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Proposed states and union territories of India

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Aspirant States and Union territories of India
The states of India in 1951. Note that Sikkim was independent until 1975.

The constitutional power to create new states and union territories in India solely reserved to the Parliament of India. Parliament can do so by announcing new states / union territories, separating territory from an existing state or by merging two or more states / union territories or parts thereof.[1] In addition to the existing twenty eight states and eight union territories[2] some new states and union territories of India have been proposed to be established over time.[3]

History

Before independence, India was divided into British-administered provinces and nominally autonomous princely states, which were governed by the British administration. After the partition of India, some of these administrative divisions became part of the Dominion of Pakistan, whilst the remaining states and provinces formed the Dominion of India. The colonial system of administration continued until 1956 when the States Reorganisation Act abolished the provinces and princely states in favour of new states which were based on language and ethnicity.

Several new states and union territories have been created out of existing states since 1956. The Bombay Reorganisation Act split the Bombay State into the present day states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 on linguistic basis.[4] The state of Nagaland was created on 1 December 1963.[5] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 carved out a new Hindi-speaking state of Haryana from the southern districts of Punjab state,[6] transferred the northern districts to Himachal Pradesh and designated a union territory around Chandigarh, the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[7]

Statehood was conferred upon Himachal Pradesh on 25 January 1971,[8] and to Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura on 21 January 1972.[9] The Kingdom of Sikkim joined the Indian Union as a state on 26 April 1975.[10] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May of the same year. Goa's northern exclaves of Daman and Diu became a separate union territory.[11]

Three new states were created in November 2000: Chhattisgarh (1 November) was created out of eastern Madhya Pradesh;[12] Uttaranchal (9 November), which was later renamed Uttarakhand,[13] was created out of the mountainous districts of northwest Uttar Pradesh;[14] and Jharkhand (15 November) was created out of the southern districts of Bihar.[15]

On 2 June 2014, Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh as the 29th state of the union.[16]

On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir state was bifurcated into 2 new Union Territories- Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh.[17]

On 26 January 2020, Union Territory of Daman and Diu and Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli were merged into one Union Territory - Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[18]

Andhra Pradesh

Rayalaseema

Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh comprises of four districts namely, Kurnool, Kadapa, Anantapur and Chittoor. On various occasions, there have been demand for the statehood of Rayalaseema.[19] Grievances include lack of development, re-establishing Kurnool City as the capital and non-implementation of Sribagh Pact.[20] Rayalaseema Parirakshana Samithi was formed by Byreddy Rajasekhar Reddy in 2013 to champion the cause for a separate Rayalaseema state. There have also been demands to include two coastal districts of Prakasam and Nellore district to form Greater Rayalaseema.[21]

Assam

Bodoland
Map of Dimaraji state

Bodoland

The agitation for the creation of a separate Bodoland state resulted in an agreement between the Indian Government, the Assam state government and the Bodo Liberation Tigers Force. According to the agreement made on 10 February 2003, the Bodoland Territorial Council, an entity subordinate to the government of Assam, was created to govern four districts covering 3082 Bodo Kachari-majority villages in Assam.[22][23] Elections to the council were held on 13 May 2003, and Hagrama Mohilary was sworn in as the chief of the 46-member council on 4 June.[24]

Karbi Anglong

Karbi Anglong is one of the 35 districts of Assam. Karbi Anglong was previously known as Mikir Hills. It was part of the Excluded Areas and Partially Excluded Areas (the present North East India) in British India. The British Indian government had never included this area under their government's jurisdiction. Thereby, no government development work or activity were done, nor any tax levied from the hills including Karbi Anglong. The first memorandum for a Karbi homeland was presented to Governor Reid on 28 October 1940 by Semsonsing Ingti and Khorsing Terang at Mohongdijua.[25] The Karbi leaders were then, a part of the All Party Hill Leaders' Conference (APHLC) which was formed on 6 July 1960.[26] The movement again gained momentum when the Karbi Anglong District Council passed a resolution demanding a Separate State in 1981. Then again from 1986 through the leadership of Autonomous State Demand Committee (ASDC), demanded Autonomous statehood of Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao under Article 244(A). In 2002, the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council passed another resolution to press for the demand of statehood. Several other memoranda were submitted at different times by several organisations. The demand for a separate state turned violent on 31 July 2013 when student demonstrators set government buildings on fire. Following the incident, the elected leaders of Karbi Anglong jointly submitted a memorandum to the Prime Minister of India demanding a separate State.

