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 File:YouTube Homepage.png 
 YouTube homepage on 23 April 2007

| company_type = Subsidiary of Google | company_slogan = Broadcast Yourself | foundation = February 15, 2005 | location_city = San Bruno, California | location_country = U.S. United States | key_people = Chad Hurley, Founder & CEO
Steve Chen, Founder & CTO
Jawed Karim, Founder & Advisor | num_employees = 67 (2006) | homepage = www.youtube.com
(English only) }}

YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view, and share video clips. Videos can be rated, and the average rating and the number of times a video has been watched are both published. Youtube was created in mid February 2005 by three former employees of PayPal. The San Bruno-based service uses Adobe Flash technology to display video. The wide variety of site content includes movie and TV clips and music videos, as well as amateur content such as videoblogging and short original videos. Currently staffed by 67 employees,[1] the company was named TIME magazine's "Invention of the Year" for 2006.[2] In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the company for US$1.65 billion in Google's stock. The deal closed on 13 November 2006.[3]

Unregistered users can watch most videos on the site; registered users have the ability to upload an unlimited number of videos. Related videos, determined by the title and tags, appear to the right of the video. In the site's second year, functions were added which provide the ability to post video 'responses' and subscribe to content feeds for a particular user or users.

History

YouTube's early headquarters in San Mateo

YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal.[4] Prior to PayPal, Hurley studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[5] The domain name "YouTube.com" was activated on February 15, 2005,[6] and the website was developed over the following months. The creators offered the public a preview of the site in May 2005, and six months later YouTube made its official debut.

YouTube's current headquarters in San Bruno

Like many technology start-ups, YouTube was started as an angel-funded enterprise in a small and inexpensive office or garage. In November of 2005, venture capital firm Sequoia Capital invested an initial $3.5 million;[7] additionally, Roelof Botha, partner of the firm and former CFO of PayPal, joined the YouTube board of directors. In April 2006, Sequoia put an additional $8 million into the company, which had experienced a boom of popularity and growth in just its first few months.[8]

During the summer of 2006, YouTube was one of the fastest-growing websites on the World Wide Web,[9] and was ranked as the 5th most popular website on Alexa, far outpacing even MySpace's growth.[10] According to a July 16 2006 survey, 100 million clips are viewed daily on YouTube, with an additional 65,000 new videos uploaded per 24 hours. The site has almost 20 million visitors each month, according to Nielsen/NetRatings,[11] where around 44% are female, 56% male, and the 12- to 17-year-old age group is dominant.[12] YouTube's preeminence in the online video market is staggering. According to the website Hitwise.com, YouTube commands up to 64% of the UK online video market.[13]

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On October 9, 2006, it was announced that the company would be purchased by Google for US$1.65 billion in stock. The purchase agreement between Google and YouTube came after YouTube presented three agreements with media companies in an attempt to escape the threat of copyright-infringement lawsuits. YouTube will continue to operate independently, and the company's 67 employees and its co-founders will continue working within the company.[14] The deal to acquire YouTube closed on November 13. It is Google's second largest purchase of all time.[15]

Political campaigning

Political candidates for the 2008 US Presidential election have been using YouTube as an outlet for advertising their candidacy. Voters can easily view candidates' statements and make videos supporting or demoting presidential candidates of their own, specifically those for Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.[16] The US media has often commented that YouTube played a significant role in the 2006 defeat of Republican Senator George Allen due to a video clip of him making allegedly racist remarks that was replayed continuously by YouTube viewers during his campaign.[17] [18] [19] [20] [21] Political commentators such as James Kotecki have also begun to join in the YouTube world of politics. Many of them make videos on YouTube critiquing the presidential candidate's YouTube videos or simply using YouTube as a medium to get their opinions heard. Recently, French and Italian politicians, such as Antonio Di Pietro, have also been using the site as part of their campaigns.

Media recognition

In its short time on the web, YouTube has grown quickly and received much attention. Online word-of-mouth has been primarily responsible for YouTube's growth since its inception, and gave the site its first surge of publicity when it hosted the popular Saturday Night Live short Lazy Sunday.[22] However, YouTube's official policy prohibits submission of copyrighted material, and NBC Universal, owners of SNL, soon decided to take action.

