Chicago

Chicago, Illinois
Flag Official seal of Chicago, Illinois Seal
Nicknames:  “The Windy City,” “The Second City,” “Chi-Town,” “Hog Butcher for the World,” “City of the Big Shoulders,” “The 312,” “The City That Works”
Motto(s):  “Urbs in Horto” (Latin: “City in a Garden”), “I Will”
Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois
Country	United States
State	Illinois
Counties	Cook, DuPage
Settled	1770s
Incorporated	March 4 1837
Government
• Mayor	Richard M. Daley (D)
Area
• City	234.0 sq mi (606.2 km2)
• Land	227.2 sq mi (588.3 km2)
• Water	6.9 sq mi (17.9 km2)  3.0%
• Urban	2,122.8 sq mi (5,498.1 km2)
• Metro	10,874 sq mi (28,163 km2)
Elevation	600 ft (183 m)
Population  (2006)
• City	2,873,790
• Density	12,604/sq mi (4,867/km2)
• Urban	8,711,000
• Metro	9,505,748
Time zone	UTC-6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-5 (CDT)
Website	egov.cityofchicago.org

This article is about the U.S. city in the state of Illinois. For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation).

Chicago (pronounced /ʃɪˈkɑˌgoʊ/ or /ʃiˈkɔˌgoʊ/; shi-cah-go or shi-caw-go) is the largest city in the state of Illinois, the largest in the Midwest, and, with a population of nearly 3 million people, is the third-most populous city in the United States. The Chicago metropolitan area (commonly referred to as Chicagoland) has a population of over 9.5 million people in Illinois, Wisconsin and Indiana, making it also the third largest metropolitan area in the US.

Chicago is primarily located in Cook County, Illinois, which, with a population of 5,376,741 (2000), is the second most populous in the US, after Los Angeles County, California.

Founded in 1833 at the site of a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed, it soon became a transportation hub in North America. Since the Chicago World's Fair of 1893, one organization regards it as one of the ten most influential cities in the world.

History

Chicago City Hall just before completion in 1911

Main articles: History of Chicago; Political history of Chicago; Windy City, Origin of Name (Chicago); and List of nicknames for Chicago

The name Chicago is the French rendering of the Miami-Illinois name shikaakwa, meaning “wild leek” (an analogical extension of the original meaning of “skunk”).

During the mid-18th century the Chicago area was inhabited primarily by Potawatomis, who took the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox people. The first settler in Chicago, Haitian Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable, arrived in the 1770s, married a Potawatomi woman, and founded the area’s first trading post. In 1803 the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Fort Dearborn Massacre. The Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi later ceded the land to the United States in the Treaty of St. Louis of 1816. On August 12 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of 350, and within seven years it grew to a population of over 4,000. The City of Chicago was incorporated on March 4 1837.

Chicago in its first century was one of the fastest growing cities in the world, heavily promoted by Yankee entrepreneurs and land speculators. Its population reached 1 million by 1890.

Starting in 1848, the city became an important transportation link between the eastern and western United States with the opening of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, Chicago’s first railway, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect through Chicago to the Mississippi River. With a flourishing economy that brought many new residents from rural communities and Irish American, Polish American, Swedish American, German American and numerous other immigrants, Chicago grew from a city of 299,000 to nearly 1.7 million between 1880 and 1900. The city’s manufacturing and retail sectors dominated the Midwest and greatly influenced the American economy, with the Union Stock Yards dominating the meat packing trade.

State Street in 1907

After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed a third of the city, including the entire central business district, Chicago experienced rapid rebuilding and growth. During Chicago's rebuilding period, the first skyscraper was constructed in 1885 using steel-skeleton construction. In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered among the most influential world's fairs in history. The University of Chicago had been founded one year earlier in 1892 on the same location. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects Washington and Jackson Parks.

The city was the site of labor conflicts and unrest during this period, which included the Haymarket Riot on May 4 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago’s lower classes led to the founding of Hull House in 1889, of which Jane Addams was a co-founder. The city also invested in many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities.

