Punjabi language

Punjabi
پنجابی, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Pañjābī
The word "Punjabi" in gurmukhi and in shahmukhi.
Native to	Pakistan and India. Minor populations in UK, Saudi Arabia, UAE, USA, Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Africa, Suriname, Guyana.
Region	Punjab
Native speakers	88,000,000 (Ethnologue 2005 estimate) 57,129,000 (Encarta) Western Punjabi: 61–62 million, Eastern Punjabi 38 million (2000 WCD)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Punjabi
Writing system	Gurmukhi in Punjab (India) and Sikh diaspora Shahmukhi in Punjab (Pakistan) Devanagari (mainly used by Hindus)
Official status
Official language in	India
Regulated by	No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1	pa
ISO 639-2	pan
ISO 639-3	Variously: pan – Punjabi (Eastern) pnb – Punjabi (Western) pmu – Punjabi (Mirpuri)
Punjabi is native to the Punjab region of South Asia

Punjabi (پنجابی in Shahmukhi script), (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script), (Pañjābī in transliteration) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region (now split between Pakistan and India) and their diasporas. Speakers include adherents of the religions of Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism.

According to various sources, Punjabi has approximately 90-100 million native speakers, which makes it approximately the 11th most widely spoken language in the world. According to the Ethnologue 2005 estimate, there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language. According to the 2002 census of Pakistan, there are approximately 63 million native speakers of Punjabi in Pakistan, and according to the Census of India, there are over 29 million Punjabi speakers in India.

Along with Lahanda and Western Pahari languages, Punjabi is unusual among modern Indo-European languages in being a tonal language.

In his Linguistic Survey of India, the linguist George Abraham Grierson used the word "Punjabi" to refer to several languages spoken in the Punjab region: the term "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 pnb) covered Saraiki, while the term "Eastern Punjabi" referred to the language based on Majhi dialect (ISO 639-3 pan). The term "Punjabi language" today generally refers to "Eastern Punjabi" i.e. the language based on the Majhi dialect of the historical region of Majha, which spans the Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat and Jehlum Districts of the Pakistani Province of Punjab and Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Batala, Pathankot, Goindval, Ajnala, Rajasansi, and Majitha of the Indian State of Punjab.

History

Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language like many other modern languages of South Asia. The Punjabi language is a descendant of Sauraseni Prakrit, which was the chief language of medieval northern India

Punjabi emerged as an independent language in the 11th century from the Sauraseni Apabhramsa. The literary tradition in Punjabi started with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (Baba Farid)(1173-1266), many ancient Sufi mystics and later Guru Nanak Dev ji, the first Guru of the Sikhism. The early Punjabi literature was principally spiritual in nature and has had a very rich oral tradition. The poetry written by Sufi saints has been the folklore of the Punjab and is still sung with great love in any part of Punjab.

Between 1600 and 1850, Muslim Sufi, Sikh and Hindu writers composed many works in Punjabi. The most famous Punjabi Sufi poet was Baba Bulleh Shah (1680 – 1757), who wrote in the Kafi style. Bulleh Shah practiced the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like Shah Hussain (1538 – 1599), Sultan Bahu (1629 – 1691), and Shah Sharaf (1640 – 1724). His lifespan also overlapped with the legendary Punjabi poet Waris Shah (1722 – 1798), of Heer Ranjha fame. Waris Shah's rendition of the tragic love story of Heer Ranjha is among the most popular medieval Punjabi works. Other popular tragic love stories are Sohni Mahiwal, Mirza Sahiba and Sassi Punnun. Shah Mohammad's Jangnama is another fine piece of poetry that gives an eyewitness account of the First Anglo-Sikh War that took place after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Association with the Sikhs

Punjabi is not the predominant language of the Sikh scriptures (which are written in several dialects, though in Gurumukhi script). A few portions of Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi dialects, but the book is interspersed with several other languages including old Hindi languages (such as Brajbhasha and Khariboli), Sanskrit and Persian. Guru Gobind Singh, the last Guru of the Sikhs composed Chandi di Var in Punjabi, although most of his works are composed in other languages like Braj bhasha and Persian.

However, in the 20th century, the Punjabi-speaking Sikhs started attaching importance to the Punjabi written in the Gurumukhi script as a symbol of their distinct identity. The Punjabi identity was affected by the communal sentiments in the 20th century. Bhai Vir Singh, a major figure in the movement for the revival of Punjabi literary tradition, started insisting that the Punjabi language was the exclusive preserve of the Sikhs. The Muslim and Hindu Punjabis began to assert that their mother tongues were Urdu and Hindi respectively. After the partition of India, the Punjab region was divided between India and Pakistan. Although the Punjab people formed the biggest linguistic group in Pakistan, Urdu was declared the national language of Pakistan, and Punjabi did not get any official status. The Indian Punjab, which then consisted of what are now Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, became Hindi-majority.