In February 2006, NBC asked for the removal of some of its copyrighted content from YouTube, including Lazy Sunday and 2006 Olympics clips.[7][23] The following month, in an attempt to strengthen its policy against copyright infringement, YouTube set a 10-minute maximum limit on video length (except for content submitted via its Director Program, which specifically hosts original material by amateur filmmakers). However, the real cutoff is 10:58.[citation needed] This restriction is often circumvented by uploaders, who instead split their original video into smaller segments, each shorter than the 10-minute limit.

Though YouTube had done its part to comply with NBC's demands, the incident made the news, giving YouTube its most prominent publicity yet. As the site continued to grow, NBC began to realize the possibilities, and in June 2006 made an unusual move. The network had reconsidered its actions and was announcing a strategic partnership with YouTube. Under the terms of the partnership, an official NBC channel was set up on YouTube, showcasing promotional clips for the series The Office. YouTube will also promote NBC's videos throughout its site.[24]

CBS, which had previously also asked YouTube to remove several of its clips, followed suit in July 2006. In a statement indicative of how the traditional media industry's perception of YouTube (and similar sites) has changed, Sean McManus, president of CBS News and Sports noted:

Our inclination now is, the more exposure we get from clips like that, the better it is for CBS News and the CBS television network, so in retrospect we probably should have embraced the exposure, and embraced the attention it was bringing CBS, instead of being parochial and saying ‘let’s pull it down.’[25]

In August of 2006, YouTube announced that, within 18 months, it hopes to offer every music video ever created, while still remaining free of charge. Warner Music Group and EMI have confirmed that they are among the companies in talks to implement this plan.[26] In September Warner Music and YouTube signed a deal, in which YouTube will be allowed to host every music video Warner produced while sharing a portion of the advertisement income. Additionally, user-created videos on YouTube will be allowed to use Warner songs in their soundtracks.[27]

On October 9, CBS, along with Universal Music Group and Sony BMG Music Entertainment, also agreed to provide content to YouTube.[28]

On January 29, 2007, the co-founder of YouTube, Chad Hurley, announced that the on-line video service will pay its active users, who should also be true copyright owners, a part of the website's revenue gained from advertising. However, at the World Economic Forum, Mr. Hurley did not mention a concrete amount of money that YouTube will pay its contributors.[29]

Press coverage

Time Magazine featured a YouTube screen with a foil mirror as its annual Person of the Year citing user created media such as YouTube, and featuring its creators and several content creators. The Wall Street Journal and New York Times have also reviewed content posted on YouTube, and its effects on recruiting and corporate communications in 2006. PC World Magazine has also named YouTube as the 9th of the Top 10 Best Products of 2006.[30] Because of its acquisition by Google, it is sometimes referred to as "GooTube."[31]

Revenue model

Before being bought by Google, YouTube stated that its business model is advertising-based. Some industry commentators have speculated that YouTube's running costs — specifically the bandwidth required — may be as high as US$1 million per-month,[32] thereby fueling criticisms that the company, like many Internet start-ups, did not have a viably implemented business model. Advertisements were launched on the site beginning in March 2006. In April, YouTube started using Google AdSense. YouTube subsequently stopped using AdSense. Given its traffic levels, video streams and pageviews, some have calculated that YouTube's potential revenues could be in the millions per month[33].

Recent events

YouTube policy does not allow content to be uploaded by anyone not permitted by United States copyright law to do so, and the company frequently removes uploaded infringing content. Nonetheless, a large amount of it continues to be uploaded (eg. Television shows, commercials, music videos, music concerts, clips from a television show or film, M.U.G.E.N, emulator hacks, or games re-published onto another system eg. PSP). Generally, unless the copyright holder reports them, YouTube only discovers these videos via indications within the YouTube community through self-policing. The primary way in which YouTube identifies the content of a video is through the search terms that uploaders associate with clips. Some users have taken to creating alternative words as search terms to be entered when uploading specific type of files (similar to the deliberate misspelling of band names on MP3 filesharing networks). For a short time, members could also report one another. The service offers a flagging feature, intended as a means for reporting questionable content, including that which might constitute copyright infringement. However, the feature can be susceptible to abuse; for a time, some users were flagging other users' original content for copyright violations, purely out of spite. YouTube proceeded to remove copyright infringement from the list of offenses flaggable by members.

