Rojak

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Rojak
Rujak Buah (Indonesian Fruit Salad).JPG
Fruit rujak in Indonesia, seasonal fruits with spicy palm sugar dressing, served on stone mortar.
Alternative namesRujak
TypeSalad
Place of originSoutheast Asia
Region or stateIndonesia, Malaysia and Singapore
Serving temperatureFresh in room temperature
Main ingredientsFruits, vegetables, palm sugar, peanuts and chili dressing.

Rojak (Malay spelling) or Rujak (Indonesian spelling) is a traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish from Southeast Asia, commonly found in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.[1][2] Other than referring to this fruit salad dish,[3] the term rojak also means "mixture" or "eclectic mix" in colloquial Malay.[4][5]

Rujak is available everywhere across Indonesia, and there are rich variations within the country. However, the most popular rujak variant is rujak buah (fruit rujak), which is mixed sliced fruit and vegetables served with spicy palm sugar dressing.[6] Unlike common fruit salads, rujak is often described as tangy and spicy fruit salad, due to its sweet, hot and spicy dressing made from ground chili pepper, palm sugar and peanuts.[7] It is a popular street fare in Bali.[8]

Indonesian rujak is usually made from fresh ingredients, especially fruits and vegetables. Rojak in Malaysia and Singapore, however, is mostly of Indian influence,[citation needed] mixed with fried tofu, cracker, cruller and fritter.[9] Rujak is usually a vegetarian dish which does not contain any animal products, except the sweet and tangy dressing that might contain shrimp paste. Nevertheless, some recipes may contain seafood or meat. Rojak in Malaysia and Singapore usually contains sotong (cuttlefish), while certain rujak recipes in Indonesia may contain seafood or meat.

History and origin[edit]

Travelling fruit rujak vendor in Jakarta.

The origin of rujak is unclear, and there are numbers of rujak variants in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia. It is possible that since ancient times, the natives of the Malay archipelago have consumed sour-tasting seasonal tropical fruits—especially Java apple, kedondong and young mango—together with palm sugar and salt, to ease its sourness. In Indonesia, certain fruit plants have their own fruit-bearing season, usually within late dry season to the wet season, thus the time of fruit harvest usually coincides with the time of having rujak in Indonesian villages. The fruit species seasonally anticipated for rujak feasts are mango, Java apple and kedondong.[10][11]

Rujak is one of the oldest dish, and the earliest historically identified food of ancient Java. It was mentioned as rurujak in ancient Javanese Taji inscription (901 CE) from the era of Mataram Kingdom in Central Java.[12] The Javanese in Indonesia have incorporated rujak into their prenatal ceremony called Naloni Mitoni.[13] According to local traditions, young mango and other sour-tasting fruits are craved by pregnant women, apparently as the counterpart of pickles in the West.[14]

The introduction of hot and spicy chili pepper and peanuts may have taken place during the early colonial era in the 16th century, since these products were brought by Spanish and Portuguese traders from the Americas. It's suggested that rujak might be related to Indonesian gado-gado, while the rojak in Malaysia and Singapore demonstrate Indian influences with orange-colored peanut and sweet potato sauce as a dip for fried fritters (with vegetables, coconut, prawn or other items inside), eggs and potatoes.[5]

Rojak stall in Singapore hawker center.

In Indonesia, rujak is a traditional fare, sold in traditional marketplaces, warungs or travelling gerobak pushcart by locals; especially Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese people.[14] In Malaysia, rojak is associated with Mamak stall, which is a Muslim Malaysian Indian foodstall, where Mamak rojak is one of its popular fares.[15] In Singapore, Rojak Mamak are mainly sold by Indian Muslims, Rojak Buah (Fruit) mainly by Chinese, and Rojak Bandung (Cuttlefish) mainly by the Malays. Today, they are sold in most hawker centre in the city.[5]

Cultural significance[edit]

Fruit rujak sellers in Bali.

