Jump to content

West Bengal

Edit links
Coordinates: 22°34′N 88°22′E / 22.567°N 88.367°E / 22.567; 88.367 (West Bengal)
Page extended-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Bapi Murmu (talk | contribs) at 15:41, 11 September 2013 (→Demographics). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

West Bengal
পশ্চিমবঙ্গ
State
Official seal of West Bengal
Seal
Location of West Bengal in India
Location of West Bengal in India
Map of West Bengal
Map of West Bengal
CountryIndia
RegionEast India
Established1 November 1956
CapitalKolkata
Largest city
Largest metro		Kolkata
Districts19 total
Government
 • BodyGovernment of West Bengal
 • GovernorM. K. Narayanan
 • Chief MinisterMamata Banerjee (TMC)
 • LegislatureWest Bengal Legislative Assembly (295* seats)
 • High CourtCalcutta High Court
Area
 • Total88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi)
 • Rank13th
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total91,347,736
 • Rank4th
 • Density1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-WB
HDIDecrease 0.625 (medium)
HDI rank19th (2005)
Literacy77.08%[2]
Official languagesBengali, English and
Nepali[3]
Websitewestbengal.gov.in
^* 294 elected, 1 nominated

Template:Contains Bangla text West Bengal /wɛstbɛŋˈɡ[invalid input: 'aw']l/ (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous.[4] It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants.[4] Spread over 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata. West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.

Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Vedic kingdoms. Bengal region was part of large Indian empires such as the Maurya empire (second century BC) and Gupta Empire (fourth century AD); and part of the regional Pala Empire (eighth to 11th century) and Sena dynasty (11th–12th century). From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, Hindu kings and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and Calcutta served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided during India's independence in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal—a state of India—and East Bengal—a part of the newly created Pakistan—later becoming Bangladesh in 1971.

A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's net domestic product.[5] Noted for its political activism, the state was ruled by democratically elected communist government for three decades. West Bengal is noted for its cultural activities and presence of cultural and educational institutions; the state capital Kolkata is known as the "cultural capital of India". The state's cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. West Bengal is also distinct from most other Indian states in its appreciation and practice of playing soccer besides the national favourite sport cricket.[6][7][8]

Etymology

The name of the region Bengal (বাংলা Bangla and বঙ্গ Bongo in Bengali language) is of unknown origins. One theory suggests that the word derives from "Bang", a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BC.[9] The word might have been derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga (or Banga). Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name, the region's early history is obscure.

At times of British Rule over the Indian subcontinent, the Bengal region was partitioned in 1947 along religious lines into east and west. The east came to be known as East Bengal (which later succeeded as an independent nation of Bangladesh) and the west came to known as West Bengal which remained as an Indian state. In 2011, the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the official name for the state to Poschimbongo (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Pôshchimbônggô)[10][11] which reflects the native name of the state, literally meaning western Bengal in the native Bengali language.

History

Main articles: History of Bengal and History of West Bengal

Stone age tools dating back 20,000 years have been excavated in the state.[12] The region was a part of the Vanga Kingdom, one of ancient kingdoms of Epic India.[13] The kingdom of Magadha was formed in 7th century BC, consisting of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Mahavira and the Buddha, and consisted of several Janapadas, or Vedic realms/kingdoms.[14] Several Vedic realms were present in Bengal region, including Vanga, Rarh, Pundra and Suhma. During the rule of Maurya dynasty, the Magadha Empire extended over nearly all of South Asia, including Afghanistan and parts of Persia under Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC.

One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is a mention of a land named Gangaridai by the Ancient Greeks around 100 BC. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal.[15] Bengal had overseas trade relations with Suvarnabhumi (Burma, Lower Thailand, Lower Malay Peninsula, and the Sumatra).[16] According to Mahavamsa, Vijaya Singha, a Vanga prince, conquered Lanka (modern day Sri Lanka) and gave the name "Sinhala" to the country.[17]

From the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire. The first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka, reigning around early 7th century.[18] After a period of anarchy, the Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Some areas of Bengal were invaded by Rajendra Chola I of Chola Dynasty between 1021 and 1023.[19] Islam made its first appearance in Bengal during the 12th century when Sufi missionaries arrived. Later, occasional Muslim raiders reinforced the process of conversion by building mosques, madrassas and Sufi Khanqah. Between 1202 and 1206, Bakhtiar Khilji, a military commander from the Delhi Sultanate, overran Bihar and Bengal as far east as Rangpur, Bogra and the Brahmaputra River. Although he failed to bring Bengal under his control, the expedition managed to defeat Lakshman Sen and his two sons moved to a place then called Vikramapur (present-day Munshiganj District), where their diminished dominion lasted until the late 13th century.

File:Raja Ram Mohan Roy.jpg
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is widely regarded as the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance".

During the 14th century, the former kingdom became known as the Sultanate of Bengal, ruled intermittently with the Sultanate of Delhi as well as powerful Hindu states and land-lords-Baro-Bhuyans. The Hindu Deva Kingdom ruled over eastern Bengal after the collapse Sena Empire. The Sultanate of Bengal was interrupted by an uprising by the Hindus under Raja Ganesha. The Ganesha dynasty began in 1414, but his successors converted to Islam. Bengal came once more under the control of Delhi as the Mughals conquered it in 1576. There were several independent Hindu states established in Bengal during the Mughal period like those of Maharaja Pratap Aditya of Jessore and Raja Sitaram Ray of Burdwan. These kingdoms contributed greatly to the economic and cultural landscape of Bengal. Extensive land reclamations in forested and marshy areas were carried out and trade as well as commerce were highly encouraged. These kingdoms also helped introduce new music, painting, dancing and sculpture into Bengali art-forms as well as many temples were constructed during this period. Militarily, they served as bulwarks against Portuguese and Burmese attacks. Koch Bihar Kingdom in the northern Bengal, flourished during the period of 16th and the 17th centuries as well as weathered the Mughals and survived till the advent of the British.