The Chicago River at night

Beginning in 1855, Chicago constructed the first comprehensive sewer system in the U.S., requiring the level of downtown streets to be raised as much as 10 feet (3 meters). However, the untreated sewage and industrial waste flowed from the Chicago River into Lake Michigan, polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. Nonetheless, spring rains continued to carry polluted water as far out as the water intakes. In 1900, the problem of sewage was largely solved by definitively reversing the direction of the river's flow with the construction of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal leading to the Illinois River.

The 1920s brought notoriety to Chicago as gangsters (including the notorious Al Capone) battled each other and the law during the Prohibition era. Nevertheless, the 1920s saw a large increase in industry with arrivals of the Great Migration which led thousands of Southern blacks to Chicago and other Northern cities. In 1933, Mayor Anton Cermak was shot dead, possibly as a part of the gangland reprisal. On December 2 1942, the world’s first controlled nuclear reaction was conducted at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project.

Mayor Richard J. Daley was elected in 1955, in the era of so-called machine politics. Starting in the 1950s, many upper- and middle-class citizens left the inner city of Chicago for the suburbs and left many impoverished neighborhoods in their wake. Nevertheless, the city hosted the 1968 Democratic National Convention and saw the construction of the Sears Tower (which in 1974 became the world’s tallest building), McCormick Place, and O'Hare Airport. When longtime mayor Richard J. Daley died, Michael Bilandic was mayor for three years. His loss in a primary election has been attributed to the city’s poor performance during a heavy snow storm. In 1979 Jane Byrne, the city’s first female mayor, was elected. She popularized the city as a movie location and tourist destination, but also failed to manage its finances well.

In 1983 Harold Washington became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor in one of the closest mayoral elections in Chicago. Republican candidate Bernard Epton ran on the slogan Before it’s too late, viewed by critics as a veiled appeal to racial politics. Washington’s term in office saw new attention given to poor and minority neighborhoods, and reduced the longtime dominance of city contracts and employment by ethnic whites. Current mayor Richard M. Daley, son of the late Richard J. Daley, was first elected in 1989. New projects during the younger Daley’s administration have made Chicago larger, more environmentally friendly, and more accessible.

Since the early 1990s, some of Chicago’s formerly abandoned neighborhoods are showing new life. Neighborhoods such as the South Loop, West Loop, Wicker Park/Bucktown, Uptown, and others have attracted middle-class and younger residents. The city has made considerable investment in infrastructure, revitalizing downtown theaters and retail districts, and improving lakefront and riverfront cityscapes.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Chicago

Topography

Landsat image of the Chicago area

Aerial view of Chicago looking north during winter

Located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan, Chicago's official geographic coordinates are 41°53′0″N 87°39′0″W. It sits on the continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The city lies beside Lake Michigan, and two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow entirely or partially through Chicago. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connects the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River, which runs to the west of the city.

When Chicago was founded in the 1830s, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Chicago has a total area of 234.0 square miles (606.1 km²), of which 227.1 square miles (588.3 km²) is land and 6.9 square miles (17.8 km²) is water. The total area is 2.94% water.

The city is built on quite flat land; the average land elevation land is 579 feet (176 m) above sea level. The lowest points are along the lake shore at 577 feet (176 m), while the highest point at 735 feet (224 m) is a landfill located in the Hegewisch community area on the city's far south side (41°39′18″N 87°34′44″W).

Lake Michigan

The history of Chicago is closely tied to that of Lake Michigan. Since before Chicago was founded, ships were bringing people and supplies from all points on the compass. Lake Michigan is the third largest of the Great Lakes, with a maximum depth of 925 feet and a size slightly greater than the country of Croatia. The average depth off Chicago’s shore averages 15–35 feet. To reach greater depths, one must travel several miles out in the lake, or head north to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The lake bottom off Chicago’s shore is littered with shipwrecks, ranging from schooners and tugboats to car ferries and even World War II airplanes. Scuba diving is a popular recreation for local residents, as are lakefront cruises. Zebra mussels were discovered in Lake Saint Clair in 1988, and soon spread, impacting the ecosystem.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Chicago, Illinois

The city experiences four distinct seasons. In July, the warmest month, high temperatures average 84.9 °F (29.4 °C) and low temperatures 65.8 °F (18.8 °C). In January, the coldest month, high temperatures average 31.5 °F (−0.3 °C) with low temperatures averaging 17.1 °F (−8.3 °C). According to the National Weather Service, Chicago’s highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24 1934. The lowest temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) degrees was recorded on January 20 1985.

