Donald Trump: Difference between revisions

Donald Trump
Donald Trump
	Official portrait, 2017
45th President of the United States
	In office; January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021
Vice President	Mike Pence
Preceded by	Barack Obama
Succeeded by	Joe Biden
Personal details
Born	Donald John Trump; June 14, 1946 (age 78); Queens, New York City, U.S.
Political party	Republican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)
Other political; affiliations	Reform (1999–2001); Democratic (2001–2009); Independent (2011–2012);
Spouses	; Ivana Zelníčková (m. 1977; div. 1992) ; Marla Maples (m. 1993; div. 1999) ; Melania Knauss (m. 2005)
Children	Donald Jr.; Ivanka; Eric; Tiffany; Barron;
Parents	Fred Trump; Mary Anne MacLeod;
Relatives	Family of Donald Trump
Residence	Mar-a-Lago
Alma mater	Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (BEcon)
Occupation	Politician; businessman; media personality;
Awards	List of awards and honors
Signature
Website	Official website; Presidential Library; White House Archives;

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 10:41, 20 November 2022

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in 1968. He became president of his father's real estate business in 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization. He expanded the company's operations to building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He later started side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. Trump and his businesses have been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six bankruptcies.

Trump's political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist. He won the 2016 United States presidential election as the Republican nominee against Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton despite losing the popular vote.^[a] He became the first U.S. president with no prior military or government service. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. The 2017–2019 special counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller established that Russia interfered in the 2016 election to favor the election of Trump. Trump promoted conspiracy theories and made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist, and many as misogynistic.

Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding towards building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented a policy of family separations for apprehended migrants. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He appointed 54 federal appellate judges and three United States Supreme Court justices. In foreign policy, Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. Trump met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un three times, but made no progress on denuclearization. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in his messaging, and promoted misinformation about unproven treatments and the need for testing.

Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden, but refused to concede defeat, falsely claiming widespread electoral fraud and attempting to overturn the results by pressuring government officials, mounting scores of unsuccessful legal challenges, and obstructing the presidential transition. On January 6, 2021, Trump urged his supporters to march to the United States Capitol, which many of them then attacked, resulting in multiple deaths and interrupting the electoral vote count. In November 2022, he announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2024 presidential election.

Trump is the only American president to have been impeached twice. After he pressured Ukraine to investigate Biden in 2019, he was impeached by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress in December. The Senate acquitted him of both charges in February 2020. The House of Representatives impeached Trump a second time in January 2021, for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in February, after he had already left office. Since leaving office, Trump has remained heavily involved in the Republican Party, including making over 200 political endorsements during the 2022 midterm elections. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history.^[1]^[2]

Personal life

Early life

Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in the borough of Queens in New York City,^[3]^[4] the fourth child of Fred Trump, a Bronx-born real estate developer whose parents were German immigrants, and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, an immigrant from Scotland. Trump grew up with older siblings Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth, and younger brother Robert in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade.^[5]^[6]^[7] At age 13, he was enrolled at the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school,^[8] and in 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 1968 with a B.S. in economics.^[9]^[10] In 2015, Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen threatened Trump's colleges, high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released Trump's academic records.^[11]

While in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments during the Vietnam War era.^[12] In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based upon a medical examination, and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.^[13] In October 1968, he was classified 1-Y, a conditional medical deferment,^[14] and in 1972, he was reclassified 4-F due to bone spurs, permanently disqualifying him from service.^[15]

Family

In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.^[16] They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.^[17] The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.^[18] Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993), who was raised by Marla in California.^[19] In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.^[20] They have one son, Barron (born 2006).^[21] Melania gained U.S. citizenship in 2006.^[22]

Religion

Trump went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.^[23]^[24] In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, which belongs to the Reformed Church in America.^[23]^[25] The pastor at Marble, Norman Vincent Peale,^[23] ministered to the family until his death in 1993.^[25] Trump has described him as a mentor.^[26] In 2015, the church stated that Trump was not an active member.^[24] In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.^[27] In 2020, he said he identified as a non-denominational Christian.^[28]

Health habits

Trump has called golfing his "primary form of exercise" but usually does not walk the course.^[29] He considers exercise a waste of energy, because exercise depletes the body's energy "like a battery, with a finite amount of energy."^[30] In 2015, Trump's campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, Harold Bornstein, stating that Trump would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency."^[31] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter, and that three Trump agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office.^[31]^[32]

Wealth

In 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $631 million in 2023).^[33] His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.^[34] After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with the FEC in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.^[35] Forbes estimated his net worth at $4.5 billion in 2015 and $3.1 billion in 2018.^[36] In its 2021 billionaires ranking, it was $2.4 billion (1,299th in the world), making him one of the wealthiest officeholders in American history.^[37]

Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported in 2018 that Trump, using the pseudonym "John Barron" and claiming to be a Trump Organization official, called him in 1984 to falsely assert that he owned "in excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, to secure a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the Forbes 400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and 1984.^[38]

Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.^[39] He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.^[40]^[41] In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the New York tax department began investigating.^[42] His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.^[43]^[44] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.^[45]

Contrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest losers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million (equivalent to $1.83 billion in 2023).^[46]^[47]^[33]

Over 20 years, Trump lost hundreds of millions of dollars and deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in The Apprentice and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority-owned businesses. Much income was in tax credits for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lowered them to $750. In the last decade, he balanced his businesses' losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on Trump Tower (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.^[48]

As of October 2020, Trump had over $1 billion in debts, secured by his assets. He owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, including Bank of China, Deutsche Bank, and UBS, and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.^[49]

Business career

Real estate

Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father Fred's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.^[50] In 1971, he became president of the company and began using The Trump Organization as an umbrella brand.^[51]

Manhattan developments

Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal. The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trump,^[52] who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million in bank construction financing.^[53] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,^[54] and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.^[55] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.^[56]^[57]

In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million (equivalent to $1095 million in 2023)^[33] from a consortium of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection, and a reorganization plan was approved in 1992.^[58] In 1995, Trump sold the Plaza Hotel along with most of his properties to pay down his debts, including personally guaranteed loans, allowing him to avoid personal insolvency.^[59]^[60]

In 1996, Trump acquired the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street, later rebranded as the Trump Building, and renovated it.^[61] In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who were able to finance completion of the project, Riverside South.^[62]

Mar-a-Lago

In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.^[63] In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.^[64] In 2019, Trump declared Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.^[57]

Atlantic City casinos

In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation.^[65] It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.^[66] Trump had earlier bought a hotel and casino in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million. On completion in 1985, it became Trump Castle. His wife Ivana managed it until 1988.^[67]^[68]

Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Taj Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.^[69]^[70] It went bankrupt in 1989.^[71] Reorganizing left him with half his initial stake and required him to personally guarantee future performance.^[72] To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold his failing Trump Shuttle airline, his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked, and other businesses.^[73]

In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.^[74] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004, 2009, and 2014, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership.^[75] He remained chairman until 2009.^[76]

Golf courses

The Trump Organization began building and buying golf courses in 1999.^[77] It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.^[77]^[78]

Trump visited a Trump Organization property on 428 (nearly one in three) of the 1,461 days of his presidency and is estimated to have played 261 rounds of golf, one every 5.6 days.^[79]

Branding and licensing

The Trump name has been licensed for various consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishings.^[80]^[81] According to an analysis by The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.^[82] By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.^[80]

Side ventures

In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule (where they competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit against the organization.^[83]^[84]

Trump's businesses have hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall adjacent to and promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City.^[85]^[86] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.^[87]

From 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,^[46] leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmail.^[88] The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".^[46]

In 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, with 21 planes and landing rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C. He financed the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $979 million in 2023)^[33] from 22 banks, rebranded the operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until 1992. Trump failed to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to USAir.^[89]

In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups.^[41]^[90] The increased costs were used as justification to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.^[41]

From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.^[91]^[92] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.^[93]^[94] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.^[95] NBC and Univision dropped the pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June 2015.^[96]

Trump University

In 2004, Trump co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.^[97] After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word "university" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.^[98]

In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.^[99] In addition, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.^[100]^[101]^[102] Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.^[103]

Foundation

The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.^[104]^[105] In the foundation's final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did not donate any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.^[106] The foundation gave to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.^[107]

In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.^[108] Also in 2016, the New York State attorney general's office said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.^[109]^[110] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.^[111]

In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.^[112]^[113] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its assets to other charities.^[114] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.^[115]^[116]

Legal affairs and bankruptcies

Fixer Roy Cohn served as Trump's lawyer and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.^[117] According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.^[117] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the United States government for $100 million (equivalent to $686 million in 2023)^[33] over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump and Cohn lost that case when the countersuit was dismissed and the government's case went forward.^[118] In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.^[119] Cohn introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.^[120]

As of November 2016^[update], Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by USA Today.^[121]

While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.^[122] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.^[122]

During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion,^[123] but in the aftermath of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks declined to lend to him, with only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend money.^[124] After the January 6 United States Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.^[125]

In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. In response, Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.^[126]^[127] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,^[128] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.^[129]^[130] Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings,^[131] arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch".^[132]^[133]

Media career

Books

Using ghostwriters, Trump has produced up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics under his name.^[134] His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by Tony Schwartz.^[135] According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, making him an emblem of the successful tycoon."^[135] Trump has called the volume his second favorite book, after the Bible.^[136]

Film and television

Trump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.^[137]

Trump had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE since the late 1980s.^[138] He appeared at WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.^[139]

Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.^[140] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trumped! (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.^[141]^[142] From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on Fox & Friends.^[143]^[144]

From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. On The Apprentice, Trump played the role of a chief executive, and contestants competed for a year of employment at the Trump Organization. On The Celebrity Apprentice, celebrities competed to win money for charities. On both shows, Trump eliminated contestants with the catchphrase "You're fired."^[145]

Trump, who had been a member since 1989, resigned from the Screen Actors Guild in February 2021 rather than face a disciplinary committee hearing for inciting the January 6, 2021, mob attack on the U.S. Capitol and for his "reckless campaign of misinformation aimed at discrediting and ultimately threatening the safety of journalists."^[146] Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.^[147]

Presidential campaigns

Trump's political party affiliation has changed numerous times. He registered as a Republican in 1987,^[148] a member of the Independence Party, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999,^[149] a Democrat in 2001, a Republican in 2009, unaffiliated in 2011, and a Republican in 2012.^[148]

In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,^[150] expressing his views on foreign policy and on how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.^[151] He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.^[150] In 1988, he approached Lee Atwater asking to be put into consideration as Republican nominee George H. W. Bush's running mate. Bush found the request "strange and unbelievable".^[152]

2000 presidential campaign and 2011 hints at presidential run

In 2000, Trump ran in the California and Michigan primaries for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the 2000 United States presidential election but withdrew from the race in February 2000.^[153]^[154]^[155] A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent support.^[156]

In 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2012 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.^[157]^[158] In May 2011, he announced he would not run,^[157] and he endorsed Mitt Romney in February 2012.^[159] Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.^[160]

2016 presidential campaign

Trump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.^[161] He adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.^[135]^[162] His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,^[163] and a record number of them were false.^[164]^[165]^[166] The Los Angeles Times wrote, "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has."^[167]^[168] Trump said he disdained political correctness and frequently made claims of media bias.^[169]^[170]

Trump announced his candidacy in June 2015.^[171]^[172] His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.^[173] He became the front-runner in March 2016^[174] and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.^[175]

Hillary Clinton led Trump in national polling averages throughout the campaign, but in early July her lead narrowed.^[176]^[177] In mid-July Trump selected Indiana governor Mike Pence as his vice presidential running mate,^[178] and the two were officially nominated at the 2016 Republican National Convention.^[179] Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.^[180]

Campaign rhetoric and political positions

Trump's political positions and rhetoric were right-wing populist.^[181]^[182]^[183] Politico described them as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory", quoting a health care policy expert at the American Enterprise Institute as saying that his political positions were "a total random assortment of whatever plays publicly."^[184] NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.^[185]

Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries^[186] to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. He described NATO as "obsolete".^[187]^[188]

Trump helped bring far-right fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.^[189] In January 2016, Trump retweeted a racist Twitter account.^[190]^[191] Trump was slow to disavow an endorsement from David Duke after he was questioned about it during a CNN interview on February 28, 2016.^[192] Duke enthusiastically supported Trump and said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".^[193]^[194] In August 2016, Trump hired Steve Bannon, the executive chairman of Breitbart News—described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right"—as his campaign CEO.^[195] The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.^[196]^[197]^[198] In an interview after the election, Trump said of the alt-right that he did not want to "energize the group" and that he disavowed them.^[199]^[200]

Financial disclosures

Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.^[35]^[201] Trump did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.^[202]^[203] He said his tax returns were being audited, and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.^[204] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the United States Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.^[205]^[206]

In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.^[207]

Election to the presidency

Electoral college map, depicting Trump winning many states in the South and Midwest and Biden winning many states in the Northeast and Pacific West — 2016 electoral vote results. Trump won 304–227.

On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides.^[208] Trump received nearly 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.^[209] Trump is the only president who neither served in the military nor held any government office prior to becoming president.^[210]

Trump's victory was a political upset.^[211] Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated, while Clinton's had been overestimated.^[212]

Trump won 30 states; included were Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had been part of what was considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.^[213]

Trump's election victory sparked protests in major U.S. cities in the days following the election.^[214]^[215] On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the Women's Marches.^[216]

Presidency (2017–2021)

Early actions

Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City policy, authorizing the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.^[217]

Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively.^[218]^[219]

Conflicts of interest

Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr, and a business associate.^[220]^[221] He continued to profit from his businesses^[222] and to know how his administration's policies affected his businesses.^[221] Though Trump said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.^[222]

Trump was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.^[223]^[224] The plaintiffs said that Trump's business interests could allow foreign governments to influence him.^[224]^[222]^[225]^[223] After Trump's term had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the cases as moot.^[226]

Domestic policy

Economy

Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,^[227] which began in June 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.^[228]

In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The bill had been passed by both Republican-controlled chambers of Congress without any Democratic votes. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025, and eliminated the Affordable Care Act's individual requirement to obtain health insurance.^[229]^[230] The Trump administration claimed that the act would either increase tax revenues or pay for itself by prompting economic growth. Instead, revenues in 2018 were 7.6 percent lower than projected.^[231]

Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50%, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.^[232] Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term; the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio also hit a post-World War II high.^[233] Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.^[234]

Trump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce, by 3 million, than when he took office.^[227]

Energy and climate

Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.^[235]^[236] He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40% and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.^[237] In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.^[238]

Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge.^[239] Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels.^[240]^[241] Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.^[242]^[243]

Deregulation

On January 30, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that for every new regulation administrative agencies issue "at least two prior regulations be identified for elimination".^[244] Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.^[245]

Trump dismantled many federal regulations on health,^{[citation needed]} labor,^{[citation needed]} and the environment,^[246] among other topics. Trump signed 14 Congressional Review Act resolutions repealing federal regulations, among them a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.^[247] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations,^[248] often "made after requests by the regulated industries."^[249]

Health care

During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA).^[250] Trump scaled back the implementation of the ACA through executive orders 13765^[251] and 13813.^[252] Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration cut the ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.^[253]^[254] Trump falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by the ACA.^[255] In June 2018, the Trump administration joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court that the elimination of the individual mandate had rendered the ACA unconstitutional.^[256]^[257] If they had succeeded, it would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans.^[256] During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020, he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs.^[258]

In response to the opioid epidemic, Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments, but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018, but surged to a record 50,052 deaths in 2019.^[259]

Social issues

Trump said in 2016 that he was committed to appointing "pro-life" justices, pledging to appoint justices who would "automatically" overturn Roe v. Wade.^[260] He also said he supported "traditional marriage" but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue;^[261] in March 2017, his administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.^[262]

Trump said he is opposed to gun control in general, although his views have shifted over time.^[263] After several mass shootings during his term, he said he would propose legislation to curtail gun violence, but this was abandoned in November 2019.^[264] His administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.^[265]

Trump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.^[266]^[267] Under his administration, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium.^[268] In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboarding^[269]^[270] but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis.^[271]

Pardons and commutations

Most of Trump's pardons and commutations were granted to people with personal or political connections to him.^[272] In his term, Trump sidestepped regular Department of Justice procedures for considering pardons; instead, he often entertained pardon requests from his associates or from celebrities.^[272]

From 2017 to 2019, the pardons included former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio;^[273] former Navy sailor Kristian Saucier, who was convicted of taking classified photographs of classified areas inside a submarine;^[274] and right-wing commentator Dinesh D'Souza.^[275] Following a request by celebrity Kim Kardashian, Trump commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, who had been convicted of drug trafficking.^[276] Trump pardoned or reversed the sentences of three American servicemen convicted or accused of committing war crimes in Afghanistan or Iraq.^[277]

In November and December 2020, Trump pardoned four Blackwater private security contractors convicted of killing Iraqi civilians in the 2007 Nisour Square massacre;^[278] white-collar criminals Michael Milken and Bernard Kerik;^[279] and daughter Ivanka's father-in-law Charles Kushner.^[272] He also pardoned five people convicted as a result of investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections: Michael Flynn, George Papadopoulos, Alex van der Zwaan,^[278] Stone, whose 40-month sentence for lying to Congress, witness tampering, and obstruction he had already commuted in July, and Paul Manafort.^[280]

In his last full day in office, Trump granted 143 pardons and commutations; those receiving pardons include Steve Bannon, Trump fundraiser Elliott Broidy and three former Republican congressmen.^[b] Amongst those to receive sentence commutation were former Detroit mayor and Democrat Kwame Kilpatrick and sports gambler Billy Walters; the latter had paid tens of thousands of dollars to former Trump attorney John M. Dowd to plead his case with Trump.^[281]

Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op

On June 1, 2020, federal law enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, pepper spray projectiles, stun grenades, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd of protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.^[282]^[283] Trump then walked to St. John's Episcopal Church, where protesters had set a small fire the night before; he posed for photographs holding a Bible, with senior administration officials later joining him in photos.^[282]^[284] Trump said on June 3 that the protesters were cleared because "they tried to burn down the church [on May 31] and almost succeeded", describing the church as "badly hurt".^[285]

Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.^[286] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police brutality protesters.^[287] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Mark A. Milley, later apologized for accompanying Trump on the walk and thereby "creat[ing] the perception of the military involved in domestic politics".^[288]

Immigration

Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–United States border to restrict illegal movement and vowed Mexico would pay for it.^[289] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the United States,^[290] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing "anchor babies".^[291] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13,^[292] though available research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born Americans.^[293]^[294]

Trump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.^[295]^[296]

From 2018 onward, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border,^[297] to stop most Central American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum, and from 2020 used the public charge rule to restrict immigrants using government benefits from getting permanent residency via green cards.^[298] Trump has reduced the number of refugees admitted into the U.S. to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.^[299]^[300] Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted compared to the allowed limits.^[301]

Travel ban

Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.^[302] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism".^[303]

On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing confusion and chaos at airports.^[304]^[305] Protests against the ban began at airports the next day.^[304]^[305] Legal challenges to the order resulted in nationwide preliminary injunctions.^[306] A March 6 revised order, which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.^[307]^[308] In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States".^[309]

The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.^[310] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,^[311] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.^[312]

Family separation at border

Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment in the Ursula detention facility in McAllen, Texas, June 2018

The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border while attempting to enter the U.S, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.^[313]^[314] In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "zero tolerance" policy whereby every adult suspected of illegal entry would be criminally prosecuted.^[315] This resulted in family separations, as the migrant adults were put in criminal detention for prosecution, while their children were separated as unaccompanied alien minors.^[316] Administration officials described the policy as a way to deter illegal immigration.^[317]

The policy of family separations was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.^[317]^[318] Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.^[319]^[320]^[321]

Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he signed an executive order on June 20, 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together, unless the administration judged that doing so would harm the child.^[322]^[323] On June 26, 2018, a federal judge concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;^[324] the judge ordered for the families to be reunited, and family separations stopped, except where the parent(s) are judged unfit to take care of the child, or if there is parental approval.^[325] Despite the federal court order, the Trump administration continued to practice family separations, with more than a thousand migrant children separated.^[314]

Trump wall and government shutdown

One of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.^[326] By the end of his term, the U.S. had built "40 miles [64 km] of new primary wall and 33 miles [53 km] of secondary wall" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles (587 km) of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.^[327]

In 2018, Trump refused to extend government funding unless Congress allocated $5.6 billion in funds for the border wall,^[328] resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the longest U.S. government shutdown in history.^[329]^[330] Around 800,000 government employees were furloughed or worked without pay.^[331] Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall.^[329] The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the Congressional Budget Office.^[332] About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.^[333]

To prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles (89 km) of bollard border fencing.^[334] Trump also declared a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States, intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes.^[334] Trump vetoed a joint resolution to overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against a veto override.^[335] Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for the Department of Defense's drug interdiction efforts^[336]^[337] and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction^[338]^[339]

Foreign policy

Trump described himself as a "nationalist"^[340] and his foreign policy as "America First".^[341] He espoused isolationist, non-interventionist, and protectionist views.^[342]^[343] His foreign policy was marked by praise and support of populist, neo-nationalist and authoritarian governments.^[344] Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability and uncertainty,^[341] a lack of a consistent foreign policy,^[345] and strained and sometimes antagonistic relationships with the U.S.'s European allies.^[346]

Trump questioned the need for NATO,^[342] criticized the U.S.'s NATO allies, and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from the alliance.^[347]^[348]

Trade

Trump is a skeptic of trade liberalization, adopting these views in the 1980s, and sharply criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in 2015.^[349]^[350] He withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,^[351] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,^[352] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.^[353] While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury, they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.^[354] Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large trade deficits, the deficit reached its highest level in 12 years under his administration.^[355] Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.^[356]

China

Before and during his presidency, Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.^[357] As president, Trump launched a trade war against China that was widely characterized as a failure;^[358]^[359]^[360] sanctioned Huawei for its alleged ties to Iran;^[361] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars;^[362] and classified China as a currency manipulator.^[363] Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,^[364] which was attributed to trade war negotiations with the leader.^[365]^[366] After initially praising China for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic,^[367] he began a campaign of criticism over its response starting in March 2020.^[368]

Trump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the northwestern Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.^[369] In July 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million of the country's Uyghur Muslim ethnic minority.^[370]

Saudi Arabia

Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia,^[371] In 2018, the USA provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.^[372]^[373] Following the 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities, which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on Iran, Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, two Patriot batteries, and a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system (THAAD), to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.^[374]

Israel

Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.^[375] Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel^[376] and Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights,^[377] leading to international condemnation including from the United Nations General Assembly, the European Union, and the Arab League.^[378]^[379]

Afghanistan

U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,^[380] reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.^[381] In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a conditional peace agreement with the Taliban, which called for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months "contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 Taliban imprisoned by the Afghan government.^[382]^[383]^[384] By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating Al-Qaeda members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.^[384]

Syria

Trump ordered missile strikes in April 2017 and in April 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.^[385]^[386]

In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.^[387]^[388] The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling his decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.^[389] One week after his announcement, Trump said he would not approve any extension of the American deployment in Syria.^[390]

In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area and Turkey invaded northern Syria, attacking and displacing American-allied Kurds in the area.^[391] Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".^[392]^[393]

Iran

After an Iranian missile test on January 29, 2017, and Houthi attacks on Saudi warships, the Trump administration sanctioned 12 companies and 13 individuals suspected of being involved in Iran's missile program.^[394] In May 2018, Trump withdrew the United States from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the 2015 agreement between Iran, the U.S., and five other countries that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for Iran agreeing to restrictions on its nuclear program.^[395]^[396] Analysts determined Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon since the withdrawal.^[397]

In January 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, who had planned nearly every significant operation by Iranian forces over the past two decades.^[398] Trump threatened to hit 52 Iranian sites, including some "important to Iran & the Iranian culture", if Iran retaliated.^[399] The threat to hit cultural sites was seen as illegal and both Defense Secretary Mark Esper and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that the U.S. would not attack such sites, but would "follow the laws of armed conflict" and "behave inside the system".^[400] Iran did retaliate with ballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbases in Iraq.^[397] On the same day, amid the heightened tensions between the United States and Iran, Iran accidentally^[401] shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 after takeoff from Tehran airport.^[402]^[401]^[403] American journalist Jeff Wise wrote that "Trump's bluster and unpredictability... almost certainly contributed to the conditions that allowed this grievous mistake to be made."^[404]

In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to trigger a mechanism that was part of the agreement that would have led to the return of U.N. sanctions against Iran.^[405]

North Korea

In 2017, when North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,^[406] Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen".^[407]^[408] In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong-un.^[407]^[409] After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.^[410]^[411]

Trump met Kim three times: in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi in 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2019.^[412] Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader or to set foot on North Korean soil.^[412] Trump also lifted some U.S. sanctions against North Korea.^[413] However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,^[414] and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.^[415] While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.^[416]^[417]

Russia

The Trump administration "water[ed] down the toughest penalties the U.S. had imposed on Russian entities" after its 2014 annexation of Crimea.^[418]^[419] Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian non-compliance,^[420] and supported a potential return of Russia to the G7.^[421]

Trump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin,^[422]^[423] but opposed some actions of the Russian government.^[424]^[425] After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in July 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.^[426]^[427]^[428] Trump did not discuss alleged Russian bounties offered to Taliban fighters for attacking American soldiers in Afghanistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it.^[429]

Personnel

The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.^[430] As of early July 2018^[update], 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left^[431] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.^[432] Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.^[433] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Flynn (after just 25 days in office), and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.^[433] Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee, and Keith Schiller quit or were forced out.^[434] Some, including Hicks and McEntee, later returned to the White House in different posts.^[435] Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.^[436]

Trump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.^[437] Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. Kelly.^[438] Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.^[439] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.^[437]

On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails, Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's roles in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.^[440] At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.^[441] In March and April, Trump asked Comey to "lift the cloud impairing his ability to act" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.^[441]^[442]

Two of Trump's 15 original cabinet members were gone within 15 months. Health and Human Services secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.^[443]^[434] Environmental Protection Agency administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in 2018 and Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke in January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.^[444]^[445]

Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.^[446] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).^[447]

Judiciary

Trump appointed 226 Article III judges, including 54 to the courts of appeals and three to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.^[448]

As president, Trump disparaged courts and judges whom he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. Trump's attacks on the courts have drawn rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, who are concerned about the effect of Trump's statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.^[449]^[450]^[451]

COVID-19 pandemic

In December 2019, COVID-19 erupted in Wuhan, China; the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread worldwide within weeks.^[452]^[453] The first confirmed case in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.^[454] The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar on January 31, 2020.^[455]

Trump's public statements on COVID-19 were at odds with his private statements. In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was "very much under control", and would soon be over.^[456] At the same time he acknowledged the opposite in a private conversation with Bob Woodward. In March 2020, Trump privately told Woodward that he was deliberately "playing it down" in public so as not to create panic.^[457]^[458]

Initial response

Trump was slow to address the spread of the disease, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.^[459]^[460] Instead, throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.^[461] By mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the emerging pandemic.^[462] Trump continued to claim that a vaccine was less than a year away, although HHS and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) officials had repeatedly told him that vaccine development would take 12–18 months.^[463] Trump also falsely claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test," despite the availability of tests being severely limited.^[464]

On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.^[465] On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic,^[452] and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.^[466] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.^[467] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.^[468]

