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Image:Gate_Way_of_india.gif|The Gate Way of India
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==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:48, 24 January 2008

Mumbai
Mumbai
metropolitan city
Map
Government
 • Municipal commissionerJairaj Phatak
Population
 (2006)
 • Total13.3 million
 • Rank1st
Websitewww.mcgm.gov.in
"Bombay" redirects here. For other uses, see Bombay (disambiguation).

Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई Mumbaī, IPA: /ˈmumbəi/ⓘ), also known as Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. With an estimated population of about 13 million, it is the largest metropolis in India and one of the most populous cities in the world. With a population of 19 million, the Mumbai Metropolitan Area which includes cities of Navi Mumbai & Thane, is also the world's 5th most populated metropolitan area.

Mumbai is one of the world's top 10 centers of commerce in terms of global financial flow.[1] Mumbai is also the commercial and entertainment capital of India, and houses important financial institutions, such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) and the corporate headquarters of many Indian companies and numerous multinational corporations. The city is home to Bollywood the largest film industry in the world. Mumbai attracts migrants from all over India because of the immense employment opportunities and the relatively high standard of living.

Located off the west coast of India, Mumbai has a deep natural sea harbour. The city handles over half of India's passenger traffic and a significant amount of cargo.[2] Mumbai is also one of the few cities in the world that accommodates a national park, the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, within its city limits.

Names

The name Mumbai is an eponym, etymologically derived from Mumba or Maha-Amba— the name of the Hindu goddess Mumbadevi, and Aai — mother in Marathi.[3] The former name Bombay had its origins in the 16th century when the Portuguese arrived in the area and called the place with various names, which would finally take on the written form Bombaim, still common in current Portuguese use. After the British gained possession in the 17th century, it was anglicised to Bombay, although it was known as Mumbai or Mambai to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as Bambai in Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi.[4] However, even Marathi and Gujarati-speakers commonly used "Bombay" when speaking in English.[5] The name was officially changed to its Marathi pronunciation of Mumbai in 1995.

"Mumbai" written in Marathi script, at the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower

A widespread explanation of the origin of the traditional English name Bombay holds that it would be derived from a Portuguese name meaning good bay.[6] This is based on the fact that bom (masc.) is Portuguese for good whereas the English word bay is similar to the Portuguese baía (fem., bahia in old spelling). The normal Portuguese rendering of good bay would have been boa bahia rather than the grammatically incorrect bom bahia. However, it is possible to find the form baim (masc.) for little bay in sixteenth-century Portuguese.

Other sources have a different origin for the Portuguese toponym Bombaim. José Pedro Machado's Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa ("Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") mentions what is probably the first Portuguese reference to the place, dated from 1516, as Benamajambu or Tena-Maiambu,[7] pointing out that "maiambu"' seems to refer to Mumba-Devi, the Hindu goddess after which the place is named in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century, the spelling seems to have evolved to Mombayn (1525)[8] and then Mombaim (1563).[9] The final form Bombaim appears later in the 16th century, as recorded by Gaspar Correia in his Lendas da Índia ("Legends of India").[10] J.P. Machado seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, asserting that Portuguese records mentioning the presence of a bay at the place led the English to assume that the noun (bahia, "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay, adapted from Portuguese.[11]

History

Main article: History of Mumbai
The Bombay High Court is a historic example of British colonial architecture in Mumbai
The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to Bombay in December 1911.
Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma Chowk, or "Martyr's Square," in memory of the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement

Present Mumbai was originally an archipelago of seven islands. Artefacts found near Kandivali in northern Mumbai indicate that these islands had been inhabited since the Stone Age. Documented evidence of human habitation dates back to 250 BC, when it was known as Heptanesia (Ptolemy) (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands). In the 3rd century BC, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Aşoka. During its first few centuries, control over Mumbai was disputed between the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps and the Satavahanas. The Hindu rulers of the Silhara Dynasty later governed the islands until 1343, when the kingdom of Gujarat annexed them. Some of the oldest edifices of the archipelago – the Elephanta Caves and the Walkeshwar temple complex date from this era.

