1831 Appointed Chief Baron of the Exchequer 15 April 1844. [9]
Jonathan Peel 12 October 1799 1831 (previously sat 1826–1830)
Thomas Baring 7 September 1799 22 April 1844 (vice Pollock) 1844 (previously sat 1835–1837) [19]
Kent (Eastern) [2]
Kent (Western) [2]
Canterbury [10]
Chatham [2]
Greenwich [2]
[11]
Maidstone [2]
Rochester [2]
Lancashire (Northern) [2]
Lancashire (Southern) [2]
Ashton-under-Lyne [2]
Blackburn [2]
Bolton [2]
Bury [2]
Clitheroe [2]
Lancaster [2]
Liverpool [2]
Manchester [2]
[11]
Oldham [2]
Preston [2]
Rochdale [2]
Salford [2]
Warrington [2]
Wigan [2]
Leicestershire (Northern) [15]
Leicestershire (Southern) [15]
Leicester [15]
Lincolnshire (Lindsey) [15]
Lincolnshire (Kesteven and Holland) [15]
Boston [15]
Grantham [15]
Great Grimsby [15]
Lincoln [10]
Stamford [15]
Middlesex George Byng 17 May 1764 Whig 7 July 1841 1790 Died 10 January 1847. [22]
Thomas Wood 1804 Conservative 1837
Lord Robert Grosvenor 24 April 1801 Whig 3 February 1847 (vice Byng) 1822 [13]
Finsbury [22]
London [23]
Marylebone [22]
Tower Hamlets [22]
[11]
Westminster [22]
Monmouthshire [24]
Monmouth [24]
Norfolk (Eastern) [7]
Norfolk (Western) [7]
King's Lynn [7]
Norwich [23]
Thetford [7]
Great Yarmouth [7]
Northamptonshire (Northern) [25]
Northamptonshire (Southern) [25]
Northampton [25]
Peterborough [25]
Northumberland (Northern) Lord Ossulston 10 January 1810 Conservative 12 July 1841 1832 [15]
Addison John Baker Cresswell 1 October 1788 1841
Northumberland (Southern) [15]
Berwick-on-Tweed [10]
Morpeth [15]
Newcastle-on-Tyne [10]
Tynemouth [15]
Nottinghamshire (Northern) [8]
Nottinghamshire (Southern) [8]
Newark-on-Trent [8]
[9]
Nottingham [23]
East Retford [8]
Oxfordshire Lord Norreys 19 June 1808 Conservative 5 July 1841 1832 (previously sat 1830–1831) [16]
George Granville Harcourt 6 August 1785 Independent Conservative 1806
Joseph Warner Henley 3 March 1793 Conservative 1841
Banbury Henry William Tancred 1781 Whig 30 June 1841 1832 [16]
Oxford University Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt 3 August 1775 Conservative 29 June 1841 1805 [16]
Sir Robert Harry Inglis 12 January 1786 1828 (previously sat 1824–1826)
Oxford James Haughton Langston c. 1797 Whig 30 June 1841 1841 (previously sat 1826–1834) [16]
Donald Maclean 1800 Conservative 1835
Woodstock Frederic Thesiger 25 April 1794 Conservative 28 June 1841 1840 Appointed Solicitor-General 15 April 1844. [16]
Marquess of Blandford 2 June 1822 22 April 1844 (vice Thesiger) 1844 Appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds April 1845. [19]
Viscount Loftus 19 January 1814 1 May 1845 (vice Blandford) 1845 Succeeded as Baron Loftus 26 September 1845. [26]
Lord Alfred Spencer Churchill 24 April 1824 18 December 1845 (vice Loftus) 1845 [27]
Rutlandshire [8]
Shropshire (Northern) [8]
Shropshire (Southern) [8]
Bridgnorth [8]
Ludlow [8]
Shrewsbury [8]
Wenlock [8]
[9]
Somerset (Eastern) [25]
Somerset (Western) [25]
Bath [25]
Bridgwater [25]
Frome [25]
Taunton [25]
[11]
Wells [25]
Southamptonshire (Northern) [2]
Southamptonshire (Southern) [2]
Andover [2]
Christchurch [2]
Lymington [2]
Newport [2]
Petersfield [2]
Portsmouth [2]
Southampton [8]
Winchester [2]
Staffordshire (Northern) [8]
Staffordshire (Southern) Viscount Ingestre 8 November 1803 Conservative 5 July 1841 1837 (previously sat 1830–1833) [8]
George Anson 13 October 1797 Whig 1836 (previously sat 1819–1834) Appointed Clerk of the Ordnance 8 July 1846.