Hollywood remains divided on YouTube, as "'the marketing guys love YouTube and the legal guys hate it.'"[34] Further,

While lawyers are demanding filtering technology, many Hollywood execs actually enjoy the fact that YouTube only takes down clips when they request it. "If I found part of a successful show up on YouTube today, I'd probably pull it down immediately .... If I had a show that wasn't doing so well in the ratings and could use the promotion, I wouldn't be in a rush to do that."[34]

Content owners are not just targeting YouTube for copyright infringements on the site, but they are also targeting third party websites that link to infringing content on YouTube and other video sharing sites. For example QuickSilverScreen vs. Fox[35] Daily Episodes vs. Fox[36] and Columbia vs. Slashfilm.[37] The liability of linking remains a grey area with cases for and against. The law in the U.S. currently leans towards website owners being liable for infringing links[38] although they are often protected by the DMCA providing they take down infringing content when issued with a takedown notice. However, a recent court ruling in the U.S. found Google not to be liable for linking to infringing content (Perfect 10 v. Google, Inc.).

Examples of infringement complaints

On October 5 2006 the Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC) had their copyright complaints regarding Japanese media on YouTube finalized. Thousands of media from popular Japanese artists (such as Tokyo Jihen and various other music including Jpop) were removed.

When CBS and Universal Music Group signed agreements to provide content to YouTube they announced that they would use new technology that will help them find copyrighted material and remove it.[28]

TV journalist Robert Tur filed the first lawsuit against the company in Summer 2006, alleging copyright infringement for hosting a number of famous news clips without permission. The case has yet to be resolved.[39][40]

On November 9 2006 Artie Lange said his lawyer were in talks with YouTube, after finding his entire DVD, It's the Whiskey Talking, available for free on their site. Artie said he will either demand money from them, or else he will sue.[41]

Viacom and the British Broadcasting Corporation both demanded YouTube to take down more than 200,000 videos.[42]

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Viacom announced it was suing YouTube, and its owner Google, for more than $1 billion in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Viacom claims that YouTube has over 160,000 of their videos on their website without their permission.[43][44]

Use of acoustic fingerprints

On October 12 2006, YouTube announced that because of recent agreements with high-profile content creators, they were now required to use anti-piracy software. The software uses an audio-signature technology that can spot a low-quality copy of a licensed music video or other content. YouTube would have to substitute an approved version of the clip or take the material down automatically. Analysts noted removal of content based on such a system might negatively impact user satisfaction[citation needed]. This is frustrating for viewers who upload anime music videos, because most AMVs use licensed music content; however, often said music is acquired illegally as well.[45]

'Claim Your Content' filtering system

On April 16 2007, Google's CEO Eric E. Schmidt presented a keynote speech at the NAB Convention in Las Vegas. During the Q&A, Schmidt announced that YouTube was close to enacting a content filtering system to remove infringing content from the service. The new system, called "Claim Your Content," will automatically identify copyrighted material so that it can be removed. [46]

Violence

Main article: Cyber-bullying § Influence
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On June 1, 2006, the evening ITV News bulletin reported that YouTube and sites like it were encouraging violence and bullying amongst teenagers, who were filming fights on their mobile phones (see happy slapping), and then uploading them to YouTube. While the site provides a function for reporting excessively violent videos, the news report stated that communication with the company was difficult.[47]

White House National Drug Control involvement

In September 2006, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) began running anti-drug messages through the YouTube System.[48] In response, many YouTube users began uploading rebuttals and rating the public service announcements down. Since mid-September, the ONDCP has removed the ability to rate or comment on any of their messages as a result.

New York Times reports anti-US attack videos

On October 5, 2006, The New York Times reported on the proliferation of what they considered to be anti-U.S. Iraqi insurgent attack videos on YouTube.[49]

Banning

Iran

On December 3, 2006, Iran blocked YouTube and several other sites in an attempt to impede "corrupting" foreign films and music.[50]

Turkey

File:Youtube engel.JPG
YouTube was blocked in Turkey. "Access to this site is blocked by court order".