European traders arrived late in the fifteenth century. Their influence grew until the British East India Company gained taxation rights in Bengal subah, or province, following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, when Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab, was defeated by the British.[20] The Bengal Presidency was established by 1765, eventually including all British territories north of the Central Provinces (now Madhya Pradesh), from the mouths of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra to the Himalayas and the Punjab. The Bengal famine of 1770 claimed millions of lives.[21] Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772. The Bengal Renaissance and Brahmo Samaj socio-cultural reform movements had great impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal. The failed Indian rebellion of 1857 started near Calcutta and resulted in transfer of authority to the British Crown, administered by the Viceroy of India.[22] Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones.[23] Bengal suffered from the Great Bengal famine in 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.[24]

File:Subhas Bose.jpg
Subhas Chandra Bose was a Bengali freedom fighter in India's struggle for independence against the British Raj.

Bengal played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant. Armed attempts against the British Raj from Bengal reached a climax when Subhas Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army from Southeast Asia against the British. When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan, giving rise to independent Bangladesh in 1971).[25] In 1950, the Princely State of Cooch Behar merged with West Bengal.[26] In 1955, the former French enclave of Chandannagar, which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal; portions of Bihar were subsequently merged with West Bengal. Both West and East Bengal suffered from large refugee influx during and after the partition in 1947. Refugee settlement and related issues continued to play significant role in the politics and socio-economic condition of the state.[27]

During the 1970s and 1980s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist-Naxalite movement damaged much of the state's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation. The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 resulted in the influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.[28] The 1974 smallpox epidemic killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the Left Front won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent Indian National Congress. The Left Front, led by Communist Party of India (Marxist), governed for the state for the subsequent three decades.[29]

The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms were introduced in the mid-1990s by the central government, aided by the advent of information technology and IT-enabled services. As of 2007, armed activists have been conducting minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state,[30][31] while clashes with the administration are taking place at several sensitive places over the issue of industrial land acquisition.[32][33] Although the state's GDP has risen significantly since the 1990s, West Bengal has remained affected by political instability and bad governance.[34] The state continues to suffer from regular bandhs (strikes),[35][36] a low Human Development Index level,[37] substandard healthcare services,[38][39] a lack of socio-economic development,[40] poor infrastructure,[41][42] political corruption and civil violence.[43][44]

Geography and climate

Main articles: Geography of West Bengal and Climate of West Bengal
Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon
National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong, in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region.

West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of 88,752 square kilometres (34,267 sq mi).[1] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern Himalaya. This region contains Sandakfu (3,636 m or 11,929 ft)—the highest peak of the state.[45] The narrow Terai region separates this region from the plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The Rarh region intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the western plateau and high lands. A small coastal region is on the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a remarkable geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.

The Ganges is the main river, which divides in West Bengal. One branch enters Bangladesh as the Padma or Pôdda, while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi River and Hooghly River. The Farakka barrage over Ganges feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a feeder canal, and its water flow management has been a source of lingering dispute between India and Bangladesh.[46] The Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka and Mahananda rivers are in the northern hilly region. The western plateau region has rivers such as the Damodar, Ajay and Kangsabati. The Ganges delta and the Sundarbans area have numerous rivers and creeks. Pollution of the Ganges from indiscriminate waste dumped into the river is a major problem.[47] Damodar, another tributary of the Ganges and once known as the "Sorrow of Bengal" (due to its frequent floods), has several dams under the Damodar Valley Project. At least nine districts in the state suffer from arsenic contamination of groundwater, and an estimated 8.7 million people drink water containing arsenic above the World Health Organisation recommended limit of 10 µg/L.[48]

West Bengal's climate varies from tropical savanna in the southern portions to humid subtropical in the north. The main seasons are summer, rainy season, a short autumn, and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity, the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India, with the highest day temperature ranging from 38 °C (100 °F) to 45 °C (113 °F).[49] At nights, a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal. In early summer brief squalls and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi, or Nor'westers, often occur.[50] West Bengal receives the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian ocean monsoon that moves in a northwest direction. Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. Heavy rainfall of above 250 cm is observed in the Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar district. During the arrival of the monsoons, low pressure in the Bay of Bengal region often leads to the occurrence of storms in the coastal areas. Winter (December–January) is mild over the plains with average minimum temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F).[49] A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter, substantially lowering the humidity level. However, the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter, with occasional snowfall at places.

Flora and fauna

A Bengal tiger.
Sal trees in the Arabari forest in West Midnapur.

As of 2009, recorded forest area in the state is 11,879 km2 (4,587 sq mi) which is 13.38% of the state's geographical area,[51] compared to the national average of 21.02%.[52][53] Reserves, protected and unclassed forests constitute 59.4%, 31.8% and 8.9%, respectively, of the forest area.[51] Part of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans, is located in southern West Bengal.[54]

State symbols of West Bengal
State animal Fishing cat[55]
State bird White-throated Kingfisher
State tree Devil Tree[55]
State flower Night-flowering Jasmine[55]

From a phytogeographic viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the Gangetic plain and the littoral mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.[56] The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain, compounded with favourable rainfall, make this region especially fertile.[56] Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state shares floristic similarities with the plants of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the adjoining state of Jharkhand.[56] The predominant commercial tree species is Shorea robusta, commonly known as the Sal tree. The coastal region of Purba Medinipur exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the Casuarina. A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the forest gets its name.[57]

The distribution of vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and precipitation. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the Dooars, are densely wooded with Sal and other tropical evergreen trees.[58] However, above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), temperate-forest trees such as oaks, conifers, and rhododendrons predominate.[58]