Chicago’s yearly precipitation averages about 37 inches (965 mm). Summer is the rainiest season, with short-lived rainfall and thunderstorms more common than prolonged rainy periods. Winter is the driest season, with most of the precipitation falling as snow. The snowiest winter ever recorded in Chicago was 1929–30, with 114.2 inches of snow in total. Chicago’s highest one-day rain total was 6.49 inches (164 mm), on August 14 1987.

Climate data for Chicago, IL
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Source: Illinois State Climatologist Data

Cityscape

Chicago Skyline stretching from Shedd Aquarium to Navy Pier taken from Adler Planetarium.

Architecture

Main articles: Chicago architecture and List of Chicago Landmarks

See also: List of tallest buildings in Chicago, Parks of Chicago, and Chicago neighborhoods

Carter-Harrison Crib

Chicago Harbor Lighthouse

Downtown Chicago at night

The outcome of the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. Perhaps the most outstanding of these events was the relocation of many of the nations most prominent achitects to the city from New England for contruction of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition. Many architects Including Burnham, Root, Adler and Sullivan went on to design other well known Chicago landmarks because of the Exposition.

In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building rose in Chicago ushering in the skyscraper era. Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest. Downtown's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building in the Loop, with others along the lakefront and the Chicago River. Once first on the list of largest buildings in the world and still listed sixth, the Merchandise Mart stands near the junction of the north and south river branches. The three tallest in the city are the Sears Tower (tallest in the U.S.), the Aon Center, and the John Hancock Center. The city's architecture includes lakefront high-rise residential towers, low-rise structures, and single-family homes. Industrialized areas such as the Indiana border, south of Midway Airport, and the banks of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal are clustered.

Future skyline plans entail the supertall Waterview Tower, Chicago Spire, and Trump International Hotel and Tower. The 60602 zip code was named by Forbes as the hottest zip code in the country with upscale buildings such as The Heritage at Millennium Park (130 N. Garland) leading the way for other buildings such at Waterview Tower, The Legacy and Momo. The median sale price for residential real estate was $710,000 in 2005 according to Forbes. Other new skyscraper construction may be found directly south (South Loop) and north (River North) of the Loop.

Parks line Lake Shore Drive. Grant Park and Millennium Park lie on the east Loop. Lincoln Park are on the north side. Burnham Park and Jackson Park in Hyde Park are to the south. Interspersed are 31 beaches in Chicago, the Lincoln Park Zoo, several bird sanctuaries, McCormick Place Convention Center, Navy Pier, Soldier Field, the Museum Campus, and the Jardine Water Purification Plant.

The churches pique the interest of designers, artists, and scholars. Temple/First United Methodist Church consists of a 22-story skyscraper surmounted by a steeple cross at 568 feet above street level making it the tallest church building in the world. The city is also home to three basilicas: Our Lady of Sorrows in Garfield Park, Queen of All Saints in Forest Glen, St. Hyacinth in Avondale. The city's churches built in the Old World traditions of the ornate Polish Cathedral style include St. Josaphat's , St. Adalbert's, and the noted Mary of the Angels.

Three in the Richardsonian Romanesque style are the Church of the Epiphany (1885), at Ashland and Adams Street, by Burling & Whitehouse; St. Gabriel Church (1887–88), at 45th and Lowe, by Burnham & Root; and the Metropolitan Community Church (1889), at 41st and King Drive, by Solon Spencer Beman.

Byzantine style churches include St. Mary of Perpetual Help (1889) by Engelbert, St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral, by Worthmann and Steinbach, SS. Volodymyr and Olha Church by Jaroslaw Korsunsky in West Town, and St. Clement Church (1917–18) in Lincoln Park by George D. Barnett. Another is the ultramodern St. Joseph's Ukrainian Church (1975–77), by Zenon Mazurkevich. St. Simeon Mirotovici (1968–69) on the East Side is a replica of a fifteenth-century Serbian monastery.