In 1534, the Portuguese appropriated the islands from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. They were ceded to Charles II of England in 1661, as dowry[12] for Catherine de Braganza. These islands, were in turn leased to the British East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £10 per annum. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency. From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as the Hornby Vellard, was completed by 1845, and resulted in the total area swelling to 438 km². In 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the town of Thane. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy and subsequently enhancing the city's stature.

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea.[13] Over the next thirty years, the city grew into a major urban centre, spurred by an improvement in infrastructure and the construction of many of the city's institutions. The population of the city swelled to one million by 1906, making it the second largest in India after Calcutta. As capital of the Bombay Presidency, it was a major base for the Indian independence movement, with the Quit India Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 being its most rubric event. After India's independence in 1947, it became the capital of Bombay State. In the 1950 the city expanded to its present limits by incorporating parts of Salsette island which lay to the north.

After 1955, when the State of Bombay was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, there was a demand that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. However, the Samyukta Maharashtra movement opposed this, and insisted that Mumbai be declared the capital of Maharashtra. Following a successful protests in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra state was formed with Mumbai as its capital on May 1, 1960.

The late 1970s witnessed a construction boom and a significant influx of migrants, which saw Mumbai overtake Kolkata as India's most populous city. This influx caused unrest in local Maharashtrians. The Shiv Sena Party was formed by Balasaheb Thackeray for the self-proclaimed purpose of securing the interests of Maharashtrians.[14] The city's secular fabric was torn apart in the riots of 1992–93, after large scale sectarian violence caused extensive loss of life and property. A few months later, on March 12, a series of co-ordinated bombings at several city landmarks by the Mumbai underworld killed around three hundred people. In 1995, the city was renamed Mumbai by the Shiv Sena government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local appellations. There have also been bomb explosions on public transport buses in the past couple of years. In 2006, Mumbai was also the site of a major terrorist attack in which over two hundred people were killed when several bombs exploded almost simultaneously on the Mumbai Suburban Railway.[15]

See also: Timeline of Mumbai events

Geography

The metropolis consists of the Mumbai city, Mumbai suburban district and also the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane
Main article: Geography of Mumbai

Mumbai is located on seven now-merged islands (see seven islands of Bombay) which are Isle of Bombay, Mazagaon, Colaba,Old Woman's Island, Parel, Worli, and Salsette Island. Mumbai lies at the mouth of Ulhas River off the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. Much of Mumbai is just above sea level, and the average elevation ranges from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft). Northern Mumbai is hilly, and the highest point in the city is 450 metres (1,450 feet)[16]. Mumbai spans a total area of 603 km² (233 sq mi).

Four lakes supply water to Mumbai: Lakes Vihar, Vaitarna, Tulsi and Tansa. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located within the metropolitan limits, in Borivili National Park, and supply part of the city's drinking water. The waters of a fifth lake also within the city, Powai, is not used. Mumbai also has three small rivers within the city limits originating in the National Park. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity. The western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acid and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone[17] owing to the presence of three fault lines in the vicinity. The area is classified as a Zone III region, which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected.

Mumbai is classified as a metropolis of India, under the jurisdiction of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. It consists of two distinct regions — the city and the suburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maharashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as the Island City.[18]

See also: List of Mumbai beaches

Climate

Main article: Weather of Mumbai
Mumbai lies in the tropical zone

The climate of the city, being in the tropical zone, and near the Arabian Sea, may be broadly classified into two main seasons — the humid season, and the dry season. The humid season, between March and October, is characterized by high humidity and temperatures of over 30 °C (86 °F). The monsoon rains lash the city between June and September, and supply most of the city's annual rainfall of 2,200 mm (85 inches). The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (135.89 inches) in 1954.[19] The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37.16 inches) on 2005-07-26.[20]

The dry season, between November and February, is characterized by moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill during January and February. Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 °C (100 °F) to a low of 11 °C (52 °F). The record high is 43.3 °C (110 °F) and record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) on 1962-01-22.[21]