In September 2019, the Trump administration terminated United States Agency for International Development's PREDICT program, a $200 million epidemiological research program initiated in 2009 to provide early warning of pandemics abroad.^[469]^[470] The program trained scientists in sixty foreign laboratories to detect and respond to viruses that have the potential to cause pandemics. One such laboratory was the Wuhan lab that first identified the virus that causes COVID-19. After revival in April 2020, the program was given two 6-month extensions to help fight COVID-19 in the U.S. and other countries.^[471]^[472]

On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration to the United States.^[473] In late spring and early summer, with infections and death counts continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states for the growing pandemic, rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the course of the pandemic were overly-optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.^[474]

White House Coronavirus Task Force

Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29, 2020.^[475] Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,^[476] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.^[477] Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.^[476]^[478] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.^[479] His repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.^[480]^[481]^[482]

By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the World Health Organization (WHO).^[483] The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;^[484] the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.^[485]^[486]

In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would "indefinitely" continue.^[487] By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.^[488]

World Health Organization

Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.^[489] His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.^[489] In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus" and alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the origins of the pandemic.^[489]^[490]^[491] He then announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.^[489] Trump's criticisms and actions regarding the WHO were seen as attempts to distract attention from his own mishandling of the pandemic.^[489]^[492]^[493] In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the United States from the WHO effective July 2021.^[490]^[491] The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted", "senseless", and "dangerous".^[490]^[491]

Testing

In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad".^[494]^[495] The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.^[496]^[497] In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.^[498]^[499] The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation, stressing that anyone who has been in contact with an infected person should be tested.^[499]

Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures

In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;^[500]^[501] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,^[502] even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's own guidelines for reopening.^[503] In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.^[504] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions as a way to reverse the damage to the country's economy.^[505]

Trump often refused to wear a face mask at public events, contrary to his own administration's April 2020 guidance that Americans should wear masks in public^[506] and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing the spread of the virus.^[507] By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.^[507] Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.^[506]^[507]

Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless".^[508]^[509] He also began insisting that all states should open schools to in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.^[510]

Political pressure on health agencies

Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,^[498] such as approving unproven treatments^[511]^[512] or speeding up the approval of vaccines.^[512] Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.^[513]^[514] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "deep state" opposing him, and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.^[515]

Outbreak at the White House

On October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for COVID-19.^[516]^[517] His wife, their son Barron, and numerous staff members and visitors also became infected.^[518]^[519]

Later that day Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, reportedly due to labored breathing and a fever. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still struggling with the disease.^[520] During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.^[518] In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case of the disease.^[519]

Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign

By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue for the 2020 presidential election.^[521] Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue of the election.^[522] Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response^[521] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.^[523] In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly claimed that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing numbers of reported cases and deaths.^[524] A few days before the November 3 election, the United States reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.^[525]

Investigations

After he assumed the presidency, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.^[526] There were 30 investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.^[527]

Hush money payments

During the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), the parent company of the National Enquirer,^[528] and a company set up by Cohen paid Playboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.^[529] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at the direction of Trump to influence the presidential election.^[530] Trump denied the affairs and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.^[531]^[532] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.^[533] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.^[534]^[535] Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,^[536] but the Manhattan District Attorney subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments^[537] and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.^[538]

Russian election interference

In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.^[539]^[540] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."^[541]

Once discovered, the links between Trump associates and Russian officials were widely reported by the press.^[542]^[543] Manafort, one of Trump's campaign managers, worked from December 2004 to February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych win the Ukrainian presidency.^[544] Other Trump associates, including Flynn and Stone, were connected to Russian officials.^[545]^[546] Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.^[547] Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.^[548]^[549] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.^[550] Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.^[551]

Trump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.^[552] After the Democratic National Committee was hacked, Trump first claimed it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of which digital copies were given to the FBI); second, that CrowdStrike, the company that investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and third that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration spoke out against the conspiracy theories.^[553]

FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations

The Crossfire Hurricane FBI investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign was launched in July 2016 during the campaign season. After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia. Crossfire Hurricane was folded into the Mueller investigation, but deputy attorney general Rod Rosenstein ended the other investigation while giving the bureau the false impression that Mueller would pursue it.^[554]^[555]

Special counsel investigation

In May 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller, a former director of the FBI, special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ) ordering him to "examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign." He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters "in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference".^[555] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice^[556] and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.^[557]

Trump denied collusion between his campaign and the Russian government.^[558] He sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.^[559] He bemoaned the recusal of Attorney General Jeff Sessions on Russia matters, stating that Sessions should have stopped the investigation.^[560]

In March 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave his report to Attorney General William Barr.^[561] Two days later, Barr sent a letter to Congress purporting to summarize the report's main conclusions. A federal court, as well as Mueller himself, said Barr had mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions, confusing the public.^[562]^[563]^[564] Trump repeatedly and falsely claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not exonerate him.^[565]

A redacted version of the report was publicly released in April 2019. It found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.^[566] Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.^[567]^[568] The report revealed sweeping Russian interference^[568] and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing "it would benefit electorally from information stolen and released through Russian efforts".^[569]^[570]^[571]^[572]

The report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump, but did not make a "traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether Trump broke the law, suggesting that Congress should make such a determination.^[573]^[574] Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted, and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.^[575] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".^[576] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.^[577]^[578]

Several Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases. Manafort, convicted on eight felony counts,^[579] deputy campaign manager Rick Gates,^[580] foreign policy advisor Papadopoulos,^[581] and Flynn.^[582]^[583] Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.^[584] In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering regarding his attempts to learn more about hacked Democratic emails during the 2016 election. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president".^[585]

First impeachment

In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son Hunter, adding that the White House had attempted to cover-up the incident.^[586] The whistleblower stated that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Giuliani that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.^[587]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.^[588] Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.^[589]^[590] On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.^[586]^[591] The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.^[592] In October, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment investigating the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.^[593] He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.^[594]

On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.^[595] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.^[596]

Impeachment trial in the Senate

The Senate impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020.^[597] On January 22, the Republican Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the Democratic minority to call witnesses and subpoena documents; evidence collected during the House impeachment proceedings was entered into the Senate record.^[598]

For three days, January 22–24, the House impeachment managers presented their case to the Senate. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the Constitution's impeachment process.^[599]

Responding over the next three days, Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.^[600] They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.^[600] On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this vote.^[601] The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.^[602]

Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican Senate majority, 52–48 on abuse of power and 53–47 on obstruction of Congress. Senator Mitt Romney was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.^[603]

Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.^[604]

2020 presidential election

Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency.^[605] He held his first re-election rally less than a month after taking office^[606] and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020.^[607]

In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.^[608] By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.^[609] The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.^[610]

Starting in spring 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.^[611]^[612] In July, Trump raised the idea of delaying the election.^[613] When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.^[614] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results of the election and commit to a peaceful transition of power if he lost.^[615]^[616]

Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won the presidency.^[617] Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions^[618]^[619] and shifted to appeals to racism.^[620]

Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)^[621]^[622] and 306 Electoral College votes to Trump's 232.^[623]

False claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition

Electoral college map, depicting Trump winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains and Biden winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West — 2020 Electoral College results, Trump lost 232–306.

At 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.^[624] After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump said, "this election is far from over" and baselessly alleged election fraud.^[625] Trump and his allies filed many legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the state and federal courts, including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.^[626]^[627] Trump's unsubstantiated allegations of widespread voting fraud were also refuted by state election officials.^[628] After Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) director Chris Krebs contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.^[629] On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a case from the Texas attorney general that asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.^[630]

Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.^[631] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.^[632]^[633] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.^[634] Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.^[635]^[636]

The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.^[623] From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results of the election, personally pressuring various Republican local and state office-holders,^[637] Republican state and federal legislators,^[638] the Justice Department,^[639] and Vice President Pence,^[640] urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.^[638] On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.^[641]

Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration, leaving Washington for Florida hours before.^[642]

Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action

In December 2020, Newsweek reported the Pentagon was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what they would do if Trump decided to declare martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role to play in the outcome of elections.^[643]

When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley and CIA director Gina Haspel became concerned about the threat of a possible coup attempt or military action against China or Iran.^[644]^[645] Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director Paul Nakasone to monitor developments closely.^[646]^[647]

January 6 Capitol attack

On January 6, 2021, while congressional certification of the presidential election results was taking place in the United States Capitol, Trump held a rally at the Ellipse, Washington, D.C., where he called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol to "show strength" and "fight like hell".^[648]^[649] Trump's speech started at noon. By 12:30 p.m., rally attendees had gathered outside the Capitol, and at 1 p.m., his supporters pushed past police barriers onto Capitol grounds. Trump's speech ended at 1:10 p.m., and many supporters marched to the Capitol as he had urged, joining the crowd there. Around 2:15 p.m. the mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.^[650] During the violence, Trump posted mixed messages on Twitter and Facebook, eventually tweeting to the rioters at 6 p.m., "go home with love & in peace", but describing them as "great patriots" and "very special", while still complaining that the election was stolen.^[651]^[652] After the mob was removed from the Capitol, Congress reconvened and confirmed the Biden election win in the early hours of the following morning.^[653] There were many injuries, and five people, including a Capitol Police officer, died.^[654]

Second impeachment

On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.^[655] The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.^[656] The impeachment, which was the most rapid in history, followed an unsuccessful bipartisan effort to strip Trump of his powers and duties via Section 4 of the 25th Amendment.^[657] Ten Republicans voted for impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.^[658]

On February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, Trump was acquitted when the Senate voted 57–43 for conviction, falling ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.^[659]^[660] Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 the trial was constitutional).^[661] Included in the latter group was McConnell, who said Trump was "practically and morally responsible for provoking the events of the day", but "constitutionally not eligible for conviction".^[662]

Post-presidency (2021–present)

At the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club.^[663] As provided for by the Former Presidents Act,^[664] he established an office there to handle his post-presidential activities.^[664]^[665]

Trump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie" in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.^[666]^[667] The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify the imposition of new voting restrictions in its favor.^[667]^[668] As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election by rescinding the state's electoral votes for Biden.^[669]

Trump resumed his campaign-style rallies with an 85-minute speech at the annual North Carolina Republican Party convention on June 6, 2021.^[670]^[671] On June 26, he held his first public rally since the January 6 rally that preceded the riot at the Capitol.^[672]

Unlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been compared to a modern-day party boss. He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, hinted at a third candidacy, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on the people in charge of elections and how elections are run. In the 2022 midterm elections he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, most of whom support his claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.^[673]^[674]^[675] Though there are exceptions, Trump's endorsement has been seen as important for candidates in Republican primary elections.^[674]

Trump registered a new company in February 2021. Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG) was formed for providing "social networking services" to "customers in the United States".^[676]^[677] In October 2021, Trump announced the planned merger of TMTG with Digital World Acquisition,^[678] a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC). A main backer of the SPAC is China-based financier ARC Group, who was reportedly involved in setting up the proposed merger. The transaction is under investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.^[679]^[680] In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a Twitter-like social media platform.^[681]

Post-presidential investigations

Trump is the subject of several probes into his business dealings and his actions both before and during the presidency.^[682] In February 2021, the district attorney for Fulton County, Georgia, announced a criminal probe into Trump's phone calls to Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger.^[683] The New York State Attorney General's Office is conducting criminal investigations into Trump's business activities in conjunction with the Manhattan District Attorney's Office.^[684] By May 2021, a special grand jury was considering indictments.^[685]^[686] In July 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a "15 year 'scheme to defraud' the government". The organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was arraigned on grand larceny, tax fraud, and other charges.^[687]^[688]

In December 2021, the New York State Attorney General's office subpoenaed Trump to produce documents related to the business.^[689] On April 25, 2022, New York state judge Arthur Engoron held Trump in contempt of court for failing to comply with the subpoena. He imposed a fine of $10,000 per day until he complies.^[690] Trump was deposed in August and invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination more than 400 times.^[691] In September 2022, the Attorney General of New York filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.^[692]

FBI investigation

When Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government documents and material with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the federal agency that preserves government records, realized that important documents had not been turned over to them at the end of Trump's term and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.^[693] The Justice Department began an investigation in April 2022 and convened a grand jury.^[694] The Justice Department sent Trump a subpoena for additional material on May 11.^[693] On June 3, Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers.^[693] One of the lawyers signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned to the government.^[695] Later that month an additional subpoena was sent requesting surveillance footage from Mar-a-Lago, which was provided.^[693]^[696]^[697]

On August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Trump's residence, office, and storage areas at Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act,^[698]^[699] reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.^[697] The search warrant, authorized by U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland and approved by a federal magistrate judge, and the written inventory of the seized items were made public on August 12. The text of the search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.^[700] The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as "top secret" and one as "top secret/SCI", the highest level of classification.^[698]^[699]

Special counsel investigations

On November 18, 2022, Garland appointed a special counsel, federal prosecutor Jack Smith, to oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining governnment property at Mar-a-Lago and examining Trump's role in the events leading up to the January 6, 2021, Capitol attack.^[701]^[702]

2024 presidential campaign

Trump registered his candidacy for the 2024 United States presidential election with the Federal Election Commission on November 15, 2022 and set up a fundraising account.^[703]

Public profile

Approval ratings and scholar surveys

Trump was the only president to never reach a 50% approval rating in the Gallup poll dating to 1938. The approval ratings showed a record partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans, 7 percent among Democrats.^[704] Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.^[705] Trump finished his term with a record-low approval rating of between 29 percent and 34 percent (the lowest of any president since modern polling began) and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.^[704]^[706]

In Gallup's annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for most admired man in 2019, and was named most admired in 2020.^[707]^[708] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.^[709]

A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between the years 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29, most of them non-democracies,^[710] with approval of U.S. leadership plummeting among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency.^[711] By mid-2020, only 16% of international respondents to a 13-nation Pew Research poll expressed confidence in Trump, a lower score than those historically accorded to Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping.^[712]

C-SPAN, which has surveyed presidential historians on presidential leadership each time the administration changed since 2000,^[713] ranked Trump fourth–lowest overall in their Presidential Historians Survey 2021, with Trump rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.^[714]^[715]^[1] The Siena College Research Institute (SCRI) has surveyed presidential scholars during the second year of the first term of each president since 1982. For the second time, SCRI ranked Trump third-lowest overall. He was ranked last on background, integrity, intelligence, foreign policy accomplishments, and executive appointments, and second to last on ability to compromise, executive ability, and present overall view. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership.^[2]

Social media

Trump's social media presence attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in 2009. He frequently tweeted during the 2016 election campaign and as president, until his ban in the final days of his term.^[716] Over twelve years, Trump posted around 57,000 tweets, often using Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public and sidelining the press.^[717] In June 2017, a White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.^[718] Trump often announced terminations of administration officials and cabinet members over Twitter.^[719]

After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checking warnings in May 2020.^[720] In the days after the storming of the United States Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.^[721] Twitter blocked attempts by Trump and his staff to circumvent the ban through the use of others' accounts.^[722] The loss of Trump's social media megaphone, including his 88.7 million Twitter followers, diminished his ability to shape events,^[723]^[724] and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.^[725] In May 2021, an advisory group to Facebook evaluated that site's indefinite ban of Trump and concluded that it had been justified at the time but should be re-evaluated in six months.^[726] In June 2021, Facebook suspended the account for two years.^[727] Later in June, Trump joined the video platform Rumble^[728] and began to post the messages of his website blog on the Twitter account of a spokesperson.^[729] Trump's attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful. In May 2021 he launched a blog that had low readership and was closed after less than a month.^[730] On November 19, 2022, days after Trump announced he was running for president in 2024, Twitter owner Elon Musk reinstated Trump's account.^[731]

Relationship with the press

Trump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a "love–hate" relationship with the press.^[732] In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.^[161] The New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created "must-see TV."^[733]

As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".^[734] In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you".^[735]

As president, Trump privately and publicly mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.^[736] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.^[737] In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of Trump.^[738] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.^[737]

Trump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.^[739] In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.^[740]^[741] Legal experts said that the lawsuits lacked merit and were not likely to succeed.^[739]^[742] By March 2021, the lawsuits against The New York Times and CNN had been dismissed.^[743]^[744]

False statements

As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks^[168]^[164] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.^[748]^[749] His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.^[748]

Trump's false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied a total of 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.^[745] Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about 6 false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 16 per day in his second year, 22 per day in his third year, and 39 per day in his final year.^[750] He reached 10,000 false or misleading claims 27 months into his term; 20,000 false or misleading claims 14 months later, and 30,000 false or misleading claims five months later.^[750]

Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his claims of a large crowd size during his inauguration.^[751]^[752] Others had more far-reaching effects, such as Trump's promotion of unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID-19 in a press conference and on Twitter in March 2020.^[753]^[754] The claims had consequences worldwide, such as a shortage of these drugs in the United States and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.^[755]^[756] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the "spread of radical Islamic terror", served Trump's domestic political purposes.^[757] As a matter of principle, Trump does not apologize for his falsehoods.^[758]

Despite the frequency of Trump's falsehoods, the media rarely referred to them as lies.^[759]^[760] The first time The Washington Post did so was in August 2018, when it declared that some of Trump's misstatements, in particular those concerning hush money paid to Stormy Daniels and Playboy model Karen McDougal, were lies.^[761]^[760]

In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and misinformation on the COVID-19 pandemic.^[762]^[763] His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices served to weaken public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,^[764]^[765] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.^[460]^[762]

James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George Mason University, wrote in 2019 that Trump lies differently from previous presidents, because he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these lies are the "most important" of all Trump lies. By calling facts into question, people will be unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs or policy irrationally settled by "political power"; this erodes liberal democracy, wrote Pfiffner.^[766]

Promotion of conspiracy theories

Before and throughout his presidency, Trump has promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama birtherism, the Clinton Body Count theory, QAnon, the Global warming hoax theory, Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, a John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory involving Rafael Cruz, linking talk show host Joe Scarborough to the death of a staffer,^[767] alleged foul-play in the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections, and that Osama bin Laden was alive and Obama and Biden had members of Navy SEAL Team 6 killed.^[767]^[768]^[769]^[770]^[771]^[772] In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he also believed the conspiracy theory in question.^[769]

During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump has promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,^[773] voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes.^[774]^[775]

Racial views

Many of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.^[776]^[777] In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he has emboldened racists.^[778]^[779] Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.^[780]^[781] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a strong indicator of support for Trump.^[782]

In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.^[50] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.^[783]

Trump relaunched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of "birther" conspiracy theories alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.^[784]^[785] In April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".^[786]^[787] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and falsely claimed the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign.^[788] In 2017, he reportedly still expressed birther views in private.^[789]

According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.^[790] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists".^[791]^[792] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.^[793]

Trump answers questions from reporters about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville.

Trump's comments on the 2017 far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, condemning "this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides" and stating that there were "very fine people on both sides", were widely criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.^[794]^[795]^[796]^[797]

In a January 2018 Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".^[798] His remarks were condemned as racist.^[799]^[800]

In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should "go back" to the countries they "came from".^[801] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".^[802] White nationalist publications and social media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.^[803] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.^[804]

Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct

Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to media and on social media.^[805]^[806] He made lewd comments, demeaned women's looks, and called them names, such as 'dog', 'crazed, 'crying lowlife', 'face of a pig', or 'horseface'.^[806]^[807]^[808]

In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which Trump is heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything... grab 'em by the pussy."^[809] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign^[810] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.^[811]

At least 26 women have publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing and groping without consent, looking under women's skirts, or walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.^[812]^[813]^[814] In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears" and alleging a conspiracy against him and the American people.^[815]

Incitement of violence

Research suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.^[816]^[817] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.^[818]^[819] Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive a lighter sentence.^[820]^[821] A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against members of minority groups.^[822]

Popular culture

Trump has been the subject of parody, comedy, and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. Trump was named in hundreds of hip hop songs since the 1980s, mostly positive. Mentions turned largely negative and pejorative after he began running for office in 2015.^[823]

Notes

^ Presidential elections in the United States are decided by the Electoral College. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in Congress and (in most states) all delegates vote for the winner of the local state vote.
^ Rick Renzi, Robert Hayes, and Duke Cunningham