Dimaraji

The Dimasa people of northeast India have been demanding a separate state called Dimaraji or "Dimaland" for several decades. It would comprise the Dimasa-Kachari inhabited areas, namely Dima Hasao district, Cachar district, parts of Barak Valley, Nagaon district, Hojai district and Karbi Anglong district in Assam together with part of Dimapur district in Nagaland.

Bihar

Bhojpur

Bhojpuri speaking region of Uttar Pradesh & Bihar

There have been demands for a Bhojpur state, comprising the Bhojpuri speaking districts of western Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and northern Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.[27][28][29]

Mithila

The Maithili-speaking region

Mithila is a proposed state which would cover the Maithili speaking regions of Bihar and Jharkhand. There are 24 Maithili-speaking districts in Bihar: Araria, Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Banka, Darbhanga, East Champaran, Katihar, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Madhepura, Madhubani, Muzaffarpur, Purnia, Saharsa, Samastipur, Sheohar, Sitamarhi, Supaul, Vaishali, and West Champaran, Munger, Jamui. There are six Maithili-speaking districts in Jharkhand: Deoghar, Dumka, Godda, Jamtara, Pakaur, and Sahebganj. There is no consensus on a proposed capital though Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Purnia and Begusarai have been suggested as candidate cities for the proposed capital.[30]

Delhi

The nine districts of Delhi

The political administration of Delhi more closely resembles that of a state than a union territory, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the Union government and the local government of Delhi. The previous National Democratic Alliance government introduced a bill in Parliament in 2003, to grant full statehood to Delhi, but the legislation was not passed.[31]

Gujarat

Bhilistan

The establishment of Bhilistan has been a demand for over 30 years.[32] The 1999 book Untouchable Dalits in Modern India by S. M. Michael reported the demand for Bhilistan.[33] In 2012, The Times of India reported that the Bhilistan movement has been gaining ground in the tribal regions of Bharuch.[34] The Daily News and Analysis reported in 2013 that the formation of Telangana state has reignited hopes for the demand of statehood to this region, comprising the tribal dominated parts of Gujarat and neighbouring states Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.[32]

Kutch

Kachchh district of Gujarat highlighted

Kutch State or Cutch State, covering Kutch district of Gujarat, Great Rann of Kutch and Little Rann of Kutch, is an aspirant, both as an independent state and as a combined Saurashtra. Saurashtra State (alias Kathiawar, uniting very many former princely states) and former Salute state Kutch State existed as separate states from 1947 to 1956.[35][36] They were Part-B and Part-C states of India respectively. They were later merged with Bombay state following the States Reorganisation Act.[37] They became part of Gujarat after the bifurcation of Bombay state on 1 May 1960 following the Mahagujarat Movement. Some people demand a return of statehood to Saurashtra and Kutch citing slow development of the regions.[38] Apart from these two separate state-hood demands there is as demand for separate Bhilistan state.[35][32][39]

At the time of the integration of the princely state of Kutch with India in 1947, the accession was done on the condition that Kutch would retain the status of a separate state. It enjoyed this status till 1960, when a separate state of Gujarat was carved out of Maharashtra and Kutch was merged with it. The main reason behind a separate state is cultural and geographical distance from Gandhinagar. In 1960, Kutch was promised an autonomous development board under Article 371(2) of the Constitution, which never came into existence due to lack of political will. Water from river Narmada does not reach the farms of this region.[40]

Saurashtra

Saurashtra region within Gujarat India

The Saurashtra state movement for separate Saurashtra state was initiated in 1972 by advocate Ratilal Tanna, who was a close aide of former Prime Minister Morarji Desai. As per the Saurashtra Sankalan Samiti, more than 300 organisations across the Saurashtra region support the demand of the separate State. The Samiti also claims that compared to other parts of Gujarat, Saurashtra is underdeveloped. Lack of better water supply to the region, lack of job opportunities and subsequent youth migration have been cited as major reasons for the demand of statehood.[35][32][41] Saurashtra is linguistically different from the rest of the state with its Saurashtra dialect being in use.[42]

Saurashtra-Kutch

Alternatively, a joint state for both Kutch and Saurashtra is advocated.