Economy

Cuffe Parade is a financial district of Mumbai
The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.
File:DSC03239.JPG
The Bandra-Kurla Complex, a modern business district, has shifted commercial concentration towards the suburbs
Main article: Economy of Mumbai

Mumbai serves as an important economic hub of the country, contributing 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all income tax collections, 60% of all customs duty collections, 20% of all central excise tax collections, 40% of India's foreign trade and Rupees 40 billion (US$ 9 billion) in corporate taxes.[22] Mumbai's per-capita income is Rs.48,954 which is almost three times the national average.[23] Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including State Bank Of India, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and four of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai. Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area. Up until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology. Mumbai is home to the Bhabha Atomic Research Center, and most of India's specialized, technical industries, having a modern industrial infrastructure and vast, skilled human resources. Rising venture capital firms, start-ups and established brands work in aerospace, optical engineering, medical research, computers and electronic equipment of all varieties, ship-building and salvaging, and renewable energy and power.

Mumbai's status as the state capital means that state and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry, too, employs many residents, directly or indirectly.

The media industry is another major employer in Mumbai. Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered here. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood produces the largest number of films per year in the world; and the name Bollywood is a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood. Marathi television and Marathi film industry are also based in Mumbai.

Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and BPO boom in this decade. The middle class in Mumbai is the segment most impacted by this boom and is the driver behind the consequent consumer boom. Upward mobility among Mumbaikars has led to a direct increase in consumer spending. Mumbai has been ranked 10th among the world's biggest centres of commerce in terms of the financial flow volumes in a survey compiled by Mastercard Worldwide, which takes into consideration size of financial services network besides equity, bond, derivatives and commodity contract transactions.

Civic administration

Main article: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

The city is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation), with executive power vested in the Municipal Commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by the state government. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the twenty four municipal wards, five nominated Councillors, and a titular Mayor. The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees each ward for administrative purposes. Almost all the state political parties field candidates in the elections for Councillors.

The Greater Mumbai forms two districts of Maharashtra, with each district under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.

The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an IPS officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police.

City officials
Mayor Shubha Raul
Municipal Commissioner Jairaj Phatak
Sheriff Indu Shahani

Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases.

The city elects six members to the Lok Sabha and thirty-four members to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha (State assembly).

Transport

Main article: Public transport in Mumbai

Most of Mumbai's inhabitants rely on public transport to travel to and from their workplace. Transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway, BEST buses, taxis, auto rickshaws, ferries, and aeroplanes.

The Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus, headquarters of the Central Railway, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The city is the headquarters of two railway zones – the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly known as Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered near Churchgate. The backbone of the city's transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, is composed of three separate networks running the length of the city, in a north-south direction. The Western Railway runs along the western region of the city, while the Central Railway covers most of the central and northeast parts of the metropolis. Both lines extend into the exurbs, each covering a total one-way length of around 125 km. The Harbour Line is a sub-division of the Central Railway, covering a distance of 54 km (34 mi) along the south-eastern section of the city, near the docks, and extending into Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai). The Mumbai Metro is an underground and elevated railway system that is currently under construction. It will run from Versova to Andheri to Ghatkopar when the first phase is completed in 2009. Mumbai is well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central and Bandra terminus. Mumbai's suburban rail systems carry a total of 2.2 billion passengers every year, one third of the world's population.

A BEST bus

Public buses run by BEST (an autonomous body under the BMC) cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai and Thane. Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes. The BEST runs a total of 3,400 buses,[24] ferrying 4.5 million passengers over 340 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor and air-conditioned buses. BEST launched 'disabled friendly' buses on exclusive routes that have low ramps and space for wheelchairs.[25]

Black and yellow-metered taxis traverse most of the metropolis. They can accommodate up to four passengers with luggage. Cool Cabs are blue, air-conditioned taxis that provide a comfortable ride but cost a little more. Gold Cabs, a new luxury service launched recently, are air conditioned and GPS enabled and provide audio and video entertainment.[26] Auto rickshaws operate in the suburban areas of Mumbai. Rickshaws run on Compressed Natural Gas, are the main form of hired transport. These three-wheeled vehicles are a quick way to get around. They are the cheapest form of hired transport and can accommodate up to three passengers.