In Indonesia, among the Javanese, rujak is an essential part of the traditional prenatal ceremony called tujuh bulanan (literally: seventh month). The ritual was meant to wish the mother-to-be a safe, smooth and successful labour.[13] Special fruit rujak is made for this occasion, and later served to the mother-to-be and her guests, primarily her female friends. It is widely known that the sweet, spicy and sour tastes of rojak are adored by pregnant women. The recipe of rujak for this ceremony is similar to typical Indonesian fruit rujak, with the exceptions that the fruits are roughly shredded instead of thinly sliced, and that jeruk bali (pomelo/pink grapefruit) is an essential ingredient. It is believed that if the rujak overall tastes sweet, the unborn would be a girl, and if it is spicy, the unborn baby is a boy.[16]

Mangarabar, or rujak making, is a special event for the inhabitants of the Batak Mandailing region in Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia, after the harvest. Normally the whole village will be involved in making and consuming the rujak.[17]

In Malaysia and Singapore, the term "rojak" is also used as a colloquial expression for an eclectic mix, in particular as a word describing the multi-ethnic character of Malaysian and Singaporean society.[18][4][5]

Indonesian rujak[edit]

Sweet rujak sauce. Made of palm sugar, tamarind, peanuts, and chilli.

Rujak Buah (Indonesian fruit rujak)[edit]

Seasonal fruits rujak in Indonesia.

Rujak buah is Indonesian fruit rujak, also known as rujak manis (sweet rujak). The typical Indonesian fruit rujak consists of slices of assorted tropical fruits such as jambu air (water apple), pineapple, raw mangos, bengkoang (jicama), cucumber, kedondong, and raw red ubi jalar (sweet potato). Sometimes Malang variants of green apple, belimbing (starfruit), and jeruk Bali (pomelo) are added. The sweet and spicy-hot bumbu rujak dressing is made of water, gula jawa (palm sugar), asem jawa (tamarind), ground sauteed peanuts, terasi (shrimp paste), salt, bird's eye chili, and red chili pepper. All of the fruits are sliced to bite-size, and put in the dish.[19]

The bumbu rujak or thick sweet spicy rujak dressing is poured on the fruit slices. An addition of sambal garam powder (simple mixture of salt and ground red chilli) is put on side as the alternative for those who prefer a salty taste for their rujak. The Javanese people call this kind of rujak as lotis.[20]

Rujak Cuka[edit]

Rujak cuka literally means "vinegared rujak", it is a specialty of Sundanese cuisine of West Java, noted for its sour freshness. It is made of shredded fruits; including young mango, pineapple, jicama, and vegetables; cabbages, beansprouts and cucumber. It is quite similar to asinan, especially its sour and spicy dressing, since both employ vinegar, palm sugar, and chili pepper.[21]

Rujak Tumbuk (Rujak Bèbèk)[edit]

Rujak bebek or rujak tumbuk (mashed rujak).

This is another variant of Indonesian fruit rujak. The ingredients are almost the same as typical Indonesian fruit rujak, with the exception that all the ingredients are being ground or mashed together (tumbuk or bèbèk in Indonesian) in a wooden mortar. The fruits being ground are young/green pisang batu (a species of banana), raw red yam, jicama, Java apple, kedondong and young unripe mango. The dressing is not poured on the fruit, but already mixed together with all the ingredients. The dressing contains terasi shrimp paste, palm sugar, salt, and birds-eye chili. Traditionally, rujak tumbuk is served in individual smaller portions on banana leaf plates called pincuk, however today it is commonly served in plastic cups.

Rujak Serut[edit]

This literally means "shredded rujak", and is another variant of Indonesian fruit rujak. As with rujak tumbuk, the ingredients are similar to Indonesian fruit rujak, with the exceptions that the fruits are not cut into bite-sized pieces, but shredded into a roughly grated consistency.

Rujak u' Groeh[edit]

A delicacy from Aceh province, this rujak consists of very young and tender coconut meat, young (green) papaya, bird's eye chili, sugar, palm sugar, ice, salt, and a dash of lime. Best eaten cold.[22]

Rujak Pengantin[edit]

"Pengantin" means bride/groom in Indonesian. This rujak is reminiscent of Indonesia's colonial cuisine. It contains slices of boiled eggs, potatoes, fried tofu, pineapple, carrot, bean sprout, pickles, chili, lettuce, cabbage, cucumber, emping crackers, roasted peanuts, peanut sauce and has a little vinegar to it. Some variants mixed the peanut sauce with mayonnaise. It is somewhat like Central Javanese gado-gado.

Rujak Kuah Pindang[edit]

Rujak kuah pindang, uses thin sweet and spicy sauce made of fish broth, Bali.