Turkey blocked YouTube on March 6 2007 for letting videos insulting Turks and Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown, in an escalation of what some call a "virtual war" between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, with people from each side posting videos to belittle and berate the other.[51] The video that caused banning alleged Turks and Atatürk to be homosexuals. The video was first mentioned on Turkish CNN and the Istanbul public prosecutor sued YouTube for insulting Turkishness.[52] The court suspended access to YouTube pending removal of the video. The ban was strongly criticized as censorship in the press and by the general public. YouTube lawyers sent documentary of removal to public prosecutor and access was restored on March 9 2007.[53]

Thailand

During the week of March 8, YouTube was blocked in Thailand.[54] Many bloggers believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's speech on CNN. However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban. YouTube was accessible from March 10.

On the night of April 3, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.[55] The government cited a video on the site that it called "insulting" to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[56]. However, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites containing references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website.[57] Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban."[58] Shortly after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question. [59]

Brazilian model lawsuit and subsequent banning

YouTube is being sued by Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known as Ronaldo's ex-fiancée) on the grounds that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzo, in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach. The lawsuit requires that YouTube be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from accessing the website.[60][61]

The effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become an Internet phenomenon. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned their previous decision, ordering the filters removed, although the footage itself remained forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.[62] After the banning of YouTube in Brazil there has been a website called brtube.com as an unofficial replacement for YouTube in Brazil.

Morocco

Since May 25th 2007 Maroc Telecom has blocked all access to Youtube.[63]

There were no reasons given why Youtube was blocked. But the speculations are that it might have to do something with the presence of Polisario clips (Polisario being the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized the King Mohammed VI.

The block by Maroc Telecom means that the majority of the population has no access to Youtube. The other two internet-providers, Wana and Meditel, do provide access to Youtube.

Terms of service

According the site's terms of service[64], users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the depicted persons. Pornography, defamation, harassment, commercial advertisements and material that encourages criminal conduct may not be uploaded. The uploader grants YouTube a license to distribute and modify the uploaded material for any purpose; this license terminates when the uploader deletes the material from the site. Users may view videos on the site but may not download them.

Domain name problem

YouTube's immense success has unintentionally affected the business for an American company, Universal Tube and Rollerform Equipment Corp., whose website, http://www.utube.com, has frequently been shut down by extremely high numbers of visitors unsure about the spelling of YouTube's domain name.[65] At the beginning of November 2006, Universal Tube filed suit in federal court against YouTube[66], requesting that the youtube.com domain be transferred to them.[67]

Technical notes

Video format

YouTube's video playback technology is based on Macromedia's FlashPlayer 7 and uses the Sorenson Spark H.263 video codec. This technology allows YouTube to display videos with quality comparable to more established video playback technologies (such as Windows Media Player, Realplayer or Apple's Quicktime Player) that generally require the user to download and install a web browser plugin in order to watch video. Flash itself requires a plug-in, but the Flash 7 plug-in is generally considered to be present on approximately 90% of Internet-connected computers.[68]

YouTube converts videos into .FLV (Adobe Flash Video) format after uploading.[69] The extension is then stripped from the file (Extension can be found again with TrID). The different files are stored in obscurely named subdomains, to make ripping the videos difficult.

YouTube officially accepts uploaded videos in WMV, AVI, MOV and MPEG formats.[70]

Content accessibility

On YouTube

Users may submit videos in several common-file formats (such as .mpeg and .avi). YouTube automatically converts them to the H.263 variant of Flash Video (with extension .flv) and makes them available for online viewing. Flash Video is a popular video format among large hosting sites due to its wide compatibility.

Outside YouTube

Each video is accompanied by the full HTML markup for linking to it and/or embedding it within another page; a small addition to the markup for the latter will make the video autoplay when the page is accessed. These simple cut-and-paste options are popular particularly with users of social/networking sites. Poor experiences have, however, been cited by members of such sites,[71] where autoplaying embedded YouTube videos has been reported to slow down page loading time or even to cause browsers to crash.

Downloading videos

YouTube itself does not make it easy to download and save videos for offline viewing or editing, but several third-party web sites (e.g. SaveTube), applications (e.g. Orbit Downloader, YouTube to iPod), browser extensions (e.g. the UnPlug or VideoDownloader Firefox extensions) exist for that purpose. Alternatively, most .flv files can be copied from the Temporary Internet Files folder in Windows, or the /tmp directory in GNU systems, to a permanent folder. The .flv files can then be watched and edited directly or converted to other formats using various tools.