Neighborhoods

Main article: Community areas of Chicago

The city of Chicago is subdivided into 77 community areas. Culturally, Chicago can be divided into 3 sections with no distinct political or geographic borders: North Side, South Side, and West Side.

North Side

The city's North Side is densely populated, and is the more commercially active section of the city, with Lincoln Park, Lakeview, Lincoln Square and Uptown being prime examples of multi-zoned neighborhoods. The North Side is on average the wealthier area. It is serviced by the Red, Brown, Purple, and Blue Lines on the CTA.

Originally, immigrants from Poland settled along Milwaukee Avenue, the Swedish established a community in neighborhoods such as Andersonville, and Germans settled along Lincoln Avenue; today, there are immigrant populations from all parts of the world. People of Middle Eastern, Asian, Caribbean, or African origin may all live within the space of a few city blocks. The heart of the city's Orthodox Jewish community is West Rogers Park, while the American Indian Center of Chicago has been in Uptown since 1966.

Hollywood Beach in Edgewater

Much of the North Side reaped the benefits of an economic boom which began in the 1990s. For example, the River North area, just north of the Chicago River and the Loop, has undergone a transition from an abandoned warehouse district to an active commercial, residential, and entertainment hub, featuring the city's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries. Just west of River North's galleries and bistros, demolition of the CHA's notorious Cabrini-Green housing project began in 2003. High-priced townhouses contrast with the gray, low-income highrises along Halsted near Division Street.

South Side

The South Side encompasses roughly 60% of the city's land area with a higher ratio of single-family homes and large sections zoned for industry. Although it has endured a reputation as being poverty-stricken and crime-ridden, the reality is more varied, and it ranges from poor, to working class, to affluent. Neighborhoods such as Armour Square, Back of the Yards, Bridgeport, Little Village and Pullman tend to be more blue collar, while the Jackson Park Highlands, Hyde Park, Mount Greenwood, Morgan Park and Beverly tend to have more middle, upper-middle, and higher incomes.

With its factories, steel mills, and meat-packing plants, the South Side saw a sustained period of immigration which began around the 1860s, and continued through the Second World War. Irish, Italian, Polish and Lithuanian immigrants in particular, settled in neighborhoods adjacent to industrial zones. African Americans, resided in Bronzeville (around 35th and State Streets), in an area called "the black belt", later spreading across the South Side after World War II.

White flight from the South Side resulted in a high remaining percentage of African Americans. Most neighborhoods south of 55th Street are predominantly black with a large Mexican American population residing in Little Village (South Lawndale) and areas south of 99th Street. The South Side has had a history of racial segregation. One factor was the construction of the Dan Ryan Expressway which separated some white neighborhoods from black neighborhoods (e.g. the divide between Bridgeport and Bronzeville). Progress gained momentum with the historic redevelopment of Bronzeville and Washington Park. Many of the Chicago Housing Authority's massive public housing projects, which lined several miles of south State Street, have been torn down. After decades of sustaining some of the poorest housing conditions in the United States, the CHA has begun replacing the old high-rise public housing with mixed-income, lower-density developments, known as the Plan for Transformation. Neighborhood rehabilitation (and, in some cases, gentrification) can also be seen in parts of Woodlawn and Bronzeville, as well as in Bridgeport and McKinley Park. Historic Pullman's redevelopment is another example of a work in progress. Chinatown, which has seen a surge in growth and has become an increasingly popular destination for both tourists and locals alike, is a cornerstone of the city's Chinese community. Hyde Park is home to the University of Chicago as well as the South Side's largest Jewish population, which is centered around Chicago's oldest synagogue, KAM Isaiah Israel.

The South Side is serviced by the Red and Green lines of the CTA.

Southwest Side

The Southwest Side of Chicago is a subsection of the South Side comprising mainly residential neighborhoods, and mainly defined by the distinguishing feature of being predominantly white. Architecturally, the Southwest Side is distinguished by the tract of Chicago's Bungalow Belt, which runs through it.