Jammu and Kashmir

Map showing the Kashmir valley and Jammu region

Jammu state and Kashmir state

Ethnic Kashmiri leaders, including writer and opinion leader Ghulam Nabi Khayal, have called for the division of Jammu and Kashmir into separate states as a possible solution to the Kashmir conflict.[43] The proposed state of Kashmir comprises the Kashmir valley region and the proposed state of Jammu comprises the Jammu region. The Jammu region is geographically separate from the Kashmir valley. It is inhabited by Dogras, Gujjars and Sikhs who speak the Dogri, Gojri, Punjabi languages.

Panun Kashmir

Panun Kashmir is a superficial proposed union territory in the Kashmir Valley which is advocated by the Kashmiri Pandit Network as a homeland for Kashmiri Hindus who have fled the Kashmir valley as a result of ongoing violence and hope to return.[44]

Karnataka

Tulu Nadu

Main article: Tulu Nadu state movement
Proposed union territory of Kodava and Tuluva Naad

Tulu Nadu is a border region between the states of Karnataka and Kerala in southern India. The demand for a separate state is based on a distinct culture and language (Tulu, which does not have official status), and neglect of the region by the two state governments.[45][46] To counter these demands and accusations, the Karnataka and Kerala state governments have created the Tulu Sahitya Academy to preserve and promote Tuluva culture.[47] The proposed state would comprise three existing districts; Dakshina Kannada and Udupi from Karnataka, and Kasaragod district from Kerala.

Konkan

Konkan is a rugged section of the western coastline of India. It consists of the coastal districts of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The ancient sapta-Konkan is a slightly larger region described in the Sahyadrikhanda which refers to it as "Parashuramakshetra". The proposed Konkan state includes the districts of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg of Maharashtra, north and south districts of Goa and Karwar up to Aghanashini in Karnataka.[48][49][50]

Kodagu

Kodagu district of Karnataka. This state/union territory can be named as Kodava Land.

Karu Nadu

Map of North Karnataka

North Karnataka (unofficially known as Karu Nadu) is a geographical region consisting of mostly semi-arid plateau from 300 to 730 metres (980 to 2,400 ft) elevation that constitutes the northern part of the Karnataka state in India. It is drained by the Krishna River and its tributaries the Bhima, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra. North Karnataka lies within the Deccan thorn scrub forests ecoregion, which extends north into eastern Maharashtra.

It includes the districts of Belgaum, Vijayapura, Bagalkot, Bidar, Bellary, Gulbarga, Yadagiri, Raichur, Gadag, Dharwad, Haveri and Koppal district.

Major cities in the region are Belgaum, Hubballi, Dharwad, Bellary, Bijapur, Gadag, Ranebennur, Koppal, Gangavati, Sindhanur, Raichur, Yadagiri, Hospet, Bagalkot, Kalaburgi, Bidar Haveri, and Gokak.

Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is the second largest by area and holds nearly 9.37% of land area of country. It also has approximately 10% of India's population. The regions of Madhya Pradesh are ethno-linguistically very different and find no connect to each other. Hence there has been a constant demand to divide the state into smaller states with homogenous population

Baghelkhand, Bundelkhand and Vindhya Pradesh

The former state of Vindhya Pradesh

Vindhya Pradesh is a former state of India. It occupied an area of 23,603 sq. miles.[51] It was created in 1948, shortly after the independence of India, from the territories of the princely states in the eastern portion of the former Central India Agency. It was named for the Vindhya Range, which runs through the center of the province. The capital of the state was Rewa. It lay between Uttar Pradesh to the north and Madhya Pradesh to the south, and the enclave of Datia, which lay a short distance to the west, was surrounded by the state of Madhya Bharat.