A Balinese snack, a variation of the Indonesian fruit rujak, but instead of the normal rujak dressing, the fruits are soaked in a spiced fish broth. The broth consists of terasi (shrimp paste), salt, bird's eye chili, and red chili pepper and fish broth.[23]

Rujak Cingur[edit]

Rujak Cingur, made from buffalo mouth is a specialty of Surabaya.

Cingur literally means "mouth" in Javanese, cingur (pronounced: "ching-oor") is a variant of rujak from Surabaya. This specialty rujak from East Java has a "meaty" taste. It contains slices of cooked buffalo or cow lips, bangkuang, young raw mango, pineapple, cucumber, kangkung, lontong (rice cake), tofu and tempe, all served in a black sauce made from petis (black fermented shrimp paste, related to terasi), and ground peanuts. It is topped with a sprinkle of fried shallots and kerupuk (Indonesian shrimp crackers).[24]

Rujak Petis[edit]

This is another variant of rujak from Surabaya. It contains slices of bangkuang, unripe raw mango, cucumber, kangkung, kedondong, tofu, and soybean sprouts all served in a black sauce made from petis (sticky black fermented shrimp paste, related to terasi), fried shallots, salt, palm sugar, unripe banana, and ground peanuts. Traditionally it is served on a banana leaf, but today it is more commonly served on plates.

Rujak Tolet[edit]

Similar to fruit rujak, and also from Surabaya. Aside from unripe fruits the rojak also includes fried tofu, fried garlic and optionally beef tendons. The sauce is petis-based mixed with palm sugar, slices of raw bird's eye chili, and sweet soy sauce.

Rujak Juhi[edit]

Rujak Juhi, with krupuk.

Juhi means salted cuttlefish in Indonesian; this rujak contains fried tau kwa tofu, fried boiled potatoes, fried shredded salted cuttlefish, cucumber, noodles, lettuce, cabbages, peanut sauce, vinegar, chili, and fried garlic. This dish was originated from Chinese community in Batavia (now Jakarta) and now has become the Betawi dish closely related with Asinan Betawi.[25]

Rujak Shanghai[edit]

Rujak Shanghai served in Glodok Chinatown area, Jakarta.

Named after "Bioscoop Shanghay" (a cinema named after Shanghai, China's most populated city) In Batavia Kota area, this dish was created by Indonesia's Chinese community. This variant of rujak can be found in Indonesian Chinatowns in cities such as Glodok in Jakarta. Rujak Shanghai contains seafood, like Rujak Juhi. Boiled and sliced gurita (octopus) and also edible jellyfish, are served with kangkung (a leafy green water plant commonly used as vegetable), and served with thick red sweet and sour sauce, mixed with pineapple juice, and sauteed ground peanuts. Usually chili sauce and pickled bengkoang are served as condiments.[26]

Rujak Soto[edit]

A delicacy from Banyuwangi, East Java, a unique blend between beef soto and rujak cingur. A local specialty in which the vegetables (water spinach and beansprouts) rujak served with lontong rice cake in petis sauce poured with soto soup. It was created in 1975 by Usni Solihin.[27]

Malaysian and Singaporean rojak[edit]

Mamak rojak, or Indian rojak (Pasembor)[edit]

Mamak rojak in Malaysia.

In Malaysia, mamak rojak (or Pasembur) contains fried dough fritters, bean curds, boiled potatoes, prawn fritters, hard boiled eggs, bean sprouts, cuttlefish and cucumber mixed with a sweet thick, spicy peanut sauce.[15] origins is made in kedah by Malay villagers, later having learn the recipe from them, Tamil Muslim (Mamak) rojak vendors used modified sidecar motorcycles as preparation counters and to peddle their rojak. Later it became popularly known as Rojak Mamak.[citation needed] These mobile vendors now use modified mini trucks. The Pasembor available in Singapore is an assortment of potatoes, eggs, bean curd (tofu), and prawns fried in batter, served with a sweet and spicy chili sauce. In the Northwest Peninsular Region (Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Perak), it is always called pasembor, but in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore it is called rojak.

Fruit rojak[edit]

Chinese Fruit Rojak in Singapore.