References

^ ^a ^b Sheehey, Maeve (June 30, 2021). "Trump debuts at 41st in C-SPAN presidential rankings". Politico.
^ ^a ^b "American Presidents: Greatest and Worst". Siena College Research Institute. June 22, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
^ "Certificate of Birth". Department of Health – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2018 – via ABC News.
^ "Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump" (PDF). Jamaica Hospital Medical Center. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
^ "Trump's parents and siblings: What do we know of them?". BBC News. October 3, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 33.
^ Horowitz, Jason (September 22, 2015). "Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 38.
^ "Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. May 20, 1968. pp. 19–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2016.
^ Viser, Matt (August 28, 2015). "Even in college, Donald Trump was brash". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Ashford, Grace (February 27, 2019). "Michael Cohen Says Trump Told Him to Threaten Schools Not to Release Grades". The New York Times. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
^ Montopoli, Brian (April 29, 2011). "Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show". CBS News. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
^ "Donald John Trump's Selective Service Draft Card and Selective Service Classification Ledger". National Archives. March 14, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2019. – via Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
^ Whitlock, Craig (July 21, 2015). "Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
^ Eder, Steve; Philipps, Dave (August 1, 2016). "Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
^ Blair 2015, p. 300.
^ "Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen". The Lewiston Journal. Associated Press. May 27, 1988. p. 10D. Retrieved August 21, 2015 – via Google News.
^ "Ivana Trump to write memoir about raising US president's children". The Guardian. Associated Press. March 16, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ Hafner, Josh (July 19, 2016). "Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump". USA Today. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
^ Brown, Tina (January 27, 2005). "Donald Trump, Settling Down". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
^ "Donald Trump Fast Facts". CNN. July 2, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Gunter, Joel (March 2, 2018). "What is the Einstein visa? And how did Melania Trump get one?". BBC News. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barron, James (September 5, 2016). "Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Scott, Eugene (August 28, 2015). "Church says Donald Trump is not an 'active member'". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Schwartzman, Paul (January 21, 2016). "How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 81.
^ Peters, Jeremy W.; Haberman, Maggie (October 31, 2019). "Paula White, Trump's Personal Pastor, Joins the White House". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Jenkins, Jack; Mwaura, Maina (October 23, 2020). "Exclusive: Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian'". Religion News Service. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ "Donald Trump says he gets most of his exercise from golf, then uses cart at Turnberry". Golf News Net. July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
^ Rettner, Rachael (May 14, 2017). "Trump thinks that exercising too much uses up the body's 'finite' energy". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Marquardt, Alex; Crook, Lawrence III (May 1, 2018). "Exclusive: Bornstein claims Trump dictated the glowing health letter". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
^ Schecter, Anna (May 1, 2018). "Trump doctor Harold Bornstein says bodyguard, lawyer 'raided' his office, took medical files". NBC News. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ O'Brien, Timothy L. (October 23, 2005). "What's He Really Worth?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Diamond, Jeremy; Frates, Chris (July 22, 2015). "Donald Trump's 92-page financial disclosure released". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Walsh, John (October 3, 2018). "Trump has fallen 138 spots on Forbes' wealthiest-Americans list, his net worth down over $1 billion, since he announced his presidential bid in 2015". Business Insider. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
^ "#1001 Donald Trump". Forbes. 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ Greenberg, Jonathan (April 20, 2018). "Trump lied to me about his wealth to get onto the Forbes 400. Here are the tapes". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Stump, Scott (October 26, 2015). "Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1 million to get started". CNBC. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
^ Barstow, David; Craig, Susanne; Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). "11 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation into Trump's Wealth". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barstow, David; Craig, Susanne; Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). "Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
^ Campbell, Jon; Spector, Joseph (October 3, 2018). "New York could levy hefty penalties if Trump tax fraud is proven". USA Today. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
^ "From the Tower to the White House". The Economist. February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016. Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York.
^ Swanson, Ana (February 29, 2016). "The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Alexander, Dan; Peterson-Whithorn, Chase (October 2, 2018). "How Trump Is Trying—And Failing—To Get Rich Off His Presidency". Forbes. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (May 7, 2019). "Decade in the Red: Trump Tax Figures Show Over $1 Billion in Business Losses". The New York Times. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
^ Friedersdorf, Conor (May 8, 2019). "The Secret That Was Hiding in Trump's Taxes". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
^ Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne; McIntire, Mike (September 27, 2020). "Long-concealed Records Show Trump's Chronic Losses And Years Of Tax Avoidance". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ Alexander, Dan (October 16, 2020). "Donald Trump Has at Least $1 Billion in Debt, More Than Twice The Amount He Suggested". Forbes. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Mahler, Jonathan; Eder, Steve (August 27, 2016). "'No Vacancies' for Blacks: How Donald Trump Got His Start, and Was First Accused of Bias". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Blair 2015, p. 250.
^ Rich, Frank (April 30, 2018). "The Original Donald Trump". New York. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
^ Kessler, Glenn (March 3, 2016). "Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 84.
^ Geist, William E. (April 8, 1984). "The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Jacobs, Shayna; Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan; Dawsey, Josh (September 3, 2021). "Trump Tower's key tenants have fallen behind on rent and moved out. But Trump has one reliable customer: His own PAC". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Haberman, Maggie (October 31, 2019). "Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
^ "Company News; Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved". The New York Times. Reuters. December 12, 1992. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
^ Stout, David; Gilpin, Kenneth N. (April 12, 1995). "Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
^ Segal, David (January 16, 2016). "What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 298.
^ Bagli, Charles V. (June 1, 2005). "Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8 billion". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
^ Peterson-Withorn, Chase (April 23, 2018). "Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago". Forbes. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
^ Dangremond, Sam; Kim, Leena (December 22, 2017). "A History of Mar-a-Lago, Donald Trump's American Castle". Town & Country. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
^ Wooten 2009, pp. 57–58.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 128.
^ Wooten 2009, pp. 59–60.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 137.
^ Glynn, Lenny (April 8, 1990). "Trump's Taj – Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 135.
^ "Trump reaches agreement with bondholders on Taj Mahal". United Press International. April 9, 1991. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
^ "Company News; Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy". The New York Times. October 5, 1991. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
^ O'Connor, Claire (May 29, 2011). "Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him". Forbes. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
^ Norris, Floyd (June 7, 1995). "Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
^ McQuade, Dan (August 16, 2015). "The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire". Philadelphia. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
^ Tully, Shawn (March 10, 2016). "How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure". Fortune. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Garcia, Ahiza (December 29, 2016). "Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know". CNN Money. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
^ "Take a look at the golf courses owned by Donald Trump". Golfweek. July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
^ Bump, Philip (January 20, 2021). "Trump's presidency ends where so much of it was spent: A Trump Organization property". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Anthony, Zane; Sanders, Kathryn; Fahrenthold, David A. (April 13, 2018). "Whatever happened to Trump neckties? They're over. So is most of Trump's merchandising empire". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Martin, Jonathan (June 29, 2016). "Trump Institute Offered Get-Rich Schemes With Plagiarized Lessons". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ Williams, Aaron; Narayanswamy, Anu (January 25, 2017). "How Trump has made millions by selling his name". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ Markazi, Arash (July 14, 2015). "5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL". ESPN. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Morris, David Z. (September 24, 2017). "Donald Trump Fought the NFL Once Before. He Got Crushed". Fortune. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ "Trump Gets Tyson Fight". The New York Times. February 25, 1988. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
^ O'Donnell & Rutherford 1991, p. 137.
^ Hogan, Kevin (April 10, 2016). "The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza". Politico. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
^ Mattingly, Phil; Jorgensen, Sarah (August 23, 2016). "The Gordon Gekko era: Donald Trump's lucrative and controversial time as an activist investor". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Kessler, Glenn (August 11, 2016). "Too good to check: Sean Hannity's tale of a Trump rescue". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
^ Blair, Gwenda (October 7, 2018). "Did the Trump Family Historian Drop a Dime to the New York Times?". Politico. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ Koblin, John (September 14, 2015). "Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Nededog, Jethro (September 14, 2015). "Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization after buying it 3 days ago". Business Insider. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
^ Rutenberg, Jim (June 22, 2002). "Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
^ de Moraes, Lisa (June 22, 2002). "There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
^ Zara, Christopher (October 26, 2016). "Why the heck does Donald Trump have a Walk of Fame star, anyway? It's not the reason you think". Fast Company. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
^ Puente, Maria (June 29, 2015). "NBC to Donald Trump: You're fired". USA Today. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Cohan, William D. (December 3, 2013). "Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real Estate Students?". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
^ Barbaro, Michael (May 19, 2011). "New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (February 27, 2016). "Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
^ McCoy, Kevin (August 26, 2013). "Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'". USA Today. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Barbaro, Michael; Eder, Steve (May 31, 2016). "Former Trump University Workers Call the School a 'Lie' and a 'Scheme' in Testimony". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
^ Montanaro, Domenico (June 1, 2016). "Hard Sell: The Potential Political Consequences of the Trump University Documents". NPR. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ Eder, Steve (November 18, 2016). "Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
^ Tigas, Mike; Wei, Sisi. "Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
^ Fahrenthold, David A. (September 1, 2016). "Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Fahrenthold, David A.; Helderman, Rosalind S. (April 10, 2016). "Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Solnik, Claude (September 15, 2016). "Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns". Long Island Business News. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Cillizza, Chris; Fahrenthold, David A. (September 15, 2016). "Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
^ Bradner, Eric; Frehse, Rob (September 14, 2016). "NY attorney general is investigating Trump Foundation practices". CNN. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ Fahrenthold, David A. (October 3, 2016). "Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Jacobs, Ben (December 24, 2016). "Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints". The Guardian. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
^ Isidore, Chris; Schuman, Melanie (June 14, 2018). "New York attorney general sues Trump Foundation". CNN. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (June 14, 2018). "Five things to know about the lawsuit against the Trump Foundation". The Hill. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
^ Goldmacher, Shane (December 18, 2018). "Trump Foundation Will Dissolve, Accused of 'Shocking Pattern of Illegality'". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
^ Katersky, Aaron (November 7, 2019). "President Donald Trump ordered to pay $2M to collection of nonprofits as part of civil lawsuit". ABC News. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
^ "Judge orders Trump to pay $2m for misusing Trump Foundation funds". BBC News. November 8, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Mahler, Jonathan; Flegenheimer, Matt (June 20, 2016). "What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
^ Kranish, Michael; O'Harrow, Robert Jr. (January 23, 2016). "Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ Dunlap, David W. (July 30, 2015). "1973 | Meet Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
^ Brenner, Marie (June 28, 2017). "How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
^ "Donald Trump: Three decades, 4,095 lawsuits". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Winter, Tom (June 24, 2016). "Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up". NBC News. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ Flitter, Emily (July 17, 2016). "Art of the spin: Trump bankers question his portrayal of financial comeback". Reuters. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
^ Smith, Allan (December 8, 2017). "Trump's long and winding history with Deutsche Bank could now be at the center of Robert Mueller's investigation". Business Insider. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
^ Riley, Charles; Egan, Matt (January 12, 2021). "Deutsche Bank won't do any more business with Trump". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ "Trump sues Deutsche Bank and Capital One over Democrat subpoenas". BBC News. April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
^ Fahrenthold, David A.; Bade, Rachael; Wagner, John (April 22, 2019). "Trump sues in bid to block congressional subpoena of financial records". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
^ Savage, Charlie (May 20, 2019). "Accountants Must Turn Over Trump's Financial Records, Lower-Court Judge Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Merle, Renae; Kranish, Michael; Sonmez, Felicia (May 22, 2019). "Judge rejects Trump's request to halt congressional subpoenas for his banking records". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Flitter, Emily; McKinley, Jesse; Enrich, David; Fandos, Nicholas (May 22, 2019). "Trump's Financial Secrets Move Closer to Disclosure". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Hutzler, Alexandra (May 21, 2019). "Donald Trump's Subpoena Appeals Now Head to Merrick Garland's Court". Newsweek. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ Fogel, Mikhaila (June 10, 2019). "Trump Legal Team Files Brief in Mazars Appeal". Lawfare. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
^ Merle, Renae (May 28, 2019). "House subpoenas for Trump's bank records put on hold while President appeals". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
^ Buncombe, Andrew (July 4, 2018). "Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise". The Independent. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mayer, Jane (July 18, 2016). "Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
^ O'Neil, Luke (June 2, 2020). "What do we know about Trump's love for the Bible?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
^ LaFrance, Adrienne (December 21, 2015). "Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos". The Atlantic.
^ Dawsey, Josh (January 16, 2017). "Trump's obsession with WrestleMania and fake drama". Politico. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
^ Kelly, Chris; Wetherbee, Brandon (December 9, 2016). "Heel in Chief". Slate. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 166.
^ Silverman, Stephen M. (April 29, 2004). "The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show". People. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
^ Tedeschi, Bob (February 6, 2006). "Now for Sale Online, the Art of the Vacation". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
^ Montopoli, Brian (April 1, 2011). "Donald Trump gets regular Fox News spot". CBS News. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
^ Grossmann, Matt; Hopkins, David A. (September 9, 2016). "How the conservative media is taking over the Republican Party". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
^ Grynbaum, Michael M.; Parker, Ashley (July 16, 2016). "Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice'". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
^ Rao, Sonia (February 4, 2021). "Facing expulsion, Trump resigns from the Screen Actors Guild: 'You have done nothing for me'". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^ Harmata, Claudia (February 7, 2021). "Donald Trump Banned from Future Re-Admission to SAG-AFTRA: It's 'More Than a Symbolic Step'". People. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Gillin, Joshua (August 24, 2015). "Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'". PolitiFact. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ "Trump Officially Joins Reform Party". CNN. October 25, 1999. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Oreskes, Michael (September 2, 1987). "Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
^ Butterfield, Fox (November 18, 1987). "Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Meacham, Jon (2016). Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. Random House Publishing Group. p. 326. ISBN 9780812979473.
^ Winger, Richard (December 25, 2011). "Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries". Ballot Access News. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Clift, Eleanor (July 18, 2016). "The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ Nagourney, Adam (February 14, 2000). "Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
^ Johnson, Glen. "Donald Trump eyeing a run at the White House". Standard-Speaker. Hazleton, Pennsylvania.
^ ^a ^b MacAskill, Ewen (May 16, 2011). "Donald Trump bows out of 2012 US presidential election race". The Guardian. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
^ Bobic, Igor; Stein, Sam (February 22, 2017). "How CPAC Helped Launch Donald Trump's Political Career". HuffPost. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
^ Preston, Mark; Silverleib, Alan (February 3, 2012). "Trump endorses Romney". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Linkins, Jason (February 11, 2011). "Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC". HuffPost. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Cillizza, Chris (June 14, 2016). "This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Flitter, Emily; Oliphant, James (August 28, 2015). "Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire". Reuters. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ McCammon, Sarah (August 10, 2016). "Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line". NPR. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump". FactCheck.org. December 21, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
^ Holan, Angie Drobnic; Qiu, Linda (December 21, 2015). "2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump". PolitiFact. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Farhi, Paul (February 26, 2016). "Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.)". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Stelter, Brian (September 26, 2016). "The weekend America's newspapers called Donald Trump a liar". CNN. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Finnegan, Michael (September 25, 2016). "Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Walsh, Kenneth T. (August 15, 2016). "Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt'". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Blake, Aaron (July 6, 2016). "Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Lerner, Adam B. (June 16, 2015). "The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech". Politico. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ Graham, David A. (May 13, 2016). "The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ Reeve, Elspeth (October 27, 2015). "How Donald Trump Evolved From a Joke to an Almost Serious Candidate". The New Republic. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
^ Bump, Philip (March 23, 2016). "Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Nussbaum, Matthew (May 3, 2016). "RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee". Politico. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ Hartig, Hannah; Lapinski, John; Psyllos, Stephanie (July 19, 2016). "Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off". NBC News. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ "2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton". HuffPost. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Levingston, Ivan (July 15, 2016). "Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence for VP". CNBC. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ "Trump closes the deal, becomes Republican nominee for president". Fox News. July 19, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ "US presidential debate: Trump won't commit to accept election result". BBC News. October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
^ "The Republican Party has lurched towards populism and illiberalism". October 31, 2020. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ Borger, Julian (October 26, 2021). "Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study". The Guardian. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ Chotiner, Isaac (July 29, 2021). "Redefining Populism". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ Noah, Timothy (July 26, 2015). "Will the real Donald Trump please stand up?". Politico. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Timm, Jane C. (March 30, 2016). "A Full List of Donald Trump's Rapidly Changing Policy Positions". NBC News. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ "Trump's promises before and after the election". BBC. September 19, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ Johnson, Jenna (April 12, 2017). "Trump on NATO: 'I said it was obsolete. It's no longer obsolete.'". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
^ Edwards, Jason A. (2018). "Make America Great Again: Donald Trump and Redefining the U.S. Role in the World". Communication Quarterly. 66 (2): 176. doi:10.1080/01463373.2018.1438485. ISSN 0146-3373. S2CID 149040989. On the campaign trail, Trump repeatedly called North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 'obsolete'.
^ Bierman, Noah (August 22, 2016). "Donald Trump helps bring far-right media's edgier elements into the mainstream". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ White, Daniel (January 22, 2016). "Trump Criticized for Retweeting Racist Account". Time. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ Kopan, Tal (January 22, 2016). "Donald Trump retweets 'White Genocide' Twitter user". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Scott, Eugene (March 3, 2016). "Trump denounces David Duke, KKK". Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Nelson, Libby (August 12, 2017). ""Why we voted for Donald Trump": David Duke explains the white supremacist Charlottesville protests". Vox. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
^ Cummings, William (August 15, 2017). "Former KKK leader David Duke praises Trump for his 'courage'". USA Today. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
^ Wilson, Jason (November 15, 2016). "Clickbait scoops and an engaged alt-right: everything to know about Breitbart News". The Guardian. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
^ Weigel, David (August 20, 2016). "'Racialists' are cheered by Trump's latest strategy". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ Krieg, Gregory (August 25, 2016). "Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right' – What is it?". CNN. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ Pierce, Matt (September 20, 2020). "Q&A: What is President Trump's relationship with far-right and white supremacist groups?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Diamond, Jeremy (November 23, 2016). "Donald Trump disavows 'alt-right'". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ "Donald Trump's New York Times Interview: Full Transcript". The New York Times. November 23, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ "Executive Branch Personnel Public Financial Disclosure Report (U.S. OGE Form 278e)" (PDF). U.S. Office of Government Ethics. July 15, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2015 – via Bloomberg Businessweek.
^ Rappeport, Alan (May 11, 2016). "Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ Qiu, Linda (October 5, 2016). "Pence's False claim that Trump 'hasn't broken' tax return promise". PolitiFact. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
^ Isidore, Chris; Sahadi, Jeanne (February 26, 2016). "Trump says he can't release tax returns because of audits". CNN. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
^ de Vogue, Ariane (February 22, 2021). "Supreme Court allows release of Trump tax returns to NY prosecutor". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Gresko, Jessica (February 22, 2021). "Supreme Court won't halt turnover of Trump's tax records". Associated Press. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ Eder, Steve; Twohey, Megan (October 10, 2016). "Donald Trump Acknowledges Not Paying Federal Income Taxes for Years". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ Schmidt, Kiersten; Andrews, Wilson (December 19, 2016). "A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ Desilver, Drew (December 20, 2016). "Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones". Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ Crockett, Zachary (November 11, 2016). "Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience". Vox. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
^ Goldmacher, Shane; Schreckinger, Ben (November 9, 2016). "Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history". Politico. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
^ Cohn, Nate (November 9, 2016). "Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
^ Phillips, Amber (November 9, 2016). "Republicans are poised to grasp the holy grail of governance". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ Logan, Brian; Sanchez, Chris (November 10, 2016). "Protests against Donald Trump break out nationwide". Business Insider. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
^ Colson, Thomas (November 11, 2016). "Trump says protesters have 'passion for our great country' after calling demonstrations 'very unfair'". Business Insider.
^ Przybyla, Heidi M.; Schouten, Fredreka (January 21, 2017). "At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations". USA Today. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
^ Quigley, Aidan (January 25, 2017). "All of Trump's executive actions so far". Politico. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
^ V.V.B (March 31, 2017). "Ivanka Trump's new job". The Economist. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Lipton, Eric; Savage, Charlie (January 21, 2017). "Jared Kushner, Trump's Son-in-Law, Is Cleared to Serve as Adviser". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
^ Geewax, Marilyn (January 20, 2018). "Trump Has Revealed Assumptions About Handling Presidential Wealth, Businesses". NPR. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Donald Trump: A list of potential conflicts of interest". BBC. April 18, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Venook, Jeremy (August 9, 2017). "Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Orden, Erica; Polantz, Katelyn (August 17, 2020). "Appeals court lets emoluments lawsuit against Trump proceed". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
^ ^a ^b In Focus: The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. August 19, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ LaFraniere, Sharon (January 25, 2018). "Lawsuit on Trump Emoluments Violations Gains Traction in Court". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
^ de Vogue, Ariane; Cole, Devan (January 25, 2021). "Supreme Court dismisses emoluments cases against Trump". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Dam, Andrew Van (January 8, 2021). "Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ Smialek, Jeanna (June 8, 2020). "The U.S. Entered a Recession in February". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ Long, Heather (December 15, 2017). "The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here's what is in it". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
^ Andrews, Wilson; Parlapiano, Alicia (December 15, 2017). "What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
^ Gale, William G. (February 14, 2020). "Did the 2017 tax cut—the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act—pay for itself?". Brookings Institution. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
^ Long, Heather; Stein, Jeff (October 25, 2019). "The U.S. deficit hit $984 billion in 2019, soaring during Trump era". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ Sloan, Allan; Podkul, Cezary (January 14, 2021). "Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years". ProPublica. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Bliss, Laura (November 16, 2020). "How Trump's $1 Trillion Infrastructure Pledge Added Up". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^ Parker, Ashley; Davenport, Coral (May 26, 2016). "Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Samenow, Jason (March 22, 2016). "Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Greshko, Michael; Parker, Laura; Howard, Brian Clark; Stone, Daniel; Borunda, Alejandra; Gibbens, Sarah (February 12, 2018). "Trump proposes cuts to climate and clean-energy programs". National Geographic Society. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
^ Dennis, Brady (November 7, 2017). "As Syria embraces Paris climate deal, it's the United States against the world". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Popovich, Nadja; Albeck-Ripka, Livia; Pierre-Louis, Kendra (January 20, 2021). "The Trump Administration Rolled Back More Than 100 Environmental Rules. Here's the Full List". The New York Times.
^ Gardner, Timothy (December 3, 2019). "Senate confirms Brouillette, former Ford lobbyist, as energy secretary". Reuters. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
^ Brown, Matthew (September 15, 2020). "Trump's fossil fuel agenda gets pushback from federal judges". Associated Press. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Lipton, Eric (October 5, 2020). "'The Coal Industry Is Back,' Trump Proclaimed. It Wasn't". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Subramaniam, Tara (January 30, 2021). "From building the wall to bringing back coal: Some of Trump's more notable broken promises". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Plumer, Brad (January 30, 2017). "Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of". Vox. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ Calabresi, Massimo (March 9, 2017). "Inside Donald Trump's War against the State". Time.
^ Baker, Cayli (December 15, 2020). "The Trump administration's major environmental deregulations". Brookings Institution. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
^ Grunwald, Michael (April 10, 2017). "Trump's Secret Weapon Against Obama's Legacy". Politico Magazine. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
^ Lipton, Eric; Appelbaum, Binyamin (March 5, 2017). "Leashes Come Off Wall Street, Gun Sellers, Polluters and More". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
^ "Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples". The New York Times. March 5, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2022 – via DocumentCloud.
^ Kodjak, Alison (November 9, 2016). "Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress". NPR. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Pear, Robert (January 20, 2017). "Trump Issues Executive Order Scaling Back Parts of Obamacare". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
^ Luhby, Tami (October 13, 2017). "What's in Trump's health care executive order?". CNN. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
^ Nelson, Louis (July 18, 2017). "Trump says he plans to 'let Obamacare fail'". Politico. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
^ Young, Jeffrey (August 31, 2017). "Trump Ramps Up Obamacare Sabotage With Huge Cuts To Enrollment Programs". HuffPost. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
^ Luthra, Shefali (January 14, 2020). "Trump's claim that he 'saved' pre-ex conditions 'part fantasy, part delusion'". PolitiFact. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (June 26, 2020). "Trump Administration Asks Supreme Court to Strike Down Affordable Care Act". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Katkov, Mark (June 26, 2020). "Obamacare Must 'Fall,' Trump Administration Tells Supreme Court". NPR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Rappeport, Alan; Haberman, Maggie (January 22, 2020). "Trump Opens Door to Cuts to Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
^ Mann, Brian (October 29, 2020). "Opioid Crisis: Critics Say Trump Fumbled Response To Another Deadly Epidemic". NPR. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ McGraw, Meridith; Cook, Nancy (September 25, 2020). "Trump walks abortion tightrope on SCOTUS pick". Politico. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ de Vogue, Ariane (November 15, 2016). "Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled', but Roe v Wade can be changed". CNN. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ O'Hara, Mary Emily (March 30, 2017). "LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination". NBC News. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
^ Krieg, Gregory (June 20, 2016). "The times Trump changed his positions on guns". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Dawsey, Josh (November 1, 2019). "Trump abandons proposing ideas to curb gun violence after saying he would following mass shootings". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Bures, Brendan (February 21, 2020). "Trump administration doubles down on anti-marijuana position". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Wolf, Zachary B. (July 27, 2019). "Trump returns to the death penalty as Democrats turn against it". CNN. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
^ Honderich, Holly (January 16, 2021). "In Trump's final days, a rush of federal executions". BBC. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
^ Tarm, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael (January 15, 2021). "Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution". Associated Press. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
^ McCarthy, Tom (February 7, 2016). "Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
^ "Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding". ABC News. February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
^ Hassner, Ron E. (2020). "What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 33 (1): 4–42. doi:10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951. S2CID 213244706.
^ ^a ^b ^c Olorunnipa, Toluse; Dawsey, Josh (December 24, 2020). "Trump wields pardon power as political weapon, rewarding loyalists and undermining prosecutors". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Hillyard, Vaughn; Helsel, Phil (August 26, 2017). "President Trump Grants Pardon for Former Sheriff Joe Arpaio". NBC News. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
^ Lucas, Ryan (March 9, 2018). "Trump Pardons Ex-Navy Sailor Sentenced For Photos of Submarine". NPR. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
^ Rucker, Philip; Dawsey, Josh; Wagner, John (May 31, 2018). "Trump pardons conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, suggests others also could receive clemency". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
^ Wagner, John; Horwitz, Sari (June 6, 2018). "Trump has commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, a woman whose case was championed by Kim Kardashian". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
^ Philipps, Dave (November 16, 2019). "Trump's Pardons for Servicemen Raise Fears That Laws of War Are History". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (December 22, 2020). "Trump Pardons Two Russia Inquiry Figures and Blackwater Guards". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie; Shear, Michael D. (February 18, 2020). "Trump Commutes Corruption Sentence of Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
^ Kelly, Amita; Lucas, Ryan; Romo, Vanessa (December 23, 2020). "Trump Pardons Roger Stone, Paul Manafort And Charles Kushner". NPR. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ Haberman, Maggie; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Lipton, Eric; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 20, 2021). "With Hours Left in Office, Trump Grants Clemency to Bannon and Other Allies". The New York Times. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Leonnig, Carol D.; Zapotosky, Matt; Dawsey, Josh; Tan, Rebecca (June 2, 2020). "Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
^ Bump, Philip (June 2, 2020). "Timeline: The clearing of Lafayette Square". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
^ Gittleson, Ben; Phelps, Jordyn (June 3, 2020). "Police use munitions to forcibly push back peaceful protesters for Trump church visit". ABC News. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
^ Shear, Michael D.; Rogers, Katie (June 3, 2020). "Trump and Aides Try to Change the Narrative of the White House Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
^ Stableford, Dylan; Wilson, Christopher (June 3, 2020). "Religious leaders condemn teargassing protesters to clear street for Trump". Yahoo! News. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ "Scores of retired military leaders publicly denounce Trump". AP News. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ Lamothe, Dan (June 11, 2020). "Pentagon's top general apologizes for appearing alongside Trump in Lafayette Square". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
^ "Donald Trump's Mexico wall: Who is going to pay for it?". BBC. February 6, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ "Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. August 19, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
^ Oh, Inae (August 19, 2015). "Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional". Mother Jones. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
^ Fritze, John (August 8, 2019). "A USA Today analysis found Trump used words like 'invasion' and 'killer' at rallies more than 500 times since 2017". USA Today. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
^ Gomez, Alan (January 31, 2018). "Trump painted a dark picture of immigrants, despite the facts". USA Today. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
^ Haslett, Cheyenne (January 15, 2019). "Fact Check: Trump's claims on undocumented immigrant crime rates. Here's what the numbers show". ABC News. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
^ Johnson, Kevin R. (2017). "Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order". Santa Clara Law Review. 57 (3): 611–665. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
^ Johnson, Kevin R.; Cuison-Villazor, Rose (May 2, 2019). "The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity". Wake Forest Law Review. 54 (2): 575–616. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
^ Mitchell, Ellen (January 29, 2019). "Pentagon to send a 'few thousand' more troops to southern border". The Hill. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
^ Snow, Anita (February 25, 2020). "Crackdown on immigrants who use public benefits takes effect". AP News. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
^ "Donald Trump has cut refugee admissions to America to a record low". The Economist. November 4, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
^ Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Shear, Michael D. (October 1, 2020). "Trump Virtually Cuts Off Refugees as He Unleashes a Tirade on Immigrants". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Hesson, Ted (October 11, 2019). "Trump ending U.S. role as worldwide leader on refugees". Politico. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
^ Pilkington, Ed (December 8, 2015). "Donald Trump: ban all Muslims entering US". The Guardian. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
^ Johnson, Jenna (June 25, 2016). "Trump now proposes only Muslims from terrorism-heavy countries would be banned from U.S." The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021. [A] reporter asked Trump if [he] would be OK with a Muslim from Scotland coming into the United States and he said it 'wouldn't bother me'. Afterward, [spokeswoman] Hicks said in an email that Trump's ban would now just apply to Muslims in terror states ...