Vindhya Pradesh was merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956, following the States Reorganisation Act.[37] In 2000, Sriniwas Tiwari, ex-speaker of the Madhya Pradesh assembly, called for nine districts to be separated from Madhya Pradesh to create a new state of Vindhya Pradesh, although this was rejected by the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh.[52] Separate Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand states instead of a single Vindhya Pradesh is advocated as well to accommodate the districts claimed by these regions from neighboring state of Uttar Pradesh.[53][54]

Gondwana and Mahakoshal

Mahakoshal is a region which lies in the upper or eastern reaches of the Narmada River valley in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Cities and districts of the region include Jabalpur, Chhindwara, Katni, Narsinghpur, Mandla, Dindori, and Seoni. The largest city and a possible capital is Jabalpur. Organisations such as Mahakaushal Mukti Morcha and Bharatiya Janashakti have demanded separate statehood for the region.[55][56]

It is alleged that though the Mahakoshal region is rich in minerals, forests, water and land resources, related industries were set up in nearby states.[56] Also, the region has a distinct cultural identity owing to Jabalpur city, known as the Sanskardhani (cultural capital) of the State, one of the oldest towns of central India. Culturally and socially, the Mahakoshal region differs greatly from the neighbouring Vindhya Pradesh. One of the key reasons for this is said to be that large parts of Mahakoshal were under direct British rule from the nineteenth century onwards, turning it into a relatively progressive, modern and liberal area and infusing democratic values into its body politic. Casteism and feudalism are said to be not as deeply rooted in this region as they are in Vindhya Pradesh.[57]

A parallel demand for a state of Gondwana from the same Mahakoshal region of Madhya Pradesh has arisen owing to the fact that vast areas of Mahakoshal were ruled by Gond kings and even today, Mandla, Chinndwara, Dindori, Seoni and Balaghat have a predominantly Gond tribal population. Tribals constitute 64 per cent of the total population of Dindori district. For Mandla, the corresponding figure is 57 per cent. The Gondwana Gantantra party (GGP) was established in 1991, with the objective to struggle for the creation of a separate Gondwana State comprising regions that were ruled by Gonds. The Gondwana Gantantra party (GGP) has since divided into numerous factions such as Rashtriya Gondwana party and Gondwana Mukti Dal.[57]

Malwa

There have been demands for a separate Malwa state with the probable capital at Indore. The region includes the Madhya Pradesh districts of Agar, Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Ujjain, and parts of Guna district and Sehore, and the Rajasthan districts of Jhalawar and parts of Banswara and Pratapgarh.

The main language of Malwa is Malvi, although Hindi is widely spoken in the cities. This Indo-European language is subclassified as Indo-Aryan. The language is sometimes referred to as Malavi or Ujjaini. Malvi is part of the Rajasthani branch of languages; Nimadi is spoken in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, Bachadi, Bhoyari, Dholewari, Hoshangabadi, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri and Sondwari. A survey in 2001 found only four dialects: Ujjaini (in the districts of Ujjain, Indore, Dewas and Sehore), Rajawari (Ratlam, Mandsaur and Neemuch), Umadwari (Rajgarh) and Sondhwari (Jhalawar, in Rajasthan). About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in and about 40% of the population is literate in Hindi, the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state.[58]

Rewakhand

An initiative has been started by MP High Court Bar council with a demand of a new state of "Rewakhand" from the eastern half of the state combining all the regions of Vindhya Pradesh, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Mahakoshal

Maharashtra

Khandesh

Khandesh is a region of central India, which forms the northwestern portion of Maharashtra state.[59] Khandesh was the region demarcated as a boundary after which Dakkhan a.k.a. Deccan started. The Khandesh state was founded and ruled by the Faruqi dynasty with its capital at Burhanpur (now in Madhya Pradesh). The state covered the area of the today's Jalgaon, Dhule, Nandurbar districts of Maharashtra state and Burhanpur district of Madhya Pradesh state. The terms "Khandesh" and "Deccan" thus connote historical and political affiliations, as well as geographical zones. Khandesh lies on the Northwestern corner of the Deccan plateau, in the valley of the Tapi River, and is bound to the north by the Satpura Range, to the east by the Berar (Vidarbha) region, to the south by the Hills of Ajanta, belonging to the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, and to the west by the northernmost ranges of the Western Ghats, and beyond them the coastal plain of Gujarat.

