Jump to content

Belitung Malay: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 147: Line 147:
* Unlike [[Standard Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], Belitung Malay has no {{IPAslink|h}} phoneme.{{Sfn|Miyake et. al.|2022|p=4}}
* Unlike [[Standard Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], Belitung Malay has no {{IPAslink|h}} phoneme.{{Sfn|Miyake et. al.|2022|p=4}}
* Final {{IPAslink|ʔ}} in some root words in Belitung Malay correspond to Standard Malay/Indonesian {{IPAslink|h}} such as Belitung Malay {{Lang|mfb|tarok}} {{IPA|/taroʔ/}} which corresponds to Standard Malay/Indonesian {{Lang|ms|taruh}} {{IPA|/taruh/}} "to place".{{Sfn|Miyake et. al.|2022|p=4}}
* Final {{IPAslink|ʔ}} in some root words in Belitung Malay correspond to Standard Malay/Indonesian {{IPAslink|h}} such as Belitung Malay {{Lang|mfb|tarok}} {{IPA|/taroʔ/}} which corresponds to Standard Malay/Indonesian {{Lang|ms|taruh}} {{IPA|/taruh/}} "to place".{{Sfn|Miyake et. al.|2022|p=4}}

=== Diphthongs ===
Belitung Malay features five [[Diphthong|diphthongs]], typically found at the end of words: /ey/, /aw/, /ay/, /oy/, and /uy/. Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below:

* /ey/: /mey/ 'May'
* /aw/: /suraw/ '[[surau]]'
* /ay/: /sampay/ 'arrive'
* /oy/: /amoy/ 'Chinese girls'
* /uy/: /uncuy/ 'pipe'


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==

Revision as of 05:43, 2 July 2024

Belitung Malay
base Belitong
بهاس بليتوڠ
Native toIndonesia (Bangka-Belitung)
RegionBelitung
EthnicityBelitung Malay, Belitung Chinese, etc.
Native speakers
313,047 (2023 estimate)[1]
Austronesian
Latin (Indonesian alphabet)
Jawi (historical)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologbang1370
  Areas where Belitung Malay is primarily spoken
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Belitung Malay (base Belitong, Jawi: بهاس بليتوڠ), is a Malayic language spoken in Indonesia, specifically on the island of Belitung in the Bangka Belitung Islands of Sumatra. The language is primarily spoken by the native Malay people of Belitung, as well as by ethnic Chinese who have inhabited Belitung for centuries, using it as a second language alongside their native Hakka. Additionally, it is spoken by migrants from other parts of Indonesia residing in Belitung, including Javanese and Sundanese, as well as by the Belitung diaspora living in various regions across Indonesia. Belitung Malay serves as the lingua franca among the people of Belitung, encompassing not only Malays but also other ethnic groups living in the island. It is predominantly used in informal settings such as family gatherings or marketplaces. In contrast, standard Indonesian is preferred for formal situations, including government offices and schools, reflecting its status as the official and national language of Indonesia. Code-switching between Belitung Malay and standard Indonesian is common in the Belitung community, particularly in informal and semi-formal contexts. Other ethnic groups, such as the Chinese, also frequently code-switch and code-mix between Hakka and Belitung Malay.

Belitung Malay is a vernacular Malay variety that shares linguistic features with peninsular Malay, Eastern Sumatra Malay, and the Malay variety of West Kalimantan.[2] Belitung Malay exhibits a closer resemblance to the Malay spoken in Sumatra and Kalimantan than to standard Jakarta Indonesian, particularly in terms of phonology and lexicon. The language has received significant influence from other languages, such as Hakka, Dutch and Arabic, as well as Javanese and standard Indonesian.[3][4] Belitung Malay has absorbed Javanese loanwords due to Belitung's historical rule by the Palembang Sultanate, where the court language, Palembang Malay, was influenced by Javanese.[5] Additionally, Indonesian, as the official language, has also become a source of loanwords. While Belitung Malay includes words not found in standard Indonesian, the two languages are generally mutually intelligible.

Classification

Bangka Malay is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic language are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[6]

Belitung Malay is closely related to other Malayic languages spoken in neighboring regions, such as Bangka Malay and Palembang Malay, as well as various Malay varieties found in West Kalimantan, the eastern coast of Sumatra, and outlying islands. Since Indonesian is a standardized form of Malay, Belitung Malay is also related to it, and the two are generally mutually intelligible. However, Belitung Malay possesses unique characteristics, particularly in its phonology and lexicon, that distinguish it from Indonesian and other Malay varieties.

Geographic distribution and usage

Belitung Malay is exclusively spoken on Belitung and its outlying islands. Administratively, this area consists of two regencies in the Bangka-Belitung province: Belitung Regency and East Belitung Regency. It is also spoken by Belitung diasporas living in other parts of Indonesia. Belitung Malay is the mother tongue of the Malay people on the island. The Chinese people primarily use Hakka and Mandarin as their native tongues, though many also understand Belitung Malay as a second language and use it to communicate with Malays and other ethnic groups.[7] On the other hand, migrants in Belitung from other parts of Indonesia speak Belitung Malay in addition to their native languages, especially in the market.