17 July 1846 (re-elected) [14]
Lichfield [10]
[9]
Newcastle-under-Lyme [8]
Stafford [8]
Stoke-on-Trent [8]
Tamworth Sir Robert Peel 5 February 1788 Conservative 29 June 1841 1809 Appointed First Lord of the Treasury 30 August 1841. [8]
Edward Henry A'Court 10 December 1783 1837 (previously sat 1820–1832)
Sir Robert Peel 5 February 1788 13 September 1841 (re-elected) 1809 [18]
Walsall [8]
Wolverhampton [8]
Suffolk (Eastern) [16]
Suffolk (Western) [16]
Bury St Edmunds [16]
[9]
Eye [16]
Ipswich [16]
Sudbury [16]
Surrey (Eastern) [2]
Surrey (Western) [2]
Guildford [2]
Lambeth [2]
Reigate [2]
Southwark [2]
Sussex (Eastern) George Darby 1798 Conservative 12 July 1841 1837 Appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds January 1846. [15]
Augustus Eliott Fuller 7 May 1777 1841
Charles Hay Frewen 25 May 1813 3 February 1846 (vice Darby) 1846 [28]
Sussex (Western) Earl of March 27 February 1818 Conservative 5 July 1841 1841 [15]
Charles Wyndham 1796 Appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds January 1847.
Richard Prime 1 April 1784 2 February 1847 (vice Wyndham) 1847 [13]
Arundel [15]
Brighton [15]
Chichester [15]
Horsham [15]
Lewes [15]
Midhurst [15]
New Shoreham [15]
North Warwickshire William Stratford Dugdale 1 April 1800 Conservative 6 July 1841 1830 [2]
Sir John Eardley Eardley Wilmot 21 February 1783 1832 Appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land February 1843.
Charles Newdigate Newdegate 14 July 1816 10 March 1843 (vice Eardley Wilmot) 1843 [17]
South Warwickshire Sir John Mordaunt 24 August 1808 Conservative 5 July 1841 1835 Died 27 September 1845. [2]
Evelyn John Shirley 26 April 1788 1836 (previously sat 1826–1831)
Lord Brooke 28 March 1818 5 November 1845 (vice Mordaunt) 1845 [29]
Birmingham [2]
Coventry [10]
Warwick [2]
Westmorland [8]
Kendal [8]
Isle of Wight [22]
Wiltshire (Northern) [2]
Wiltshire (Southern) [2]
Calne [2]
Chippenham [2]
[9]
Cricklade [2]
Devizes [2]
Malmesbury [2]
Marlborough [2]
[9]
New Sarum [2]
Westbury [2]
Wilton [2]
Worcestershire (Eastern) [7]
Worcestershire (Western) [7]
Bewdley [7]
Droitwich [7]
Dudley [7]
Evesham [7]
[11]
Kidderminster [7]
Worcester [10]
Yorkshire (North Riding) [16]
Yorkshire (East Riding) [16]
Yorkshire (West Riding) John Stuart Wortley 20 April 1801 Conservative 12 July 1841 1841 Succeeded as Baron Wharncliffe 19 December 1845. [16]
Edmund Denison 28 January 1787
Viscount Morpeth 18 April 1802 Whig 4 February 1846 (vice Stuart Wortley) 1846 (previously sat 1826–1841) Appointed First Commissioner of Woods and Forests 7 July 1846. [28]
18 July 1846 (re-elected) [14]
Beverley [16]
Bradford [16]
Halifax [16]
Charles Wood (succeeded as baronet 31 December 1846) 20 December 1800
[11]
Huddersfield [16]
Kingston-on-Hull [10]
Knaresborough [16]
Leeds [16]
Malton [16]
Northallerton [16]
Pontefract [16]
Richmond [16]
Ripon Thomas Pemberton 11 February 1793 Conservative 28 June 1841 1831 Appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds 1843. [16]
Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden 12 February 1781 1837 (previously sat 1828–1832) Appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland September 1841.