After India's independence in 1947, Bombay province became Bombay state, which in 1960 was divided into the linguistic states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. During the formation of the State of India, Burhanpur became the part of the state Of Madhya Pradesh, and in 1960, East Khandesh became Jalgaon district, and West Khandesh became Dhule of the Maharashtra State.

Konkan

Konkan is a rugged section of the western coastline of India. It consists of the coastal districts of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The ancient sapta-Konkan is a slightly larger region described in the Sahyadrikhanda which refers to it as "Parashuramakshetra". The proposed Konkan state includes the districts of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg of Maharashtra, north and south districts of Goa and Karwar up to Aghanashini in Karnataka.[48][49][50]


Marathwada

Marathwada is one of the five regions in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The region coincides with the Aurangabad Division of Maharashtra. Marathwada came under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad, which later became the princely state of Hyderabad, under the suzerainty of British India. Subsequently, through Operation Polo, a "police action" on 17 September 1948, the Indian army annexed Hyderabad to India and on 1 November 1956, Marathwada was transferred from Hyderabad State to Bombay State. On 1 May 1960, Bombay state was divided into Maharashtra and Gujarat states, Marathwada becoming a part of the former.

Vidarbha

Vidarbha is a region that comprises the Amravati and Nagpur divisions of eastern Maharashtra. The State Reorganisation Act of 1956 placed Vidarbha in Bombay State. Shortly after this, the States Reorganisation Commission recommended the creation of Vidarbha state with Nagpur as the capital, but instead it was included in Maharashtra state, which was formed on 1 May 1960. Support for a separate state of Vidarbha had been expressed by Loknayak Bapuji Aney and Brijlal Biyani Vidarbha. The demand for the creation of a separate state are based on allegations of neglect by the Maharashtra state government. Jambuwantrao Dhote led a popular struggle for Vidarbha statehood in the 1970s. Two politicians, N. K. P. Salve and Vasant Sathe, have led attempts to bring about a state of Vidarbha in recent times.

Meghalaya

North Eastern autonomous divisions

Garoland

Garo Hills Autonomous District Council (GHADC) is seated at Tura and covers East Garo Hills district, West Garo Hills district, South Garo Hills District, North Garo Hills District and South West Garo Hills District is one of the three Autonomous District Councils within Meghalaya state, and one of fourteen autonomous regions of India.

The Garo National Council is a political party in Meghalaya in northeastern India. Founded by Clifford R. Marak, the party fights for the creation a new state Garoland of a Garo-majority state, to be carved out of three districts of Meghalaya, West Garo Hills, East Garo Hills, and South Garo Hills. The Garoland demand of GNC is different from that of the separatist guerrilla Achik National Volunteer Council. ANVC also demands that parts of Assam ought to be part of Garoland.

GNC won one seat in the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council elections in 2002.

In the state assembly elections in Meghalaya of 2003, GNC had put up seven candidates, whom together received 8,483 votes. Clifford Marak, the only GNC MLA in the state legislature, died on 1 March 2015 of liver and kidney disease.

Odisha

Hirakhand

Demand for a separate Hirakhand province, comprising the British Sambalpur district and princely states in Orissa, was raised for the first time in the year 1946, opposing the construction of Hirakud dam in Sambalpur.[60] The whole of Western Odisha and part of Chhattisgarh state, mainly the Sambalpuri speaking areas comes under its territory. In order to popularise the movement published ‘Hirakhand Samachar’, a weekly periodical and the second issue of this publication dated August, 1946, published an article sponsoring the separation and formation of ‘Hirakhand province’ which was altered as ‘Kosala province’ in subsequent stage of the agitation.[61] The Patna darbar (in Balangir) had involved itself directly in the Hirakud agitation of Sambalpur in order to push up its Hirakhand or Kosala movement.[62] Prominent Congress politicians of Western Orissa then, like Bodhuram Dube and Laxminarayan Mishra made a common cause by supporting the idea of secession of Hirakhand from Orissa.[63] After construction of the Hirakud dam on the river Mahanadi, thousands of people were forcefully displaced from their ancestral land without giving proper compensation or rehabilitation package. This caused thousands of families losing their livelihood. In such situation the demand for creation of separate province of Hirakhand died an untimely death.