^ ^a ^b Walters, Joanna; Helmore, Edward; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (January 28, 2017). "US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests". The Guardian. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action". CBS News. January 28, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
^ Barrett, Devlin; Frosch, Dan (February 4, 2017). "Federal Judge Temporarily Halts Trump Order on Immigration, Refugees". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Levine, Dan; Rosenberg, Mica (March 15, 2017). "Hawaii judge halts Trump's new travel ban before it can go into effect". Reuters. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ "Trump signs new travel ban directive". BBC News. March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ Sherman, Mark (June 26, 2017). "Limited version of Trump's travel ban to take effect Thursday". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
^ Laughland, Oliver (September 25, 2017). "Trump travel ban extended to blocks on North Korea, Venezuela and Chad". The Guardian. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
^ Hurley, Lawrence (December 4, 2017). "Supreme Court lets Trump's latest travel ban go into full effect". Reuters. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Wagner, Meg; Ries, Brian; Rocha, Veronica (June 26, 2018). "Supreme Court upholds travel ban". CNN. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
^ Pearle, Lauren (February 5, 2019). "Trump administration admits thousands more migrant families may have been separated than estimated". ABC News. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Spagat, Elliot (October 25, 2019). "Tally of children split at border tops 5,400 in new count". AP News. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Shear, Michael D. (June 16, 2018). "How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ Savage, Charlie (June 20, 2018). "Explaining Trump's Executive Order on Family Separation". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Domonoske, Camila; Gonzales, Richard (June 19, 2018). "What We Know: Family Separation And 'Zero Tolerance' At The Border". NPR. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ Epstein, Jennifer (June 18, 2018). "Donald Trump's family separations bedevil GOP as public outrage grows". The Sydney Morning Herald. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (June 15, 2018). "Separated at the Border From Their Parents: In Six Weeks, 1,995 Children". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
^ Sarlin, Benjy (June 15, 2018). "Despite claims, GOP immigration bill would not end family separation, experts say". NBC News. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Nixon, Ron (May 29, 2018). "Trump Officials, Moving to Break Up Migrant Families, Blame Democrats". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
^ Beckwith, Ryan Teague (June 20, 2018). "Here's What President Trump's Immigration Order Actually Does". Time. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ Shear, Michael D.; Goodnough, Abby; Haberman, Maggie (June 20, 2018). "Trump Retreats on Separating Families, but Thousands May Remain Apart". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
^ Hansler, Jennifer (June 27, 2018). "Judge says government does a better job of tracking 'personal property' than separated kids". CNN. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ Walters, Joanna (June 27, 2018). "Judge orders US to reunite families separated at border within 30 days". The Guardian. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ Timm, Jane C. (January 13, 2021). "Fact check: Mexico never paid for it. But what about Trump's other border wall promises?". NBC News. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ Farley, Robert (February 16, 2021). "Trump's Border Wall: Where Does It Stand?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Tackett, Michael (January 2, 2019). "Trump and Democrats Dig in After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Gambino, Lauren; Walters, Joanna (January 26, 2019). "Trump signs bill to end $6bn shutdown and temporarily reopen government". The Guardian. Reuters. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^ Pramuk, Jacob (January 25, 2019). "Trump signs bill to temporarily reopen government after longest shutdown in history". CNBC. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^ Fritze, John (January 24, 2019). "By the numbers: How the government shutdown is affecting the US". USA Today. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^ Mui, Ylan (January 28, 2019). "Government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion: CBO". CNBC. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^ Bacon, Perry Jr. (January 25, 2019). "Why Trump Blinked". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Pramuk, Jacob; Wilkie, Christina (February 15, 2019). "Trump declares national emergency to build border wall, setting up massive legal fight". CNBC. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^ Carney, Jordain (October 17, 2019). "Senate fails to override Trump veto over emergency declaration". The Hill. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^ Quinn, Melissa (December 11, 2019). "Supreme Court allows Trump to use military funds for border wall construction". CBS News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ Trump v. Sierra Club, No. 19A60, 588 U.S. ___ (2019)
^ Allyn, Bobby (January 9, 2020). "Appeals Court Allows Trump To Divert $3.6 Billion In Military Funds For Border Wall". NPR. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ El Paso Cty. v. Trump, 982 F.3d 332 (5th Cir. December 4, 2020). were unsuccessful.
^ Cummings, William (October 24, 2018). "'I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar". USA Today. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Bennhold, Katrin (June 6, 2020). "Has 'America First' Become 'Trump First'? Germans Wonder". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Rucker, Philip; Costa, Robert (March 21, 2016). "Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ Dodson, Kyle; Brooks, Clem (September 20, 2021). "All by Himself? Trump, Isolationism, and the American Electorate". The Sociological Quarterly: 1–24. doi:10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348. ISSN 0038-0253.
^ Carothers, Thomas; Brown, Frances Z. (October 1, 2018). "Can U.S. Democracy Policy Survive Trump?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ McGurk, Brett (January 22, 2020). "The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ Swanson, Ana (March 12, 2020). "Trump Administration Escalates Tensions With Europe as Crisis Looms". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Baker, Peter (May 26, 2017). "Trump Says NATO Allies Don't Pay Their Share. Is That True?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Barnes, Julian E.; Cooper, Helene (January 14, 2019). "Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
^ Tankersley, Jim; Landler, Mark (May 15, 2019). "Trump's Love for Tariffs Began in Japan's '80s Boom". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ "Trump calls NAFTA a "disaster"". CBS News. September 25, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Bradner, Eric (January 23, 2017). "Trump's TPP withdrawal: 5 things to know". CNN. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
^ Inman, Phillip (March 10, 2018). "The war over steel: Trump tips global trade into new turmoil". The Guardian. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
^ Lawder, David; Blanchard, Ben (June 15, 2018). "Trump sets tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese goods; Beijing strikes back". Reuters. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Newburger, Emma (May 12, 2019). "Kudlow acknowledges US will pay for China tariffs, contradicting Trump". CNBC. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ Crutsinger, Martin (September 3, 2020). "US trade deficit surges in July to highest in 12 years". AP News. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Rodriguez, Sabrina (April 24, 2020). "North American trade deal to take effect on July 1". Politico. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
^ Bose, Nandita; Shalal, Andrea (August 7, 2019). "Trump says China is 'killing us with unfair trade deals'". Reuters. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
^ Hass, Ryan; Denmark, Abraham (August 7, 2020). "More pain than gain: How the US-China trade war hurt America". Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ "How China Won Trump's Trade War and Got Americans to Foot the Bill". Bloomberg News. January 11, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Disis, Jill (October 25, 2020). "Trump promised to win the trade war with China. He failed". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
^ Bajak, Frank; Liedtke, Michael (May 21, 2019). "Huawei sanctions: Who gets hurt in dispute?". USA Today. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
^ "Trump's Trade War Targets Chinese Students at Elite U.S. Schools". Time. June 3, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
^ Meredith, Sam (August 6, 2019). "China responds to US after Treasury designates Beijing a 'currency manipulator'". CNBC. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
^ Sink, Justin (April 11, 2018). "Trump Praises China's Xi's Trade Speech, Easing Tariff Tensions". IndustryWeek. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Nakamura, David (August 23, 2019). "Amid trade war, Trump drops pretense of friendship with China's Xi Jinping, calls him an 'enemy'". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
^ Sevastopulo, Demetri (August 10, 2020). "China hawks latch on to Trump's campaign against Beijing". Financial Times. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
^ Ward, Myah (April 15, 2020). "15 times Trump praised China as coronavirus was spreading across the globe". Politico. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Mason, Jeff; Spetalnick, Matt; Alper, Alexandra (March 18, 2020). "Trump ratchets up criticism of China over coronavirus". Reuters. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
^ "Trump held off sanctioning Chinese over Uighurs to pursue trade deal". BBC News. June 22, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Verma, Pranshu; Wong, Edward (July 9, 2020). "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Chinese Officials Over Mass Detention of Muslims". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Phelps, Jordyn; Struyk, Ryan (May 20, 2017). "Trump signs $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia on 'a tremendous day'". ABC News. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
^ Holland, Steve; Bayoumy, Yara (March 20, 2018). "Trump praises U.S. military sales to Saudi as he welcomes crown prince". Reuters. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
^ "Trump, Saudi leader discuss Houthi 'threat' in Yemen: White House". Reuters. March 21, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (October 11, 2019). "U.S. says deploying more forces to Saudi Arabia to counter Iran threat". Reuters. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Sommer, Allison Kaplan (July 25, 2019). "How Trump and Netanyahu Became Each Other's Most Effective Political Weapon". Haaretz. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ Nelson, Louis; Nussbaum, Matthew (December 6, 2017). "Trump says U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite global condemnation". Politico. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
^ Romo, Vanessa (March 25, 2019). "Trump Formally Recognizes Israeli Sovereignty Over Golan Heights". NPR. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
^ Gladstone, Rick; Landler, Mark (December 21, 2017). "Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
^ Huet, Natalie (March 22, 2019). "Outcry as Trump backs Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights". Euronews. Reuters. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (January 21, 2018). "Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Gordon, Michael R.; Schmitt, Eric; Haberman, Maggie (August 20, 2017). "Trump Settles on Afghan Strategy Expected to Raise Troop Levels". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ George, Susannah; Dadouch, Sarah; Lamothe, Dan (February 29, 2020). "U.S. signs peace deal with Taliban agreeing to full withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Mashal, Mujib (February 29, 2020). "Taliban and U.S. Strike Deal to Withdraw American Troops From Afghanistan". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Kiely, Eugene; Farley, Robert (August 17, 2021). "Timeline of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan". FactCheck.org. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ "Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs". BBC News. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ Joyce, Kathleen (April 14, 2018). "US strikes Syria after suspected chemical attack by Assad regime". Fox News. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
^ Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (December 19, 2018). "Trump withdraws U.S. Forces From Syria, Declaring 'We Have Won Against ISIS'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
^ Borger, Julian; Chulov, Martin (December 20, 2018). "Trump shocks allies and advisers with plan to pull US troops out of Syria". The Guardian. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
^ Cooper, Helene (December 20, 2018). "Jim Mattis, Defense Secretary, Resigns in Rebuke of Trump's Worldview". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
^ Demirjian, Karoun; DeYoung, Karen (January 6, 2019). "Contradicting Trump, Bolton says no withdrawal from Syria until ISIS destroyed, Kurds' safety guaranteed". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
^ McKernan, Bethan; Borger, Julian; Sabbagh, Dan (October 9, 2019). "Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria". The Guardian. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ O'Brien, Connor (October 16, 2019). "House condemns Trump's Syria withdrawal". Politico. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Edmondson, Catie (October 16, 2019). "In Bipartisan Rebuke, House Majority Condemns Trump for Syria Withdrawal". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Borger, Julian; Smith, David (February 3, 2017). "Trump administration imposes new sanctions on Iran". The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
^ Lederman, Josh; Lucey, Catherine (May 8, 2018). "Trump declares US leaving 'horrible' Iran nuclear accord". Associated Press. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
^ Landler, Mark (May 8, 2018). "Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Hennigan, W.J. (November 24, 2021). "'They're Very Close.' U.S. General Says Iran Is Nearly Able to Build a Nuclear Weapon". Time. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ Crowley, Michael; Hassan, Falih; Schmitt, Eric (January 2, 2020). "U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
^ Daniel, Douglas K.; Lemire, Jonathan (January 5, 2020). "Trump says 52 targets already lined up if Iran retaliates". Associated Press. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
^ Wamsley, Laurel (January 6, 2020). "Trump Says He'll Target Iran's Cultural Sites. That's Illegal". NPR. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Ward, Alex (January 9, 2020). "Evidence is mounting that Iran accidentally shot down the Ukraine flight". Vox. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Baker, Peter; Bergman, Ronen; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Barnes, Julian E.; Rubin, Alissa J. (January 11, 2020). "Seven Days in January: How Trump Pushed U.S. and Iran to the Brink of War". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Motamedi, Maziar (April 17, 2021). "Iran rejects claim Ukraine's plane shot down intentionally". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Wise, Jeff (January 10, 2020). "How Trump's Iran War Bluster Paved the Way for the Ukrainian Airliner Shoot-Down". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 8, 2022. Trump's bluster and unpredictability, lauded by some of his allies as a strategic virtue, almost certainly contributed to the conditions that allowed this grievous mistake to be made.
^ Nichols, Michelle (February 18, 2021). "U.S. rescinds Trump White House claim that all U.N. sanctions had been reimposed on Iran". Reuters. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
^ Taylor, Adam; Meko, Tim (December 21, 2017). "What made North Korea's weapons programs so much scarier in 2017". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Windrem, Robert; Siemaszko, Corky; Arkin, Daniel (May 2, 2017). "North Korea crisis: How events have unfolded under Trump". NBC News. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ Borger, Julian (September 19, 2017). "Donald Trump threatens to 'totally destroy' North Korea in UN speech". The Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ McCausland, Phil (September 22, 2017). "Kim Jong Un Calls President Trump 'Dotard' and 'Frightened Dog'". NBC News. Reuters. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ "Transcript: Kim Jong Un's letters to President Trump". CNN. September 9, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy (September 9, 2020). "'A magical force': New Trump-Kim letters provide window into their 'special friendship'". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Baker, Peter; Crowley, Michael (June 30, 2019). "Trump Steps Into North Korea and Agrees With Kim Jong-un to Resume Talks". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Rappeport, Alan (March 22, 2019). "Trump Overrules Own Experts on Sanctions, in Favor to North Korea". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Sanger, David E.; Sang-Hun, Choe (June 12, 2020). "Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Tanner, Jari; Lee, Matthew (October 5, 2019). "North Korea Says Nuclear Talks Break Down While U.S. Says They Were 'Good'". Associated Press. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
^ Herskovitz, Jon (December 28, 2020). "Kim Jong Un's Nuclear Weapons Got More Dangerous Under Trump". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Warrick, Joby; Denyer, Simon (September 30, 2020). "As Kim wooed Trump with 'love letters', he kept building his nuclear capability, intelligence shows". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Zengerle, Patricia (January 16, 2019). "Bid to keep U.S. sanctions on Russia's Rusal fails in Senate". Reuters. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Whalen, Jeanne (January 15, 2019). "In rare rebuke of Trump administration, some GOP lawmakers advance measure to oppose lifting Russian sanctions". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Bugos, Shannon (September 2019). "U.S. Completes INF Treaty Withdrawal". Arms Control Association. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Panetta, Grace (June 14, 2018). "Trump reportedly claimed to leaders at the G7 that Crimea is part of Russia because everyone there speaks Russian". Business Insider. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
^ Baker, Peter (August 10, 2017). "Trump Praises Putin Instead of Critiquing Cuts to U.S. Embassy Staff". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
^ Nussbaum, Matthew (April 8, 2018). "Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad'". Politico. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ "Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline". BBC News. December 21, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Diamond, Jeremy; Malloy, Allie; Dewan, Angela (March 26, 2018). "Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Zurcher, Anthony (July 16, 2018). "Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home". BBC. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Calamur, Krishnadev (July 16, 2018). "Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Fox, Lauren (July 16, 2018). "Top Republicans in Congress break with Trump over Putin comments". CNN. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Savage, Charlie; Schmitt, Eric; Schwirtz, Michael (May 17, 2021). "Russian Spy Team Left Traces That Bolstered C.I.A.'s Bounty Judgment". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
^ Trimble, Megan (December 28, 2017). "Trump White House Has Highest Turnover in 40 Years". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ Wise, Justin (July 2, 2018). "AP: Trump admin sets record for White House turnover". The Hill. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
^ "Trump White House sets turnover records, analysis shows". NBC News. Associated Press. July 2, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Keith, Tamara (March 7, 2018). "White House Staff Turnover Was Already Record-Setting. Then More Advisers Left". NPR. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn; Kamarck, Elaine; Zeppos, Nicholas W. (March 16, 2018). "Tracking Turnover in the Trump Administration". Brookings Institution. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ Rogers, Katie; Karni, Annie (April 23, 2020). "Home Alone at the White House: A Sour President, With TV His Constant Companion". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
^ Cillizza, Chris (June 19, 2020). "Donald Trump makes terrible hires, according to Donald Trump". CNN. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Keith, Tamara (March 6, 2020). "Mick Mulvaney Out, Mark Meadows in As White House Chief Of Staff". NPR. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (July 28, 2017). "Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Fritze, John; Subramanian, Courtney; Collins, Michael (September 4, 2020). "Trump says former chief of staff Gen. John Kelly couldn't 'handle the pressure' of the job". USA Today. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Stanek, Becca (May 11, 2017). "President Trump just completely contradicted the official White House account of the Comey firing". The Week. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Schmidt, Michael S.; Apuzzo, Matt (June 7, 2017). "Comey Says Trump Pressured Him to 'Lift the Cloud' of Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
^ "Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence James B. Comey" (PDF). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. United States Government. June 8, 2017. p. 7. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
^ Jones-Rooy, Andrea (November 29, 2017). "The Incredibly And Historically Unstable First Year Of Trump's Cabinet". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ Hersher, Rebecca; Neely, Brett (July 5, 2018). "Scott Pruitt Out at EPA". NPR. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
^ Eilperin, Juliet; Dawsey, Josh (December 15, 2018). "Ryan Zinke resigns as interior secretary amid multiple investigations". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
^ Keith, Tamara (October 12, 2017). "Trump Leaves Top Administration Positions Unfilled, Says Hollow Government By Design". NPR. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ "Tracking how many key positions Trump has filled so far". The Washington Post. January 8, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Gramlich, John (January 13, 2021). "How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges". Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
^ Phillip, Abby; Barnes, Robert; O'Keefe, Ed (February 8, 2017). "Supreme Court nominee Gorsuch says Trump's attacks on judiciary are 'demoralizing'". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ In His Own Words: The President's Attacks on the Courts (Report). Brennan Center for Justice. June 5, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Shepherd, Katie (November 8, 2019). "Trump 'violates all recognized democratic norms,' federal judge says in biting speech on judicial independence". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020". World Health Organization. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
^ "Coronavirus disease 2019". World Health Organization. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
^ Holshue, Michelle L.; et al. (March 5, 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.
^ Hein, Alexandria (January 31, 2020). "Coronavirus declared public health emergency in US". Fox News. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
^ Watson, Kathryn (April 3, 2020). "A timeline of what Trump has said on coronavirus". CBS News. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ "Trump deliberately played down virus, Woodward book says". BBC News. September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
^ Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Stuart, Elizabeth (September 9, 2020). "'Play it down': Trump admits to concealing the true threat of coronavirus in new Woodward book". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
^ Cloud, David S.; Pringle, Paul; Stokols, Eli (April 19, 2020). "How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Lipton, Eric; Sanger, David E.; Haberman, Maggie; Shear, Michael D.; Mazzetti, Mark; Barnes, Julian E. (April 11, 2020). "He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ Kelly, Caroline (March 21, 2020). "Washington Post: US intelligence warned Trump in January and February as he dismissed coronavirus threat". CNN. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
^ Partington, Richard; Wearden, Graeme (March 9, 2020). "Global stock markets post biggest falls since 2008 financial crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
^ Allen, Arthur; McGraw, Meridith (March 5, 2020). "Trump gets a fact check on coronavirus vaccines – from his own officials". Politico. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
^ Valverde, Miriam (March 12, 2020). "Donald Trump's Wrong Claim That 'Anybody' Can Get Tested For Coronavirus". Kaiser Health News. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
^ Heeb, Gina (March 6, 2020). "Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak". Business Insider. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ "Coronavirus: What you need to know about Trump's Europe travel ban". The Local. March 12, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Karni, Annie; Haberman, Maggie (March 12, 2020). "In Rare Oval Office Speech, Trump Voices New Concerns and Old Themes". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
^ Liptak, Kevin (March 13, 2020). "Trump declares national emergency – and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures". CNN. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
^ Cohen, Zachary (April 10, 2020). "Trump administration shuttered pandemic monitoring program, then scrambled to extend it". CNN. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 25, 2019). "Scientists Were Hunting for the Next Ebola. Now the U.S. Has Cut Off Their Funding". The New York Times. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
^ Baumgaertner, Emily; Rainey, James (April 2, 2020). "Trump administration ended pandemic early-warning program to detect coronaviruses". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr.; Kaplan, Thomas (August 30, 2020). "U.S. Will Revive Global Virus-Hunting Effort Ended Last Year". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
^ "Trump's immigration executive order: What you need to know". Al Jazeera. April 23, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Shear, Michael D.; Weiland, Noah; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Sanger, David E. (July 18, 2020). "Inside Trump's Failure: The Rush to Abandon Leadership Role on the Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ "Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response". CBS News. January 30, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Karni, Annie (March 23, 2020). "In Daily Coronavirus Briefing, Trump Tries to Redefine Himself". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
^ Baker, Peter; Rogers, Katie; Enrich, David; Haberman, Maggie (April 6, 2020). "Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
^ Berenson, Tessa (March 30, 2020). "'He's Walking the Tightrope.' How Donald Trump Is Getting Out His Message on Coronavirus". Time. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
^ Dale, Daniel (March 17, 2020). "Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ Scott, Dylan (March 18, 2020). "Trump's new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous". Vox. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ Georgiou, Aristos (March 19, 2020). "WHO expert condemns language stigmatizing coronavirus after Trump repeatedly calls it the "Chinese virus"". Newsweek. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ Beavers, Olivia (March 19, 2020). "US-China relationship worsens over coronavirus". The Hill. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ Lemire, Jonathan (April 9, 2020). "As pandemic deepens, Trump cycles through targets to blame". AP News. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
^ "Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant as treatment". BBC News. April 24, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
^ Aratani, Lauren (May 5, 2020). "Why is the White House winding down the coronavirus taskforce?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ "Coronavirus: Trump says virus task force to focus on reopening economy". BBC News. May 6, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ Liptak, Kevin (May 6, 2020). "In reversal, Trump says task force will continue 'indefinitely' – eyes vaccine czar". CNN. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ Acosta, Jim; Liptak, Kevin; Westwood, Sarah (May 29, 2020). "As US deaths top 100,000, Trump's coronavirus task force is curtailed". CNN. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ollstein, Alice Miranda (April 14, 2020). "Trump halts funding to World Health Organization". Politico. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cohen, Zachary; Hansler, Jennifer; Atwood, Kylie; Salama, Vivian; Murray, Sara (July 7, 2020). "Trump administration begins formal withdrawal from World Health Organization". CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization". BBC News. July 7, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
^ Wood, Graeme (April 15, 2020). "The WHO Defunding Move Isn't What It Seems". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
^ Phillips, Amber (April 8, 2020). "Why exactly is Trump lashing out at the World Health Organization?". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
^ Higgins-Dunn, Noah (July 14, 2020). "Trump says U.S. would have half the number of coronavirus cases if it did half the testing". CNBC. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ Bump, Philip (July 23, 2020). "Trump is right that with lower testing, we record fewer cases. That's already happening". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ Feuer, Will (August 26, 2020). "CDC quietly revises coronavirus guidance to downplay importance of testing for asymptomatic people". CNBC. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ "The C.D.C. changes testing guidelines to exclude those exposed to virus who don't exhibit symptoms". The New York Times. August 26, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Valencia, Nick; Murray, Sara; Holmes, Kristen (August 26, 2020). "CDC was pressured 'from the top down' to change coronavirus testing guidance, official says". CNN. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Gumbrecht, Jamie; Gupta, Sanjay; Valencia, Nick (September 18, 2020). "Controversial coronavirus testing guidance came from HHS and didn't go through CDC scientific review, sources say". CNN. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
^ Wilson, Jason (April 17, 2020). "The rightwing groups behind wave of protests against Covid-19 restrictions". The Guardian. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ Andone, Dakin (April 16, 2020). "Protests Are Popping Up Across the US over Stay-at-Home Restrictions". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Shear, Michael D.; Mervosh, Sarah (April 17, 2020). "Trump Encourages Protest Against Governors Who Have Imposed Virus Restrictions". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
^ Chalfant, Morgan; Samuels, Brett (April 20, 2020). "Trump support for protests threatens to undermine social distancing rules". The Hill. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ Lemire, Jonathan; Nadler, Ben (April 24, 2020). "Trump approved of Georgia's plan to reopen before bashing it". AP News. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
^ Kumar, Anita (April 18, 2020). "Trump's unspoken factor on reopening the economy: Politics". Politico. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Danner, Chas (July 11, 2020). "99 Days Later, Trump Finally Wears a Face Mask in Public". New York. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Blake, Aaron (June 25, 2020). "Trump's dumbfounding refusal to encourage wearing masks". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ Blake, Aaron (July 6, 2020). "President Trump, coronavirus truther". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
^ Rabin, Roni Caryn; Cameron, Chris (July 5, 2020). "Trump Falsely Claims '99 Percent' of Virus Cases Are 'Totally Harmless'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Sprunt, Barbara (July 7, 2020). "Trump Pledges To 'Pressure' Governors To Reopen Schools Despite Health Concerns". NPR. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ McGinley, Laurie; Johnson, Carolyn Y. (June 15, 2020). "FDA pulls emergency approval for antimalarial drugs touted by Trump as covid-19 treatment". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ ^a ^b LaFraniere, Sharon; Weiland, Noah; Shear, Michael D. (September 12, 2020). "Trump Pressed for Plasma Therapy. Officials Worry, Is an Unvetted Vaccine Next?". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
^ Diamond, Dan (September 11, 2020). "Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19". Politico. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
^ Sun, Lena H. (September 12, 2020). "Trump officials seek greater control over CDC reports on coronavirus". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
^ McGinley, Laurie; Johnson, Carolyn Y.; Dawsey, Josh (August 22, 2020). "Trump without evidence accuses 'deep state' at FDA of slow-walking coronavirus vaccines and treatments". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Liptak, Kevin; Klein, Betsy (October 5, 2020). "A timeline of Trump and those in his orbit during a week of coronavirus developments". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
^ Ballhaus, Rebecca; Bender, Michael C. (October 4, 2020). "Trump Didn't Disclose First Positive Covid-19 Test While Awaiting a Second Test on Thursday". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Olorunnipa, Toluse; Dawsey, Josh (October 5, 2020). "Trump returns to White House, downplaying virus that hospitalized him and turned West Wing into a 'ghost town'". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Thomas, Katie; Kolata, Gina (October 2, 2020). "President Trump Received Experimental Antibody Treatment". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
^ Weiland, Noah; Haberman, Maggie; Mazzetti, Mark; Karni, Annie (February 11, 2021). "Trump Was Sicker Than Acknowledged With Covid-19". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Edelman, Adam (July 5, 2020). "Warning signs flash for Trump in Wisconsin as pandemic response fuels disapproval". NBC News. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
^ Strauss, Daniel (September 7, 2020). "Biden aims to make election about Covid-19 as Trump steers focus elsewhere". The Guardian. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
^ Karson, Kendall (September 13, 2020). "Deep skepticism for Trump's coronavirus response endures: POLL". ABC News. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
^ Impelli, Matthew (October 26, 2020). "Fact Check: Is U.S. 'Rounding the Turn' On COVID, as Trump Claims?". Newsweek. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
^ Maan, Anurag (October 31, 2020). "U.S. reports world record of more than 100,000 COVID-19 cases in single day". Reuters. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
^ Woodward, Calvin; Pace, Julie (December 16, 2018). "Scope of investigations into Trump has shaped his presidency". AP News. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
^ Buchanan, Larry; Yourish, Karen (September 25, 2019). "Tracking 30 Investigations Related to Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
^ Ellison, Sarah; Farhi, Paul (December 12, 2018). "Publisher of the National Enquirer admits to hush-money payments made on Trump's behalf". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^ Bump, Philip (August 21, 2018). "How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
^ Neumeister, Larry; Hays, Tom (August 22, 2018). "Cohen pleads guilty, implicates Trump in hush-money scheme". AP News. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Nelson, Louis (March 7, 2018). "White House on Stormy Daniels: Trump 'denied all these allegations'". Politico. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ Singman, Brooke (August 22, 2018). "Trump insists he learned of Michael Cohen payments 'later on', in 'Fox & Friends' exclusive". Fox News. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (December 7, 2018). "Court filings directly implicate Trump in efforts to buy women's silence, reveal new contact between inner circle and Russian". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ Allen, Jonathan; Stempel, Jonathan (July 18, 2019). "FBI documents point to Trump role in hush money for porn star Daniels". Reuters. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
^ Mustian, Jim (July 19, 2019). "Records detail frenetic effort to bury stories about Trump". AP News. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
^ Mustian, Jim (July 19, 2019). "Why no hush-money charges against Trump? Feds are silent". AP News. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K. (August 1, 2019). "Manhattan D.A. Subpoenas Trump Organization Over Stormy Daniels Hush Money". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ Rashbaum, William K.; Protess, Ben (September 16, 2019). "8 Years of Trump Tax Returns Are Subpoenaed by Manhattan D.A." The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Rosenberg, Matthew (July 6, 2017). "Trump Misleads on Russian Meddling: Why 17 Intelligence Agencies Don't Need to Agree". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Sanger, David E. (January 6, 2017). "Putin Ordered 'Influence Campaign' Aimed at U.S. Election, Report Says". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Berman, Russell (March 20, 2017). "It's Official: The FBI Is Investigating Trump's Links to Russia". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
^ McCarthy, Tom (December 13, 2016). "Trump's relationship with Russia – what we know and what comes next". The Guardian. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
^ Bump, Philip (March 3, 2017). "The web of relationships between Team Trump and Russia". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
^ Phillips, Amber (August 19, 2016). "Paul Manafort's complicated ties to Ukraine, explained". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ Risen, James (January 26, 2019). "Roger Stone Made His Name as a Dirty Trickster, but the Trump-Russia Cover-Up May Finally Bring Him Down". The Intercept. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Nesbit, Jeff (August 2, 2016). "Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many, Many Ties to Russia". Time. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
^ Williams, Katie Bo (May 24, 2017). "NYT: Russians discussed using Manafort, Flynn to influence Trump". The Hill. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Graham, David A. (November 15, 2019). "We Still Don't Know What Happened Between Trump and Russia". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Parker, Ned; Landay, Jonathan; Strobel, Warren (May 18, 2017). "Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts with Russians: sources". Reuters. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ Murray, Sara; Borger, Gloria; Diamond, Jeremy (February 14, 2017). "Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts". CNN. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
^ Harris, Shane; Dawsey, Josh; Nakashima, Ellen (September 27, 2019). "Trump told Russian officials in 2017 he wasn't concerned about Moscow's interference in U.S. election". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Barnes, Julian E.; Rosenberg, Matthew (November 22, 2019). "Charges of Ukrainian Meddling? A Russian Operation, U.S. Intelligence Says". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Pelley, Scott (February 16, 2020). "Why President Trump asked Ukraine to look into a DNC "server" and CrowdStrike". CBS News. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
^ "Rosenstein to testify in Senate on Trump-Russia probe". Reuters. May 27, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Schmidt, Michael S. (August 30, 2020). "Justice Dept. Never Fully Examined Trump's Ties to Russia, Ex-Officials Say". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Vitkovskaya, Julie (June 16, 2017). "Trump Is Officially under Investigation. How Did We Get Here?". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
^ Keating, Joshua (March 8, 2018). "It's Not Just a "Russia" Investigation Anymore". Slate. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Bump, Philip (January 11, 2018). "Analysis | Trump and the White House have denied Russian collusion more than 140 times". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (April 10, 2018). "Trump Sought to Fire Mueller in December". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Keneally, Meghan; Mallin, Alexander (August 1, 2018). "Trump to Sessions: Shut down Russia probe". ABC News. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
^ Breuninger, Kevin (March 22, 2019). "Mueller probe ends: Special counsel submits Russia report to Attorney General William Barr". CNBC. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 30, 2019). "Mueller complained that Barr's letter did not capture 'context' of Trump probe". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
^ Hsu, Spencer S.; Barrett, Devlin (March 5, 2020). "Judge cites Barr's 'misleading' statements in ordering review of Mueller report redactions". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Savage, Charlie (March 5, 2020). "Judge Calls Barr's Handling of Mueller Report 'Distorted' and 'Misleading'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Yen, Hope; Woodward, Calvin (July 24, 2019). "AP FACT CHECK: Trump falsely claims Mueller exonerated him". Associated Press. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ "Main points of Mueller report". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ Ostriker, Rebecca; Puzzanghera, Jim; Finucane, Martin; Datar, Saurabh; Uraizee, Irfan; Garvin, Patrick (April 18, 2019). "What the Mueller report says about Trump and more". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Law, Tara (April 18, 2019). "Here Are the Biggest Takeaways From the Mueller Report". Time. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
^ Lynch, Sarah N.; Sullivan, Andy (April 18, 2018). "In unflattering detail, Mueller report reveals Trump actions to impede inquiry". Reuters. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
^ Mazzetti, Mark (July 24, 2019). "Mueller Warns of Russian Sabotage and Rejects Trump's 'Witch Hunt' Claims". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
^ Bump, Philip (May 30, 2019). "Trump briefly acknowledges that Russia aided his election – and falsely says he didn't help the effort". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