In the 1960s, the Shiromani Akali Dal proposed "Punjabi Suba", a state for Punjabi speakers in India. Paul R. Brass, the Professor Emeritus of Political Science and South Asian Studies at the University of Washington, opines that the Sikh leader Fateh Singh tactically stressed the linguistic basis of the demand, while downplaying the religious basis for the demand -- a state where the distinct Sikh identity could be preserved. The movement for a Punjabi Suba led to trifurcation of Indian Punjab into three states: Punjab (India), Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Modern Punjabi

In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 languages with official status in India. It is the first official language of Punjab (India) and Union Territory State Chandigarh and the 2nd official language of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi. In Pakistan, Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab (Pakistan) the largest province of Pakistan.

The famous Punjabi writers from Pakistan include:

• Shareef Kunjahi
• Mir Tanha Yousafi
• Sanawar Chadhar
• Alam Lohar
• Abid Tamimi
• Anwar Masood
• Aatish
• Shaista Nuzhat
• Raja Muhammed Ahmed

The famous Indian Punjabi poets in modern times are:

• Prof. Mohan Singh
• Amrita Pritam
• Balwant Gargi
• Shiv Kumar Batalvi
• Dr Harjinder Singh Dilger

Geographic distribution

Pakistan

Punjabi is the most commonly spoken language of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as first language by 44% of Pakistanis. Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in the country. Punjabis are dominant in key institutions such as Business, Agriculture, Industry, Government, Army, Navy, Air Force, and Police that is why about 70% of Pakistanis can understand and speak Punjabi.

The Punjabis found in Pakistan are composed of various social groups, castes and economic groups. Muslim Rajputs, Jat, Gujjars, Gakhars, Khatri or Punjabi Shaikhs, Kambohs, Awans, and Arains, comprise the main tribes in the north, while Gilanis, Gardezis, Syeds and Quraishis are found in the south. There are Pashtun tribes like the Niazis and the lodhis, which are very much integrated into Punjabi village life, especially the members of the Niazi tribe, who see themselves as Punjabis first. People in major urban areas have diverse origins, with many post-Islamic settlers tracing their origin to Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey, Arabia, and Central Asia.

India

Punjabi is spoken as a native language by 3% of Indians, esp. the followers of Sikhism. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and the shared state capital Chandigarh. It is one of the official languages of the state of Delhi and the second language of Haryana.

The Punjabis found in India are composed of various ethnic groups, tribal groups, social groups (caste) and economic groups. Some major sub-groups of Punjabis in India include (alphabetical order): Jats, Rajputs, Ahirs, Arora, Bania, Bhatia, Brahmin, Gujjar, Kalals/Ahluwalias, Kambojs, Khatris, Labanas, Saini, Sood and Tarkhan. Most of these groups can be further sub-divided into clans and family groups.

Most of East Punjab's Muslims (in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh) left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in Malerkotla, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six (mostly Sikh) states were: Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Faridkot, Kapurthala and Kalsia.

The Punjabi Diaspora

Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language) and Canada, where in recent times Punjabi has grown fast and has now become the fourth most spoken language.

Top Ten Punjabi speaking countries.

• Pakistan: 80,000,000- The most commonly spoken language in Pakistan.
• India: 30,000,000- The 11th most commonly spoken language in India.
• United Kingdom: 1,600,000- 2nd most common language in the UK.
• Canada: 850,000- The 3rd most common spoken language in Canada.
• United Arab Emerates: 720,000.
• United States: 700,000.
• Saudi Arabia: 640,000.
• Hongkong: 270,000.
• France: 180,000.
• Australia: 120,000.

Dialects: linguistic classification

In Indo-Aryan dialectology generally, the presence of transitional dialects creates problems in assigning some dialects to one or another "language". However, over the last century there has usually been little disagreement when it comes to defining the core region of the Punjabi language. In modern India, the states are largely designed to encompass the territories of major languages with an established written standard. Thus Indian Punjab is the Punjabi language state (in fact, the neighboring state of Haryana, which was part of Punjab state in 1947, was split off from it because it is a Hindi speaking region). Some of its major urban centers are Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Raikot, Khanna, Firozpur, Patti, Sangrur, Faridkot,and Patiala. In Pakistan, the Punjabi speaking territory spans the east-central districts of Punjab Province. Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faislabad, Multan, Gujranwala, Sargodha and Sialkot. Lahore the historic capital of Punjab is the 2nd largest Punjabi speaking city in the wolrd. Lahore has 86% native Punjabis of total population of the city. and Islamabad the Capital of Pakistan has 71% Native Punjabis of total population.Amritsar city is the world largest punjabi speaking city over 98% have punjabi has there mother tongue. Amritsar city is the home of the Majhi language.