Domestic Terminal 1B of Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport.

Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly, Sahar International Airport) is the busiest airport in India, and caters to cargo and passenger flights. It has two distinct terminals - the domestic terminal commonly called Santacruz Airport situated between the suburbs of Vile Parle and Santacruz, and the international terminal (still popularly called Sahar Airport) situated in the eastern Andheri suburbs. The Juhu aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport. The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, has been sanctioned by the Government and would help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. Mumbai single handedly handles about 25% of the domestic and 38% of the international air passenger traffic in the country.

Hovercrafts are proposed to serve the west coast of Mumbai.[27] The Mumbai Water Transport Project will cover 55km from Borivali to Nariman Point.[28] With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the country's passenger traffic, and much of India's cargo.[29] It is also an important base for the Indian Navy, being the headquarters of the Western Naval Command.[30] Ferries from Ferry Wharf allow cheap access to islands and beaches in the area.

Utility services

The BMC headquarters

The BMC supplies potable water to the city, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a few lakes further north. The water is filtered at Bhandup, which is Asia's largest water filtration plant. The BMC is also responsible for the road maintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and Deonar in the east. Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed off by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively. A third outfall at Malad is in the planning stages.

Electricity is provided by BEST in the island city, and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, and Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the city's electricity is hydroelectric and nuclear based. Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity. The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile WLL services. Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar, Airtel, BPL group, Reliance Communications and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city. Broadband internet penetration is increasing in the city, with MTNL and Tata being the leading service providers.

Since 1995, many parts of the city also have access to piped gas, provided by Mahanagar Gas Limited, which also provides compressed natural gas to 127 gas stations.

See also: Mumbai's water sources

Demographics

File:Mumbai Skyline.JPG
Since the 1970s, Mumbai saw a population boom that has made it the 5th most populous city in the world and led to a construction boom
The Haji Ali Dargah is a famous landmark in Mumbai
File:Hiranandani.jpg
Most of Mumbai's residents live in suburbs like Powai
Nariman Point is a famous landmark in Mumbai
File:Ganesh utsav.jpg
Ganesh Chaturthi, a popular festival in the city
Chowpatti Beach is a popular destination for residents and tourists alike

According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai is about 13 million,[31] with the population of the urban agglomerate exceeding 16 million.[32] The World Gazetteer estimates the 2007 population of the metropolis and the surrounding agglomeration to be 13 and 20 million respectively. As of the 2008 census carried out by the World Gazetteer, the Mumbai Metropolitan Area has a population of 20,870,764.[33] The population density is estimated to be about 22,000 persons per square kilometre. The overall literacy rate of the city is above 86%, higher than the national average.[34] There are 875 females to every 1,000 males – which is lower than the national average, a situation common in Indian cities as many men migrate to cities from rural areas leaving women and children behind.

The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (68% of the population), Muslims (17% of the population), and Christians and Jains (4% each). The remainder are Parsis, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jews and atheists.

According to the 1991 census, the ethnic groups demographics are - Maharashtrians (42%), Gujaratis (18%), North Indian (21%), Tamil people (3%), Sindhis (3%), Kannadigas (5%) and others.

Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra state is widely spoken. Other languages spoken are Hindi and English. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Marathi, Hindi, Indian English and some invented colloquial words are spoken on the streets. English is extensively spoken, and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. Like other metropolises in the developing world, Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries — widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health, civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. According to 2001 census of India, about 54% of the city's population lives in slums.[35]

Even though prostitution is illegal in India, Mumbai has a large population of sex workers, estimated to number more than 100,000.[36] High HIV prevalence among female sex-workers (consistently above 50% since 1993[37][38]), contributes to the spread of AIDS in the region and the country. Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of crime in 2004, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The city's main jail is the Arthur Road Jail.