West Bengal has 3.26% of its geographical area under protected areas comprising 15 wildlife sanctuaries and 5 national parks[51] — Sundarbans National Park, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Gorumara National Park, Neora Valley National Park and Singalila National Park. Extant wildlife include Indian rhinoceros, Indian elephant, deer, bison, leopard, gaur, tiger, and crocodiles, as well as many bird species. Migratory birds come to the state during the winter.[59] The high-altitude forests of Singalila National Park shelter barking deer, red panda, chinkara, takin, serow, pangolin, minivet and Kalij pheasants. The Sundarbans are noted for a reserve project conserving the endangered Bengal tiger, although the forest hosts many other endangered species, such as the Gangetic dolphin, river terrapin and estuarine crocodile.[60] The mangrove forest also acts as a natural fish nursery, supporting coastal fishes along the Bay of Bengal.[60] Recognizing its special conservation value, Sundarban area has been declared as a Biosphere Reserve.[51]

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of West Bengal and Politics of West Bengal
See also: Council of Ministers of West Bengal and List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal
Calcutta High Court is the highest court in West Bengal

West Bengal is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are two branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Calcutta High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 295 Members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs,[61] including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to Lok Sabha[62] and 16 seats to Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[63]

The main players in the regional politics are the All India Trinamool Congress, the Indian National Congress, the Left Front alliance (led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M)). Following the West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress and Indian National Congress coalition under Mamata Banerjee of the All India Trinamool Congress was elected to power (getting 225 seats in the legislature).[64] West Bengal was ruled by the Left Front for the 34 years (1977–2011), making it the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government.[29]

Subdivisions

Main article: List of districts of West Bengal
Districts of West Bengal

The following is a list of nineteen districts of by rank in India.[65][66]

Rank District Population Growth rate Sex ratio Literacy Density per square Kilometer
2 North 24 Parganas 10,082,852 12.86 949 84.95 2463
6 South 24 Parganas 8,153,176 18.05 949 78.57 819
7 Bardhaman 7,723,663 12.01 943 77.15 1100
9 Murshidabad 7,102,430 21.07 957 67.53 1334
14 West Midnapore 5,943,300 14.44 960 79.04 636
16 Hooghly 5,520,389 9.49 958 82.55 1753
18 Nadia 5,168,488 12.24 947 75.58 1316
20 East Midnapore 5,094,238 15.32 936 87.66 1076
23 Howrah 4,841,638 13.31 935 83.85 3300
35 Kolkata 4,486,679 −1.88 899 87.14 24252
58 Maldah 3,997,970 21.50 939 62.71 1071
66 Jalpaiguri 3,869,675 13.77 954 73.79 621
80 Bankura 3,596,292 12.64 954 70.95 523
84 Birbhum 3,502,387 16.15 956 70.90 771
124 North Dinajpur 3,000,849 22.90 936 60.13 956
129 Purulia 2,927,965 15.43 955 65.38 468
136 Cooch Behar 2,822,780 13.86 942 75.49 833
257 Darjeeling 1,842,034 14.47 971 79.92 585
295 South Dinajpur 1,670,931 11.16 954 73.86 753

Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the West Bengal Civil Service.[67] Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.[66]

The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata – the third-largest urban agglomeration[68] and the seventh-largest city[69] in India. Asansol is the second largest city & urban agglomeration in West Bengal after Kolkata.[68] Siliguri is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India. Other major cities and towns in West Bengal are Howrah, Durgapur, Raniganj, Haldia, Jalpaiguri, Kharagpur, Burdwan, Darjeeling, Midnapore, and Malda.[69]

Economy

Main article: Economy of West Bengal
A road-side vegetable-seller weighs goods while two customers check the vegetables.
Roadside vegetable vendor in a semi-rural area. A large proportion of residents are employed in informal occupations.
Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base)[5]

(figures in crores of Indian Rupees)

Year Net State Domestic Product
2004–2005 190,073
2005–2006 209,642
2006–2007 238,625
2007–2008 272,166
2008–2009 309,799
2009–2010 366,318

In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 57.8% of the state domestic product compared to 24% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 18.2% from secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[70]: 12  Agriculture is the leading occupation in West Bengal. Rice is the state's principal food crop. Rice, potato, jute, sugarcane and wheat are the top five crops of the state.[70]: 14  Tea is produced commercially in northern districts; the region is well known for Darjeeling and other high quality teas.[70]: 14  State industries are localised in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and Haldia port region.[71] The Durgapur–Asansol colliery belt is home to a number of major steel plants.[71] Manufacturing industries playing an important economic role are engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. The Durgapur centre has established a number of industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals and fertilisers. Natural resources like tea and jute in and nearby parts has made West Bengal a major centre for the jute and tea industries.

A significant part of the state is economically backward, namely, large parts of six northern districts of Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Malda, North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur; three western districts of Purulia, Bankura, Birbhum; and the Sundarbans area.[72] Years after independence, West Bengal was still dependent on the central government for meeting its demands for food; food production remained stagnant and the Indian green revolution bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant spurt in food production since the 1980s, and the state now has a surplus of grains.[72] The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 1980–81, declining to 5% by 1997–98. However, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate.[72]

Brown jute sticks stacked in groups with small green saplings of rice in the foreground
Freshly sown saplings of paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks

In terms net state domestic product (NSDP), West Bengal has the sixth largest economy (2009–2010) in India, with an NSDP of 366,318 crore Indian rupees, behind Maharashtra (817,891 crores), Uttar Pradesh (453,020 crores), Andhra Pradesh (426,816 crores), Tamil Nadu (417,716 crores), and Gujarat (370,400 crores).[5] In the period 2004–2005 to 2009–2010, the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 13.9% (calculated in Indian rupee term), lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[70]: 4  The state’s per capita GSDP at current prices in 2009–10 was US$ 956.4, improved from US$ 553.7 in 2004–05,[70]: 10 but lower than the national per capita GSDP of US$ 1,302.[70]: 4  The state's total financial debt stood at ₹1,918,350 million (US$23 billion) as of 2011.[73]