Sir George Cockburn 22 April 1772 27 September 1841 (vice Sugden) 1841 (previously sat 1818–1832) [30]
Thomas Berry Cusack Smith 15 November 1795 18 March 1843 (vice Pemberton) 1843 Appointed Master of the Rolls in Ireland 1846. [20]
Edwin Lascelles 25 December 1799 2 February 1846 (vice Smith) 1846 [28]
Scarborough [16]
Sheffield [16]
Thirsk [16]
Wakefield [16]
Whitby [16]
York [10]
Dover [10]
Hastings [10]
Hythe [10]
Rye [10]
Sandwich [10]
Anglesey William Owen Stanley 13 November 1802 Whig 7 July 1841 1837 [2]
Beaumaris Frederick Paget 9 March 1807 Whig 29 June 1841 1832 [2]
Breconshire Thomas Wood 21 April 1777 Conservative 6 July 1841 1806 [22]
Brecon Charles Morgan Robinson Morgan 10 April 1792 Conservative 30 June 1841 1835 (previously sat 1812–1818 and 1830–1832) [22]
Cardiganshire [2]
Cardigan [2]
Carmarthenshire [2]
Carmarthen [10]
Carnarvonshire [8]
Carnarvon [8]
Denbighshire [2]
Denbigh [2]
Flintshire [15]
Flint [15]
Glamorganshire [4]
Cardiff [4]
Merthyr Tydfil [4]
Swansea [4]
Merionethshire [8]
Montgomeryshire [7]
Montgomery [7]
Pembrokeshire [2]
Haverfordwest [10]
Pembroke [2]
Radnorshire [31]
New Radnor [31]
Aberdeenshire [2]
Aberdeen [2]
Argyllshire [8]
Ayrshire [8]
Kilmarnock Burghs [2]
Ayr Burghs [22]
Banffshire [15]
Berwickshire [2]
Buteshire [8]
Caithness-shire [8]
Wick Burghs [15]
Clackmannan and Kinross-shire [2]
Dumbartonshire [2]
Dumfriesshire [2]
Dumfries Burghs [10]
Edinburghshire [22]
Edinburgh [22]
Leith [10]
[11]
Elgin and Nairnshire [15]
Elgin Burghs [2]
Fifeshire [2]
St Andrews Burghs [22]
Kirkcaldy Burghs [22]
Forfarshire [8]
Dundee [8]
Montrose Burghs [10]
Haddingtonshire [22]
Haddington Burghs [10]
Inverness-shire [2]
Inverness Burghs [10]
Kincardineshire [8]
Kirkcudbright Stewartry Alexander Murray 1789 Whig 10 July 1841 1838 Died 15 July 1845. [8]
Thomas Maitland 9 October 1792 20 August 1845 (vice Murray) 1845 Appointed Solicitor-General for Scotland 6 July 1846. [32]
17 July 1846 (re-elected) [14]
Lanarkshire [2]
Glasgow [2]
Linlithgowshire [22]
Orkney and Shetlandshire [15]
Peeblesshire [2]
Perthshire [22]
Perth [22]
[11]
Renfrewshire [8]
Greenock [8]
Paisley [8]
Ross and Cromartyshire [2]
Roxburghshire [8]
Selkirkshire [2]
Stirlingshire [15]
Stirling Burghs [10]
Linlithgow Burghs [10]
Sutherlandshire [8]
Wigtownshire [15]
Wigtown Burghs [2]
County Antrim [33]
Belfast [33]
Carrickfergus [33]
Lisburn [33]
County Armagh [33]
Armagh [33]
County Carlow [33]
Carlow [33]
County Cavan [7]
County Clare [33]
Ennis [33]
County Cork [33]
Bandon Bridge [33]
Cork Francis Stack Murphy 1807 Whig 5 July 1841 1841 Appointed Steward of the Manor of Northstead 1846. [33]
Daniel Callaghan 7 June 1786 Repeal Association 1830
Alexander McCarthy 1801 31 January 1846 (vice Murphy) 1846 [28]
Kinsale [33]
Mallow [33]
Youghal [33]
County Donegal Sir Edmund Samuel Hayes 2 July 1806 Conservative 14 July 1841 1831 [33]
Edward Michael Conolly 24 August 1786 1831
County Down [7]
Downpatrick [7]
Newry [7]
County Dublin [33]
Dublin [33]
Dublin University [33]
County Fermanagh [33]
Enniskillen [33]
County Galway [33]
Galway [33]
County Kerry [33]
Tralee [33]
Kildare [7]
County Kilkenny [7]
Kilkenny [7]
King's County [33]
County Leitrim [33]
County Limerick [33]
Limerick [33]
County Londonderry [7]
Coleraine [7]
Londonderry [7]
County Longford [33]
County Louth [33]
Drogheda [33]
Dundalk [33]
[12]
County Mayo [7]
County Meath [33]
County Monaghan [33]
Queen's County [7]
Portarlington George Lionel Dawson Damer 28 October 1788 Conservative 6 July 1841 1835 Appointed Comptroller of the Household 9 September 1841. [7]