Brighton Park, a Polish enclave along Archer Avenue (which leads toward Midway Airport), is located on the Southwest Side of the city, as is Beverly, which is home to a large concentration of Irish Americans and boasts its annual South Side Irish Parade, which typically draws a larger crowd than the St. Patrick's day parade in Chicago's Loop. The Southwest Side is also home to the largest concentration of Górals, (Carpathian highlanders) outside of Europe; it is the location of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America.

The CTA's Orange Line, which runs to Midway Airport, services the Southwest Side.

West Side

The West Side is made up of neighborhoods such as Austin, Lawndale, Garfield Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park. Some neighborhoods, particularly Garfield Park and Lawndale, have prolonged socio-economic problems ranging from urban decay, overcrowding, and high crime. Attempts to remedy it have included razing of many CHA public housing units in favor of a more mixed income community.

Other West Side neighborhoods closer to downtown, such as Wicker Park and the Ukrainian Village, have, since the mid-1990s, seen extensive economic and residential developments to the point of gentrification. Humboldt Park, once home to a large German-American population, is now the apex of Chicago's Puerto Rican community, although it too is slowly beginning to gentrify. The West Loop, Greektown and the other communities surrounding University of Illinois at Chicago, such as Little Italy, Tri-Taylor and University Village, neighborhoods experiencing new construction, renovation, and an influx of the middle to upper income residents.

The southernmost neighborhood of the Near West Side is predominantly Mexican-American Pilsen, a community known historically as an immigrant gateway. As a result of Pilsen's close proximity to downtown and south University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) campus, Pilsen has seen many immigrants begin to leave for more affordable neighborhoods. The creation of upscale University Village, which borders Pilsen on the north, replaced the low income Maxwell Street neighborhood. The redevelopment of Maxwell Street and the rest of the near West Side has been gaining momentum. East Pilsen, home to an established artist's colony, has already seen much new construction, and the rest of Pilsen is poised to begin its redevelopment.

The West Side has three of Chicago's largest parks: Douglas Park, Garfield Park, and Humboldt Park, all of which are attractively landscaped. Garfield Park Conservatory houses one of the largest collections of tropical plants of any major U.S. city. Other attractions on the West Side include the United Center, Humboldt Park's Puerto Rican Day festival, and the Mexican Fine Arts Center in Pilsen.

The West Side is serviced by the CTA's Green Line, Blue Line, and Pink Line.

Culture and contemporary life

Main article: Culture of Chicago

The city's waterfront allure and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over one-third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods (from Rogers Park in the north to Hyde Park in the south). The North Side has a large gay and lesbian community. Two neighborhoods in particular, Lakeview and Andersonville (in Edgewater), are home to many LGBT businesses and organizations. The area adjacent to the intersection of Halsted and Belmont is a gay neighborhood known to Chicagoans as "Boystown." The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These include "Greektown" on South Halsted, "Little Italy" on Taylor Street, just west of Halsted, "Chinatown" on the near South Side, and South Asian on Devon Avenue.

Entertainment and performing arts

See also: Chicago theatre and Category:Music venues in Chicago

A Chicago jazz club

Chicago’s theater district spawned modern improvisational comedy. Two renowned comedy troupes emerged—The Second City and I.O. (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Steppenwolf Theatre Company (on the city's north side), the Goodman Theatre, and the Victory Gardens Theater. Other theaters sprang from nearly 100 storefront performance spaces such as the Strawdog Theatre Company, The House Theatre of Chicago, TimeLine Theatre Company and Remy Bumppo Theatre Company in the Lakeview area to landmark downtown houses such as the Chicago Theatre, present a variety of plays and musicals.

Broadway in Chicago, created in July of 2000, hosts touring productions and Broadway musical previews at: LaSalle Bank Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Ford Center for the Performing Arts (Oriental Theatre), and the Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University.

Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Joffrey Ballet, and several modern and jazz dance troupes perform. The city's classical music genre includes Music of the Baroque, Chicago Opera Theater, the Chicago Chamber Musicians, Chicago a cappella, and others.