The state has promoted foreign direct investment, which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields; Kolkata is becoming a major hub for the Information technology (IT) industry. Rapid industrialisation process has given rise to debate over land acquisition for industry in this agrarian state.[74] NASSCOM–Gartner ranks West Bengal power infrastructure the best in the country.[75] Notably, many corporate companies are now headquartered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, India Government Mint, Kolkata, Haldia Petrochemicals, Exide Industries, Hindustan Motors, Britannia Industries, Bata India, Birla Corporation, CESC Limited, Coal India Limited, Damodar Valley Corporation, PwC India, Peerless Group, United Bank of India, UCO Bank and Allahabad Bank. In 2010s, events such as adoption of "Look East" policy by the government of India, opening of the Nathu La Pass in Sikkim as a border trade-route with China and immense interest in the South East Asian countries to enter the Indian market and invest have put Kolkata in an advantageous position for development in future, particularly with likes of Myanmar, where India needs oil from military regime.[76][77]

Transport

See also: List of airports in West Bengal
Kolkata Suburban Railway caters to the commuters of the populous suburbs of Kolkata
Toy Train at Batasia Loop (Darjeeling Himalayan Railway)

As of 2011, the total length of surface road in West Bengal is over 92,023 km (57,180 mi);[70]: 18  national highways comprise 2,578 km (1,602 mi)[78] and state highways 2,393 km (1,487 mi).[70]: 18  As of 2006, the road density of the state is 103.69 km per 100 km² (166.92 mi per 100 sq mi), higher than the national average of 74.7 km per 100 km² (120 mi per 100 sq mi).[79] Average speed on state highways varies between 40–50 km/h (25–31 mi/h); in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 20–25 km/h (12–16 mi/h) due to the substandard quality of road constructions and low maintenance.

As of 2011, the total railway route length is around 4,481 km (2,784 mi).[70]: 20  Kolkata is the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways—Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway.[80] The Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) plies in the northern parts of the state. The Kolkata metro is the country's first underground railway.[81] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, part of NFR, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[82]

File:Customs Speed Boat.jpg
Customs Speed Boat at Port of Kolkata

The state's largest international airport is Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum, Kolkata. Bagdogra airport near Siliguri is another significant airport in the state which originally served domestic services, but now also serves international services to Bhutan and Thailand. Kolkata is a major river-port in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata docks and the Haldia docks.[83] There is passenger service to Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Ferry is a principal mode of transport in the southern part of the state, especially in the Sundarbans area. Kolkata is the only city in India to have trams as a mode of transport and these are operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company.[84]

File:New trams in kolkata.jpg
Trams in Kolkata
Durgapur Expressway

Several government-owned organisations operate substandard bus services in the state, including the Calcutta State Transport Corporation, the North Bengal State Transport Corporation, the South Bengal State Transport Corporation, the West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation, and the Calcutta Tramways Company, thus leading to mismanagement. There are also private bus companies. The railway system is a nationalised service without any private investment. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and auto rickshaws which often ply specific routes in cities. In most of the state, cycle rickshaws, and in Kolkata, hand-pulled rickshaws, are also used for short-distance travel. Large-scale transport accidents in West Bengal are common, particularly the sinking of transport boats and train crashes.[85]

Demographics

Main article: Bengali people
Dakshineswar Kali Temple
Tipu Sultan Mosque

Template:IndiaCensusPop

According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, West Bengal is the fourth most populous state in India with a population of 91,347,736 (7.55% of India's population).[1] Bengalis comprise the majority of the population.[86] The Marwaris, Bihari and Oriya minorities are scattered throughout the state; communities of Sherpas and ethnic Tibetans can be found in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. The Darjeeling district has a large number of Nepalese immigrants. West Bengal is home to indigenous tribal Adivasis such as Santals, Kol, and Toto tribe. There are a small number of ethnic minorities primarily in the state capital, including Chinese, Tamils, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Punjabis, and Parsis.[87] India's sole Chinatown is in eastern Kolkata.[88]

Religions in West Bengal[89]
Religion Percent
Hindu
 
 72.5%
Muslim
 
 25.2%
Others
 
 2.3%

The official language is Bengali and English.[90] Nepali is the official language in three subdivisions of Darjeeling district.[90] As of 2001, in decreasing order of number of speakers, the languages of the state are: Bengali, Hindi, Santali, Urdu, Nepali, and Oriya.[90] Languages such as Ho is used in some parts of the state.

As of 2001, Hinduism is the principal religion at 72.5% of the total population, while Muslims comprise 25.2% of the total population, being the second-largest community as also the largest minority group; Sikhism, Christianity and other religions make up the remainder.[89] The state contributes 7.8% of India's population.[91] The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate was 13.93%,[1] lower than 1991–2001 growth rate of 17.8%,[1] and also lower than the national rate of 17.64%.[92] The gender ratio is 947 females per 1000 males.[92] As of 2011, West Bengal has a population density of 1,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670/sq mi) making it the second-most densely populated state in India, after Bihar.[92]

The literacy rate is 77.08%, higher than the national rate of 74.04%.[93] Data of 1995–1999 showed the life expectancy in the state was 63.4 years, higher than the national value of 61.7 years.[94] About 72% of people live in rural areas. The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 1999–2000 was 31.9%.[72] Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 28.6% and 5.8% of the population respectively in rural areas, and 19.9% and 1.5% respectively in urban areas.[72] A study conducted in three districts of West Bengal found that accessing private health services to treat illness had a catastrophic impact on households. This indicates the value of public provision of health services to mitigate against poverty and the impact of illness on poor households.[95]