^ Polantz, Katelyn; Kaufman, Ellie; Murray, Sara (June 19, 2020). "Mueller raised possibility Trump lied to him, newly unsealed report reveals". CNN. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 17, 2019). "Mueller report lays out obstruction evidence against the president". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ Farley, Robert; Robertson, Lori; Gore, D'Angelo; Spencer, Saranac Hale; Fichera, Angelo; McDonald, Jessica (April 18, 2019). "What the Mueller Report Says About Obstruction". FactCheck.org. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
^ Segers, Grace (May 29, 2019). "Mueller: If it were clear president committed no crime, "we would have said so"". CBS News. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
^ Mascaro, Lisa (April 18, 2019). "Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on Congress". AP News. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ Cheney, Kyle; Caygle, Heather; Bresnahan, John (December 10, 2019). "Why Democrats sidelined Mueller in impeachment articles". Politico. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Blake, Aaron (December 10, 2019). "Democrats ditch 'bribery' and Mueller in Trump impeachment articles. But is that the smart play?". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Zapotosky, Matt; Bui, Lynh; Jackman, Tom; Barrett, Devlin (August 21, 2018). "Manafort convicted on 8 counts; mistrial declared on 10 others". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ "Rick Gates: ex-Trump aide sentenced to 45 days in prison for lying to FBI". The Guardian. December 17, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
^ Polantz, Katelyn (November 26, 2018). "George Papadopoulos to start 14-day prison sentence Monday". CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Mangan, Dan (July 30, 2018). "Trump and Giuliani are right that 'collusion is not a crime.' But that doesn't matter for Mueller's probe". CNBC. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ "Mueller investigation: No jail time sought for Trump ex-adviser Michael Flynn". BBC. December 5, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt; Helderman, Rosalind S. (November 29, 2018). "Michael Cohen, Trump's former lawyer, pleads guilty to lying to Congress about Moscow project". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
^ Weiner, Rachel; Zapotosky, Matt; Jackman, Tom; Barrett, Devlin (February 20, 2020). "Roger Stone sentenced to three years and four months in prison, as Trump predicts 'exoneration' for his friend". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Bump, Philip (September 25, 2019). "Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
^ Cohen, Marshall; Polantz, Katelyn; Shortell, David; Kupperman, Tammy; Callahan, Michael (September 26, 2019). "Whistleblower says White House tried to cover up Trump's abuse of power". CNN. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
^ Fandos, Nicholas (September 24, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Forgey, Quint (September 24, 2019). "Trump changes story on withholding Ukraine aid". Politico. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
^ Graham, David A. (September 25, 2019). "Trump's Incriminating Conversation With the Ukrainian President". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
^ Santucci, John; Mallin, Alexander; Thomas, Pierre; Faulders, Katherine (September 25, 2019). "Trump urged Ukraine to work with Barr and Giuliani to probe Biden: Call transcript". ABC News. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
^ "Document: Read the Whistle-Blower Complaint". The New York Times. September 24, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
^ Shear, Michael D.; Fandos, Nicholas (October 22, 2019). "Ukraine Envoy Testifies Trump Linked Military Aid to Investigations, Lawmaker Says". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
^ LaFraniere, Sharon (October 22, 2019). "6 Key Revelations of Taylor's Opening Statement to Impeachment Investigators". The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
^ Siegel, Benjamin; Faulders, Katherine; Pecorin, Allison (December 13, 2019). "House Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President Trump". ABC News. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
^ Gregorian, Dareh (December 18, 2019). "Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress". NBC News. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
^ Herb, Jeremy (January 16, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial of Donald Trump officially begins". CNN. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
^ Gregorian, Dareh (January 22, 2020). "Senate passes McConnell impeachment rules after nearly 13 hours of debate". NBC News. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
^ Kim, Seung Min; Wagner, John; Demirjian, Karoun (January 23, 2020). "Democrats detail abuse-of-power charge against Trump as Republicans complain of repetitive arguments". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Shear, Michael D.; Fandos, Nicholas (January 18, 2020). "Trump's Defense Team Calls Impeachment Charges 'Brazen' as Democrats Make Legal Case". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
^ Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; Raju, Manu; Fox, Lauren (January 31, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses fails". CNN. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
^ Bookbinder, Noah (January 9, 2020). "The Senate has conducted 15 impeachment trials. It heard witnesses in every one". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ Wilkie, Christina; Breuninger, Kevin (February 5, 2020). "Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial". CNBC. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
^ Baker, Peter (February 22, 2020). "Trump's Efforts to Remove the Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
^ Morehouse, Lee (January 31, 2017). "Trump breaks precedent, files as candidate for re-election on first day". KTVK. Phoenix, Arizona. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ Graham, David A. (February 15, 2017). "Trump Kicks Off His 2020 Reelection Campaign on Saturday". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ Martin, Jonathan; Burns, Alexander; Karni, Annie (August 24, 2020). "Nominating Trump, Republicans Rewrite His Record". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
^ Balcerzak, Ashley; Levinthal, Dave; Levine, Carrie; Kleiner, Sarah; Beachum, Lateshia (February 1, 2019). "Donald Trump's campaign cash machine: big, brawny and burning money". Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Goldmacher, Shane; Haberman, Maggie (September 7, 2020). "How Trump's Billion-Dollar Campaign Lost Its Cash Advantage". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Egkolfopoulou, Misyrlena; Allison, Bill; Korte, Gregory (September 14, 2020). "Trump Campaign Slashes Ad Spending in Key States in Cash Crunch". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Kumar, Anita (August 8, 2020). "Trump aides exploring executive actions to curb voting by mail". Politico. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
^ Saul, Stephanie; Epstein, Reid J. (August 31, 2020). "Trump Is Pushing a False Argument on Vote-by-Mail Fraud. Here Are the Facts". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ "Trump Defends 'Delay the Election' Tweet, Even Though He Can't Do It". The New York Times. July 30, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Bogage, Jacob (August 12, 2020). "Trump says Postal Service needs money for mail-in voting, but he'll keep blocking funding". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ Sonmez, Felicia (July 19, 2020). "Trump declines to say whether he will accept November election results". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Browne, Ryan; Starr, Barbara (September 25, 2020). "As Trump refuses to commit to a peaceful transition, Pentagon stresses it will play no role in the election". CNN. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Haberman, Maggie; Corasaniti, Nick; Karni, Annie (July 21, 2020). "As Trump Pushes into Portland, His Campaign Ads Turn Darker". The New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
^ Bump, Philip (August 28, 2020). "Nearly every claim Trump made about Biden's positions was false". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Dale, Daniel; Subramaniam, Tara; Lybrand, Holmes (August 31, 2020). "Fact check: Trump makes more false claims about Biden and protests". CNN. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Hopkins, Dan (August 27, 2020). "Why Trump's Racist Appeals Might Be Less Effective In 2020 Than They Were In 2016". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
^ "Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins". The New York Times. December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ "2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map". ABC News. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Holder, Josh; Gabriel, Trip; Paz, Isabella Grullón (December 14, 2020). "Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ "With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory". Reuters. November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
^ King, Ledyard (November 7, 2020). "Trump revives baseless claims of election fraud after Biden wins presidential race". USA Today. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
^ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Viebeck, Elise (December 12, 2020). "'The last wall': How dozens of judges across the political spectrum rejected Trump's efforts to overturn the election". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Blake, Aaron (December 14, 2020). "The most remarkable rebukes of Trump's legal case: From the judges he hand-picked". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Woodward, Calvin (November 16, 2020). "AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence". AP News. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
^ "Trump fires election security official who contradicted him". BBC News. November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Liptak, Adam (December 11, 2020). "Supreme Court Rejects Texas Suit Seeking to Subvert Election". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Smith, David (November 21, 2020). "Trump's monumental sulk: president retreats from public eye as Covid ravages US". The Guardian. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Lamire, Jonathan; Miller, Zeke (November 9, 2020). "Refusing to concede, Trump blocks cooperation on transition". AP News. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
^ Timm, Jane C.; Smith, Allan (November 14, 2020). "Trump is stonewalling Biden's transition. Here's why it matters". NBC News. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
^ Rein, Lisa (November 23, 2020). "Under pressure, Trump appointee Emily Murphy approves transition in unusually personal letter to Biden". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
^ Naylor, Brian; Wise, Alana (November 23, 2020). "President-Elect Biden To Begin Formal Transition Process After Agency OK". NPR. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ Ordoñez, Franco; Rampton, Roberta (November 26, 2020). "Trump Is In No Mood To Concede, But Says Will Leave White House". NPR. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ Gardner, Amy (January 3, 2021). "'I just want to find 11,780 votes': In extraordinary hour-long call, Trump pressures Georgia secretary of state to recalculate the vote in his favor". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Kumar, Anita; Orr, Gabby; McGraw, Meridith (December 21, 2020). "Inside Trump's pressure campaign to overturn the election". Politico. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ Cohen, Marshall (November 5, 2021). "Timeline of the coup: How Trump tried to weaponize the Justice Department to overturn the 2020 election". CNN. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
^ Haberman, Maggie; Karni, Annie (January 5, 2021). "Pence Said to Have Told Trump He Lacks Power to Change Election Result". The New York Times. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ Fausset, Richard; Hakim, Danny (February 10, 2021). "Georgia Prosecutors Open Criminal Inquiry Into Trump's Efforts to Subvert Election". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ Haberman, Maggie (January 20, 2021). "Trump Departs Vowing, 'We Will Be Back in Some Form'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
^ Arkin, William M. (December 24, 2020). "Exclusive: Donald Trump's martial-law talk has military on red alert". Newsweek. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Cohen, Marshall; Stuart, Elizabeth; Starr, Barbara (July 14, 2021). "'They're not going to f**king succeed': Top generals feared Trump would attempt a coup after election, according to new book". CNN. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ Breuninger, Kevin (July 15, 2021). "Top U.S. Gen. Mark Milley feared Trump would attempt a coup after his loss to Biden, new book says". CNBC. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Stuart, Elizabeth (September 14, 2021). "Woodward/Costa book: Worried Trump could 'go rogue,' Milley took top-secret action to protect nuclear weapons". CNN. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ Schmidt, Michael S. (September 14, 2021). "Fears That Trump Might Launch a Strike Prompted General to Reassure China, Book Says". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ Savage, Charlie (January 10, 2021). "Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ "Donald Trump Speech "Save America" Rally Transcript January 6". Rev. January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ Tan, Shelley; Shin, Youjin; Rindler, Danielle (January 9, 2021). "How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
^ Rodriguez, Salvador (January 6, 2021). "Facebook, Twitter lock Trump's account following video addressing Washington rioters". CNBC. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Hines, Morgan; Snider, Mike (January 6, 2021). "Calls grow for social media platforms to silence Trump as rioters storm US Capitol". USA Today. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Gregorian, Dareh; Gibson, Ginger; Kapur, Sahil; Helsel, Phil (January 6, 2021). "Congress confirms Biden's win after pro-Trump mob's assault on Capitol". NBC News. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ Cameron, Chris (January 5, 2022). "These Are the People Who Died in Connection With the Capitol Riot". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
^ Naylor, Brian (January 11, 2021). "Impeachment Resolution Cites Trump's 'Incitement' of Capitol Insurrection". NPR. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
^ Fandos, Nicholas (January 13, 2021). "Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Quinn, Melissa; Segers, Grace; Watson, Kathryn; Baldwin, Sarah Lynch (January 13, 2021). "House calls on Pence to invoke 25th Amendment, but he's already dismissed the idea". CBS News. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
^ Blake, Aaron (January 13, 2021). "Trump's second impeachment is the most bipartisan one in history". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
^ Levine, Sam; Gambino, Lauren (February 13, 2021). "Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial". The Guardian. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
^ Fandos, Nicholas (February 13, 2021). "Trump Acquitted of Inciting Insurrection, Even as Bipartisan Majority Votes 'Guilty'". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
^ Watson, Kathryn; Quinn, Melissa; Segers, Grace; Becket, Stefan (February 10, 2021). "Senate finds Trump impeachment trial constitutional on first day of proceedings". CBS News. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
^ Segers, Grace; McDonald, Cassidy (February 14, 2021). "McConnell says Trump was "practically and morally responsible" for riot after voting not guilty". CBS News. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
^ Spencer, Terry (January 28, 2021). "Palm Beach considers options as Trump remains at Mar-a-Lago". Associated Press. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Wolfe, Jan (January 27, 2021). "Explainer: Why Trump's post-presidency perks, like a pension and office, are safe for the rest of his life". Reuters. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
^ Quinn, Melissa (January 27, 2021). "Trump opens "Office of the Former President" in Florida". CBS News. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
^ Solender, Andrew (May 3, 2021). "Trump Says He'll Appropriate 'The Big Lie' To Refer To His Election Loss". Forbes. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Wolf, Zachary B. (May 19, 2021). "The 5 key elements of Trump's Big Lie and how it came to be". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Balz, Dan (May 29, 2021). "The GOP push to revisit 2020 has worrisome implications for future elections". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
^ Bender, Michael C.; Epstein, Reid J. (July 20, 2022). "Trump Recently Urged a Powerful Legislator to Overturn His 2020 Defeat in Wisconsin". The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
^ Karni, Annie; Haberman, Maggie (June 5, 2021). "At Once Diminished and Dominating, Trump Begins His Next Act". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
^ Orr, Gabby; Warren, Michael (June 6, 2021). "Trump dwells on 2020 during North Carolina event aimed at helping Republicans in 2022". CNN. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
^ Peters, Jeremy W. (June 26, 2021). "Trump, Seeking to Maintain G.O.P. Sway, Holds First Rally Since Jan. 6". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Goldmacher, Shane (April 17, 2022). "Mar-a-Lago Machine: Trump as a Modern-Day Party Boss". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Paybarah, Azi (August 2, 2022). "Where Trump's Endorsement Record Stands Halfway through Primary Season". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ Castleman, Terry; Mason, Melanie (August 5, 2022). "Tracking Trump's endorsement record in the 2022 primary elections". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
^ Lyons, Kim (December 6, 2021). "SEC investigating Trump SPAC deal to take his social media platform public". The Verge. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
^ "Trump Media & Technology Group Corp". bloomberg.com. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
^ Goldstein, Matthew; Hirsch, Lauren; Enrich, David (October 6, 2021). "Trump's $300 Million SPAC Deal May Have Skirted Securities Laws". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
^ Goldstein, Matthew; Enrich, David; Schwirtz, Michael (December 6, 2021). "Trump's Media Company Is Investigated Over Financing Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
^ Macmillan, Douglas; O'Connell, Jonathan (December 23, 2021). "Trump's newest business partner: A Chinese firm with a history of SEC investigations". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
^ Goldbart, Max (February 21, 2022). "Donald Trump's Truth Social Launches On U.S. Apple App Store". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
^ Baker, Peter (September 19, 2022). "The Story So Far: Where 6 Investigations Into Donald Trump Stand". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ Mangan, Dan (February 10, 2021). "Georgia DA opens criminal probe of Trump call urging secretary of state to find votes". CNBC. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ Harding, Luke; Holpuch, Amanda (May 19, 2021). "New York attorney general opens criminal investigation into Trump Organization". The Guardian. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ Jacobs, Shayna; Fahrenthold, David A. (May 25, 2021). "Prosecutor in Trump criminal probe convenes grand jury to hear evidence, weigh potential charges". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
^ Sisak, Michael R. (May 25, 2021). "New grand jury seated for next stage of Trump investigation". Associated Press. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K.; Bromwich, Jonah E. (July 1, 2021). "Trump Organization Is Charged in 15-Year Tax Scheme". The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
^ Jacobs, Shayna; Fahrenthold, David A.; Dawsey, Josh; O'Connell, Jonathan (July 1, 2021). "Trump Organization and CFO Allen Weisselberg arraigned on multiple criminal charges as prosecutors alleged a 15-year tax fraud scheme". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
^ Rashbaum, William K.; Bromwich, Jonah E. (January 3, 2022). "New York A.G. Seeks to Question Trump Children in Fraud Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ Moghe, Sonia; Scannell, Kara (April 25, 2022). "Judge holds former President Trump in civil contempt for failing to comply with document subpoenas from New York attorney general". CNN. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ Bromwich, Jonah E.; Protess, Ben; Rashbaum, William K. (August 10, 2022). "Trump Invokes Fifth Amendment, Attacking Legal System as Troubles Mount". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
^ Scannell, Kara (September 21, 2022). "New York attorney general files civil fraud lawsuit against Trump, some of his children and his business". CNN. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lybrand, Holmes; Cohen, Marshall; Rabinowitz, Hannah (August 12, 2022). "Timeline: The Justice Department criminal inquiry into Trump taking classified documents to Mar-a-Lago". CNN. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
^ Montague, Zach; McCarthy, Lauren (August 9, 2022). "The Timeline Related to the F.B.I.'s Search of Mar-a-Lago". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
^ Haberman, Maggie; Thrush, Glenn (August 13, 2022). "Trump Lawyer Told Justice Dept. That Classified Material Had Been Returned". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
^ Thrush, Glenn; Haberman, Maggie; Protess, Ben (August 11, 2022). "Trump Search Said to Be Part of Effort to Find Highly Classified Material". Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Barrett, Devlin; Dawsey, Josh; Stein, Perry; Harris, Shane (August 12, 2022). "FBI searched Trump's home to look for nuclear documents and other items, sources say". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Barrett, Devlin; Dawsey, Josh (August 12, 2022). "Agents at Trump's Mar-a-Lago seized 11 sets of classified documents, court filing shows". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Haberman, Maggie; Thrush, Glenn; Savage, Charlie (August 12, 2022). "Files Seized From Trump Are Part of Espionage Act Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
^ Swan, Betsy; Cheney, Kyle; Wu, Nicholas (August 12, 2022). "FBI search warrant shows Trump under investigation for potential obstruction of justice, Espionage Act violations". Politico. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ Thrush, Glenn; Savage, Charlie; Haberman, Maggie; Feuer, Alan (November 18, 2022). "Garland Names Special Counsel for Trump Inquiries". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^ Tucker, Eric; Balsamo, Michael (November 18, 2022). "Garland names special counsel to lead Trump-related probes". AP News. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^ Jackson, David; Mansfield, Erin; Looker, Rachel (November 15, 2022). "Donald Trump announces his 2024 presidential campaign as GOP debates future: recap: recap". USA Today. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Jones, Jeffrey M. (January 18, 2021). "Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%". Gallup. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Klein, Ezra (September 2, 2020). "Can anything change Americans' minds about Donald Trump? The eerie stability of Trump's approval rating, explained". Vox. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Enten, Harry (January 16, 2021). "Trump finishes with worst first term approval rating ever". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ "Most Admired Man and Woman". Gallup. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ Budryk, Zack (December 29, 2020). "Trump ends Obama's 12-year run as most admired man: Gallup". The Hill. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
^ Panetta, Grace (December 30, 2019). "Donald Trump and Barack Obama are tied for 2019's most admired man in the US". Business Insider. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
^ Datta, Monti (September 16, 2019). "3 countries where Trump is popular". The Conversation. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ "Rating World Leaders: 2018 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia". Gallup. Retrieved October 3, 2021. Page 9
^ Wike, Richard; Fetterolf, Janell; Mordecai, Mara (September 15, 2020). "U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
^ "C-SPAN Releases Fourth Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership" (PDF). C-SPAN. June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
^ Brockell, Gillian (June 30, 2021). "Historians just ranked the presidents. Trump wasn't last". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
^ "Presidential Historians Survey 2021". C-SPAN. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
^ Conger, Kate; Isaac, Mike (January 16, 2021). "Inside Twitter's Decision to Cut Off Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Madhani, Aamer; Colvin, Jill (January 9, 2021). "A farewell to @realDonaldTrump, gone after 57,000 tweets". Associated Press. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Landers, Elizabeth (June 6, 2017). "White House: Trump's tweets are 'official statements'". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Diehm, Jan; Petulla, Sam; Wolf, Zachary B. (October 21, 2019). "Who has left Trump's administration and orbit?". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth (May 27, 2020). "Twitter labels Trump's tweets with a fact check for the first time". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
^ Fischer, Sara; Gold, Ashley (January 11, 2021). "All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far". Axios. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
^ Hollister, Sean (January 8, 2021). "Twitter is deleting Trump's attempts to circumvent ban". The Verge. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^ "Donald Trump loses social media megaphone". Deutsche Welle. January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
^ Timberg, Craig (January 14, 2021). "Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Timberg, Craig (January 16, 2021). "Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
^ Isaac, Mike (May 5, 2021). "Facebook Oversight Board Upholds Social Network's Ban of Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
^ Ortutay, Barbara (June 4, 2021). "Facebook suspends Trump for 2 years, then will reassess". Associated Press. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
^ Culliford, Elizabeth (June 26, 2021). "Trump joins video platform Rumble ahead of Ohio rally". Reuters. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
^ Papenfuss, Mary (July 20, 2021). "Donald Trump Is Brazenly Flouting His Twitter Ban With Aide's Help". HuffPost. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ Harwell, Drew; Dawsey, Josh (June 2, 2021). "Trump ends blog after 29 days, infuriated by measly readership". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^ Faiz Siddiqui; Drew Harwell; Isaac Arnsdorf (November 19, 2022). "Elon Musk restores Trump's Twitter account". The Washington Post.
^ Parnes, Amie (April 28, 2018). "Trump's love-hate relationship with the press". The Hill. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
^ Chozick, Amy (September 29, 2018). "Why Trump Will Win a Second Term". The New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
^ Hetherington, Marc; Ladd, Jonathan M. (May 1, 2020). "Destroying trust in the media, science, and government has left America vulnerable to disaster". Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (May 22, 2018). "'60 Minutes' correspondent: Trump said he attacks the press so no one believes negative coverage". The Hill. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
^ Stelter, Brian; Collins, Kaitlan (May 9, 2018). "Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'". CNN Money. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Grynbaum, Michael M. (December 30, 2019). "After Another Year of Trump Attacks, 'Ominous Signs' for the American Press". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Taylor, Lenore (September 20, 2019). "As a foreign reporter visiting the US I was stunned by Trump's press conference". The Guardian. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Geltzer, Joshua A.; Katyal, Neal K. (March 11, 2020). "The True Danger of the Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuits". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
^ Folkenflik, David (March 3, 2020). "Trump 2020 Sues 'Washington Post,' Days After 'N.Y. Times' Defamation Suit". NPR. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Flood, Brian; Singman, Brooke (March 6, 2020). "Trump campaign sues CNN over 'false and defamatory' statements, seeks millions in damages". Fox News. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Wise, Justin (March 8, 2020). "Trump escalates fight against press with libel lawsuits". The Hill. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
^ Darcy, Oliver (November 12, 2020). "Judge dismisses Trump campaign's lawsuit against CNN". CNN. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
^ Klasfeld, Adam (March 9, 2021). "Judge Throws Out Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuit Against New York Times Over Russia 'Quid Pro Quo' Op-Ed". Law and Crime. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "In four years, President Trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims". The Washington Post. January 20, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Dale, Daniel (June 5, 2019). "Donald Trump has now said more than 5,000 false things as president". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Dale, Daniel [@ddale8] (March 9, 2020). "Trump is averaging about 59 false claims per week since ... July 8, 2019" (Tweet). Retrieved October 11, 2021 – via Twitter. (direct link to chart image)
^ ^a ^b Glasser, Susan B. (August 3, 2018). "It's True: Trump Is Lying More, and He's Doing It on Purpose". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ Konnikova, Maria (January 20, 2017). "Trump's Lies vs. Your Brain". Politico. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg; Rizzo, Salvador; Shapiro, Leslie; Dominguez, Leo (January 23, 2021). "A term of untruths: The longer Trump was president, the more frequently he made false or misleading claims". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Qiu, Linda (January 21, 2017). "Donald Trump had biggest inaugural crowd ever? Metrics don't show it". PolitiFact. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
^ Rein, Lisa (March 6, 2017). "Here are the photos that show Obama's inauguration crowd was bigger than Trump's". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ Wong, Julia Carrie (April 7, 2020). "Hydroxychloroquine: how an unproven drug became Trump's coronavirus 'miracle cure'". The Guardian. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
^ Spring, Marianna (May 27, 2020). "Coronavirus: The human cost of virus misinformation". BBC News. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Rowland, Christopher (March 23, 2020). "As Trump touts an unproven coronavirus treatment, supplies evaporate for patients who need those drugs". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ Parkinson, Joe; Gauthier-Villars, David (March 23, 2020). "Trump Claim That Malaria Drugs Treat Coronavirus Sparks Warnings, Shortages". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
^ Zurcher, Anthony (November 29, 2017). "Trump's anti-Muslim retweet fits a pattern". BBC News. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Allen, Jonathan (December 31, 2018). "Does being President Trump still mean never having to say you're sorry?". NBC News. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
^ Greenberg, David (January 28, 2017). "The Perils of Calling Trump a Liar". Politico. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Bauder, David (August 29, 2018). "News media hesitate to use 'lie' for Trump's misstatements". Associated Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Kessler, Glenn (August 22, 2018). "Not just misleading. Not merely false. A lie". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Guynn, Jessica (October 5, 2020). "From COVID-19 to voting: Trump is nation's single largest spreader of disinformation, studies say". USA Today. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ Bergengruen, Vera; Hennigan, W.J. (October 6, 2020). "'You're Gonna Beat It.' How Donald Trump's COVID-19 Battle Has Only Fueled Misinformation". Time. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ Siders, David (May 25, 2020). "Trump sees a 'rigged election' ahead. Democrats see a constitutional crisis in the making". Politico. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
^ Riccardi, Nicholas (September 17, 2020). "AP Fact Check: Trump's big distortions on mail-in voting". AP News. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
^ Pfiffner, James P. (2019). "The Lies of Donald Trump: A Taxonomy". In Lamb, Charles M.; Neiheisel, Jacob R. (eds.). Presidential Leadership and the Trump Presidency: Executive Power and Democratic Government (PDF). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–40. ISBN 978-3-030-18979-2.
^ ^a ^b Fichera, Angelo; Spencer, Saranac Hale (October 20, 2020). "Trump's Long History With Conspiracy Theories". FactCheck.org. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
^ Subramaniam, Tara; Lybrand, Holmes (October 15, 2020). "Fact-checking the dangerous bin Laden conspiracy theory that Trump touted". CNN. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Haberman, Maggie (February 29, 2016). "Even as He Rises, Donald Trump Entertains Conspiracy Theories". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Bump, Philip (November 26, 2019). "President Trump loves conspiracy theories. Has he ever been right?". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Reston, Maeve (July 2, 2020). "The Conspiracy-Theorist-in-Chief clears the way for fringe candidates to become mainstream". CNN. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Baker, Peter; Astor, Maggie (May 26, 2020). "Trump Pushes a Conspiracy Theory That Falsely Accuses a TV Host of Murder". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Perkins, Tom (November 18, 2020). "The dead voter conspiracy theory peddled by Trump voters, debunked". The Guardian. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
^ Cohen, Li (January 15, 2021). "6 conspiracy theories about the 2020 election – debunked". CBS News. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
^ McEvoy, Jemima (December 17, 2020). "These Are The Voter Fraud Claims Trump Tried (And Failed) To Overturn The Election With". Forbes. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
^
Multiple sources:
- Lopez, German (February 14, 2019). "Donald Trump's long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2019". Vox. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
- Desjardins, Lisa (January 12, 2018). "Every moment in Trump's charged relationship with race". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- Dawsey, Josh (January 11, 2018). "Trump's history of making offensive comments about nonwhite immigrants". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
- Weaver, Aubree Eliza (January 12, 2018). "Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe". Politico. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- Stoddard, Ed; Mfula, Chris (January 12, 2018). "Africa calls Trump racist after 'shithole' remark". Reuters. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
^ "Trump: 'I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world' – video". The Guardian. July 30, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
^ Cummins, William (July 31, 2019). "A majority of voters say President Donald Trump is a racist, Quinnipiac University poll finds". USA Today.
^ "Harsh Words For U.S. Family Separation Policy, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Voters Have Dim View Of Trump, Dems On Immigration". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
^ McElwee, Sean; McDaniel, Jason (May 8, 2017). "Economic Anxiety Didn't Make People Vote Trump, Racism Did". The Nation. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Lopez, German (December 15, 2017). "The past year of research has made it very clear: Trump won because of racial resentment". Vox. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
^ Lajevardi, Nazita; Oskooii, Kassra A. R. (2018). "Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump". Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 3 (1): 112–152. doi:10.1017/rep.2017.37. S2CID 158559765.
^ Ransom, Jan (June 18, 2019). "Trump Will Not Apologize for Calling for Death Penalty Over Central Park Five". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
^ Farley, Robert (February 14, 2011). "Donald Trump says people who went to school with Obama never saw him". PolitiFact. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
^ Moody, Chris (March 3, 2016). "Gay conservatives who helped kickstart Trump's GOP career have serious regrets". CNN. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
^ Madison, Lucy (April 27, 2011). "Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?'". CBS News. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
^ Keneally, Meghan (September 18, 2015). "Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama". ABC News. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
^ Haberman, Maggie; Rappeport, Alan (September 16, 2016). "Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
^ Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (November 28, 2017). "Trump Once Said the 'Access Hollywood' Tape Was Real. Now He's Not Sure". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
^ Schaffner, Brian F.; Macwilliams, Matthew; Nteta, Tatishe (March 2018). "Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism". Political Science Quarterly. 133 (1): 9–34. doi:10.1002/polq.12737.
^ Reilly, Katie (August 31, 2016). "Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico". Time. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Wolf, Z. Byron (April 6, 2018). "Trump basically called Mexicans rapists again". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
^ Steinhauer, Jennifer; Martin, Jonathan; Herszenhorn, David M. (June 7, 2016). "Paul Ryan Calls Donald Trump's Attack on Judge 'Racist', but Still Backs Him". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Merica, Dan (August 26, 2017). "Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville". CNN. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Johnson, Jenna; Wagner, John (August 12, 2017). "Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn't single out white nationalists". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
^ Kessler, Glenn (May 8, 2020). "The 'very fine people' at Charlottesville: Who were they?". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
^ Holan, Angie Dobric (April 26, 2019). "In Context: Donald Trump's 'very fine people on both sides' remarks (transcript)". PolitiFact. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
^ Beauchamp, Zack (January 11, 2018). "Trump's "shithole countries" comment exposes the core of Trumpism". Vox. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Weaver, Aubree Eliza (January 12, 2018). "Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe". Politico. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Wintour, Patrick; Burke, Jason; Livsey, Anna (January 13, 2018). "'There's no other word but racist': Trump's global rebuke for 'shithole' remark". The Guardian. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Rogers, Katie; Fandos, Nicholas (July 14, 2019). "Trump Tells Congresswomen to 'Go Back' to the Countries They Came From". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^ Mak, Tim (July 16, 2019). "House Votes To Condemn Trump's 'Racist Comments'". NPR. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
^ Simon, Mallory; Sidner, Sara (July 16, 2019). "Trump said 'many people agree' with his racist tweets. These white supremacists certainly do". CNN. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
^ Choi, Matthew (September 22, 2020). "'She's telling us how to run our country': Trump again goes after Ilhan Omar's Somali roots". Politico. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
^ Rothe, Dawn L.; Collins, Victoria E. (November 17, 2019). "Turning Back the Clock? Violence against Women and the Trump Administration". Victims & Offenders. 14 (8): 965–978. doi:10.1080/15564886.2019.1671284. ISSN 1556-4886.
^ ^a ^b Shear, Michael D.; Sullivan, Eileen (October 16, 2018). "'Horseface,' 'Lowlife,' 'Fat, Ugly': How the President Demeans Women". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ Prasad, Ritu (November 29, 2019). "How Trump talks about women – and does it matter?". BBC News. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ Fieldstadt, Elisha (October 9, 2016). "Donald Trump Consistently Made Lewd Comments on 'The Howard Stern Show'". NBC News. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
^ Timm, Jane C. (October 7, 2016). "Trump caught on hot mic making lewd comments about women in 2005". NBC News. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
^ Burns, Alexander; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (October 7, 2016). "Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
^ Hagen, Lisa (October 7, 2016). "Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach'". The Hill. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
^ Nelson, Libby; McGann, Laura (June 21, 2019). "E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct". Vox. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
^ Rupar, Aaron (October 9, 2019). "Trump faces a new allegation of sexually assaulting a woman at Mar-a-Lago". Vox. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ Osborne, Lucy (September 17, 2020). "'It felt like tentacles': the women who accuse Trump of sexual misconduct". The Guardian. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ Healy, Patrick; Rappeport, Alan (October 13, 2016). "Donald Trump Calls Allegations by Women 'False Smears'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
^ Kunzelman, Michael; Galvan, Astrid (August 7, 2019). "Trump words linked to more hate crime? Some experts think so". Associated Press. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Feinberg, Ayal; Branton, Regina; Martinez-Ebers, Valerie (March 22, 2019). "Analysis | Counties that hosted a 2016 Trump rally saw a 226 percent increase in hate crimes". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ White, Daniel (February 1, 2016). "Donald Trump Tells Crowd To "Knock the Crap Out Of" Hecklers". Time. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
^ Koerner, Claudia (October 18, 2018). "Trump Thinks It's Totally Cool That A Congressman Assaulted A Journalist For Asking A Question". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
^ Tracy, Abigail (August 8, 2019). ""The President of the United States Says It's Okay": The Rise of the Trump Defense". Vanity Fair. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Hsu, Spencer S.; Weiner, Rachel (January 16, 2021). "'Trump said to do so': Accounts of rioters who say the president spurred them to rush the Capitol could be pivotal testimony". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
^ Levine, Mike (May 30, 2020). "'No Blame?' ABC News finds 54 cases invoking 'Trump' in connection with violence, threats, alleged assaults". ABC News. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ McCann, Allison (July 14, 2016). "Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved October 7, 2021.