Major Punjabi dialects

Majhi

The Majhi dialect is Punjabi's prestige dialect and spoken in the heart of Punjab where the 2nd most of the Punjabi population lives. The Majhi dialect, the dialect of the historical region of Majha, which spans the Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat and some parts of Jhelum District in Pakistani Punjab and Amritsar, Pathankot, Batala, Beas, Rayya, Budha Theh, Ramdass, Jandiala Guru, Jugial, Sujanpur, and Gurdaspur of the Indian State of Punjab.

Jhangochi or Rachnavi

Jhangochi (جھنگوچی) dialect is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. Jhangochi or Rachnavi is the oldest and most idiosyncretic dialect of the Punjabi. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal and Jhang at both ends of Ravi and Chenab to Gujranwala district. It than runs down to Bahawalnagar and Chishtian araes, on the banks of river Sutlej. This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Jhangochi dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants. This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiba. It is spoken in the Bar areas of Punjab, i.e. areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar', for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar, Ganji Bar and also from Khanewal to Jhang includes Faisalabad and Chiniot..

Shahpuri

This dialect is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. The Shahpuri language has been spoken by the people of the town Shahpur. This language has been spoken by the people of District Sargodha including Dera Chanpeer Shah, Khushab, Jhang, Mianwali, Attock, parts of Faisalabad (foremerly Lyallpur), parts of Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalnagar, Chakwal, Mianwali, Sargodha, Khushab and Mandi Bahauddin districts..

Pothowari

This dialect is spoken in north Pakistani Punjab. mainly The area where Pothowari is spoken extends in the north from Muzaffarabad to as far south as Jhelum, Gujar Khan, Chakwal and Rawalpindi. [phr] 49,440 (2000 WCD). Murree Hills north of Rawalpindi, and east to Bhimber. Poonchi is east of Rawalakot. Potwari is in the plains around Rawalpindi. Alternate names: Potwari, Pothohari, Potohari, Chibhali, Dhundi-Kairali. Dialects: Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), Mirpuri. Pahari means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages. A dialect chain with Panjabi and Hindko. Closeness to western Pahari is unknown. Lexical similarity 76% to 83% among varieties called 'Pahari', 'Potwari', and some called 'Hindko' in Mansehra,Muzaffarabad, and Jammun. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northern zone, Western Pahari.

Hindko

This dialect is spoken in north west Pakistani Punjab and NWFP mainly this dialect is spoken in districts of Peshawar, Attock, Nowshehra, Mansehra, Balakot, Abbotabad and Murree and the lower half of Neelum District and Muzafarabad..

Saraiki/Multani

Saraiki/Multani perhaps differs from Punjabi more than any other dialect. Multani becomes more and more different as you move down south, as the influence of Sindhi increases, it is also known as Saraiki there. Saraiki itself is Sindhi word and means northern. Saraiki is spoken in Multan, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar,Rahimyar Khan, Rajanpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bhakkar, Dera Ismail Khan, Khanewal,Sahiwal,Okara.

Malwi

Malwi Spoken in the eastern part of Indian Punjab. Main areas are Ludhiana, Ambala, Bathinda, Ganganagar, Malerkotla, Fazilka, Ferozepur. Malwa is the southern and central part of present day Indian Punjab. Also includes the Punjabi speaking northern areas of Haryana, viz. Ambala, Hissar, Sirsa, Kurukshetra etc.

Doabi

Doabi spoken in Indian Punjab. The word "Do Aabi" means "the land between two rivers" and this dialects is spoken between the rivers of Beas and Sutlej. It includes Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts.