In 2011, the police in West Bengal recorded 143,197 cognizable offences under the Indian Penal Code; the all-India statistic for the year was 2,325,575.[96] The crime rate in the state was 158.1 per 100,000 people, less than the all-India average of 192.2.[97] This is the twelfth-lowest crime rate among the 32 states and union territories of India.[97] In 2011, in reported crimes against women, the state showed a crime rate of 29 compared to the national rate of 18.[98] West Bengal accounted for about 12.2% of total crime against women (26,125 cases out of India's 213,585 cases).[99] Some estimates state that there are more than 60,000 brothel-based women and girls in prostitution in Kolkata.[100] The population of prostitutes in Sonagachi constitutes mainly of Nepalese, Indians and Bangladeshis.[100] Some sources estimate there are 60,000 women in the brothels of Kolkata.[100] The largest prostitution area in city is Sonagachi.[100] West Bengal was the first Indian state to constitute a Human Rights Commission of its own.[101]

See also: Hinduism in West Bengal

Culture

See also: Culture of West Bengal and Culture of Darjeeling

Literature

The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage, shared with neighbouring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the Charyapada, Mangalkavya, Shreekrishna Kirtana, Thakurmar Jhuli, and stories related to Gopal Bhar. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Bengali literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Jibananda Das and Manik Bandyopadhyay. In modern times Jibanananda Das, Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay, Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay and Sunil Gangopadhyay among others are well known.

Music and dance

Baul singers at Basanta-Utsab, Shantiniketan

The Baul tradition is a unique heritage of Bengali folk music, which has also been influenced by regional music traditions.[104] Other folk music forms include Gombhira and Bhawaiya. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, a one-stringed instrument. West Bengal also has a heritage in North Indian classical music. "Rabindrasangeet", songs composed and set into tune by Rabindranath Tagore and "Nazrul geeti" (by Kazi Nazrul Islam) are popular. Also prominent are other musical forms like Dwijendralal, Atulprasad and Rajanikanta's songs, and "adhunik" or modern music from films and other composers.

Dance with Rabindra From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence of new genres of music, including the emergence of what has been called Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism)..

Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance traditions. Chau dance of Purulia is a rare form of mask dance.

Films

Mainstream Hindi films are popular in Bengal, and the state is home to a thriving cinema industry, dubbed "Tollywood". Tollygunj in Kolkata is the location of numerous Bengali movie studios, and the name "Tollywood" (similar to Hollywood and Bollywood) is derived from that name. The Bengali film industry is well known for its art films, and has produced acclaimed directors like Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha and Ritwik Ghatak. Prominent contemporary directors include veterans like Buddhadev Dasgupta, Tarun Majumdar, Goutam Ghose, Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh and a newer pool of directors like Kaushik Ganguly and Srijit Mukherji.

Fine arts

Bengal had been the harbinger of modernism in fine arts. Abanindranath Tagore, called the father of Modern Indian Art had started the Bengal School of Art which was to create styles of art outside the European realist tradition which was taught in art colleges under the colonial administration of the British Government. The movement had many adherents like Gaganendranath Tagore, Ramkinkar Baij, Jamini Roy and Rabindranath Tagore. After Indian Independence, important groups like the Calcutta Group and the Society of Contemporary Artists were formed in Bengal which dominated the art scene in India.

Reformist heritage

The capital, Kolkata, was the workplace of several social reformers, like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami Vivekananda. These social reforms have eventually led to a cultural atmosphere where practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination or untouchability, the evils that crept into the Hindu society, were abolished.The region was also home to several religious teachers, such as Chaitanya, Ramakrishna, Prabhupada and Paramahansa Yogananda.

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of West Bengal
Patisapta – A kind of Pitha; which is a popular sweet dish in West Bengal during winter.

Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, machhe bhate bangali, that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".[105] Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on the texture, size, fat content and the bones. Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. It is an ancient custom among both Hindu and Muslim Bengalis to distribute sweets during festivities. The confectionery industry has flourished because of its close association with social and religious ceremonies. Competition and changing tastes have helped to create many new sweets. Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rôshogolla, Chômchôm, Kalojam and several kinds of sondesh. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread or dimsum are specialties of winter season. Sweets like coconut-naru, til-naru, moa, payesh, etc. are prepared during the festival of Lakshmi puja. Popular street food includes Aloor Chop, Beguni, Kati roll, and phuchka.[106][107]

Sarshe Ilish (Hilsha with Mustard Sauce)

The variety of fruits and vegetables that Bengal has to offer is incredible. A host of gourds, roots and tubers, leafy greens, succulent stalks, lemons and limes, green and purple eggplants, red onions, plantain, broad beans, okra, banana tree stems and flowers, green jackfruit and red pumpkins are to be found in the markets or anaj bazaar as popularly called. Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water)with onion & green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas. Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen are cumin, ajmoda (radhuni), bay leaf, mustard, ginger, green chillies, turmeric, etc. People of erstwhile East Bengal use a lot of ajmoda, coriander leaves, tamarind, coconut and mustard in their cooking; while those aboriginally from West Bengal use a lot of sugar, garam masala and red chilli powder. Vegetarian dishes are mostly without onion and garlic.

A Murti (representation) of Maa Durga

Costumes

Bengali women commonly wear the shaŗi, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear Western attire. Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the panjabi with dhuti, often on cultural occasions.

Festivals

Main article: List of festivals of West Bengal

Durga Puja in October is the most popular festival in the West Bengal.[108] Poila Baishakh (the Bengali New Year), Rathayatra, Dolyatra or Basanta-Utsab, Nobanno, Poush Parbon (festival of Poush), Kali Puja, SaraswatiPuja, LaxmiPuja, Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha and Muharram are other major festivals. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals while Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) in Bengali is celebrated by the minority Christian population. Poush mela is a popular festival of Shantiniketan in winter.