Works cited

Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3936-9.
Pacelle, Mitchell (2001). Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-23865-2.
Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.
O'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991). Trumped!. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1-946025-26-5.
Wooten, Sara (2009). Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7660-2890-6.

External links

Library resources about
Donald Trump

By Donald Trump

[electoral-college-1] Presidential elections in the United States are decided by the Electoral College. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in Congress and (in most states) all delegates vote for the winner of the local state vote.

[282] Rick Renzi, Robert Hayes, and Duke Cunningham

[:1-2] Sheehey, Maeve (June 30, 2021). "Trump debuts at 41st in C-SPAN presidential rankings". Politico.

[scri_22-3] "American Presidents: Greatest and Worst". Siena College Research Institute. June 22, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.

[4] "Certificate of Birth". Department of Health – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2018 – via ABC News.

[5] "Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump" (PDF). Jamaica Hospital Medical Center. Retrieved October 23, 2018.

[6] "Trump's parents and siblings: What do we know of them?". BBC News. October 3, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2021.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-7] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 33.

[8] Horowitz, Jason (September 22, 2015). "Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2018.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA38_38]-9] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 38.

[10] "Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. May 20, 1968. pp. 19–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2016.

[11] Viser, Matt (August 28, 2015). "Even in college, Donald Trump was brash". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[12] Ashford, Grace (February 27, 2019). "Michael Cohen Says Trump Told Him to Threaten Schools Not to Release Grades". The New York Times. Retrieved June 9, 2019.

[13] Montopoli, Brian (April 29, 2011). "Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show". CBS News. Retrieved July 17, 2015.

[14] "Donald John Trump's Selective Service Draft Card and Selective Service Classification Ledger". National Archives. March 14, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2019. – via Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

[15] Whitlock, Craig (July 21, 2015). "Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 2, 2017.

[16] Eder, Steve; Philipps, Dave (August 1, 2016). "Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2016.

[FOOTNOTEBlair2015300-17] Blair 2015, p. 300.

[18] "Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen". The Lewiston Journal. Associated Press. May 27, 1988. p. 10D. Retrieved August 21, 2015 – via Google News.

[19] "Ivana Trump to write memoir about raising US president's children". The Guardian. Associated Press. March 16, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.

[20] Hafner, Josh (July 19, 2016). "Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump". USA Today. Retrieved July 10, 2022.

[21] Brown, Tina (January 27, 2005). "Donald Trump, Settling Down". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2017.

[22] "Donald Trump Fast Facts". CNN. July 2, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[23] Gunter, Joel (March 2, 2018). "What is the Einstein visa? And how did Melania Trump get one?". BBC News. Retrieved August 2, 2019.

[BarronNYT-24] Barron, James (September 5, 2016). "Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2016.

[inactive-25] Scott, Eugene (August 28, 2015). "Church says Donald Trump is not an 'active member'". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[WaPo.March.18.17-26] Schwartzman, Paul (January 21, 2016). "How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2017.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA81_81]-27] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 81.

[28] Peters, Jeremy W.; Haberman, Maggie (October 31, 2019). "Paula White, Trump's Personal Pastor, Joins the White House". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[29] Jenkins, Jack; Mwaura, Maina (October 23, 2020). "Exclusive: Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian'". Religion News Service. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[30] "Donald Trump says he gets most of his exercise from golf, then uses cart at Turnberry". Golf News Net. July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2019.

[31] Rettner, Rachael (May 14, 2017). "Trump thinks that exercising too much uses up the body's 'finite' energy". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[dictation-32] Marquardt, Alex; Crook, Lawrence III (May 1, 2018). "Exclusive: Bornstein claims Trump dictated the glowing health letter". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2018.

[33] Schecter, Anna (May 1, 2018). "Trump doctor Harold Bornstein says bodyguard, lawyer 'raided' his office, took medical files". NBC News. Retrieved June 6, 2019.

[inflation-US-34] 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.

[35] O'Brien, Timothy L. (October 23, 2005). "What's He Really Worth?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2016.

[disclosure-36] Diamond, Jeremy; Frates, Chris (July 22, 2015). "Donald Trump's 92-page financial disclosure released". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[37] Walsh, John (October 3, 2018). "Trump has fallen 138 spots on Forbes' wealthiest-Americans list, his net worth down over $1 billion, since he announced his presidential bid in 2015". Business Insider. Retrieved October 12, 2021.

[38] "#1001 Donald Trump". Forbes. 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.

[39] Greenberg, Jonathan (April 20, 2018). "Trump lied to me about his wealth to get onto the Forbes 400. Here are the tapes". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[40] Stump, Scott (October 26, 2015). "Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1 million to get started". CNBC. Retrieved November 13, 2016.

[41] Barstow, David; Craig, Susanne; Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). "11 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation into Trump's Wealth". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2018.

[Tax_Schemes-42] Barstow, David; Craig, Susanne; Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). "Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2018.

[43] Campbell, Jon; Spector, Joseph (October 3, 2018). "New York could levy hefty penalties if Trump tax fraud is proven". USA Today. Retrieved October 5, 2018.

[44] "From the Tower to the White House". The Economist. February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016. Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York.

[45] Swanson, Ana (February 29, 2016). "The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[46] Alexander, Dan; Peterson-Whithorn, Chase (October 2, 2018). "How Trump Is Trying—And Failing—To Get Rich Off His Presidency". Forbes. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[Buettner-190508-47] Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (May 7, 2019). "Decade in the Red: Trump Tax Figures Show Over $1 Billion in Business Losses". The New York Times. Retrieved May 8, 2019.

[48] Friedersdorf, Conor (May 8, 2019). "The Secret That Was Hiding in Trump's Taxes". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 8, 2019.

[49] Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne; McIntire, Mike (September 27, 2020). "Long-concealed Records Show Trump's Chronic Losses And Years Of Tax Avoidance". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2020.

[50] Alexander, Dan (October 16, 2020). "Donald Trump Has at Least $1 Billion in Debt, More Than Twice The Amount He Suggested". Forbes. Retrieved October 17, 2020.

[Mahler-51] Mahler, Jonathan; Eder, Steve (August 27, 2016). "'No Vacancies' for Blacks: How Donald Trump Got His Start, and Was First Accused of Bias". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2018.

[FOOTNOTEBlair2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduJifCgAAQBAJpgPA250_250]-52] Blair 2015, p. 250.

[53] Rich, Frank (April 30, 2018). "The Original Donald Trump". New York. Retrieved May 8, 2018.

[54] Kessler, Glenn (March 3, 2016). "Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgoogledebooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA84_84]-55] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 84.

[56] Geist, William E. (April 8, 1984). "The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[57] Jacobs, Shayna; Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan; Dawsey, Josh (September 3, 2021). "Trump Tower's key tenants have fallen behind on rent and moved out. But Trump has one reliable customer: His own PAC". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2022.

[moved-58] Haberman, Maggie (October 31, 2019). "Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2020.

[59] "Company News; Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved". The New York Times. Reuters. December 12, 1992. Retrieved July 18, 2019.

[60] Stout, David; Gilpin, Kenneth N. (April 12, 1995). "Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2019.

[61] Segal, David (January 16, 2016). "What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgoogledebooksidLqf0CwAAQBAJpgPA298_298]-62] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 298.

[63] Bagli, Charles V. (June 1, 2005). "Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8 billion". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2016.

[64] Peterson-Withorn, Chase (April 23, 2018). "Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago". Forbes. Retrieved July 4, 2018.

[65] Dangremond, Sam; Kim, Leena (December 22, 2017). "A History of Mar-a-Lago, Donald Trump's American Castle". Town & Country. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

[FOOTNOTEWooten200957–58-66] Wooten 2009, pp. 57–58.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA128_128]-67] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 128.

[FOOTNOTEWooten200959–60-68] Wooten 2009, pp. 59–60.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA137_137]-69] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 137.

[70] Glynn, Lenny (April 8, 1990). "Trump's Taj – Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2016.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA135_135]-71] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 135.

[72] "Trump reaches agreement with bondholders on Taj Mahal". United Press International. April 9, 1991. Retrieved March 21, 2016.

[73] "Company News; Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy". The New York Times. October 5, 1991. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

[74] O'Connor, Claire (May 29, 2011). "Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him". Forbes. Retrieved January 27, 2022.

[75] Norris, Floyd (June 7, 1995). "Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2014.

[76] McQuade, Dan (August 16, 2015). "The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire". Philadelphia. Retrieved March 21, 2016.

[77] Tully, Shawn (March 10, 2016). "How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure". Fortune. Retrieved May 6, 2018.

[CNN-78] Garcia, Ahiza (December 29, 2016). "Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know". CNN Money. Retrieved January 21, 2018.

[79] "Take a look at the golf courses owned by Donald Trump". Golfweek. July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2021.

[80] Bump, Philip (January 20, 2021). "Trump's presidency ends where so much of it was spent: A Trump Organization property". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 27, 2022.

[neckties-81] Anthony, Zane; Sanders, Kathryn; Fahrenthold, David A. (April 13, 2018). "Whatever happened to Trump neckties? They're over. So is most of Trump's merchandising empire". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[82] Martin, Jonathan (June 29, 2016). "Trump Institute Offered Get-Rich Schemes With Plagiarized Lessons". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2021.

[83] Williams, Aaron; Narayanswamy, Anu (January 25, 2017). "How Trump has made millions by selling his name". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2017.

[84] Markazi, Arash (July 14, 2015). "5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL". ESPN. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[85] Morris, David Z. (September 24, 2017). "Donald Trump Fought the NFL Once Before. He Got Crushed". Fortune. Retrieved June 22, 2018.

[86] "Trump Gets Tyson Fight". The New York Times. February 25, 1988. Retrieved February 11, 2011.

[FOOTNOTEO'DonnellRutherford1991137-87] O'Donnell & Rutherford 1991, p. 137.

[88] Hogan, Kevin (April 10, 2016). "The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza". Politico. Retrieved April 12, 2016.

[89] Mattingly, Phil; Jorgensen, Sarah (August 23, 2016). "The Gordon Gekko era: Donald Trump's lucrative and controversial time as an activist investor". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[90] Kessler, Glenn (August 11, 2016). "Too good to check: Sean Hannity's tale of a Trump rescue". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 14, 2019.

[91] Blair, Gwenda (October 7, 2018). "Did the Trump Family Historian Drop a Dime to the New York Times?". Politico. Retrieved August 14, 2020.

[pageantsaleWME-92] Koblin, John (September 14, 2015). "Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2016.

[93] Nededog, Jethro (September 14, 2015). "Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization after buying it 3 days ago". Business Insider. Retrieved May 6, 2016.

[94] Rutenberg, Jim (June 22, 2002). "Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2016.

[95] Moraes, Lisa (June 22, 2002). "There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2016.

[96] Zara, Christopher (October 26, 2016). "Why the heck does Donald Trump have a Walk of Fame star, anyway? It's not the reason you think". Fast Company. Retrieved June 16, 2018.

[97] Puente, Maria (June 29, 2015). "NBC to Donald Trump: You're fired". USA Today. Retrieved July 28, 2015.

[98] Cohan, William D. (December 3, 2013). "Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real Estate Students?". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 6, 2016.

[99] Barbaro, Michael (May 19, 2011). "New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[100] Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (February 27, 2016). "Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 27, 2016.

[101] McCoy, Kevin (August 26, 2013). "Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'". USA Today. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[102] Barbaro, Michael; Eder, Steve (May 31, 2016). "Former Trump University Workers Call the School a 'Lie' and a 'Scheme' in Testimony". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

[103] Montanaro, Domenico (June 1, 2016). "Hard Sell: The Potential Political Consequences of the Trump University Documents". NPR. Retrieved June 2, 2016.

[104] Eder, Steve (November 18, 2016). "Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.

[105] Tigas, Mike; Wei, Sisi. "Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Retrieved September 9, 2016.

[106] Fahrenthold, David A. (September 1, 2016). "Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[107] Fahrenthold, David A.; Helderman, Rosalind S. (April 10, 2016). "Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[108] Solnik, Claude (September 15, 2016). "Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns". Long Island Business News. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[109] Cillizza, Chris; Fahrenthold, David A. (September 15, 2016). "Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 26, 2021.

[110] Bradner, Eric; Frehse, Rob (September 14, 2016). "NY attorney general is investigating Trump Foundation practices". CNN. Retrieved September 25, 2016.

[111] Fahrenthold, David A. (October 3, 2016). "Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[112] Jacobs, Ben (December 24, 2016). "Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints". The Guardian. Retrieved December 25, 2016.

[113] Isidore, Chris; Schuman, Melanie (June 14, 2018). "New York attorney general sues Trump Foundation". CNN. Retrieved June 15, 2018.

[114] Thomsen, Jacqueline (June 14, 2018). "Five things to know about the lawsuit against the Trump Foundation". The Hill. Retrieved June 15, 2018.

[115] Goldmacher, Shane (December 18, 2018). "Trump Foundation Will Dissolve, Accused of 'Shocking Pattern of Illegality'". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2019.

[116] Katersky, Aaron (November 7, 2019). "President Donald Trump ordered to pay $2M to collection of nonprofits as part of civil lawsuit". ABC News. Retrieved November 7, 2019.

[117] "Judge orders Trump to pay $2m for misusing Trump Foundation funds". BBC News. November 8, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2020.

[Mahler2016Cohn-118] Mahler, Jonathan; Flegenheimer, Matt (June 20, 2016). "What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2020.

[119] Kranish, Michael; O'Harrow, Robert Jr. (January 23, 2016). "Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2021.

[120] Dunlap, David W. (July 30, 2015). "1973 | Meet Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2020.

[121] Brenner, Marie (June 28, 2017). "How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 26, 2020.

[122] "Donald Trump: Three decades, 4,095 lawsuits". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2018.

[TW-123] Winter, Tom (June 24, 2016). "Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up". NBC News. Retrieved February 26, 2020.

[124] Flitter, Emily (July 17, 2016). "Art of the spin: Trump bankers question his portrayal of financial comeback". Reuters. Retrieved October 14, 2018.

[125] Smith, Allan (December 8, 2017). "Trump's long and winding history with Deutsche Bank could now be at the center of Robert Mueller's investigation". Business Insider. Retrieved October 14, 2018.

[126] Riley, Charles; Egan, Matt (January 12, 2021). "Deutsche Bank won't do any more business with Trump". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[127] "Trump sues Deutsche Bank and Capital One over Democrat subpoenas". BBC News. April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.

[128] Fahrenthold, David A.; Bade, Rachael; Wagner, John (April 22, 2019). "Trump sues in bid to block congressional subpoena of financial records". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 1, 2019.

[129] Savage, Charlie (May 20, 2019). "Accountants Must Turn Over Trump's Financial Records, Lower-Court Judge Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[130] Merle, Renae; Kranish, Michael; Sonmez, Felicia (May 22, 2019). "Judge rejects Trump's request to halt congressional subpoenas for his banking records". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[131] Flitter, Emily; McKinley, Jesse; Enrich, David; Fandos, Nicholas (May 22, 2019). "Trump's Financial Secrets Move Closer to Disclosure". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[132] Hutzler, Alexandra (May 21, 2019). "Donald Trump's Subpoena Appeals Now Head to Merrick Garland's Court". Newsweek. Retrieved August 24, 2021.

[133] Fogel, Mikhaila (June 10, 2019). "Trump Legal Team Files Brief in Mazars Appeal". Lawfare. Retrieved June 12, 2019.

[134] Merle, Renae (May 28, 2019). "House subpoenas for Trump's bank records put on hold while President appeals". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2019.

[135] Buncombe, Andrew (July 4, 2018). "Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise". The Independent. Retrieved October 11, 2020.

[MayerGhost-136] Mayer, Jane (July 18, 2016). "Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 19, 2017.

[137] O'Neil, Luke (June 2, 2020). "What do we know about Trump's love for the Bible?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

[138] LaFrance, Adrienne (December 21, 2015). "Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos". The Atlantic.

[139] Dawsey, Josh (January 16, 2017). "Trump's obsession with WrestleMania and fake drama". Politico. Retrieved January 28, 2022.

[140] Kelly, Chris; Wetherbee, Brandon (December 9, 2016). "Heel in Chief". Slate. Retrieved March 5, 2019.

[FOOTNOTEKranishFisher2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx2jUDQAAQBAJpgPA166_166]-141] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 166.

[142] Silverman, Stephen M. (April 29, 2004). "The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show". People. Retrieved November 19, 2013.

[143] Tedeschi, Bob (February 6, 2006). "Now for Sale Online, the Art of the Vacation". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2018.

[144] Montopoli, Brian (April 1, 2011). "Donald Trump gets regular Fox News spot". CBS News. Retrieved July 7, 2018.

[145] Grossmann, Matt; Hopkins, David A. (September 9, 2016). "How the conservative media is taking over the Republican Party". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2018.

[born_7-17-16-146] Grynbaum, Michael M.; Parker, Ashley (July 16, 2016). "Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice'". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2018.

[147] Rao, Sonia (February 4, 2021). "Facing expulsion, Trump resigns from the Screen Actors Guild: 'You have done nothing for me'". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2021.

[148] Harmata, Claudia (February 7, 2021). "Donald Trump Banned from Future Re-Admission to SAG-AFTRA: It's 'More Than a Symbolic Step'". People. Retrieved February 8, 2021.

[reg-149] Gillin, Joshua (August 24, 2015). "Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'". PolitiFact. Retrieved March 18, 2017.

[150] "Trump Officially Joins Reform Party". CNN. October 25, 1999. Retrieved December 26, 2020.

[hint-151] Oreskes, Michael (September 2, 1987). "Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2016.

[152] Butterfield, Fox (November 18, 1987). "Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[153] Meacham, Jon (2016). Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. Random House Publishing Group. p. 326. ISBN 9780812979473.

[154] Winger, Richard (December 25, 2011). "Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries". Ballot Access News. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[155] Clift, Eleanor (July 18, 2016). "The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.

[156] Nagourney, Adam (February 14, 2000). "Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2020.

[157] Johnson, Glen. "Donald Trump eyeing a run at the White House". Standard-Speaker. Hazleton, Pennsylvania.

[McA-158] MacAskill, Ewen (May 16, 2011). "Donald Trump bows out of 2012 US presidential election race". The Guardian. Retrieved February 28, 2020.

[159] Bobic, Igor; Stein, Sam (February 22, 2017). "How CPAC Helped Launch Donald Trump's Political Career". HuffPost. Retrieved February 28, 2020.

[160] Preston, Mark; Silverleib, Alan (February 3, 2012). "Trump endorses Romney". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[161] Linkins, Jason (February 11, 2011). "Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC". HuffPost. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[Cillizza-160614-162] Cillizza, Chris (June 14, 2016). "This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[163] Flitter, Emily; Oliphant, James (August 28, 2015). "Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire". Reuters. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[164] McCammon, Sarah (August 10, 2016). "Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line". NPR. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[whoppers-165] "The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump". FactCheck.org. December 21, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2019.

[166] Holan, Angie Drobnic; Qiu, Linda (December 21, 2015). "2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump". PolitiFact. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[167] Farhi, Paul (February 26, 2016). "Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.)". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[168] Stelter, Brian (September 26, 2016). "The weekend America's newspapers called Donald Trump a liar". CNN. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[finnegan-169] Finnegan, Michael (September 25, 2016). "Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 10, 2021.

[Walsh-160724-170] Walsh, Kenneth T. (August 15, 2016). "Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt'". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[171] Blake, Aaron (July 6, 2016). "Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[172] Lerner, Adam B. (June 16, 2015). "The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech". Politico. Retrieved June 7, 2018.

[173] Graham, David A. (May 13, 2016). "The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 7, 2018.

[174] Reeve, Elspeth (October 27, 2015). "How Donald Trump Evolved From a Joke to an Almost Serious Candidate". The New Republic. Retrieved July 23, 2018.

[175] Bump, Philip (March 23, 2016). "Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[176] Nussbaum, Matthew (May 3, 2016). "RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee". Politico. Retrieved May 4, 2016.

[177] Hartig, Hannah; Lapinski, John; Psyllos, Stephanie (July 19, 2016). "Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off". NBC News. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[178] "2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton". HuffPost. Retrieved November 8, 2016.

[179] Levingston, Ivan (July 15, 2016). "Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence for VP". CNBC. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[180] "Trump closes the deal, becomes Republican nominee for president". Fox News. July 19, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[181] "US presidential debate: Trump won't commit to accept election result". BBC News. October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.

[182] "The Republican Party has lurched towards populism and illiberalism". October 31, 2020. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2021.

[183] Borger, Julian (October 26, 2021). "Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study". The Guardian. Retrieved October 14, 2021.

[184] Chotiner, Isaac (July 29, 2021). "Redefining Populism". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 14, 2021.