Pwadhi

Powadh or Puadh or Powadha is a region of Punjab and parts of Haryana between the Satluj and Ghaggar rivers. The part lying south, south-east and east of Rupnagar adjacent to Ambala District (Haryana) is Powadhi. The Powadh extends from that part of the Rupnagar District which lies near Satluj up to the Ghaggar river in the east, which separates the states of Punjab and Haryana. Parts of Fatehgarh Sahib district, and parts of Patiala districts like Rajpura are also part of Powadh. The language is spoken over a large area in present Punjab as well as Haryana. In Punjab, Kharar, Kurali, Ropar, Nurpurbedi, Morinda, Pail, Rajpura and Samrala are the areas where the Puadhi language is spoken and the area itself is claimed as including from Pinjore, Kalka to Bangar area in Hisar district which includes even Nabha and Patiala in it.

List of All Punjabi dialects

Punjabi University, Patiala, State of Punjab, India takes a very liberal definition of Punjabi in that it classifies Saraiki, Dogri, and Pothohari/Pothwari as Punjabi. Accordingly, the University has issued the following list of dialects of Punjabi:

Awankari Baar di Boli Bahawalpuri Banwali Bhattiani Bherochi Chacchi Chakwali Chambiali Chenavri Dhani Doabi Dogri Ghebi Gojri Hindko Jatki Jhangochi Kangri Kachi Lubanki Malwai Multani Pahari Pothohari/Pindiwali Powadhi Punchi Rathi Swaen Thali Thalochri Wajeerawadi The "Lahnda" construct The name "Punjab" means "5 waters" in Persian (panj ab) and refers to five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. The historical Punjab region, now divided between Pakistan and India, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. The bulk of the Panjab, 3.5 rivers are located in Pakistan. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej River, and lies entirely in present day India, well within the eastern half of historical Punjab. The British linguist George Abraham Grierson came to the conclusion that a group of dialects known collectively as "western Punjabi" spoken north and west of the Punjab heartland, in the Indus valley itself and on the lower reaches of the other four tributaries (excluding the Beas River), in fact constituted a language distinct from Punjabi. He christened this group of dialects "Lahindā" in a volume of the Language Survey of India (LSI) published in 1919. He grouped as "southern Lahnda" the dialects that are now recognized as Saraiki. Grierson tentatively identified the boundary between Punjabi and "Lahnda" as a north-south line running from the Gujranwala District to the former Montgomery District (near the town on Sahiwal). This line lies well west of Lahore and within the boundary of Pakistan. In the aftermath of the independence of Pakistan and subsequent Partition of 1947, some investigators supposed that the Punjabi speakers in new Pakistan might give up their native dialects and adopt one or another "Lahnda" dialect; but this did not occur. Most Punjabis in Pakistan including Muslim migrants from East Punjab now speak the Lahnda dialect. Classification by Ethnologue Because of the stature of Ethnologue as a widely accepted authority on the identification and classification of dialects and languages, their divergent views of the geographical distribution and dialectal naming of the Punjabi language merit mention. They designate what tradition calls "Punjabi" as "Eastern Punjabi" and they have implicitly adopted the belief (contradicted by other specialists) that the language border between "western Panjabi" and "eastern Panjabi" has shifted since 1947 to coincide with the international border. See also: States of India by Punjabi speakers Examples English Majhi, Lahori/Amritsari Pothohari Dogri Multani/Saraiki Kangri What are you doing? (masculine) Ki karda ae? Ka karne uo? Ke karde o? Kiya kaarainday paiy ho? What are you doing? (masculine to address female) Ki kardi aa? Ka karani ay? Ke karani ae? Kiya Kaaraindi Paayin? How are you? Ki haal hai, Keh aal e? ke aal a? Kya Hall hai? Do you speak Punjabi? Tu Punjabi Bol laenda hai? Punjabii bolne uo? Punjabi bolde o? Kya punjabi alainday way? Where are you from? Tusin kidhar to ho?/ Tusi kidron aaye ho? Tusa kudhr nay aiyo? Tus kudhr to o? Tusan Kitho Kolo Ayay ho? Pleased to meet you Tuhanu mil ke bahut khushi hoyi Tusan milay tay boo khushi oye Tusan nu miliye bahut khusi oyi Tuaklon Mil Kolun Bahoon Chunga Lugyay What's your name? Tuhada naam ki e? Tusan naa ke aa? Tusan da naa kay ai? Tuadah Naa Kiya ai? My name is ... Mera naam ... e Mara naa ... e Mera naa ... e Maida na hayee ... What is your village's name? Tuhade pind/graan da naam ki hai?