Education

Main article: Education in West Bengal
Medical College Kolkata

West Bengal schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Urdu is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.[109] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

File:IIT KGP Main Building.JPG
IIT Kharagpur

West Bengal has eighteen universities.[110][111] The University of Calcutta, the oldest public university in India, has 136 affiliated colleges. Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It is the gateway to the revolution of European education. Sir William Jones (philologist) established the Asiatic Society in 1794 for promoting oriental studies. People like Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Alexander Duff and William Carey played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges in the city. The Fort William College was established in 1810. The Hindu College was established in 1817. The Scottish Church College, which is the oldest Christian liberal arts college in South Asia, started its journey in 1830. In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed as the Presidency College.[112] The

University of Calcutta

and Jadavpur University are prestigious technical universities.[113] Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan is a central university and an institution of national importance.[114] The state has several higher education institutes of national importance including Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (the first IIM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (the first IIT), National Institute of Technology, Durgapur and West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. After 2003 the state govt supported the creation of West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal State University and Gour Banga University.

ISI Kolkata
IIM Calcutta

Besides these, the state also has Kalyani University, The University of Burdwan, Vidyasagar University and North Bengal University-all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state and also an Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Also recently Presidency College, Kolkata became a University named Presidency University. Apart from this there is another private university run by Ramakrishna mission named Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University at Belur Math. There are a number of research institutes in Kolkata. The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is the first research institute in Asia. C. V. Raman got Nobel Prize for his discovery (Raman Effect) done in IACS. Also Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Variable Energy Cyclotron Center are most prominent. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include physicists Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha,[115] and Jagadish Chandra Bose;[116] chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy;[115] statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis;[115] physician Upendranath Brahmachari;[115] educator Ashutosh Mukherjee;[117] and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore,[118] C. V. Raman,[116] and Amartya Sen.[119]

Media

West Bengal had 505 published newspapers in 2005,[120] of which 389 were in Bengali.[120] Ananda Bazar Patrika, published from Kolkata with 1,277,801 daily copies, has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India.[120] Other major Bengali newspapers are Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Jago Bangla, Uttarbanga Sambad and Ganashakti. Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu and Punjabi are also read by a select readership.

Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include ABP Ananda, Tara Newz, Kolkata TV, News Time, 24 Ghanta, Mahuaa Khobor, Ne Bangla, CTVN Plus, Channel 10 and R Plus.[121][122] All India Radio is a public radio station.[122] Private FM stations are available only in cities like Kolkata, Siliguri and Asansol.[122] Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Uninor, Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Tata DoCoMo are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Sports

Salt Lake Stadium – Yuva Bharati Krirangan, Kolkata

Cricket and soccer are popular sports in the state. West Bengal, unlike most other states of India, is noted for its passion and patronage of football.[6][7][8] Kolkata is one of the major centres for football in India[123] and houses top national clubs such as East Bengal, Mohun Bagan and Mohammedan Sporting Club.[124] Indian sports such as Kho Kho and Kabaddi are also played. Calcutta Polo Club is considered as the oldest polo club of the world,[125] and the Royal Calcutta Golf Club is the oldest of its kind outside Great Britain.[126] Salt Lake Stadium is the world's second largest stadium, and Eden Gardens stadium is the largest cricket stadium in India.

West Bengal has several large stadiums—The Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cricket amphitheaters in the world, although renovations will reduce this figure.[127] Kolkata Knight Riders, East Zone and Bengal play there, and the 1987 World Cup final was there although in 2011 World Cup, Eden Gardens was stripped due to construction incompleteness. Salt Lake Stadium—a multi-use stadium—is the world's second highest-capacity football stadium.[128][129] Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[130] National and international sports events are also held in Durgapur, Siliguri and Kharagpur.[131] Notable sports persons from West Bengal include former Indian national cricket captain Sourav Ganguly, Pankaj Roy Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes, and chess grand master Dibyendu Barua. Other major sporting icons over the years include famous football players such as Chuni Goswami, PK Banerjee and Sailen Manna as well as swimmer Mihir Sen and athlete Jyotirmoyee Sikdar (winner of gold medals at the Asian Games).[132]