See also: Growth of Mumbai and Mumbai statistics

People and Culture

Main article: Mumbai culture

A resident of Mumbai is called a Mumbaikar, Mumbaite or Bombayite. Many residents live close to major railway stations for easy access to their workplaces, as a significant amount of time is spent on daily commuting. Thus, many live a fast-paced life. Mumbai's appetizing foods and cuisines have been influenced by the rich but not too spicy styles of cooking from the surrounding Maharashtra and Gujarat states. Some of the unique and famous palatable specialties include Dhan Sak, Khicheri, Min Vela Curry and Curried Bombay Duck.[39]

Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema (Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with his silent movies followed by his Marathi talkies), with the oldest film broadcast here in the early 20th century. Mumbai also boasts of large number of cinemas, including the world's largest IMAX dome theatre,[40] which feature mainstream Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. Many film festivals are avidly attended throughout the year. Besides catering to cinephiles, the city has a thriving theatrical tradition in Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, English and other regional languages.

Contemporary art is well-represented in both government funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded art galleries include The Jehangir Art Gallery and The National Gallery of Modern Art. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya is a renowned museum in the heart of South Mumbai near the Gateway of India which houses rare and ancient exhibits of Indian history. Mumbai is home to many well known Indian poets.

Mumbai has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Elephanta Caves.[41] Popular places in the city are Nariman Point, Chowpatti Beach, Juhu Beach, and Marine Drive.

Mumbai residents celebrate Western and Indian festivals with great fanfare. Festivals and celebrations are observed by residents of all communities and religions. Diwali, Holi, Christmas, Navratri, Good Friday, Eid, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the most popular festivals in the city. A week long fair known as the Bandra Fair is celebrated by people of all faiths.[42] Local roadside fast food includes vada pav, panipuri, paav bhaji, and bhelpuri. They also enjoy going to Irani cafés. With McDonald outlets and various Pizzerias persisting in the city, the residents also enjoy Burgers and Pizza's.

Mumbai has six sister cities (the maximum permitted by the Indian government). They are:

Media

Bollywood is the largest film producer in the world, producing twice as many films as Hollywood.

Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications and television and radio stations. Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the Times of India, Mid-day, DNA, Hindustan Times, Mumbai Mirror and Indian Express. Marathi newspapers include Loksatta, Sakal, Lokmat and Maharashtra Times. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages. Mumbai is home to India's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published in Gujarati and English since 1822. Bombay Durpan - the first Marathi newspaper - was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832.[43] Popular magazines are Saaptahik Sakaal, Lokprabha in Marathi and India Today, Outlook in English.

Numerous Indian and foreign channels can be watched in Mumbai. Mumbai households receive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a majority of them are produced to cater to the city's polyglot populace. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households. Zee Marathi, ETV Marathi, DD Sahyadri, Zee TV, STAR Plus and news channels are popular. Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band.[44] The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006 has met a very poor response in Mumbai due to the arduous competition from it's sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.[45]

Bollywood, the Hindi film industry that is the largest film producer in the world, is based in Mumbai. Bollywood produces more than 800 films a year, twice as many as Hollywood. It has an audience of 3.6 billion people.[46] Film studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for many movie sets. The Marathi Film Industry is also based in Mumbai.

See also: List of Mumbai radio stations

, List of Poets from Mumbai

Education

File:Nehru c.jpg
Nehru Centre

Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE), the all-India Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction. The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools. A majority of residents prefer private schools because of better infrastructure and the use of English as a medium of instruction.

Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling, and then enroll for two years in Junior College, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine etc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates. The Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, one of India's premier engineering schools, VJTI (Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute), SNDT Women's University and Tata Institute of Social Sciences are the other universities in Mumbai.

Mumbai is home to two of India's important research institutions – The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).

See also: List of Mumbai Colleges

Sports

Brabourne Stadium, one of the oldest cricket stadiums in the city
Wankhede Stadium under flood lights

Cricket is the most popular sport in the city, and is usually played in the maidans (grounds) around the city. Gully cricket, a modified form of cricket, is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city, especially on Sundays. Mumbai has produced several famous international cricketers, and is home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). International cricket is widely watched, and the city comes to a virtual standstill on days when the Indian cricket team plays important matches. The local Mumbai cricket team is among the strongest competitors and the most successful team in the Ranji Trophy, the nation's top domestic cricketing circuit. The city has two international cricket stadiums, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. The Wankhede stadium is set to host the final of 2011 Cricket World Cup.