Viewing deleted videos

YouTube videos which are flagged as deleted are not necessarily deleted physically. It is possible to recover and download these videos by using web applications such as the Deleted YouTube Video Viewer.

Index sites

Websites are available that offer an index service and arrange the content on YouTube by relativity, i.e. links arranged by order of seasons and episodes of a certain show. Examples include TVLinks, NetworkOne Australia, and WikiRemote.

Awards

YouTube has recently announced its first YouTube Video Awards for the year 2006. Categories include "'most adorable' video ever" and "most creative." Nominees include Peter Oakley (geriatric1927), LonelyGirl15, thewinekone, Renetto and Chad Vader. [72][73]

Note that in order to be nominated, users must have to create their own original videos.

2006 Awards[74]:

  • Most Creative - Here It Goes Again OK Go
  • Best Comedy - Smosh Short 2: Stranded Smosh
  • Best Commentary - Hotness Prevails thewinekone
  • Best Series - Ask A Ninja digtalfilmmaker
  • Best Music Video - Say It's Possible Terra Naomi
  • Most Inspirational - Free Hugs Campaign PeaceOnEarth123
  • Most Adorable - Kiwi Madyeti47

Social impact

Internet celebrities

YouTube's popularity has led to the creation of many YouTube Internet celebrities, popular individuals who have attracted significant publicity in their home countries from their videos.[75] The most subscribed YouTube member, as of May 2, 2007, is lonelygirl15.[76] For these users, the Internet fame has had various unexpected effects. By way of example, YouTube user and former receptionist Brooke Brodack from Massachusetts has been signed by NBC's Carson Daly for an 18-month development contract.[77] Another has been the uncovered fictional blog of lonelygirl15, now discovered to be the work of New Zealand actress Jessica Rose and some film directors. In 2007, a Dutch vocalist and songwriter named Esmée Denters was signed to a recording contract by Billy Mann based on her YouTube appearances.[78][79]

Band and music promotion

YouTube has also become a means of promoting bands and their music. One such example is OK Go which got a huge radio hit and an MTV Video Music Awards performance out of the treadmill video for Here It Goes Again.[80][81] In the same light, a video broadcasting the Free Hugs Campaign with accompanying music by the Sick Puppies led to instant fame for both the band and the campaign, with more campaigns taking place in different parts of the world. The main character of the video, Juan Mann has also achieved fame, being interviewed on Australian news programs, even appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show.[82]

Influence on other sites

Many other sites have used the -tube ending, including PornoTube, LesbianTube and XTube, or any other way create simmilar names including YouPorn.com. YouTube has inspired hundreds of other video sharing sites and sites that filter/display content from YouTube. See: OVGuide.com for a partial listing.

Fame beyond YouTube

A number of figures have grown to prominence and become Internet phenomena on the basis of their appearance in YouTube videos. Sometimes referred to as "YouTube celebrities",[83][84][85] these include:

Brooke Brodack became the first person to move from Youtube to mainstream media in June 2006, when she signed an 18-month development deal with Carson Daly Productions.[86] On January 31, 2007, Fox announced that Lisa Donovan, a.k.a. LisaNova, would appear as a cast member during the 12th season of its sketch comedy show MADtv.[87]

In May 2007, YouTube invited some of its most viewed users to become "YouTube partners". This exclusive status, before only offered to professional content providers, allows users to earn revenue from advertisements placed next to videos.[88] Participants include Ben Going, Caitlin Hill and Paul Robinett.[89]

"As One" YouTube gatherings

"As One" is a recurrent and international gathering of YouTube users, organized by some of the website's most established contributors. The first gathering was held in January 2007 in Hollywood, California. The second, held at Pier 39 in San Francisco, California, managed to attract many of YouTube's highest viewed individuals.[90] Notable attendees included: Caitlin Hill; Ben Going; Smosh; Paul Robinett; and Yousef Abu-Taleb, the actor who plays DanielBeast in the YouTube serial lonelygirl15. Future "As One" gatherings are scheduled for July 7, 2007 in New York City and November 2007 in Melbourne, Australia.[91]

See also

References

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