Post independence, the demand for creation of separate Hirakhand has been raised time and again by several organisations and politicians. As education and awareness is growing among West Odisha people, the separatist movement's support and power are increasing.

Kosal

Main article: Kosal state movement

The Kosal region is the entire Western Odisha area located in Odisha state, between 19° 37’- 23° N latitude and 82° 28’- 85° 22’ E longitudes comprising the districts of Sundargarh, Jharsuguda, Debagarh, Sambalpur, Bargarh, Sonepur, Boudh, Bolangir, Nuapada, Nabarangpur, Aathmallik sub-division of Angul district and Kashipur block of Rayagada district. It is surrounded by Jharkhand state on the north, on the east by the dist of Keonjhar, Angul and Kandhamal; on the south by Rayagada, Kalahandia, Koraput and on the west by Chhattisgarh state. This geographical area comes under the Western Odisha Development Council.

Kalinga State

The Kalinga region is the entire Southern Odisha area located in Odisha state.

Rarhbhumi

Bihar and Orissa province

Rarhbhumi is also another aspirant state in Odisha. Rarhbhumi comprised the northern part of Odisha with Jharkhand's Kolhan division, Danbad district and Eastern half of Bokaro district of North Chotanagpur division and Santhal Pargana division. Northern Odisha's districts which was a part of British Bengal presidency and after British Bihar and Orissa province.

Rajasthan

Bhil Pradesh

Bhil Pradesh, a new state, will be organized by union of tribal districts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Each district has a Bhil community and the habitat, culture, and traditions are the same. In the British empire, they proposed a map for Bhil country.


Maru Pradesh

Maru Pradesh is a proposed state in North West India, made up of districts currently part of the state of Rajasthan.[64] The proposed state consists of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Churu, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Jalore, Sirohi and Sikar.

Sindhistan

The United Sindhi Forum and the Sindhi Welfare Society have proposed the creation a Sindhi linguistic state within India, to be known as Sindhistan. The proposed state would be made up of the Jaisalmer, Jalore and Barmer districts of Rajasthan and the Kutch district of Gujarat.[65][66] In these districts, the native languages spoken are dialects of the Sindhi language.[67] The total population of this proposed state will be around 6 million.

Tamil Nadu

Kongu Nadu

Kongu Nadu proposed state

Kongu Nadu is a region comprising the western part of Tamil Nadu. In the ancient Tamilakam, it was the seat of the Chera kings, bounded on the east by Tondai Nadu, on the south-east by Chola Nadu and on the south by Pandya Nadu regions.[68]

The region was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. The Kosar people mentioned in the second century CE Tamil epic Silappathikaram and other poems in Sangam literature is associated with the Coimbatore region. The region was located along an ancient Roman trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu. The Gangas of Thalakkad ruled it for over five centuries. The medieval Cholas conquered the region in the 10th century CE. It came under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire by the 15th century. After the Vijayanagara Empire fell in the 17th century, the Madurai Nayaks, who were the military governors of the Vijayanagara Empire established their state as an independent kingdom. In the latter part of the 18th century, the region came under the Kingdom of Mysore, following a series of wars with the Madurai Nayak dynasty. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company annexed Kongu Nadu to the Madras Presidency in 1799.[69] The region played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.

Palani is the important religious center in Kongu Nadu region. Coimbatore is the largest city in Kongu Nadu and has been proposed as a capital for the region.