Football is the second most popular sport with the city clubs playing during the monsoons, when other outdoor sports cannot be played. The Football World Cup is one of the most widely watched television events in Mumbai. India's national sport, field hockey, has gone into decline in the recent years, losing out in terms of popularity to cricket. Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas, and include tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf. Mumbai also plays Rugby union, one of the few Indian cities to do so. Every February, Mumbai holds the Derby races in the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. In recent times Formula 1 racing has also caught on. In March 2004, Mumbai Grand Prix was held as part of the F1 powerboat world championship. Other sports such as volleyball and basketball are mostly popular in schools and colleges.

In 2004, the Mumbai Marathon, an annual marathon event, was established in a bid to bring the sport to the Indian public. Since 2006, Mumbai has also played host to the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an International Series tournament of the ATP Tour.

See also

Template:Mumbai, Attractions and Landmarks

References

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  2. ^ Manorama Yearbook 2006. Kottayam, India: Malayala Manorama. 2006. ISBN 8189004077.
  3. ^ Sheppard, Samuel T (1917). Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City. Bombay, India: The Times Press. pp. pp 104–105. ASIN B0006FF5YU. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  4. ^ Sujata Patel & Jim Masselos, ed. (2003). "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism". Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition. Delhi, India: The Oxford University Press. pp. pg 4. ISBN 0195677110. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. Delhi, India: Penguin. pp. pg 130. ISBN 0144001594. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  6. ^ "Cities Guide: Mumbai". Economist.com.
  7. ^ Barbosa, Duarte (1516). Livro Em Que Dá Relação Do Que Viu E Ouviu No Oriente (in Portugese). apud Machado, J.P., Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ Documents from the "Tombo do Estado da Índia" (currently the Historical Archives of Goa or Goa Purabhilekha)
  9. ^ Orta, Garcia da (1891) [1565]. Colóquios Dos Simples E Drogas Da Índia (in Portugese). apud Machado, J.P., Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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Further reading

  • Fox, Edmund A; Short History of Bombay Presidency (1887) — Thacker & Co — No ISBN
  • MacLean, James Mackenzie; A Guide to Bombay (1875 & 1902) — Various editions; No ISBN
  • Chaudhari, K.K; History of Bombay (1987) — Modern Period Gazetteers Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra
  • Tindall, Gillian; City of Gold (1992) — Penguin ISBN 0-14-009500-4
  • Mehta, Suketu ; Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (2004) — Knopf ISBN 0-375-40372-8
  • Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India (1995) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563688-0
  • Katiyar, Arun & Bhojani, Namas; Bombay, A Contemporary Account (1996) — Harper Collins ISBN 81-7223-216-0
  • Info on Mumbai's Aborigine Natives
  • Contractor, Behram; From Bombay to Mumbai (1998) — Oriana Books
  • Virani, Pinki; Once was Bombay (1999) — Viking ISBN 0-670-88869-9
  • Mappls — Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai (1999) — CE Info Systems Ltd. ISBN 81-901108-0-2
  • Agarwal, Jagdish; Bombay - Mumbai: A Picture Book (1998) — Wilco Publishing House ISBN 81-87288-35-3
  • Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; Bombay, The Cities Within (1995) — India Book House Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-85028-80-X
  • BMC information on the city — A complete reference on the city prepared by the BMC
  • Sharada Dwivedi,Goddess IslandIndian Express, June 6, 2005
  • The Mumbai Pages — a vast collection of information on the city
  • Our Greater Bombay (1990) — Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research
  • The Oxford School Atlas; 28th Revised Edition (1991) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4
  • BusinessWeek; August 12, 2005; "China and India" special coverage
  • Mumbai Suburban Rail Map (including Proposed Metrol Rail Project)
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