[185] Noah, Timothy (July 26, 2015). "Will the real Donald Trump please stand up?". Politico. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[186] Timm, Jane C. (March 30, 2016). "A Full List of Donald Trump's Rapidly Changing Policy Positions". NBC News. Retrieved July 12, 2016.

[187] "Trump's promises before and after the election". BBC. September 19, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

[188] Johnson, Jenna (April 12, 2017). "Trump on NATO: 'I said it was obsolete. It's no longer obsolete.'". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 26, 2019.

[189] Edwards, Jason A. (2018). "Make America Great Again: Donald Trump and Redefining the U.S. Role in the World". Communication Quarterly. 66 (2): 176. doi:10.1080/01463373.2018.1438485. ISSN 0146-3373. S2CID 149040989. On the campaign trail, Trump repeatedly called North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 'obsolete'.

[190] Bierman, Noah (August 22, 2016). "Donald Trump helps bring far-right media's edgier elements into the mainstream". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021.

[191] White, Daniel (January 22, 2016). "Trump Criticized for Retweeting Racist Account". Time. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[192] Kopan, Tal (January 22, 2016). "Donald Trump retweets 'White Genocide' Twitter user". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[193] Scott, Eugene (March 3, 2016). "Trump denounces David Duke, KKK". Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[194] Nelson, Libby (August 12, 2017). ""Why we voted for Donald Trump": David Duke explains the white supremacist Charlottesville protests". Vox. Retrieved August 18, 2018.

[195] Cummings, William (August 15, 2017). "Former KKK leader David Duke praises Trump for his 'courage'". USA Today. Retrieved August 18, 2018.

[196] Wilson, Jason (November 15, 2016). "Clickbait scoops and an engaged alt-right: everything to know about Breitbart News". The Guardian. Retrieved November 18, 2016.

[197] Weigel, David (August 20, 2016). "'Racialists' are cheered by Trump's latest strategy". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2018.

[198] Krieg, Gregory (August 25, 2016). "Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right' – What is it?". CNN. Retrieved August 25, 2016.

[199] Pierce, Matt (September 20, 2020). "Q&A: What is President Trump's relationship with far-right and white supremacist groups?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2021.

[200] Diamond, Jeremy (November 23, 2016). "Donald Trump disavows 'alt-right'". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[201] "Donald Trump's New York Times Interview: Full Transcript". The New York Times. November 23, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[202] "Executive Branch Personnel Public Financial Disclosure Report (U.S. OGE Form 278e)" (PDF). U.S. Office of Government Ethics. July 15, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2015 – via Bloomberg Businessweek.

[203] Rappeport, Alan (May 11, 2016). "Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2016.

[204] Qiu, Linda (October 5, 2016). "Pence's False claim that Trump 'hasn't broken' tax return promise". PolitiFact. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

[205] Isidore, Chris; Sahadi, Jeanne (February 26, 2016). "Trump says he can't release tax returns because of audits". CNN. Retrieved February 26, 2016.

[206] Vogue, Ariane (February 22, 2021). "Supreme Court allows release of Trump tax returns to NY prosecutor". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[207] Gresko, Jessica (February 22, 2021). "Supreme Court won't halt turnover of Trump's tax records". Associated Press. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[208] Eder, Steve; Twohey, Megan (October 10, 2016). "Donald Trump Acknowledges Not Paying Federal Income Taxes for Years". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[209] Schmidt, Kiersten; Andrews, Wilson (December 19, 2016). "A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2017.

[210] Desilver, Drew (December 20, 2016). "Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones". Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[211] Crockett, Zachary (November 11, 2016). "Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience". Vox. Retrieved January 3, 2017.

[212] Goldmacher, Shane; Schreckinger, Ben (November 9, 2016). "Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history". Politico. Retrieved November 9, 2016.

[213] Cohn, Nate (November 9, 2016). "Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2016.

[214] Phillips, Amber (November 9, 2016). "Republicans are poised to grasp the holy grail of governance". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[215] Logan, Brian; Sanchez, Chris (November 10, 2016). "Protests against Donald Trump break out nationwide". Business Insider. Retrieved September 16, 2022.

[216] Colson, Thomas (November 11, 2016). "Trump says protesters have 'passion for our great country' after calling demonstrations 'very unfair'". Business Insider.

[217] Przybyla, Heidi M.; Schouten, Fredreka (January 21, 2017). "At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations". USA Today. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

[218] Quigley, Aidan (January 25, 2017). "All of Trump's executive actions so far". Politico. Retrieved January 28, 2017.

[219] V.V.B (March 31, 2017). "Ivanka Trump's new job". The Economist. Retrieved April 3, 2017.

[220] Schmidt, Michael S.; Lipton, Eric; Savage, Charlie (January 21, 2017). "Jared Kushner, Trump's Son-in-Law, Is Cleared to Serve as Adviser". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2017.

[221] Geewax, Marilyn (January 20, 2018). "Trump Has Revealed Assumptions About Handling Presidential Wealth, Businesses". NPR. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[BBC041817-222] "Donald Trump: A list of potential conflicts of interest". BBC. April 18, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[Venook-223] Venook, Jeremy (August 9, 2017). "Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[Polantz-224] Orden, Erica; Polantz, Katelyn (August 17, 2020). "Appeals court lets emoluments lawsuit against Trump proceed". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2022.

[CRSRpt-225] In Focus: The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. August 19, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[226] LaFraniere, Sharon (January 25, 2018). "Lawsuit on Trump Emoluments Violations Gains Traction in Court". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2018.

[227] Vogue, Ariane; Cole, Devan (January 25, 2021). "Supreme Court dismisses emoluments cases against Trump". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[VanDam-228] Dam, Andrew Van (January 8, 2021). "Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2021.

[229] Smialek, Jeanna (June 8, 2020). "The U.S. Entered a Recession in February". The New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2020.

[230] Long, Heather (December 15, 2017). "The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here's what is in it". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 31, 2021.

[231] Andrews, Wilson; Parlapiano, Alicia (December 15, 2017). "What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2017.

[232] Gale, William G. (February 14, 2020). "Did the 2017 tax cut—the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act—pay for itself?". Brookings Institution. Retrieved July 31, 2021.

[233] Long, Heather; Stein, Jeff (October 25, 2019). "The U.S. deficit hit $984 billion in 2019, soaring during Trump era". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2020.

[234] Sloan, Allan; Podkul, Cezary (January 14, 2021). "Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years". ProPublica. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[235] Bliss, Laura (November 16, 2020). "How Trump's $1 Trillion Infrastructure Pledge Added Up". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 29, 2021.

[236] Parker, Ashley; Davenport, Coral (May 26, 2016). "Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[237] Samenow, Jason (March 22, 2016). "Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[238] Greshko, Michael; Parker, Laura; Howard, Brian Clark; Stone, Daniel; Borunda, Alejandra; Gibbens, Sarah (February 12, 2018). "Trump proposes cuts to climate and clean-energy programs". National Geographic Society. Retrieved May 27, 2018.

[239] Dennis, Brady (November 7, 2017). "As Syria embraces Paris climate deal, it's the United States against the world". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[240] Popovich, Nadja; Albeck-Ripka, Livia; Pierre-Louis, Kendra (January 20, 2021). "The Trump Administration Rolled Back More Than 100 Environmental Rules. Here's the Full List". The New York Times.

[241] Gardner, Timothy (December 3, 2019). "Senate confirms Brouillette, former Ford lobbyist, as energy secretary". Reuters. Retrieved December 15, 2019.

[242] Brown, Matthew (September 15, 2020). "Trump's fossil fuel agenda gets pushback from federal judges". Associated Press. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[243] Lipton, Eric (October 5, 2020). "'The Coal Industry Is Back,' Trump Proclaimed. It Wasn't". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[Subramaniam-244] Subramaniam, Tara (January 30, 2021). "From building the wall to bringing back coal: Some of Trump's more notable broken promises". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[245] Plumer, Brad (January 30, 2017). "Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of". Vox. Retrieved April 18, 2020.

[246] Calabresi, Massimo (March 9, 2017). "Inside Donald Trump's War against the State". Time.

[247] Baker, Cayli (December 15, 2020). "The Trump administration's major environmental deregulations". Brookings Institution. Retrieved January 29, 2022.

[248] Grunwald, Michael (April 10, 2017). "Trump's Secret Weapon Against Obama's Legacy". Politico Magazine. Retrieved January 29, 2022.

[249] Lipton, Eric; Appelbaum, Binyamin (March 5, 2017). "Leashes Come Off Wall Street, Gun Sellers, Polluters and More". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2022.

[250] "Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples". The New York Times. March 5, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2022 – via DocumentCloud.

[251] Kodjak, Alison (November 9, 2016). "Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress". NPR. Retrieved January 12, 2017.

[252] Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Pear, Robert (January 20, 2017). "Trump Issues Executive Order Scaling Back Parts of Obamacare". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

[253] Luhby, Tami (October 13, 2017). "What's in Trump's health care executive order?". CNN. Retrieved October 14, 2017.

[254] Nelson, Louis (July 18, 2017). "Trump says he plans to 'let Obamacare fail'". Politico. Retrieved September 29, 2017.

[255] Young, Jeffrey (August 31, 2017). "Trump Ramps Up Obamacare Sabotage With Huge Cuts To Enrollment Programs". HuffPost. Retrieved September 29, 2017.

[256] Luthra, Shefali (January 14, 2020). "Trump's claim that he 'saved' pre-ex conditions 'part fantasy, part delusion'". PolitiFact. Retrieved September 9, 2020.

[StolbergACA-257] Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (June 26, 2020). "Trump Administration Asks Supreme Court to Strike Down Affordable Care Act". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[258] Katkov, Mark (June 26, 2020). "Obamacare Must 'Fall,' Trump Administration Tells Supreme Court". NPR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.

[259] Rappeport, Alan; Haberman, Maggie (January 22, 2020). "Trump Opens Door to Cuts to Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2020.

[260] Mann, Brian (October 29, 2020). "Opioid Crisis: Critics Say Trump Fumbled Response To Another Deadly Epidemic". NPR. Retrieved December 13, 2020.

[261] McGraw, Meridith; Cook, Nancy (September 25, 2020). "Trump walks abortion tightrope on SCOTUS pick". Politico. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[262] Vogue, Ariane (November 15, 2016). "Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled', but Roe v Wade can be changed". CNN. Retrieved November 30, 2016.

[263] O'Hara, Mary Emily (March 30, 2017). "LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination". NBC News. Retrieved July 30, 2017.

[264] Krieg, Gregory (June 20, 2016). "The times Trump changed his positions on guns". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[265] Dawsey, Josh (November 1, 2019). "Trump abandons proposing ideas to curb gun violence after saying he would following mass shootings". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[266] Bures, Brendan (February 21, 2020). "Trump administration doubles down on anti-marijuana position". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[267] Wolf, Zachary B. (July 27, 2019). "Trump returns to the death penalty as Democrats turn against it". CNN. Retrieved September 18, 2022.

[268] Honderich, Holly (January 16, 2021). "In Trump's final days, a rush of federal executions". BBC. Retrieved September 18, 2022.

[269] Tarm, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael (January 15, 2021). "Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution". Associated Press. Retrieved January 30, 2022.

[270] McCarthy, Tom (February 7, 2016). "Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 8, 2016.

[271] "Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding". ABC News. February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.

[272] Hassner, Ron E. (2020). "What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 33 (1): 4–42. doi:10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951. S2CID 213244706.

[OloDaw-273] Olorunnipa, Toluse; Dawsey, Josh (December 24, 2020). "Trump wields pardon power as political weapon, rewarding loyalists and undermining prosecutors". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[274] Hillyard, Vaughn; Helsel, Phil (August 26, 2017). "President Trump Grants Pardon for Former Sheriff Joe Arpaio". NBC News. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

[275] Lucas, Ryan (March 9, 2018). "Trump Pardons Ex-Navy Sailor Sentenced For Photos of Submarine". NPR. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

[276] Rucker, Philip; Dawsey, Josh; Wagner, John (May 31, 2018). "Trump pardons conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, suggests others also could receive clemency". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2020.

[277] Wagner, John; Horwitz, Sari (June 6, 2018). "Trump has commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, a woman whose case was championed by Kim Kardashian". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2018.

[278] Philipps, Dave (November 16, 2019). "Trump's Pardons for Servicemen Raise Fears That Laws of War Are History". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

[Blackwater-279] Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (December 22, 2020). "Trump Pardons Two Russia Inquiry Figures and Blackwater Guards". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

[280] Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie; Shear, Michael D. (February 18, 2020). "Trump Commutes Corruption Sentence of Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2020.

[281] Kelly, Amita; Lucas, Ryan; Romo, Vanessa (December 23, 2020). "Trump Pardons Roger Stone, Paul Manafort And Charles Kushner". NPR. Retrieved March 21, 2021.

[283] Haberman, Maggie; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Lipton, Eric; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 20, 2021). "With Hours Left in Office, Trump Grants Clemency to Bannon and Other Allies". The New York Times. Retrieved January 20, 2021.

[wb-284] Leonnig, Carol D.; Zapotosky, Matt; Dawsey, Josh; Tan, Rebecca (June 2, 2020). "Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 3, 2020.

[bumpline-285] Bump, Philip (June 2, 2020). "Timeline: The clearing of Lafayette Square". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2020.

[286] Gittleson, Ben; Phelps, Jordyn (June 3, 2020). "Police use munitions to forcibly push back peaceful protesters for Trump church visit". ABC News. Retrieved June 29, 2021.

[Shear-287] Shear, Michael D.; Rogers, Katie (June 3, 2020). "Trump and Aides Try to Change the Narrative of the White House Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2021.

[288] Stableford, Dylan; Wilson, Christopher (June 3, 2020). "Religious leaders condemn teargassing protesters to clear street for Trump". Yahoo! News. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[289] "Scores of retired military leaders publicly denounce Trump". AP News. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[290] Lamothe, Dan (June 11, 2020). "Pentagon's top general apologizes for appearing alongside Trump in Lafayette Square". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2020.

[291] "Donald Trump's Mexico wall: Who is going to pay for it?". BBC. February 6, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.

[292] "Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. August 19, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.

[293] Oh, Inae (August 19, 2015). "Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional". Mother Jones. Retrieved November 22, 2015.

[294] Fritze, John (August 8, 2019). "A USA Today analysis found Trump used words like 'invasion' and 'killer' at rallies more than 500 times since 2017". USA Today. Retrieved August 9, 2019.

[295] Gomez, Alan (January 31, 2018). "Trump painted a dark picture of immigrants, despite the facts". USA Today. Retrieved February 1, 2018.

[296] Haslett, Cheyenne (January 15, 2019). "Fact Check: Trump's claims on undocumented immigrant crime rates. Here's what the numbers show". ABC News. Retrieved July 10, 2022.

[297] Johnson, Kevin R. (2017). "Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order". Santa Clara Law Review. 57 (3): 611–665. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

[298] Johnson, Kevin R.; Cuison-Villazor, Rose (May 2, 2019). "The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity". Wake Forest Law Review. 54 (2): 575–616. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

[299] Mitchell, Ellen (January 29, 2019). "Pentagon to send a 'few thousand' more troops to southern border". The Hill. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

[300] Snow, Anita (February 25, 2020). "Crackdown on immigrants who use public benefits takes effect". AP News. Retrieved June 4, 2020.

[301] "Donald Trump has cut refugee admissions to America to a record low". The Economist. November 4, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.

[302] Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Shear, Michael D. (October 1, 2020). "Trump Virtually Cuts Off Refugees as He Unleashes a Tirade on Immigrants". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[303] Hesson, Ted (October 11, 2019). "Trump ending U.S. role as worldwide leader on refugees". Politico. Retrieved June 25, 2020.

[304] Pilkington, Ed (December 8, 2015). "Donald Trump: ban all Muslims entering US". The Guardian. Retrieved October 10, 2020.

[305] Johnson, Jenna (June 25, 2016). "Trump now proposes only Muslims from terrorism-heavy countries would be banned from U.S." The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021. [A] reporter asked Trump if [he] would be OK with a Muslim from Scotland coming into the United States and he said it 'wouldn't bother me'. Afterward, [spokeswoman] Hicks said in an email that Trump's ban would now just apply to Muslims in terror states ...

[frontline-306] Walters, Joanna; Helmore, Edward; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (January 28, 2017). "US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests". The Guardian. Retrieved July 19, 2017.

[airport-307] "Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action". CBS News. January 28, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2021.

[308] Barrett, Devlin; Frosch, Dan (February 4, 2017). "Federal Judge Temporarily Halts Trump Order on Immigration, Refugees". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[309] Levine, Dan; Rosenberg, Mica (March 15, 2017). "Hawaii judge halts Trump's new travel ban before it can go into effect". Reuters. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[310] "Trump signs new travel ban directive". BBC News. March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2017.

[311] Sherman, Mark (June 26, 2017). "Limited version of Trump's travel ban to take effect Thursday". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved August 5, 2017.

[312] Laughland, Oliver (September 25, 2017). "Trump travel ban extended to blocks on North Korea, Venezuela and Chad". The Guardian. Retrieved October 13, 2017.

[313] Hurley, Lawrence (December 4, 2017). "Supreme Court lets Trump's latest travel ban go into full effect". Reuters. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[314] Wagner, Meg; Ries, Brian; Rocha, Veronica (June 26, 2018). "Supreme Court upholds travel ban". CNN. Retrieved June 26, 2018.

[315] Pearle, Lauren (February 5, 2019). "Trump administration admits thousands more migrant families may have been separated than estimated". ABC News. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[Spagat-316] Spagat, Elliot (October 25, 2019). "Tally of children split at border tops 5,400 in new count". AP News. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[317] Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Shear, Michael D. (June 16, 2018). "How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[318] Savage, Charlie (June 20, 2018). "Explaining Trump's Executive Order on Family Separation". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[Domonoske-319] Domonoske, Camila; Gonzales, Richard (June 19, 2018). "What We Know: Family Separation And 'Zero Tolerance' At The Border". NPR. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[320] Epstein, Jennifer (June 18, 2018). "Donald Trump's family separations bedevil GOP as public outrage grows". The Sydney Morning Herald. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[321] Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (June 15, 2018). "Separated at the Border From Their Parents: In Six Weeks, 1,995 Children". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2018.

[322] Sarlin, Benjy (June 15, 2018). "Despite claims, GOP immigration bill would not end family separation, experts say". NBC News. Retrieved June 18, 2018.

[323] Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Nixon, Ron (May 29, 2018). "Trump Officials, Moving to Break Up Migrant Families, Blame Democrats". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2020.

[324] Beckwith, Ryan Teague (June 20, 2018). "Here's What President Trump's Immigration Order Actually Does". Time. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[325] Shear, Michael D.; Goodnough, Abby; Haberman, Maggie (June 20, 2018). "Trump Retreats on Separating Families, but Thousands May Remain Apart". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.

[326] Hansler, Jennifer (June 27, 2018). "Judge says government does a better job of tracking 'personal property' than separated kids". CNN. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[327] Walters, Joanna (June 27, 2018). "Judge orders US to reunite families separated at border within 30 days". The Guardian. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[timm-328] Timm, Jane C. (January 13, 2021). "Fact check: Mexico never paid for it. But what about Trump's other border wall promises?". NBC News. Retrieved December 21, 2021.

[329] Farley, Robert (February 16, 2021). "Trump's Border Wall: Where Does It Stand?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved December 21, 2021.

[330] Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Tackett, Michael (January 2, 2019). "Trump and Democrats Dig in After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2019.

[Gambino-331] Gambino, Lauren; Walters, Joanna (January 26, 2019). "Trump signs bill to end $6bn shutdown and temporarily reopen government". The Guardian. Reuters. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[332] Pramuk, Jacob (January 25, 2019). "Trump signs bill to temporarily reopen government after longest shutdown in history". CNBC. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[333] Fritze, John (January 24, 2019). "By the numbers: How the government shutdown is affecting the US". USA Today. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[334] Mui, Ylan (January 28, 2019). "Government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion: CBO". CNBC. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[335] Bacon, Perry Jr. (January 25, 2019). "Why Trump Blinked". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[Wilkie-336] Pramuk, Jacob; Wilkie, Christina (February 15, 2019). "Trump declares national emergency to build border wall, setting up massive legal fight". CNBC. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[337] Carney, Jordain (October 17, 2019). "Senate fails to override Trump veto over emergency declaration". The Hill. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

[338] Quinn, Melissa (December 11, 2019). "Supreme Court allows Trump to use military funds for border wall construction". CBS News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.

[339] Trump v. Sierra Club, No. 19A60, 588 U.S. ___ (2019)

[340] Allyn, Bobby (January 9, 2020). "Appeals Court Allows Trump To Divert $3.6 Billion In Military Funds For Border Wall". NPR. Retrieved September 19, 2022.

[341] El Paso Cty. v. Trump, 982 F.3d 332 (5th Cir. December 4, 2020). were unsuccessful.

[342] Cummings, William (October 24, 2018). "'I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar". USA Today. Retrieved August 24, 2021.

[Bennhold-343] Bennhold, Katrin (June 6, 2020). "Has 'America First' Become 'Trump First'? Germans Wonder". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2021.

[rucker-344] Rucker, Philip; Costa, Robert (March 21, 2016). "Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2021.

[345] Dodson, Kyle; Brooks, Clem (September 20, 2021). "All by Himself? Trump, Isolationism, and the American Electorate". The Sociological Quarterly: 1–24. doi:10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348. ISSN 0038-0253.

[346] Carothers, Thomas; Brown, Frances Z. (October 1, 2018). "Can U.S. Democracy Policy Survive Trump?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved October 19, 2019.

[347] McGurk, Brett (January 22, 2020). "The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved August 24, 2021.

[348] Swanson, Ana (March 12, 2020). "Trump Administration Escalates Tensions With Europe as Crisis Looms". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[349] Baker, Peter (May 26, 2017). "Trump Says NATO Allies Don't Pay Their Share. Is That True?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[350] Barnes, Julian E.; Cooper, Helene (January 14, 2019). "Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2021.

[351] Tankersley, Jim; Landler, Mark (May 15, 2019). "Trump's Love for Tariffs Began in Japan's '80s Boom". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2021.

[352] "Trump calls NAFTA a "disaster"". CBS News. September 25, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[353] Bradner, Eric (January 23, 2017). "Trump's TPP withdrawal: 5 things to know". CNN. Retrieved March 12, 2018.

[354] Inman, Phillip (March 10, 2018). "The war over steel: Trump tips global trade into new turmoil". The Guardian. Retrieved March 15, 2018.

[355] Lawder, David; Blanchard, Ben (June 15, 2018). "Trump sets tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese goods; Beijing strikes back". Reuters. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[356] Newburger, Emma (May 12, 2019). "Kudlow acknowledges US will pay for China tariffs, contradicting Trump". CNBC. Retrieved May 20, 2019.

[357] Crutsinger, Martin (September 3, 2020). "US trade deficit surges in July to highest in 12 years". AP News. Retrieved October 3, 2021.

[358] Rodriguez, Sabrina (April 24, 2020). "North American trade deal to take effect on July 1". Politico. Retrieved January 31, 2022.

[359] Bose, Nandita; Shalal, Andrea (August 7, 2019). "Trump says China is 'killing us with unfair trade deals'". Reuters. Retrieved August 24, 2019.

[360] Hass, Ryan; Denmark, Abraham (August 7, 2020). "More pain than gain: How the US-China trade war hurt America". Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[361] "How China Won Trump's Trade War and Got Americans to Foot the Bill". Bloomberg News. January 11, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[362] Disis, Jill (October 25, 2020). "Trump promised to win the trade war with China. He failed". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2022.

[363] Bajak, Frank; Liedtke, Michael (May 21, 2019). "Huawei sanctions: Who gets hurt in dispute?". USA Today. Retrieved August 24, 2019.

[364] "Trump's Trade War Targets Chinese Students at Elite U.S. Schools". Time. June 3, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.

[365] Meredith, Sam (August 6, 2019). "China responds to US after Treasury designates Beijing a 'currency manipulator'". CNBC. Retrieved August 6, 2019.

[366] Sink, Justin (April 11, 2018). "Trump Praises China's Xi's Trade Speech, Easing Tariff Tensions". IndustryWeek. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[367] Nakamura, David (August 23, 2019). "Amid trade war, Trump drops pretense of friendship with China's Xi Jinping, calls him an 'enemy'". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 25, 2020.

[368] Sevastopulo, Demetri (August 10, 2020). "China hawks latch on to Trump's campaign against Beijing". Financial Times. Retrieved October 25, 2020.

[369] Ward, Myah (April 15, 2020). "15 times Trump praised China as coronavirus was spreading across the globe". Politico. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[370] Mason, Jeff; Spetalnick, Matt; Alper, Alexandra (March 18, 2020). "Trump ratchets up criticism of China over coronavirus". Reuters. Retrieved October 25, 2020.

[371] "Trump held off sanctioning Chinese over Uighurs to pursue trade deal". BBC News. June 22, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[372] Verma, Pranshu; Wong, Edward (July 9, 2020). "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Chinese Officials Over Mass Detention of Muslims". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[373] Phelps, Jordyn; Struyk, Ryan (May 20, 2017). "Trump signs $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia on 'a tremendous day'". ABC News. Retrieved July 6, 2018.

[374] Holland, Steve; Bayoumy, Yara (March 20, 2018). "Trump praises U.S. military sales to Saudi as he welcomes crown prince". Reuters. Retrieved June 2, 2021.

[375] "Trump, Saudi leader discuss Houthi 'threat' in Yemen: White House". Reuters. March 21, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2021.

[376] Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (October 11, 2019). "U.S. says deploying more forces to Saudi Arabia to counter Iran threat". Reuters. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[377] Sommer, Allison Kaplan (July 25, 2019). "How Trump and Netanyahu Became Each Other's Most Effective Political Weapon". Haaretz. Retrieved August 2, 2019.

[378] Nelson, Louis; Nussbaum, Matthew (December 6, 2017). "Trump says U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite global condemnation". Politico. Retrieved December 6, 2017.

[379] Romo, Vanessa (March 25, 2019). "Trump Formally Recognizes Israeli Sovereignty Over Golan Heights". NPR. Retrieved April 5, 2021.

[380] Gladstone, Rick; Landler, Mark (December 21, 2017). "Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2017.

[381] Huet, Natalie (March 22, 2019). "Outcry as Trump backs Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights". Euronews. Reuters. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[382] Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (January 21, 2018). "Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[383] Gordon, Michael R.; Schmitt, Eric; Haberman, Maggie (August 20, 2017). "Trump Settles on Afghan Strategy Expected to Raise Troop Levels". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[384] George, Susannah; Dadouch, Sarah; Lamothe, Dan (February 29, 2020). "U.S. signs peace deal with Taliban agreeing to full withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[385] Mashal, Mujib (February 29, 2020). "Taliban and U.S. Strike Deal to Withdraw American Troops From Afghanistan". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2020.

[5,000-386] Kiely, Eugene; Farley, Robert (August 17, 2021). "Timeline of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan". FactCheck.org. Retrieved August 31, 2021.

[387] "Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs". BBC News. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.

[388] Joyce, Kathleen (April 14, 2018). "US strikes Syria after suspected chemical attack by Assad regime". Fox News. Retrieved April 14, 2018.

[389] Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (December 19, 2018). "Trump withdraws U.S. Forces From Syria, Declaring 'We Have Won Against ISIS'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2018.