Tripura

Tipraland

Main article: Tipraland

Tipraland is the name of a proposed state in India. The formation of "Tipraland", a state within the TTAADC, under articles 2 and 3 of the Indian Constitution is demanded by a political party called the Indigenous People's Front of Tripura (IPFT) as one of their political agenda. Another registered regional political party Tipraland State Party (TSP) also demanding the same demand of Tipraland. The Kingdom of Tripura is a former country which was ruled by 184 Tripuri/Tipra kings. The first king of the Manikya Dynasty of Tripura was Maha Manikya, who ruled the kingdom in the early 15th century.[70] The earlier kings are partly mythological and partly legendary or semi-legendary. The second last king was Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman Manikya Bahadur. After his death in 1947, Tipra kingdom joined India as a C-Model State on 15 October 1949 under the name Tripura, and later achieved statehood on 21 January 1972.[71]

Historically, the Kirati Tripuri converted Hindu rulers of Tripura's Manikya dynasty had always encouraged the immigration of and settlement of non-tribals, especially Bengalis to Tripura. Rajmala authenticates the fact that Ratna Manikya (1464-1468) was the first to ‘settle 4000 Bengalis in four places’ in Tripura. During Noakhali riots in 1946 many Bengali Hindu survivors referred to as East Bengali Refugees were sheltered in temporary relief camps in Comilla, Chandpur, Agartala the present capital of Tripura and other places. A large migration of Bengali Hindus and Muslims took place in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and other places during Bangladesh Liberation War on 1971.

The indigenous Tipra people demanded an autonomous district, which they finally achieved on 23 March 1979 which is known as Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC). The politically important TTAADC constitutes two-thirds of Tripura's 10,491 km2 area, which has 12,16,465 (mostly tribals) of the state's 37 lakh population residing in it. Tribal Welfare Department (Government of Tripura) strictly monitoring the implementation of the Tripura Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Reservation Act, 1991 (As amended up to February, 2006) for departmental promotion / direct recruitment in all Government Departments / PSUs and local bodies. For admission in schools / colleges, allotment of seats in Medical / Engineering and other Technical and General Courses, 31% reservation for ST is strictly followed. Schedule Tribes in Tripura are exempted from income tax.

Uttar Pradesh

Current regions of UP
Proposed states in UP

At least four states have been proposed to be carved out of Uttar Pradesh.[72]

Awadh Pradesh

The population of proposed Awadh state, consisting of Awadhi speaking districts of central Uttar Pradesh, would be approximately 50 million people with an area of approximately 75,000 km2 and Lucknow as the capital.

Braj Pradesh and Harit Pradesh/Pashchim Pradesh/Uttam Pradesh

Harit Pradesh is a proposed state, which would comprise 22 districts of Western Uttar Pradesh, currently forming six divisions – Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly, Meerut, Moradabad, Saharanpur and some parts of the Kanpur Division, (Farrukhabad, Etawah and Auraiya districts). The most prominent advocate for the creation of the new state is Ajit Singh, the leader of the Rashtriya Lok Dal party. Mayawati also supported the formation of Harit Pradesh in December 2009.

There is another demand within the same region – Braj Pradesh, consisting of Agra division, Aligarh division and some districts of the Kanpur division (Farrukhabad, Etawah and Auraiya) from Uttar Pradesh, and the districts of Bharatpur and Gwalior from Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The proposed capital would be in Agra.[73][74] So far, Braj has remained as a historical and cultural region, rather than a political entity. The language of Braj is Braj Bhasha.

Bundelkhand

Bundelkhand across UP & MP

Bundelkhand comprises parts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. While the Bahujan Samaj Party government under Chief Minister Mayawati proposed in 2011, the creation of Bundelkhand from seven districts of Uttar Pradesh, organisations such as Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha (BMM) want it to include six districts from Madhya Pradesh as well.[75] Uma Bharati of the Bharatiya Janata Party promised a separate state of Bundelkhand within three years if her party was voted to power, during campaigning for the 2014 Loksabha Elections at Jhansi.[76] A similar promise was made by Congress leader Pradeep Jain Aditya during these elections.[77]

Since the early 1960s there has been a movement for establishing a Bundelkhand state for promoting development of the region. Bundelkhand is geographically the central part of India covering part of Madhya Pradesh and part of Uttar Pradesh. Despite being rich in minerals, the people of Bundelkhand are poor and the region is underdeveloped and underrepresented in state and central politics.[53][78] Agrarian crisis and farmer's suicides is also cited as reason for separate statehood.[79]

Purvanchal

Purvanchal

Purvanchal is a geographic region of north-central India, which comprises the eastern end of Uttar Pradesh state. It is bounded by Nepal to the north, Bihar state to the east, Baghelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh state to the south, the Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh to the west. Purvanchal comprises three divisions – Awadhi region in the west, Bhojpuri region in the east and the Baghelkhand region in the south. The most commonly spoken language in Purvanchal is Bhojpuri. Purvanchal area is represented by 23 Members of Parliament to the lower house of Indian Parliament, and 117 legislators in the 403 member Uttar Pradesh state assembly or Vidhan Sabha.[80] Districts-Azamgarh, Ballia, Chandauli, Deoria, Ghazipur, Gorakhpur, Jaunpur, Kushinagar, Maharajganj, Mau, Mirzapur, Sant Kabir Nagar, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Siddharth Nagar, and Varanasi.

As a fallout of the movement for Telangana, then state chief minister Mayawati, proposed on 13 December 2009, to carve out a separate state of Purvanchal[81] out of Uttar Pradesh with either Allahabad or Varanasi as its capital.

The ongoing movement for Purvanchal is spearheaded by politician Amar Singh. There has been a strong demand for this state in recent years due to unemployment and population related issues in the region. As of now Varanasi has been decided to be the capital of the proposed state.

West Bengal

Gorkhaland

Proposed Gorkhaland state

Gorkhaland is a proposed state covering areas inhabited by the ethnic Gorkha (Nepali) people, namely Darjeeling hills and Dooars in the northern part of West Bengal.[82] The movement for Gorkhaland has gained momentum in the line of ethno-linguistic-cultural sentiment of the people who desire to identify themselves as Gorkha.[83]

The demand for a separate administrative region has existed since 1907, when the Hillmen's Association of Darjeeling submitted a memorandum to the Morley-Minto reforms committee.[84] After Indian independence, the Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League (ABGL) was the first political party from the region to demand greater identity for the Gorkha ethnic group and economic freedom for the community. In 1980, the Pranta Parishad of Darjeeling wrote to the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, with the need to form a state for the Gorkhas.

The movement for a separate state of Gorkhaland gained serious momentum during the 1980s, when a violent agitation was carried out by Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) led by Subhash Ghising. The agitation ultimately led to the establishment of a semiautonomous body in 1988 called the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) to govern certain areas of Darjeeling district. However, in 2008, a new party called the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) raised the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland once again.[85] In 2011, GJM signed an agreement with the state and central governments for the formation of Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, a semiautonomous body that replaced the DGHC in the Darjeeling hills.[86]

Kamtapur

Kamtapur lies in the northern parts of West Bengal.[87] The proposed state consists of the districts of Koch Behar, Jalpaiguri, and southern plains of Darjeeling, including Siliguri city.

Sindhistan

Main article: Sindhis in India
Map of Sindh

As per the moment launched by Gyan Hemnani a sindhi territory consisting of districts of Kutch of Gujarat, Barmer, Jalore and Jaisalmer of Rajasthan has been proposed. The population of proposed Sindhi union territory is to be six million.

Smaller proposals

Mahe district is one of the four districts of Puducherry, lying completely opposite to Pondicherry on Kerala coast. It is argued by many advocating the adjoining of Mahe with Lakshadweep or Kerala or make a separate union territory because of a perceived lack of development compared to the rest of Puducherry. The merger of Yanam with Andhra view remoteness to Puducherry as it is located near to Kakinada port of Andhra Pradesh is also advocated.

See also

References

https://odishabytes.com/what-is-bhil-pradesh-that-people-are-demanding-on-twitter/

https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/demand-for-separate-bhil-pradesh-queers-the-pitch-in-rajasthan-119022300176_1.html

https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bhil-state-in-india-in-hindi-1590578770-2

https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/demand-for-bhil-pradesh-in-rajasthan/501566

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/btp-demands-separate-bhil-pradesh-for-tribals/articleshow/67389669.cms


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