/ Tuhada pind/graan kehda hai? Tusane graana naa ke aa? Tusan da graan kay aa? Tuadi wasti tha naa kiya hay? Yes Haan Ahaa Ah Haa No Nahin Naa Naa Naa Would you like (to eat) some sweets? Barfi lainee aa? / Barfi Khaauge? Barfi Kaso? Barfi khaani e? Barfi Khaani hay? I love you. Main tainu pyar kardaa Mai tuki pyar karna Mai tusi pyar karna Mai Taiklo Pyar karaindaan We went to the Cinema Assi Cinema gaye sige Usaan Cenima Gaye hasaay Where should I go? Mainu kitthe jana chahida hai? Main kutha julan? Maikoon Kithaan Waiyaraan Chahida hay? Phonology Vowels Front Central Back Close iː uː Near-close Close-mid eː ə oː Open ɛː ɑː ɔː Consonants Bilabial Labio- dental Dental/ Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ Plosive and Affricate voiceless p t̪ ʈ ʧ k voiceless aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ ʧʰ kʰ voiced b d̪ ɖ ʤ g Fricative (f) s (z) (ʃ) ɦ Flap ɾ ɽ Approximant ʋ l ɭ j Tone Punjabi has three phonemically distinct tones that developed from the lost murmured (or "voiced aspirate") series of consonants. Phonetically the tones are rising or rising-falling contours and they can span over one syllable or two, but phonemically they can be distinguished as high, mid, and low. A historical murmured consonant (voiced aspirate consonant) in word initial position became tenuis and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: ghoṛā [kòːɽɑ̀ː] "horse". A stem final murmured consonant became voiced and left a high tone on the two syllables preceding it: māgh [mɑ́ːɡ] "October". A stem medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became voiced and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: maghāṇā [məɡɑ̀ːɳɑ̀ː] "to be lit". Other syllables and words have mid tone. Grammar Main article: Punjabi grammar Writing system There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Perso-Arabic and is essentially same as Urdu script. In the Indian state of Punjab, Sikhs and others use the Gurmukhī (from the mouth of the Gurus) script. Hindus, and those living in neighbouring Indian states such as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh sometimes use the Devanāgarī script. Gurmukhī and Shahmukhi scripts are the most commonly used for writing Punjabi and are considered the official scripts of the language. Role in Education Notable authors See List of Punjabi authors. Dictionaries Punjabi Dictionary English to Punjabi Dictionary Punjabi to English Dictionary Convert Punjabi word into English Online translator English to Punjabi, or vice-versa Punjabi Dictionary (Gurmukhi) Punjabi Kosh Free Windows based Punjabi->English->Punjabi dictionary Punjabi Kashmiri Dictionary by Omkar N Koul and Rattan Lal Talashi. Patiala: Language Department. 1998. See also Punjabi people List of Punjabi authors List of Punjabi poets List of Punjabi musicians Punjabi Culture Languages of Pakistan Languages of India List of Indian languages by total speakers List of Punjabi television channels Notes References Burling, Robbins. 1970. Man's many voices. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Ethnologue. Indo-Aryan Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. Ethnologue. Languages of India Ethnologue. Languages of Pakistan Grierson, George A. 1904-1928. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta. Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge Univ. Press. Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts. Routledge. 219-240. Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. Modern Asian Studies, 4(3):239-267. Available online at JSTOR. Further reading Bhatia, Tej. 1993. Punjabi : a cognitive-descriptive grammar. Routledge. Series: Descriptive grammars. Gill H.S. [Harjit Singh] and Gleason, H.A. 1969. A reference grammar of Punjabi. Revised edition. Patiala, Punjab, India: Languages Deparmtent, Punjab University. Shackle, C. 1972. Punjabi. London: English Universities Press. External links Punjabi Software, Punjabi Language DVD, Punjabi Keyboard, Punjabi Magnetic, Alphabets, Punjabi Language and Grammar Books Panjabi learning resources Help for transliteration Yahoo in punjabi Programme for indian languages News, history, language Punjabi lessons Download punjabi folk-songs Punjabi radio on-line Punjab radio Virtual keyboard Learn Punjabi Online Colloquial Panjabi, partially available at Google Books. Punjabi language history A Punjabi to Hindi Machine Translation System Learn Gurmukhi - Sound and Graphics Intuitive predictive transliteration technology for Punjabi Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies. Dulai, Narinder K. and Omkar N Koul 1980. Punjabi Phonetic ReaderMysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala 1989. Modes of Address and Pronominal Usage in Punjabi. Mysore: Cenral Institute of Indian languages. Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala 1992. Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies. Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala 2007. Punjabi Newspaper Reader. Springfield: Dunwoody Press. Sukhvinder Singh 2006. Panjabi Phonology: A Sociolinguistic Study. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies. http://www.punjabilearning.com/index.htm