Sold by the Chinese, the Chinese fruit rojak consists typically of cucumber, pineapple, benkoang (jicama), bean sprouts, taupok (puffy, deep-fried tofu) and youtiao (cut-up Chinese-style fritters). Raw mangos and green apples are less commonly used. The dressing is made up of water, belacan (shrimp paste), sugar, chili, and lime juice. Ingredients vary among vendors with some also using hae ko prawn/shrimp paste, tamarind or black bean paste in the mix. The ingredients are cut into bite-sized portions and tossed in a bowl with the dressing and topped with chopped peanuts and a dash of ground or finely chopped bunga kantan (pink ginger bud).

Indian rojak in Singapore.

Rojak Penang is another type of Rojak found in Penang, Malaysia. It is similar to fruit rojak, but adds jambu air, guava, squid fritters and honey to the mixture, emphasizes on the use of tart fruits such as raw mangoes and green apples, and usually omits the bean sprouts and fried tofu puffs. The sauce or dressing for the rojak tends to be very thick, almost toffee-like in consistency and texture.

Rojak Bandung / Sotong Kangkung[edit]

Singaporean Malays have a distinct rojak known as Rojak Bandung or sotong kangkung in other cities. It has become so famous in Malaysia, that you can find it at most of the rojak stalls. Sotong kangkung contains sotong (cuttlefish), kangkung (water spinach), cucumbers, bean curds, peanuts, chili and sauce.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Rujak Indonesian Fruit Salad & Tangy Peanut Citrus Sauce". Food.com.
  2. ^ Indonesia OK!!: The Guide with a Gentle Twist. Galangpress Group. 2004. p. 80. ISBN 9789799341792.
  3. ^ "Rujak". KBBI.
  4. ^ a b "Rojak". Glosbe.
  5. ^ a b c d "Rojak". Your Singapore.
  6. ^ Dina Yuen (2012). Indonesian Cooking: Satays, Sambals and More. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462908530.
  7. ^ "Spicy fruit salad (rujak)". SBS.
  8. ^ Eka Juni Artawan (24 March 2016). "Savor: Rujak Bali - Spicy Balinese fruit salad". The Jakarta Post.
  9. ^ "Malaysian Indian Mamak Style Rojak". 7 July 2016.
  10. ^ "Infographics: Indonesia Fruit Season". Behance.
  11. ^ Sigit Purwadi (17 August 2016). "Mengetahui Jadwal Musim Buah di Indonesia, Fruit is Nature's Candy" (in Indonesian).
  12. ^ "Menguak Fakta Menu Lalapan Sunda Lewat Prasasti Taji". beritasatu.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2017-12-23.
  13. ^ a b Lusiana Mustinda (26 November 2014). "Mitoni, Ritual Tujuh Bulanan untuk Kelancaran Persalinan". Food Detik.com (in Indonesian).
  14. ^ a b Margaret Eiseman; Fred B. Eiseman (2012). Fruits of Bali. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462908790.
  15. ^ a b "Top 10 Most Ordered Mamak Foods in Malaysia". Explorer Malaysia.
  16. ^ Ana Amalia (26 July 2016). "Resep Rujak Serut Khas 7 Bulanan". Merah Putih (in Indonesian).
  17. ^ Odilia Winneke Setiawati (22 August 2016). "Cara Tradisional Menikmati Kesegaran Buah Semusim". Detik Food (in Indonesian).
  18. ^ Choo Woon Lim (1 April 2015). "'Rojak buah' a perennial favourite that represents Malaysian society". The Star.
  19. ^ Sofiah Budiastuti. "Indonesian Fruit Salad (Rujak Buah)". All Recipes.
  20. ^ "Lotis". Cookpad.
  21. ^ "Resep Rujak Cuka". Cookpad.
  22. ^ Tresna Purnama Dewi (12 July 2012). "Rujak U' Groeh". Budaya Indonesia.
  23. ^ "Bali: Warung Rujak Gelogor". Good Indonesian Food. 2 November 2015.
  24. ^ Jessicha Valentina (21 January 2016). "Surabaya: Rujak Cingur Ahmad Jais". Good Indonesian Food.
  25. ^ "Jakarta: Rujak Juhi Bapak Misbah". Good Indonesian Food.
  26. ^ "Rujak ala Encim di Pancoran". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). 1 May 2009.
  27. ^ "Resep Rujak Soto Banyuwangi". Tempo (in Indonesian). 11 November 2016.

External links[edit]

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