27 September 1841 (re-elected) [30]
County Roscommon [33]
County Sligo [33]
Sligo [33]
County Tipperary [7]
Cashel [7]
Clonmel [7]
County Tyrone Henry Thomas Lowry Corry 9 March 1803 Conservative 9 July 1841 1825 Appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty 6 September 1841. [33]
Lord Claud Hamilton 27 July 1813 1839 (previously sat 1835–1837)
Henry Thomas Lowry Corry 9 March 1803 23 September 1841 (re-elected) 1825 [30]
Dungannon [33]
County Waterford [33]
Dungarvan [33]
Waterford [33]
County Westmeath [33]
Athlone [33]
County Wexford [33]
Wexford [33]
New Ross [33]
County Wicklow William Acton 1789 Conservative 17 July 1841 1841 [33]
Sir Ralph Howard c. 1802 Whig 1829

References[edit]

  1. ^ Chris Cook and Brendan Keith, British Historical Facts 1830–1900 (1975) p. 101.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg "No. 19998". The London Gazette. 13 July 1841. pp. 1810–1812.
  3. ^ "No. 20720". The London Gazette. 2 April 1847. p. 1247.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "No. 20006". The London Gazette. 10 August 1841. p. 2049.
  5. ^ "No. 20343". The London Gazette. 14 May 1844. p. 1641.
  6. ^ a b "No. 20487". The London Gazette. 11 July 1845. p. 2068.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw "No. 20001". The London Gazette. 23 July 1841. pp. 1925–1927.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd "No. 19999". The London Gazette. 16 July 1841. pp. 1855–1857.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "No. 20019". The London Gazette. 17 September 1841. pp. 2316–2317.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "No. 19996". The London Gazette. 6 July 1841. pp. 1753–1754.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "No. 20622". The London Gazette. 14 July 1846. pp. 2585–2586.
  12. ^ a b "No. 20631". The London Gazette. 11 August 1846. p. 2919.
  13. ^ a b c "No. 20698". The London Gazette. 5 February 1847. p. 412.
  14. ^ a b c d "No. 20624". The London Gazette. 21 July 1846. p. 2674.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "No. 20000". The London Gazette. 20 July 1841. pp. 1892–1894.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "No. 20003". The London Gazette. 30 July 1841. pp. 1973–1974.
  17. ^ a b "No. 20204". The London Gazette. 14 March 1843. p. 859.
  18. ^ a b "No. 20018". The London Gazette. 14 September 1841. p. 2298.
  19. ^ a b c "No. 20338". The London Gazette. 26 April 1844. p. 1405.
  20. ^ a b "No. 20206". The London Gazette. 21 March 1843. p. 949.
  21. ^ a b c d e f "No. 20004". The London Gazette. 3 August 1841. p. 1997.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "No. 19997". The London Gazette. 9 July 1841. pp. 1781–1782.
  23. ^ a b c "No. 19995". The London Gazette. 2 July 1841. p. 1722.
  24. ^ a b "No. 20009". The London Gazette. 20 August 1841. p. 2129.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "No. 20002". The London Gazette. 27 July 1841. p. 1955.
  26. ^ "No. 20468". The London Gazette. 6 May 1845. p. 1361.
  27. ^ "No. 20554". The London Gazette. 23 December 1845. p. 7283.
  28. ^ a b c d "No. 20568". The London Gazette. 6 February 1846. p. 409.
  29. ^ "No. 20527". The London Gazette. 7 November 1845. p. 3463.
  30. ^ a b c "No. 20023". The London Gazette. 1 October 1841. p. 2421.
  31. ^ a b "No. 20010". The London Gazette. 24 August 1841. p. 2155.
  32. ^ "No. 20501". The London Gazette. 26 August 1845. p. 2608.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax "No. 20008". The London Gazette. 17 August 1841. pp. 2100–2102.

See also[edit]