Panoramic View of the Eden Gardens Stadium during IPL 2008

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e "Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  2. ^ "Sex ratio, 0–6 age population, literates and literacy rate by sex for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal". Government of India:Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  3. ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 122–126 {Nepali is the official language in three subdivisions of Darjeeling district.}. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  4. ^ a b "India: Administrative Divisions (population and area)". Census of India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  5. ^ a b c "Net state domestic product at factor cost—state-wise (at current prices)". Handbook of statistics on Indian economy. Reserve Bank of India. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  6. ^ a b Dineo, Paul; Mills, James (2001). Soccer in South Asia: empire, nation, diaspora. London: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7146-8170-2.
  7. ^ a b Bose, Mihir (2006). The magic of Indian cricket: cricket and society in India. Psychology Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-415-35691-6.
  8. ^ a b Das Sharma, Amitabha (2002). "Football and the big fight in Kolkata" (PDF). Football Studies. 5 (2): 57. Retrieved `5 April 2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. ^ "Bangldesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 1988. Retrieved 2 March 2012. Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ http://promotebangla.blogspot.in/2011/09/paschim-banga-is-new-name-why-not.html#.UffNdtJM-So
  11. ^ "West Bengal may be renamed PaschimBanga". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  12. ^ Sarkar, Sebanti (28 March 2008). "History of Bengal just got a lot older". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Retrieved 13 September 2010. Humans walked on Bengal's soil 20,000 years ago, archaeologists have found out, pushing the state's pre-history back by some 8,000 years.
  13. ^ Sen, S. N. (1999). Ancient Indian History And Civilization. New Age International. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.
  14. ^ Sultana, Sabiha. "Settlement in Bengal (Early Period)". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  15. ^ Chowdhury, AM. "Gangaridai". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 8 September 2006.
  16. ^ Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-7017-053-2. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  17. ^ Geiger, Wilhelm (2003) [1908]. "Chapter VI: The Coming of Viajaya". Mahavamsa: Great Chronicle of Ceylon. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 51–54. ISBN 81-206-0218-8. Retrieved 2 March 2012. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Bhattacharyya, P.K. "Shashanka". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  19. ^ Sengupta, Nitish K. (2011). Land of two rivers: a history of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
  20. ^ Chaudhury, S; Mohsin, KM. "Sirajuddaula". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  21. ^ Fiske, John. "The famine of 1770 in Bengal". The Unseen World, and other essays. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  22. ^ (Baxter 1997, pp. 30–32)
  23. ^ (Baxter 1997, pp. 39–40)
  24. ^ Wolpert, Stanley (1999). India. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-520-22172-7. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  25. ^ Islam, Sirajul. "Partition of Bengal, 1947". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  26. ^ Sailen Debnath, ed. Social and Political Tensions in North Bengal since 1947, ISBN 81-86860-23-1.
  27. ^ Sailen Debnath, 'West Bengal in Doldrums'ISBN 978-81-86860-34-2; & Sailen Debnath ed. Social and Political Tensions in North Bengal since 1947, ISBN 81-86860-23-1
  28. ^ (Hindle 1996, pp. 63–70)
  29. ^ a b Biswas, Soutik (16 April 2006). "Calcutta's colourless campaign". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  30. ^ Ghosh Roy, Paramasish (22 July 2005). "Maoist on rise in West Bengal". VOA Bangla. Voice of America. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
  31. ^ "Maoist Communist Centre (MCC)". Left-wing extremist group. South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
  32. ^ "Several hurt in Singur clash". rediff news. 28 January 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  33. ^ "Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  34. ^ "8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations". Times of India. New Delhi. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  35. ^ "WB takes the cake when it comes to bandhs". Economic Times. New Delhi. 18 December 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  36. ^ "Business in West Bengal affected ahead of Tuesday strike". sify finance. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  37. ^ Roy, Hiranmoy; Bhattacharjee, Kaushik (2009). "Convergence of human development across Indian States" (PDF). Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. p. 4. Retrieved 4 March 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ^ Shah, Mansi (2007). "Waiting for health care: a survey of a public hospital in Kolkata" (PDF). Centre for Civil Society. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  39. ^ "West Bengal: health systems development initiative programme memorandum" (PDF). Government of West Bengal. 15 January 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  40. ^ "Impact of social sector development in West Bengal – Midnapore and Birbhum districts". Planning Commission of India. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  41. ^ Mukherjee, Rudrangshu (5 October 2008). "Murder, most foul – the people of Bengal created the darkness that envelops them". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  42. ^ "ADB pep pill for Bengal". The Telegraph. Kolkata. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  43. ^ Ramesh, Randeep (12 November 2007). "Six killed as farmers and communists clash in West Bengal". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  44. ^ "West Bengal political violence continues". Economic Times. New Delhi. 8 August 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  45. ^ Pal, Supratim (14 May 2007). "Top of world in kingdom of cloud". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  46. ^ Jayapalan, N (2001). Foreign policy of India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 344. ISBN 81-7156-898-X.
  47. ^ "Alarming rise in bacterial percentage in Ganga waters". The Hindu Business Line. Chennai. 4 August 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  48. ^ "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Status in West Bengal". Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal – India (17 Years Study). School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
  49. ^ a b "Climate". West Bengal: Land. Suni System (P) Ltd. Retrieved 5 September 2006.
  50. ^ "kal Baisakhi". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 5 September 2006.
  51. ^ a b c d "Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: West Bengal" (PDF). India state of forest report 2009. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. pp. 163–166. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  52. ^ "Forest cover" (PDF). India state of forest report 2009. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. pp. 14–24. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  53. ^ West Bengal Human Development Report 2004, pp. 180–182, Ch. 9: Environmental Issues
  54. ^ Islam, Sadiq (29 June 2001). "World's largest mangrove forest under threat". CNN. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
  55. ^ a b c "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ a b c Mukherji, S.J. (2000). College Botany Vol. III: (chapter on Phytogeography). Calcutta: New Central Book Agency. pp. 345–365.
  57. ^ "Sundarbans National Park". World heritage list. UNESCO World Heritage Center. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  58. ^ a b "Natural vegetation". West Bengal. Suni System (P) Ltd. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
  59. ^ "West Bengal: General Information". India in Business. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
  60. ^ a b West Bengal Human Development Report 2004, pp. 200–203, Ch. 10: Problems of Specific Regions
  61. ^ "West Bengal legislative assembly". Legislative bodies in India. National Informatics Centre, India. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  62. ^ Delimitation Commission (15 February 2006). "Notification: order no. 18" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. pp. 23–25. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  63. ^ "Composition of Rajya Sabha" (PDF). Rajya Sabha at work. New Delhi: Rajya Sabha Secretariat. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  64. ^ "Statewise results – West Bengal". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  65. ^ "Indian Districts by Population, Growth Rate, Sex Ratio 2011 Census". Government of India. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  66. ^ a b "Directory of district, sub division, panchayat samiti/ block and gram panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008" (DOC). West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation Limited, Government of West Bengal. 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 15 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  67. ^ "Section 2 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973". Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  68. ^ a b "Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above" (PDF). Provisional population totals, census of India 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  69. ^ a b "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011" (PDF). Provisional population totals, census of India 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h i "West Bengal" (PDF). India Brand Equity Foundation. November 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  71. ^ a b "Industrial infrastructure". West bengal Industrial Development Corporation. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  72. ^ a b c d e West Bengal Human Development Report 2004, pp. 4–6, Ch. 1: Introduction and Human Development Indices for West Bengal