[390] Borger, Julian; Chulov, Martin (December 20, 2018). "Trump shocks allies and advisers with plan to pull US troops out of Syria". The Guardian. Retrieved December 20, 2018.

[391] Cooper, Helene (December 20, 2018). "Jim Mattis, Defense Secretary, Resigns in Rebuke of Trump's Worldview". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2018.

[392] Demirjian, Karoun; DeYoung, Karen (January 6, 2019). "Contradicting Trump, Bolton says no withdrawal from Syria until ISIS destroyed, Kurds' safety guaranteed". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 6, 2019.

[393] McKernan, Bethan; Borger, Julian; Sabbagh, Dan (October 9, 2019). "Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria". The Guardian. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

[394] O'Brien, Connor (October 16, 2019). "House condemns Trump's Syria withdrawal". Politico. Retrieved October 17, 2019.

[395] Edmondson, Catie (October 16, 2019). "In Bipartisan Rebuke, House Majority Condemns Trump for Syria Withdrawal". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2019.

[396] Borger, Julian; Smith, David (February 3, 2017). "Trump administration imposes new sanctions on Iran". The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2018.

[AP180508-397] Lederman, Josh; Lucey, Catherine (May 8, 2018). "Trump declares US leaving 'horrible' Iran nuclear accord". Associated Press. Retrieved May 8, 2018.

[398] Landler, Mark (May 8, 2018). "Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.

[close-399] Hennigan, W.J. (November 24, 2021). "'They're Very Close.' U.S. General Says Iran Is Nearly Able to Build a Nuclear Weapon". Time. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[400] Crowley, Michael; Hassan, Falih; Schmitt, Eric (January 2, 2020). "U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2020.

[401] Daniel, Douglas K.; Lemire, Jonathan (January 5, 2020). "Trump says 52 targets already lined up if Iran retaliates". Associated Press. Retrieved November 3, 2022.

[Wamsley_1/6/2020-402] Wamsley, Laurel (January 6, 2020). "Trump Says He'll Target Iran's Cultural Sites. That's Illegal". NPR. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

[Ward_1/9/2020-403] Ward, Alex (January 9, 2020). "Evidence is mounting that Iran accidentally shot down the Ukraine flight". Vox. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[Baker_et_al_1/11/2020-404] Baker, Peter; Bergman, Ronen; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Barnes, Julian E.; Rubin, Alissa J. (January 11, 2020). "Seven Days in January: How Trump Pushed U.S. and Iran to the Brink of War". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[Motamedi_4/17/2021-405] Motamedi, Maziar (April 17, 2021). "Iran rejects claim Ukraine's plane shot down intentionally". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[Wise_1/10/2020-406] Wise, Jeff (January 10, 2020). "How Trump's Iran War Bluster Paved the Way for the Ukrainian Airliner Shoot-Down". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 8, 2022. Trump's bluster and unpredictability, lauded by some of his allies as a strategic virtue, almost certainly contributed to the conditions that allowed this grievous mistake to be made.

[407] Nichols, Michelle (February 18, 2021). "U.S. rescinds Trump White House claim that all U.N. sanctions had been reimposed on Iran". Reuters. Retrieved December 14, 2021.

[408] Taylor, Adam; Meko, Tim (December 21, 2017). "What made North Korea's weapons programs so much scarier in 2017". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2019.

[Windrem-409] Windrem, Robert; Siemaszko, Corky; Arkin, Daniel (May 2, 2017). "North Korea crisis: How events have unfolded under Trump". NBC News. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[410] Borger, Julian (September 19, 2017). "Donald Trump threatens to 'totally destroy' North Korea in UN speech". The Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[411] McCausland, Phil (September 22, 2017). "Kim Jong Un Calls President Trump 'Dotard' and 'Frightened Dog'". NBC News. Reuters. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[412] "Transcript: Kim Jong Un's letters to President Trump". CNN. September 9, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[413] Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy (September 9, 2020). "'A magical force': New Trump-Kim letters provide window into their 'special friendship'". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[StepsInto-414] Baker, Peter; Crowley, Michael (June 30, 2019). "Trump Steps Into North Korea and Agrees With Kim Jong-un to Resume Talks". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[415] Rappeport, Alan (March 22, 2019). "Trump Overrules Own Experts on Sanctions, in Favor to North Korea". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

[416] Sanger, David E.; Sang-Hun, Choe (June 12, 2020). "Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[417] Tanner, Jari; Lee, Matthew (October 5, 2019). "North Korea Says Nuclear Talks Break Down While U.S. Says They Were 'Good'". Associated Press. Retrieved July 21, 2021.

[418] Herskovitz, Jon (December 28, 2020). "Kim Jong Un's Nuclear Weapons Got More Dangerous Under Trump". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[419] Warrick, Joby; Denyer, Simon (September 30, 2020). "As Kim wooed Trump with 'love letters', he kept building his nuclear capability, intelligence shows". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[420] Zengerle, Patricia (January 16, 2019). "Bid to keep U.S. sanctions on Russia's Rusal fails in Senate". Reuters. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[421] Whalen, Jeanne (January 15, 2019). "In rare rebuke of Trump administration, some GOP lawmakers advance measure to oppose lifting Russian sanctions". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[422] Bugos, Shannon (September 2019). "U.S. Completes INF Treaty Withdrawal". Arms Control Association. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[G8-423] Panetta, Grace (June 14, 2018). "Trump reportedly claimed to leaders at the G7 that Crimea is part of Russia because everyone there speaks Russian". Business Insider. Retrieved February 13, 2020.

[424] Baker, Peter (August 10, 2017). "Trump Praises Putin Instead of Critiquing Cuts to U.S. Embassy Staff". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

[425] Nussbaum, Matthew (April 8, 2018). "Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad'". Politico. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[426] "Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline". BBC News. December 21, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[427] Diamond, Jeremy; Malloy, Allie; Dewan, Angela (March 26, 2018). "Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[428] Zurcher, Anthony (July 16, 2018). "Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home". BBC. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[429] Calamur, Krishnadev (July 16, 2018). "Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[430] Fox, Lauren (July 16, 2018). "Top Republicans in Congress break with Trump over Putin comments". CNN. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[431] Savage, Charlie; Schmitt, Eric; Schwirtz, Michael (May 17, 2021). "Russian Spy Team Left Traces That Bolstered C.I.A.'s Bounty Judgment". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2022.

[432] Trimble, Megan (December 28, 2017). "Trump White House Has Highest Turnover in 40 Years". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

[433] Wise, Justin (July 2, 2018). "AP: Trump admin sets record for White House turnover". The Hill. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

[434] "Trump White House sets turnover records, analysis shows". NBC News. Associated Press. July 2, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

[Keith-435] Keith, Tamara (March 7, 2018). "White House Staff Turnover Was Already Record-Setting. Then More Advisers Left". NPR. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

[Brookings-436] Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn; Kamarck, Elaine; Zeppos, Nicholas W. (March 16, 2018). "Tracking Turnover in the Trump Administration". Brookings Institution. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

[437] Rogers, Katie; Karni, Annie (April 23, 2020). "Home Alone at the White House: A Sour President, With TV His Constant Companion". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2020.

[438] Cillizza, Chris (June 19, 2020). "Donald Trump makes terrible hires, according to Donald Trump". CNN. Retrieved June 24, 2020.

[Keither-439] Keith, Tamara (March 6, 2020). "Mick Mulvaney Out, Mark Meadows in As White House Chief Of Staff". NPR. Retrieved October 5, 2021.

[440] Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (July 28, 2017). "Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[441] Fritze, John; Subramanian, Courtney; Collins, Michael (September 4, 2020). "Trump says former chief of staff Gen. John Kelly couldn't 'handle the pressure' of the job". USA Today. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[442] Stanek, Becca (May 11, 2017). "President Trump just completely contradicted the official White House account of the Comey firing". The Week. Retrieved May 11, 2017.

[cloud-443] Schmidt, Michael S.; Apuzzo, Matt (June 7, 2017). "Comey Says Trump Pressured Him to 'Lift the Cloud' of Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2021.

[444] "Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence James B. Comey" (PDF). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. United States Government. June 8, 2017. p. 7. Retrieved November 2, 2021.

[445] Jones-Rooy, Andrea (November 29, 2017). "The Incredibly And Historically Unstable First Year Of Trump's Cabinet". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

[446] Hersher, Rebecca; Neely, Brett (July 5, 2018). "Scott Pruitt Out at EPA". NPR. Retrieved July 5, 2018.

[447] Eilperin, Juliet; Dawsey, Josh (December 15, 2018). "Ryan Zinke resigns as interior secretary amid multiple investigations". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 3, 2019.

[448] Keith, Tamara (October 12, 2017). "Trump Leaves Top Administration Positions Unfilled, Says Hollow Government By Design". NPR. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

[449] "Tracking how many key positions Trump has filled so far". The Washington Post. January 8, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[450] Gramlich, John (January 13, 2021). "How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges". Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 30, 2021.

[451] Phillip, Abby; Barnes, Robert; O'Keefe, Ed (February 8, 2017). "Supreme Court nominee Gorsuch says Trump's attacks on judiciary are 'demoralizing'". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[452] In His Own Words: The President's Attacks on the Courts (Report). Brennan Center for Justice. June 5, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[453] Shepherd, Katie (November 8, 2019). "Trump 'violates all recognized democratic norms,' federal judge says in biting speech on judicial independence". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[WHOpandemic2-454] "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020". World Health Organization. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.

[455] "Coronavirus disease 2019". World Health Organization. Retrieved March 15, 2020.

[456] Holshue, Michelle L.; et al. (March 5, 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.

[457] Hein, Alexandria (January 31, 2020). "Coronavirus declared public health emergency in US". Fox News. Retrieved October 2, 2020.

[458] Watson, Kathryn (April 3, 2020). "A timeline of what Trump has said on coronavirus". CBS News. Retrieved January 27, 2021.

[459] "Trump deliberately played down virus, Woodward book says". BBC News. September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.

[460] Gangel, Jamie; Herb, Jeremy; Stuart, Elizabeth (September 9, 2020). "'Play it down': Trump admits to concealing the true threat of coronavirus in new Woodward book". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

[461] Cloud, David S.; Pringle, Paul; Stokols, Eli (April 19, 2020). "How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 21, 2020.

[NYT_4_11_20-462] Lipton, Eric; Sanger, David E.; Haberman, Maggie; Shear, Michael D.; Mazzetti, Mark; Barnes, Julian E. (April 11, 2020). "He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

[463] Kelly, Caroline (March 21, 2020). "Washington Post: US intelligence warned Trump in January and February as he dismissed coronavirus threat". CNN. Retrieved April 21, 2020.

[464] Partington, Richard; Wearden, Graeme (March 9, 2020). "Global stock markets post biggest falls since 2008 financial crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved March 15, 2020.

[465] Allen, Arthur; McGraw, Meridith (March 5, 2020). "Trump gets a fact check on coronavirus vaccines – from his own officials". Politico. Retrieved April 12, 2020.

[466] Valverde, Miriam (March 12, 2020). "Donald Trump's Wrong Claim That 'Anybody' Can Get Tested For Coronavirus". Kaiser Health News. Retrieved March 18, 2020.

[467] Heeb, Gina (March 6, 2020). "Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak". Business Insider. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[468] "Coronavirus: What you need to know about Trump's Europe travel ban". The Local. March 12, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[469] Karni, Annie; Haberman, Maggie (March 12, 2020). "In Rare Oval Office Speech, Trump Voices New Concerns and Old Themes". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2020.

[470] Liptak, Kevin (March 13, 2020). "Trump declares national emergency – and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures". CNN. Retrieved March 18, 2020.

[471] Cohen, Zachary (April 10, 2020). "Trump administration shuttered pandemic monitoring program, then scrambled to extend it". CNN. Retrieved July 10, 2020.

[472] McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 25, 2019). "Scientists Were Hunting for the Next Ebola. Now the U.S. Has Cut Off Their Funding". The New York Times. Retrieved July 11, 2020.

[LATimes_PREDICT-473] Baumgaertner, Emily; Rainey, James (April 2, 2020). "Trump administration ended pandemic early-warning program to detect coronaviruses". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

[474] McNeil, Donald G. Jr.; Kaplan, Thomas (August 30, 2020). "U.S. Will Revive Global Virus-Hunting Effort Ended Last Year". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2020.

[475] "Trump's immigration executive order: What you need to know". Al Jazeera. April 23, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021.

[476] Shear, Michael D.; Weiland, Noah; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Sanger, David E. (July 18, 2020). "Inside Trump's Failure: The Rush to Abandon Leadership Role on the Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2020.

[477] "Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response". CBS News. January 30, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.

[Karni-478] Karni, Annie (March 23, 2020). "In Daily Coronavirus Briefing, Trump Tries to Redefine Himself". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2020.

[479] Baker, Peter; Rogers, Katie; Enrich, David; Haberman, Maggie (April 6, 2020). "Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2020.

[480] Berenson, Tessa (March 30, 2020). "'He's Walking the Tightrope.' How Donald Trump Is Getting Out His Message on Coronavirus". Time. Retrieved April 8, 2020.

[481] Dale, Daniel (March 17, 2020). "Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved March 19, 2020.

[482] Scott, Dylan (March 18, 2020). "Trump's new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous". Vox. Retrieved March 19, 2020.

[483] Georgiou, Aristos (March 19, 2020). "WHO expert condemns language stigmatizing coronavirus after Trump repeatedly calls it the "Chinese virus"". Newsweek. Retrieved March 19, 2020.

[484] Beavers, Olivia (March 19, 2020). "US-China relationship worsens over coronavirus". The Hill. Retrieved March 19, 2020.

[485] Lemire, Jonathan (April 9, 2020). "As pandemic deepens, Trump cycles through targets to blame". AP News. Retrieved May 5, 2020.

[486] "Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant as treatment". BBC News. April 24, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.

[487] Aratani, Lauren (May 5, 2020). "Why is the White House winding down the coronavirus taskforce?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[488] "Coronavirus: Trump says virus task force to focus on reopening economy". BBC News. May 6, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[489] Liptak, Kevin (May 6, 2020). "In reversal, Trump says task force will continue 'indefinitely' – eyes vaccine czar". CNN. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[490] Acosta, Jim; Liptak, Kevin; Westwood, Sarah (May 29, 2020). "As US deaths top 100,000, Trump's coronavirus task force is curtailed". CNN. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

[Politico_WHO-491] Ollstein, Alice Miranda (April 14, 2020). "Trump halts funding to World Health Organization". Politico. Retrieved September 7, 2020.

[CNN_WHO-492] Cohen, Zachary; Hansler, Jennifer; Atwood, Kylie; Salama, Vivian; Murray, Sara (July 7, 2020). "Trump administration begins formal withdrawal from World Health Organization". CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2020.

[BBC_WHO-493] "Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization". BBC News. July 7, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.

[494] Wood, Graeme (April 15, 2020). "The WHO Defunding Move Isn't What It Seems". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 7, 2020.

[495] Phillips, Amber (April 8, 2020). "Why exactly is Trump lashing out at the World Health Organization?". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 8, 2020.

[496] Higgins-Dunn, Noah (July 14, 2020). "Trump says U.S. would have half the number of coronavirus cases if it did half the testing". CNBC. Retrieved August 26, 2020.

[497] Bump, Philip (July 23, 2020). "Trump is right that with lower testing, we record fewer cases. That's already happening". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 26, 2020.

[498] Feuer, Will (August 26, 2020). "CDC quietly revises coronavirus guidance to downplay importance of testing for asymptomatic people". CNBC. Retrieved August 26, 2020.

[499] "The C.D.C. changes testing guidelines to exclude those exposed to virus who don't exhibit symptoms". The New York Times. August 26, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.

[CNN-testing-pressure-500] Valencia, Nick; Murray, Sara; Holmes, Kristen (August 26, 2020). "CDC was pressured 'from the top down' to change coronavirus testing guidance, official says". CNN. Retrieved August 26, 2020.

[Gumbrecht-501] Gumbrecht, Jamie; Gupta, Sanjay; Valencia, Nick (September 18, 2020). "Controversial coronavirus testing guidance came from HHS and didn't go through CDC scientific review, sources say". CNN. Retrieved September 18, 2020.

[502] Wilson, Jason (April 17, 2020). "The rightwing groups behind wave of protests against Covid-19 restrictions". The Guardian. Retrieved April 18, 2020.

[a]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

@@ Line 642: / Line 642: @@
 Trump's social media presence attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in 2009. He frequently tweeted during the 2016 election campaign and as president, until his ban in the final days of his term.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Kate|last1=Conger|first2=Mike|last2=Isaac|title=Inside Twitter's Decision to Cut Off Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 16, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/16/technology/twitter-donald-trump-jack-dorsey.html|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Over twelve years, Trump posted around 57,000 tweets, often using Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public and sidelining the press.<ref name="gone">{{cite web|first1=Aamer|last1=Madhani|first2=Jill|last2=Colvin|title=A farewell to @realDonaldTrump, gone after 57,000 tweets|work=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/twitter-donald-trump-ban-cea450b1f12f4ceb8984972a120018d5|date=January 9, 2021|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> In June 2017, a White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landers|first=Elizabeth|date=June 6, 2017|title=White House: Trump's tweets are 'official statements'|work=[[CNN]]|url=http://cnn.com/2017/06/06/politics/trump-tweets-official-statements/|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Trump often announced terminations of administration officials and cabinet members over Twitter.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diehm|first1=Jan|last2=Petulla|first2=Sam|last3=Wolf|first3=Zachary B.|title=Who has left Trump's administration and orbit?|url=https://cnn.com/interactive/2017/08/politics/trump-admin-departures-trnd/|work=[[CNN]]|date=October 21, 2019|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref>
-After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checking warnings in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/26/trump-twitter-label-fact-check/|title=Twitter labels Trump's tweets with a fact check for the first time|date=May 27, 2020|access-date=July 7, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In response, Trump tweeted that "Social Media Platforms totally silence conservative voices" and that he would "strongly regulate, or close them down".<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/27/trump-twitter-label/|title=Trump lashes out at social media companies after Twitter labels tweets with fact checks|date=May 27, 2020|access-date=May 28, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In the days after the storming of the United States Capitol, Trump was banned from [[Facebook]], [[Instagram]], Twitter and other platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 11, 2021 |title=All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far |last1=Fischer |first1=Sara |last2=Gold |first2=Ashley |url=https://www.axios.com/platforms-social-media-ban-restrict-trump-d9e44f3c-8366-4ba9-a8a1-7f3114f920f1.html |access-date=January 16, 2021 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> Twitter blocked attempts by Trump and his staff to [[Sock puppet account#Block evasion|circumvent the ban]] through the use of others' accounts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter is deleting Trump's attempts to circumvent ban|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/8/22221683/trump-tried-to-evade-his-ban-with-potus-but-those-tweets-were-instantly-deleted|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=[[The Verge]]|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> The loss of Trump's social media megaphone, including his 88.7 million Twitter followers, diminished his ability to shape events,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/donald-trump-loses-social-media-megaphone/a-56158414 |title=Donald Trump loses social media megaphone |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Timberg |first=Craig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/14/trump-twitter-megaphone/ |title=Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dwoskin |first1=Elizabeth|last2=Timberg |first2=Craig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/16/misinformation-trump-twitter/ |title=Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> In May 2021, an advisory group to Facebook evaluated that site's indefinite ban of Trump and concluded that it had been justified at the time but should be re-evaluated in six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/technology/facebook-trump-ban-upheld.html|title=Facebook Oversight Board Upholds Social Network's Ban of Trump|last=Isaac|first=Mike|date=May 5, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, Facebook suspended the account for two years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ortutay |first=Barbara |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-government-and-politics-technology-business-f7d165898d2b79e86c9fe15f36384b18 |title=Facebook suspends Trump for 2 years, then will reassess |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=June 4, 2021 |access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref> Later in June, Trump joined the video platform [[Rumble (website)|Rumble]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Culliford |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-joins-video-platform-rumble-ahead-ohio-rally-2021-06-26/ |title=Trump joins video platform Rumble ahead of Ohio rally |work=[[Reuters]] |date=June 26, 2021 |access-date=July 2, 2021}}</ref> and began to post the messages of his website blog on the Twitter account of a spokesperson.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mary |last=Papenfuss |title=Donald Trump Is Brazenly Flouting His Twitter Ban With Aide's Help |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-liz-harrington-twitter-ban-rigged-election-incitement_n_60f61701e4b0d1bafbf6315c |date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |work=[[HuffPost]] }}</ref> Trump's attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful. In May 2021 he launched a blog that had low readership and was closed after less than a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/02/trump-blog-dead/|title=Trump ends blog after 29 days, infuriated by measly readership|last1=Harwell|first1=Drew|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|date=June 2, 2021|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref> On November 19, 2022, days after Trump announced he was running for president in 2024, Twitter owner [[Elon Musk]] reinstated Trump's account.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elon Musk restores Trump’s Twitter account |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/19/trump-musk-twitter/ |work=The Washington Post |date=November 19, 2022|author1=Faiz Siddiqui|author2=Drew Harwell|author3=Isaac Arnsdorf }}</ref>
+After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checking warnings in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/26/trump-twitter-label-fact-check/|title=Twitter labels Trump's tweets with a fact check for the first time|date=May 27, 2020|access-date=July 7, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In the days after the storming of the United States Capitol, Trump was banned from [[Facebook]], [[Instagram]], Twitter and other platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 11, 2021 |title=All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far |last1=Fischer |first1=Sara |last2=Gold |first2=Ashley |url=https://www.axios.com/platforms-social-media-ban-restrict-trump-d9e44f3c-8366-4ba9-a8a1-7f3114f920f1.html |access-date=January 16, 2021 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> Twitter blocked attempts by Trump and his staff to [[Sock puppet account#Block evasion|circumvent the ban]] through the use of others' accounts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter is deleting Trump's attempts to circumvent ban|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/8/22221683/trump-tried-to-evade-his-ban-with-potus-but-those-tweets-were-instantly-deleted|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=[[The Verge]]|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> The loss of Trump's social media megaphone, including his 88.7 million Twitter followers, diminished his ability to shape events,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/donald-trump-loses-social-media-megaphone/a-56158414 |title=Donald Trump loses social media megaphone |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Timberg |first=Craig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/14/trump-twitter-megaphone/ |title=Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dwoskin |first1=Elizabeth|last2=Timberg |first2=Craig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/16/misinformation-trump-twitter/ |title=Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> In May 2021, an advisory group to Facebook evaluated that site's indefinite ban of Trump and concluded that it had been justified at the time but should be re-evaluated in six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/technology/facebook-trump-ban-upheld.html|title=Facebook Oversight Board Upholds Social Network's Ban of Trump|last=Isaac|first=Mike|date=May 5, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, Facebook suspended the account for two years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ortutay |first=Barbara |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-government-and-politics-technology-business-f7d165898d2b79e86c9fe15f36384b18 |title=Facebook suspends Trump for 2 years, then will reassess |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=June 4, 2021 |access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref> Later in June, Trump joined the video platform [[Rumble (website)|Rumble]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Culliford |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-joins-video-platform-rumble-ahead-ohio-rally-2021-06-26/ |title=Trump joins video platform Rumble ahead of Ohio rally |work=[[Reuters]] |date=June 26, 2021 |access-date=July 2, 2021}}</ref> and began to post the messages of his website blog on the Twitter account of a spokesperson.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mary |last=Papenfuss |title=Donald Trump Is Brazenly Flouting His Twitter Ban With Aide's Help |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-liz-harrington-twitter-ban-rigged-election-incitement_n_60f61701e4b0d1bafbf6315c |date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |work=[[HuffPost]] }}</ref> Trump's attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful. In May 2021 he launched a blog that had low readership and was closed after less than a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/02/trump-blog-dead/|title=Trump ends blog after 29 days, infuriated by measly readership|last1=Harwell|first1=Drew|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|date=June 2, 2021|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref> On November 19, 2022, days after Trump announced he was running for president in 2024, Twitter owner [[Elon Musk]] reinstated Trump's account.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elon Musk restores Trump’s Twitter account |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/19/trump-musk-twitter/ |work=The Washington Post |date=November 19, 2022|author1=Faiz Siddiqui|author2=Drew Harwell|author3=Isaac Arnsdorf }}</ref>
 === Relationship with the press ===

v t e Donald Trump
45th President of the United States (2017–2021)
Life and politics	Business career The Trump Organization legal affairs business projects in Russia links between business partners and Russian government officials wealth tax returns Trump Media & Technology Group Media career The Apprentice American football Golf Honors and awards Political positions Trumpism Rhetoric 2021 CPAC speech Endorsements False or misleading statements Protests timeline Racial views Security incidents Las Vegas rally incident Attempted assassinations in Pennsylvania raised-fist photographs perpetrator in Florida suspect Age and health concerns Comparisons to fascism
Family	Ivana Trump (first wife) Marla Maples (second wife) Melania Trump (third wife) Donald Trump Jr. (son) Ivanka Trump (daughter) Eric Trump (son) Tiffany Trump (daughter) Fred Trump (father) Mary Anne MacLeod Trump (mother) Maryanne Trump Barry (sister) Fred Trump Jr. (brother) Robert Trump (brother) Frederick Trump (grandfather) Elizabeth Christ Trump (grandmother) Jared Kushner (son-in-law) Lara Trump (daughter-in-law) Vanessa Trump (former daughter-in-law) Blaine Trump (former sister-in-law) Amalija Knavs (mother-in-law) John G. Trump (uncle) Mary L. Trump (niece) Fred Trump III (nephew) John Whitney Walter (cousin)
Books	Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987) Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990) Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997) The America We Deserve (2000) Trump: How to Get Rich (2004) The Way to the Top (2004) Trump 101 (2006) Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006) Think Big and Kick Ass (2007) Time to Get Tough (2011) Midas Touch (2011) Crippled America (2015)
Campaigns	2000 presidential campaign 2016 presidential campaign announcement "Make America Great Again" rallies links between campaign officials and Russian government officials Crossfire Hurricane 2016 Republican primaries endorsements debates running mate selection convention 2016 general election endorsements debates reactions Republican opposition Never Trump movement 2016 Mitt Romney speech 2020 2024 Sexual misconduct allegations Access Hollywood recording 2020 presidential campaign rallies 2020 Tulsa rally 2020 Republican primaries convention 2020 general election political endorsements non-political endorsements debates attempts to overturn Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims 2024 presidential campaign rallies 2024 Republican primaries endorsements debates running mate selection convention 2024 general election eligibility endorsements debates Trump Bible "God Bless the U.S.A." (campaign song)
Post-presidential legal affairs	FBI investigation into handling of government documents FBI search of Mar-a-Lago New York investigations of The Trump Organization Stormy Daniels scandal civil criminal Carroll v. Trump Trump v. United States (2022) State prosecutions Georgia New York Smith special counsel investigation Federal prosecution classified documents case election obstruction case Trump mug shot Trump v. United States (2024)
Related	Family Foundation In popular culture filmography in music SNL parodies Residences 85-15 Wareham Place Trump Tower penthouse apartment Bedminster Mar-a-Lago The Visionary Social media media use conflict wiretapping allegations Real News Update covfefe Donald J. Trump State Park Nicknames used Trump Force One Trump derangement syndrome Fort Trump Trumpism Bikers for Trump Women for Trump Blacks for Trump Black Voices for Trump Gays for Trump Pseudonyms Wikipedia coverage
← Barack Obama Joe Biden → Category

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Italy Australia Czech Republic Russia Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Argentina Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Belgium
Academics	CiNii
Artists	ULAN MusicBrainz Emmy Awards
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei DDB
Other	IdRef NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand)