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Poutine

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This article is about the dish of French fries, cheese curds and gravy. For the Acadian dish of boiled potato dumplings, see poutine râpée.
Poutine
Poutine served at La Banquise, Montreal
CourseMain course or side dish
Place of originCanada
Region or stateQuebec
Created byMany claims
Main ingredientsFrench fries, gravy, cheese curds
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Poutine (/puːˈtiːn/; Quebec French: [put͡sɪn] ⓘ) is a dish originating from the Canadian province of Quebec, consisting of French fries and cheese curds topped with a brown gravy. The dish emerged in the late 1950s in the Centre-du-Québec area and has long been associated with the cuisine of Quebec. For many years, it was negatively perceived and mocked, and even used as a means of stigmatization against Quebec society. Later, poutine became celebrated as a symbol of Québécois cultural pride, and its rise in prominence led to popularity outside the province, especially in the rest of Central Canada, in the Northeastern United States and even Japan.

Annual poutine celebrations occur in Montreal, Quebec City, and Drummondville, as well as Toronto, Ottawa, Chicago, and Manchester, New Hampshire. Today, it is often identified as quintessential Canadian food and has been called "Canada's national dish", though some believe this labelling represents misappropriation of Québécois culture. Many variations on the original recipe are popular, leading some to suggest that poutine has emerged as a new dish classification in its own right, just like sandwiches, dumplings, soups, and flatbreads.[1]

Origins

The dish originated in the Centre-du-Québec area in the late 1950s.[2]: 12–31  Several restaurants from the area claim to be the inventor of the dish (Le Roy Jucep in Drummondville, Le Lutin qui rit in Warwick and La Petite Vache in Princeville) but no consensus exists.[2]: 12–31 [3][4] Poutine was originally consumed in small "greasy spoon" type diners (commonly known as cantines or casse-croûtes in Quebec) and pubs, as well as by roadside chip wagons (commonly known as cabanes à patates, literally "potato shacks") and in hockey arenas.[1] Today, poutine is found in all types of restaurants.[1]

Le Roy Jucep, Drummondville

A common source for the founding of poutine comes from Drummondville.[5] A local restaurant in the town of Le Roy Jucep has a registered trademark which states that "The Roy Jucep" invented poutine.[5] In 1964, the owner of this restaurant, Jean-Paul Roy, served poutine as we know it today: "fried potatoes, cheese and sauce".[5] According to his testimony, Roy (after the frequent requests of a few of his customers), started serving cheese with fries and sauce. In August 2007, Jean-Paul Roy died in Drummondville. The official patent, granted by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office, is posted in the restaurant.[6]

Le Lutin qui rit, Warwick

One often-cited tale is that of Warwick restaurateur Fernand Lachance of Le Café Ideal, who is said in 1957 to have exclaimed, "ça va faire une maudite poutine!" ("It will make a damn mess!") when asked by restaurant regular Eddy Lainesse to put a handful of cheese curds on some french fries, hence the name.[7][8][9][10] The sauce was allegedly added later, in 1962, to keep the fries warm longer.[10]

La Petite Vache, Princeville

One other legend states that the birth of poutine took place in a restaurant called La Petite Vache, in Princeville.[11] An original designation, the "Mixte", was a 50–50 reference to the mixture of 50% fries and 50% cheese.[11]

Etymology

The Dictionnaire historique du français québécois lists 15 different meanings of poutine in Québécois and Acadian French, most of which are for kinds of food; the word poutine in the meaning "fries with cheese and gravy" is dated to 1982.[12] Other senses of the word have been in use since at least 1810.[13]

While the exact provenance of the word poutine is uncertain, some attribute it to the English word pudding.[12] Among its various culinary senses, that of "a dessert made from flour or bread crumbs" most clearly shows this influence; the word pouding, borrowed from the English pudding, is in fact a synonym in this sense.

The Dictionnaire historique mentions the possibility that the form poutine is simply a gallicization of the word pudding. However, it considers it more likely that it was inherited from regional languages spoken in France, and that some of its meanings resulted from the later influence of the similar-sounding English word pudding. It cites the Provençal forms poutingo "bad stew" and poutité "hodgepodge" or "crushed fruit or foods"; poutringo "mixture of various things" in Languedocien; and poutringue or potringa "bad stew" in Franche-Comté as possibly related to poutine. The meaning "fries with cheese and gravy" of poutine is among those held as probably unrelated to pudding, provided the latter view is correct.[13]

According to Merriam-Webster, a popular etymology is that poutine is from a Québécois slang word meaning "mess".[12]

Recipe

The traditional Quebec poutine is made up of cheese curds, french fries, and brown gravy.

In the basic recipe for poutine, French fries are covered with fresh cheese curds, and topped with brown gravy.[14] In a traditional Quebec poutine:

  • French fries: Usually of medium thickness, and fried (sometimes twice) such that the inside stays soft, while the outside is crispy.
  • Cheese curds: Fresh cheese curds are used to give the desired texture. The curd size varies as does the amount used.
  • Brown gravy: Traditionally a light and thin chicken, veal, or turkey gravy, somewhat salty and mildly spiced with a hint of pepper, or a sauce brune which is a combination of beef and chicken stock, a variant originating in Quebec. [citation needed] The gravy should be substantial, but still thin enough to easily filter down into the mass of fries and cheese curds.[15] These sauces typically also contain vinegar or a sour flavouring to balance the richness of the cheese and fries.[citation needed]Traditional poutine sauces (mélange à sauce poutine) are sold in Quebec, Ontario, and Maritime grocery stores in jars or cans and in powdered mix packets; some grocery chains like Sobeys even offer their own house brand versions. Many places also offer vegetarian gravy as an option to cater to vegetarians.[16]

Heavy beef- or pork-based brown gravies are rarely used[citation needed]. To maintain the texture of the fries, the cheese curd and gravy are added immediately prior to serving the dish. The hot gravy is usually poured over the room-temperature cheese curds, so that the cheese is warmed without completely melting.[15] It is important to control the temperature, timing, and the order in which the ingredients are added, so as to obtain the right food textures which is an essential part of the experience of eating poutine.

Regional variations

A variation of poutine, featuring several different toppings. A number of poutineries in Canada offer several variations that differ from the traditional dish.

There are many variations of poutine. Some restaurants offer poutine with such toppings as sausage, chicken, bacon, brisket, or Montreal-style smoked meat. Some poutineries even boast dozens of variations of poutine.[17] More upscale poutine with three-pepper sauce, merguez sausage, foie gras[18] or even caviar and truffle can be found, a pre-2000 trend that is credited to David MacMillan of 'Joe Beef' and 'Globe' restaurants fame.[19][20] Some variations eliminate the cheese, but most Québécois would call such a dish a frite sauce ("french fries with sauce") rather than poutine. Shawinigan and some other regions have patate-sauce-choux where shredded raw cabbage replaces cheese. Fast food combination meals in Canada often have the options of getting french fries "poutinized" by adding cheese curds (or shredded cheese in the Prairies and Western Canada) and gravy, or subbing the fries for a poutine. The popular chain Chez Ashton of the Quebec City area is known for its poutine Galvaude (topped with chicken and green peas) and Dulton (with ground beef).[21]

Sweet potato has been used to be a healthy alternative to french fries. The idea of adding dietary fiber and vitamins to this classic dish is widely endorsed by the public.[22] Crinkle-cut fries may be used as well.[8]

Chains such as Smoke's Poutinerie,[23] New York Fries,[24] McDonald's,[25] Wendy's,[26] A&W,[27] KFC,[28] Burger King,[29] Harvey's,[30] Mary Brown's,[31] Arby's,[32] and Wahlburgers restaurants also sell versions of poutine in Quebec and the rest of Canada (although not always country-wide).[33] Tim Hortons, the quick service restaurant chain, started selling poutine in some stores in 2018.

In the United States

Poutine is found in the northern border regions of the United States, including New England and the larger Northeast, the Pacific Northwest, and the Upper Midwest.[34] These regions offer further variations of the basic dish, usually by utilizing cheeses other than fresh curds. In the country culture, a mixed fry can also come with cooked ground beef on top and is referred to as a hamburger mix, though this is less popular than a regular mix.[35]

Disco fries, in which french fries are covered in mozzarella cheese and brown gravy were popularized in New Jersey in the 1940s.[36][37] They gained their name in the 1970s for being a favorite of late-night diners, who often came from dancing at disco clubs.[38]

Cultural aspect

A cultural marker, poutine has long been Quebec's adored junk food before spreading out across the rest of Canada and the United States.[1][39] It is said to be "the perfect thing after a night of drinking".[40]

Poutine served as a comfort food for the local community after the Lac-Megantic derailment.[41] Three varieties are offered at the Le Cellier Steakhouse at Epcot Center's Canada pavilion.[42]

In May 2014, the word "poutine" was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary of the English language.[8]

In 2007, the CBC declared the outcome of an online survey on the greatest Canadian inventions of all time. Poutine arrived at No. 10, beating, among other items, the electron microscope, the BlackBerry, and the paint roller.[43]

A poutine stand sign styled as the Flag of Canada during Canada Day celebrations in Trafalgar Square, UK.

Poutine has been a highlight of the London, UK, "Canada Day" celebrations in Trafalgar Square for several years.[44]

Poutine has since made inroads into proper culinary circles, challenging its junk food status. Thus in 2011, well-known chef Chuck Hughes won on Iron Chef America (episode 2 of season 9) by beating out his heavyweight competitor Bobby Flay with a plate of lobster poutine.[45]

In 2013, Jones Soda Co., originally a Canadian company but now based in the US, created a poutine-flavoured limited-edition soft drink, which got international pop culture attention.[46]

In 2014, bacon-poutine was one of four flavours selected as a finalist in the Lay's Canada 'Do Us A Flavour' potato chip contest,[47] although it did not win that competition.[48] However, Lay's has since added a bacon-poutine variety in its 'Canada' entry for the 'World Flavourites', and Loblaws' President's Choice and Ruffles brands offer poutine-flavoured potato chips in Canada.[49][50]

Smoke's Poutinerie sponsors a world poutine eating championship, and also a cross-Canada poutine eating tour.[51]

Montreal hosts a competitive "La Poutine Week" every year in February.[52] Members of the public can download an app in order to rate the poutines they have tried. Ottawa-Gatineau, Toronto, Calgary,[53] Quebec City, Sherbrooke, Vancouver[54] and others similarly hold their own weeks.[55] Some United States cities such as Manchester, NH (NH PoutineFest), Chicago, IL, and Knoxville, TN, have festivals also.[8][56]

Social mobility and Canadization

The social status of poutine has dramatically evolved since its origin in rural Quebec in the 1950s. The dish was long mocked as a culinary invention and even used as a means of stigmatization used against the Quebec society to reduce its legitimacy.[2]: 74–109 [1] While the first generations that suffered from the poutine stigma opted to disidentify with the dish, Quebec youth has recently been operating a reappropriation of poutine to positively revalue the dish as a symbol of Quebecois cultural pride.[1][2]: 74–109  Today, the dish is celebrated in many annual poutine festivals in Quebec,[57][58] the rest of Canada,[59][60] and in the United States.[61][62] In March 2016 poutine was served at the White House during the first State Dinner between Barack Obama and Justin Trudeau.[63]

The evolution of the different symbols associated with poutine were first studied by Charles-Alexandre Théorêt in Maudite Poutine!.[2] Théorêt revisited many of these stigmas in an interview given at Tout le monde en parle on 11 November 2007.[64]

As poutine gained popularity outside Quebec provincial borders in the mid-2000s, the dish gradually stopped being mocked and was eventually introduced into the popular discourse and symbol of Canadian nationalism.[1] Today, the dish is often presented as being of Canadian cuisine, even as Canada's national dish.[1] Nicolas Fabien-Ouellet, the author of Poutine Dynamics (a peer-reviewed article published in the journal CuiZine) has suggested that this "Canadization" of poutine constitutes cultural appropriation, despite the fact that Quebec is part of Canada.[1][65][66][67] This supposed appropriation is not linked to its preparation or consumption outside Quebec provincial borders per se, but strictly to its presentation as a Canadian dish instead of Quebecois dish.[1]

In politics

In a Talking to Americans segment on the Canadian mock television news show This Hour Has 22 Minutes during the 2000 American election, comedian Rick Mercer posed as a reporter and asked several people (including then-Texas governor George W. Bush) what they thought of "Prime Minister Jean Poutine" and his endorsement of Bush for president. (The Prime Minister of Canada at the time was Jean Chrétien.) None of the interviewees noticed the insertion of "Poutine". A few years later when Bush made his first official visit to Canada as President, he joked during a speech, "I told [Prime Minister] Paul [Martin] that I really have only one regret about this visit to Canada. There's a prominent citizen who endorsed me in the 2000 election, and I wanted a chance to finally thank him for that endorsement. I was hoping to meet Jean Poutine." The remark was met with laughter and applause.[68]

During the 2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal, misleading phone calls registered to a "Pierre Poutine" of "Separatist Street" in Joliette, Quebec, were made in at least 14 ridings, including Guelph, Ontario. The fraudulent calls directed voters to the wrong polling stations.[69] Through court orders of document releases from Rogers Communications the source of the calls was eventually traced and appeared to correspond to the campaign office of Conservative Party of Canada candidate Marty Burke.[70]

Belgian Prime Minister, Charles Michel, had a Canadian lunch with Justin Trudeau on June 16, 2017, where they ate hotdogs and poutine. However, Charles Michel tweeted later that this was "A great way to meet a dear friend though our fries are better", referring to the popular claim that fries were originally invented in Belgium.[71]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fabien-Ouellet, Nicolas (2016). "Poutine Dynamics". Cuizine: The Journal of Canadian Food Cultures. 7 (2). doi:10.7202/1038479ar. ISSN 1918-5480.
  2. ^ a b c d e Théorêt, Charles-Alexandre (2007). Maudite poutine!. [Montréal]: Héliotrope. ISBN 9782923511078. OCLC 166321360.
  3. ^ "Many lay claim to inventing poutine, but who was the first to combine fries, curds and gravy on a menu?". National Post. 5 October 2016.
  4. ^ Kane, Marion (8 November 2008). "The war of the curds". The Star. Retrieved 16 December 2001.
  5. ^ a b c The Oxford Companion to Cheese. Oxford University Press. 25 October 2016. pp. 585–. ISBN 978-0-19-933089-8.
  6. ^ Verma, Sonia (9 December 2007). "The sticky mess of the origins of poutine". The Globe & Mail. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  7. ^ "A Brief History of Poutine". 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d Linnea Covington (11 June 2014). "9 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Poutine". Food Republic. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  9. ^ "Drummondville claims ownership of poutine in new tourism campaign". CBC News. 6 October 2015.
  10. ^ a b Woods, Allan (23 June 2017). "Is poutine Canada's national treasure or culinary appropriation?: Canadian Myths" – via Toronto Star.
  11. ^ a b Special to National Post (5 October 2016). "Many lay claim to inventing poutine, but who was the first to combine fries, curds and gravy on a menu?". National Post. Retrieved 20 February 2018. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ a b c "poutine - \poo-TEEN\". Merriam-Webster. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. Although the earliest evidence of the word "poutine" in an English publication is from 1982, historical accounts of the dish itself date to several decades earlier ... Some assert that "poutine" is related to the English word "pudding," but a more popular etymology is that it's from a Québécois slang word meaning "mess."
  13. ^ a b Poirier, Claude; Canac-Marquis, Steve (1998). Dictionnaire historique du français québécois. Université Laval. ISBN 2-7637-7557-8.
  14. ^ Morris, Stephenie (21 September 2015). "Evolution of classic stirs arguments about what exactly can be called 'poutine'". Yahoo Canada News.
  15. ^ a b Semenak, Susan (6 February 2015). "Backstage at La Banquise—because it's always poutine week there". Montreal Gazette.
  16. ^ "things to do, people to see, places to go". 604 Now. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  17. ^ Katz, CJ (18 June 2014). "Taste Regina: Prairie Poutine - Local chefs create Saskatchewan variations of Quebec-born dish". The Leader-Post. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Koentges, Christopher (4 October 2012). "How To Make Poutine 2.0: Gravy Hacks, Cheese Curd Modification". Very Ethnic. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  19. ^ Harrison, Ian (21 September 2015). "New Article on the Rise of Poutine Gets It All Wrong". Eater.
  20. ^ Krauss, Clifford (26 April 2004). "Quebec Finds Pride in a Greasy Favorite". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Cavich, Cinda (26 April 2003). "Haute poutine". the Globe and Mail. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  22. ^ Michael, Souzan. "Playful Poutine Recipes". foodnetwork. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  23. ^ "Smoke's Poutinerie World Famous Great Canadian Cross Country Plaid Gravy Train Fries Curd & Gravy Weird Wild and Wacky Poutine Eating Tour 2014 is Rolling Across Canada" (Press release). CNW. 29 July 2014.
  24. ^ Ouellette, Jennifer (4 July 2013). "New York Fries Announces Expansion into Turkey". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  25. ^ Day, Adam. "Oh Canada, we stand on guard for ... poutine?". The Digital Times. Kamloops, BC: Journalism Students at Thompson Rivers University. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Poutine Fries To Go Near You". Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  27. ^ "Poutine". A&W Trade Marks. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  28. ^ "Signature Sides". KFC. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  29. ^ "Our menu—Poutine". Burger King. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Menu". Harvey's. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  31. ^ "Ontario Menu". Mary Brown's Famous Chicken & Taters.
  32. ^ "Arby's Canada Launches Curly Fry Poutine". Thedailymeal.com. 16 January 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  33. ^ "Vive le McPoutine libre: McDonald's re-introduces fries, gravy and cheese curds dish on menus across Canada | National Post". NationalPost.com. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "Let's Eat: Raising the roof in Center City; poutine on South Street".
  35. ^ Stern, Jane; Stern, Michael (2 October 2014). "Is there such a thing as good poutine?". The Splendid Table.
  36. ^ Garrett, Jonny (14 October 2014). "Tips for the perfect poutine". JamieOliver.com.
  37. ^ "NJ Vocabulary: What Are Disco Fries? - Best of NJ: NJ Lifestyle Guides, Features, Events, and More". 31 January 2017.
  38. ^ "There's No Drunk Food Like Disco Fries".
  39. ^ "Vive la Poutine". Gastropost. National Post.
  40. ^ "Where to Find NYC's Newest Poutine".
  41. ^ Loriggio, Paola (10 July 2013). "Poutine shack near Lac-Megantic derailment site sees familiar faces; some still missing (with video)". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  42. ^ "Le Cellier Steakhouse Menu - Walt Disney World Resort". disneyworld.disney.go.com.
  43. ^ Sekules, Kate (23 May 2007). "A Staple From Quebec, Embarrassing but Adored". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 July 2013. Granted, poutine came in only at No. 10. But it beat, among other things, the electron microscope, the BlackBerry, the paint roller and the caulking gun, lacrosse, plexiglass, radio voice transmission and basketball.
  44. ^ Perreaux, Les (5 May 2013). "Canada Day heads to the Big Apple". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  45. ^ "Quebec chef wins Iron Chef with lobster poutine". CBC News. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  46. ^ Claire Sibonney (2013). "Jones Soda's Poutine Flavour: Awful Or Amazing?". HuffPost Canada.
  47. ^ "Lay's Canada announces 2014 Do Us a Flavour finalists" (Press release). PepsiCo Canada. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  48. ^ "Calgary man wins potato chip contest with 'Jalapeno Mac N' Cheese' flavour". 21 October 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  49. ^ "Lay's potato chips announces winning international flavours that Canadians voted for". 9 August 2016.
  50. ^ "PC World of Flavours Poutine Flavour Rippled Potato Chips". Loblaw Companies Limited.
  51. ^ O'Neil, Lauren (6 October 2014). "American wins world poutine eating championship, Canadians heartbroken". CBC News.
  52. ^ "Creative chefs offer take on fries, curds and gravy during La Poutine Week". Metro News. 31 January 2015.
  53. ^ "Victoria Poutine Week Oct 16-22". Poutine with purpose.
  54. ^ https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2019/01/11/la-poutine-week-vancouver-bc-2019/
  55. ^ "Official #LaPoutineWeek - Semaine de La Poutine Week 2014". LapoutineWeek.com. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  56. ^ "First-ever Poutinefest to be held Friday night in Knoxville". WATE 6. 26 June 2015.
  57. ^ "Accueil - Half Moon Run, Les Trois Accords, Alex Nevsky, Les Soeurs Boulay, Fred Fortin, Kevin Parent". Festival de la poutine de Drummondville (in French). Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  58. ^ "Découvrez des poutines incroyables! - La Poutine Week". www.lapoutineweek.com (in French). Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  59. ^ "World Poutine Eating Championship - Smoke's Poutinerie". smokespoutinerie.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  60. ^ "Ottawa PoutineFest". ottawapoutinefest.ca. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  61. ^ "NH PoutineFest 2017 – Live Free and Eat Poutine!". www.nhpoutinefest.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  62. ^ "What You Missed at Poutine Fest 2016". Chicago Food Magazine. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  63. ^ "State dinner will start with a gussied-up version of Canada's late-night party food". Washington Post. 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  64. ^ mapoutineca (12 March 2010). "Maudite poutine (partie 1 de 2)" – via YouTube.
  65. ^ Charlebois, Mathieu. "La poutine, un plat pour les Québécois de sauce". L’actualité (in Canadian French). Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  66. ^ "*FAQ*". The Poutine Pundit. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  67. ^ "Is Canada Stealing Poutine From Quebec?". Eater Montreal. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  68. ^ "President Discusses Strong Relationship with Canada" (Press release). 1 December 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  69. ^ Kennedy, Mark (11 March 2012). "Robocall controversy hasn't hurt support for Tories: poll". National Post. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  70. ^ Postmedia News (13 March 2013). "Elections commissioner wants charges laid over 'Pierre Poutine' robocalls". National Post. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  71. ^ "Michel eet hotdogs en poutine met Trudeau, maar "onze frieten zijn beter"". Het Laatste Nieuws. 16 June 2017.

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