  73. ^ "Mamata seeks debt restructuring plan for West Bengal". Economic Times. New Delhi. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  74. ^ Ray Choudhury, Ranabir (27 October 2006). "A new dawn beckons West Bengal". The Hindu Business Line. Chennai. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
  75. ^ "West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation Ltd" (PDF). India @ Hannover Messe 2006. Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC), India. p. 303. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
  76. ^ Saha, Sambit (9 September 2003). "Nathula trade may spur business in NE". rediff.com. Retrieved 18 September 2007.
  77. ^ Raja Mohan, C. (16 July 2004). "A foreign policy for the East". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  78. ^ "Statewise Length of national highways in India". National Highways. Department of Road Transport and Highways; Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways; Government of India. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  79. ^ Chattopadhyay, Suhrid Sankar (2006). "Remarkable Growth". Frontline. 23 (2). Chennai, India. Retrieved 31 March 2008. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); More than one of |work= and |journal= specified (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  80. ^ "Geography : Railway Zones". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  81. ^ "About Kolkata Metro". Kolkata Metro. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  82. ^ "Mountain Railways of India". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
  83. ^ "Port info: cargo statistics". Kolkata Port Trust. Kolkata Port Trust, India. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  84. ^ "Intra-city train travel". reaching India. Times Internet Limited. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  85. ^ "India ferry disaster kills scores". BBC News. 2 November 2010.
  86. ^ Hoddie, Matthew (2006). Ethnic realignments: a comparative study of government influences on identity. Lexington Books. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-7391-1325-7. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  87. ^ Banerjee, Himadri; Gupta, Nilanjana; Mukherjee, Sipra, eds. (2009). Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta. Anthem Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-905835-5-8. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  88. ^ Banerjee, Himadri; Gupta, Nilanjana; Mukherjee, Sipra, eds. (2009). Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta. Anthem Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-81-905835-5-8. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  89. ^ a b "Data on Religion". Census of India (2001). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
  90. ^ a b c "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 122–126. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  91. ^ Population of West Bengal (80,221,171) is 7.8% of India's population (1,027,015,247)
  92. ^ a b c "Table 1: Distribution of population, sex ratio, density and decadal growth rate of population: 2011". Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 India: series 1. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  93. ^ "Table 2(3): Literates and literacy rates by sex : 2011". Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 India: series 1. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  94. ^ "An Indian life: Life expectancy in our nation". India Together. Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
  95. ^ Kanjilal, Barun (2008). "Catastrophic Health Care Payment: how much protected are the users of public hospitals?". FHS Research Brief (4). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  96. ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2011). "Crime in India-2011". Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 246. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |chapter= ignored (help); |format= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  97. ^ a b National Crime Records Bureau (2011). "Crime in India-2011". Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 200. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |chapter= ignored (help); |format= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  98. ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2010). "Crime in India-2010". Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 82. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |chapter= ignored (help); |format= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  99. ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2010). "Crime in India-2010". Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 79. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |chapter= ignored (help); |format= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  100. ^ a b c d "Plight of prostitutes in Kolkata". Merinews.com. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  101. ^ West Bengal Human Development Report 2004, pp. 167–172, Ch. 8: Human Security
  102. ^ Georg, Feuerstein (2002). The Yoga Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 600. ISBN 3-935001-06-1.
  103. ^ Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective. Routledge. p. 209. ISBN 0-7007-1185-6.
  104. ^ "The Bauls of Bengal". Folk Music. BengalOnline. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  105. ^ Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif. "Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh" (PDF). Aqua KE Government. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  106. ^ Saha, S (18 January 2006). "Resurrected, the kathi roll – Face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph (Kolkata). Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  107. ^ "Mobile food stalls". Bangalinet.com. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  108. ^ "Durga Puja". Festivals celebrated throughout West Bengal. Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  109. ^ "Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India". Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  110. ^ "UGC recognised Universities in West Bengal with NAAC accreditation status". Education Observer. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  111. ^ "West Bengal University of Health Sciences". West Bengal University of Health Sciences. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  112. ^ "List of Affiliated Colleges". University of Calcutta. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
  113. ^ Mitra, P (31 August 2005). "Waning interest". Careergraph. Calcutta, India: The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  114. ^ "Visva-Bharati: Facts and Figures at a Glance". Visva-Bharati Computer Centre. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  115. ^ a b c d "Some of the distinguished alumni of the University of Calcutta". University of Calcutta. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  116. ^ a b "Some of our distinguished teachers". University of Calcutta. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  117. ^ Petitjean, Patrick; Jami, Cathérine; Moulin, Anne Marie (1992). Science and empires: historical studies about scientific development and European expansion. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7923-1518-6.
  118. ^ Frenz, Horst, ed. (1999). Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901–1967. Amsterdam: World Scientific. p. 134. ISBN 978-981-02-3413-3. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  119. ^ "Professor Amartya Sen". President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard University. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  120. ^ a b c "General Review". Registrar of Newspapers for India. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  121. ^ "Bengali News Channel took 5 months to reach no.1 position". News Center. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
  122. ^ a b c "CALCUTTA : Television, Radio Channels". Calcutta Web. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
  123. ^ Prabhakaran, Shaji (18 January 2003). "Football in India – A Fact File". LongLiveSoccer.com. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  124. ^ "Indian Football Clubs". Iloveindia.com. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  125. ^ "History of Polo". Hurlingham Polo Association. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  126. ^ "Royal Calcutta Golf Club". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  127. ^ "India – Eden Gardens (Kolkata)". Cricket Web. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  128. ^ "100 000+ Stadiums". World Stadiums. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  129. ^ "The Asian Football Stadiums (30.000+ capacity)". Gunther Lades. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  130. ^ Raju, Mukherji (14 March 2005). "Seven Years? Head Start". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  131. ^ "Sports & Adventure". West Bengal Tourism. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  132. ^ "Famous Indian Football Players". Iloveindia.com. Retrieved 26 October 2006.

References

Government
Other

22°34′N 88°22′E / 22.567°N 88.367°E / 22.567; 88.367 (West Bengal)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal&oldid=572498431"