Belitung Malay is a spoken language used by Belitung speakers when talking with family members, friends, and co-workers on informal occasions in markets, shops, stalls, and so forth. It also functions as a lingua franca; non-Malay people, such as Chinese and Bugis, among others in the area, often choose to speak Belitung Malay between people from different ethnic groups.[2] Belitung Malay is not used in formal situations in Belitung; it is not taught in schools or used in governmental offices. Instead, Indonesian, the official language of Indonesia, is learned at school. Children are exposed to Indonesian from birth through television, the internet, national ceremonial speeches, magazines, newspapers, books, and other media.[2] Nonetheless, Belitung Malay retains its dominance as an everyday language. Increasing usage of Indonesian has lead many Belitung Malay speakers to code-switch and code-mix between standard Indonesian and Belitung Malay.[2]

Phonology

Belitung Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Belitung Malay is loosely based on standard Indonesian orthography.

Vowels

Like Indonesian and Standard Malay, Belitung Malay possesses 6 phonemic vowels /i, ə, e, a, o, u/.[8]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

Notes:

  • In writing, /e/ and /ə/ are both represented as ⟨e⟩.[8]
  • Final /a/ in Baku Malay/Indonesian correspond to /ə/ in Belitung Malay, so Baku Malay/Indonesian ada /ada/ "to have" corresponds to Bangka Malay ade /adə/.[9]
  • Baku Malay/Indonesian /i/ and /u/ in closed syllables correspond to lower /e/ and /o/ in Belitung Malay, so Baku Malay/Indonesian pasir /pasir/ "sand" and taruh /taruh/ "to place" correspond to Bangka Malay paser /paser/ and tarok /taroʔ/.[9]

Consonants

Belitung Malay has 19 consonants.[9]

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/

Affricate

voiceless p t t͡ʃ k ʔ
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless s
voiced z
Approximant l j w
Trill r

Notes:

  • In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:[8]
    • /ŋ/ is ⟨ng⟩
    • /ɲ/ is ⟨ny⟩
    • /t͡ʃ/ is ⟨c⟩
    • /d͡ʒ/ is ⟨j⟩
    • /ʔ/ is ⟨k⟩
  • /ʔ/ only occurs root-finally.[9]
  • Unlike Standard Malay and Indonesian, Belitung Malay has no /h/ phoneme.[9]
  • Final /ʔ/ in some root words in Belitung Malay correspond to Standard Malay/Indonesian /h/ such as Belitung Malay tarok /taroʔ/ which corresponds to Standard Malay/Indonesian taruh /taruh/ "to place".[9]

Diphthongs

Belitung Malay features five diphthongs, typically found at the end of words: /ey/, /aw/, /ay/, /oy/, and /uy/. Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below:

  • /ey/: /mey/ 'May'
  • /aw/: /suraw/ 'surau'
  • /ay/: /sampay/ 'arrive'
  • /oy/: /amoy/ 'Chinese girls'
  • /uy/: /uncuy/ 'pipe'

Grammar

Main article: Malay grammar

Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Belitung Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Belitung Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay.

Affixes

Belitung Malay has a number of affixes that can join with the base word to form an affixed word. In Bangka Malay, like other Malayic languages, there are three types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. Prefixes are affixes attached at the beginning of a word, suffixes are affixes added at the end of a word, and infixes are affixes inserted in the middle of a word. Similar to other Malayic languages, Belitung Malay words are composed of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root is the primary lexical unit of a word and is usually bisyllabic, of the shape CV(C)CV(C). Affixes are "glued" onto roots (which are either nouns or verbs) to alter or expand the primary meaning associated with a given root, effectively generating new words.

Prefixes

References

  1. ^ "Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023" (Visual). www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Miyake et. al. 2022, p. 2.
  3. ^ Lastri, Sulastri Nur (2013). Terjadinya penyerapan leksikon asing ke dalam Bahasa Melayu Belitung ditinjau secara etimologi [The occurrence of the absorption of foreign lexicon into Belitung Malay examined from an etymological perspective] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). University of Indonesia.
  4. ^ Pontoh, Manzhuur Daanisy Ahmad Thaahir; Kabul, Assa Rahmawati (2023-02-09). "Kata serapan dari bahasa Hakka dalam leksikon bahasa Indonesia" [Loanwords from Hakka in the lexicon of the Indonesian language.]. SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik (in Indonesian). 24 (1): 118–132. doi:10.19184/semiotika.v24i1.31095. ISSN 2599-3429.
  5. ^ Ricklefs, M.C. A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300. p. 139.
  6. ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
  7. ^ M.Hum, Prof Dr H. Mahdi Bahar, S. Kar; M.Hum, Dr Febri Yulika; M.Sn, Dr Nursyirwan, S. Pd; M.Sn, Dr Erlinda; M.Si, Dr Rosta Minawati; M.Si, Roza Muliati. PROCEEDING INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR OF SOUTHEAST ASIA MALAY ARTS FESTIVAL: Rediscovering the Treasures of Malay Culture (in Indonesian). ISI Padangpanjang.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c Miyake et. al. 2022, p. 3.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Miyake et. al. 2022, p. 4.

Bibliography

This article about Malayic languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&oldid=1232145351"