Various forms of music are distinct to Chicago. Among them are Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. The city is the birthplace of the house style and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial, punk and new wave. This influence continued into the alternative music of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. Annual festivals feature various acts such as Lollapalooza, the Intonation Music Festival and Pitchfork Music Festival.

Tourism

Navy Pier

Chicago attracts about 33 million visitors annually. Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field.

Navy Pier, 3,000 feet (900 m) long, houses retail, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls, and auditoriums. Its 150-foot-tall (45 m) Ferris wheel is north of Grant Park on the lakefront and is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest, attracting about 8 million people annually.

File:Framingtheface.JPG

Crown Fountain

The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library, now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries, and exhibit halls. The ceiling of Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot (11 m) Tiffany glass dome.

Millennium Park is a rebuilt section of a former railyard that was planned for unveiling at the turn of the 21st century, though it was delayed for several years. The park includes the Cloud Gate sculpture (known locally as "The Bean"). When facing Cloud Gate and Lake Michigan, a curved skyline image reflects. A Millennium Park restaurant outdoor transforms into an ice skating rink in the winter. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. Architects Krueck & Sexton implemented this design concept of artist Jaume Plensa. The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry's detailed stainless steel bandshell, Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque. Gehry's stainless steel BP Bridge connects Millennium Park with Daley Bicentennial Plaza.

In 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4-ha) lakefront park surrounding three of the city's main museums: the Adler Planetarium, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. During the summer of 2007, Grant Park hosts the public art exhibit, Cool Globes: Hot Ideas for a Cooler Planet.

The Museum of Science and Industry, in Hyde Park, is the only remaining building from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.

The Field Museum

The Oriental Institute, part of the University of Chicago, has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts, while the Freedom Museum is dedicated to exploring and explaining the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Other museums and galleries in Chicago are the Chicago History Museum, DuSable Museum of African-American History, Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum, the Polish Museum of America, Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Hyde Park Art Center and The Renaissance Society.

Chicago has some signature foods which reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. These include the deep-dish pizza and the Chicago hot dog, which is almost always made of Vienna Beef and loaded with mustard, chopped onion, sliced tomato, pickle relish, celery salt, sport peppers, and a dill pickle spear (however, putting ketchup on a Chicago hot dog is often viewed as "sacrilegious"). Chicago is also known for Italian Beef sandwiches and the Maxwell Street Polish (always served topped with grilled onions and mustard). Grant Park celebrates the Taste of Chicago festival in late June and early July (basically the week of the Fourth of July). Every type of food in the city is represented, with free concerts and events daily.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Chicago

File:US Cellular.JPG

U.S. Cellular Field on Chicago's South Side, the home of the Chicago White Sox

Chicago was named the best sports city in the United States by The Sporting News in 2006. The city has 17 sports teams. Five of those teams play in the four major North American professional sports leagues.

The Chicago Bears of the National Football League play at Soldier Field. The Bears are one of two charter NFL teams still in existence, the other being the Arizona Cardinals.

It is one of three U.S. cities with two Major League Baseball teams (New York City and Los Angeles). Unlike the other two, the two teams had remained with Chicago since the formation of the American League in 1900. The Chicago Cubs of the National League play at Wrigley Field, which is the second-oldest MLB stadium and is located in the North Side neighborhood of Lakeview, commonly referred to as "Wrigleyville." The Chicago White Sox of the American League play at U.S. Cellular Field, built in the early 1990s and located in the South Side neighborhood of Bridgeport.

Wrigley Field on the North Side, the home of the Chicago Cubs

The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association play at the United Center on Chicago's Near West side. In 2006, the Chicago Sky joins the WNBA. The Sky plays at the University of Illinois at Chicago Pavilion.

The Chicago Blackhawks, of the National Hockey League, also play in the United Center. The Hawks are an Original Six franchise, founded in 1926.

The Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League and Chicago Rush of the Arena Football League both play at the Allstate Arena in nearby Rosemont.

The Chicago Fire, members of Major League Soccer moved from Soldier Field to the new Toyota Park in Bridgeview at 71st and Harlem Avenue during the summer of 2006. Toyota Park is also home to the Chicago Machine of the MLL.

The Chicago Marathon is held every October since 1977. This event is one of five World Marathon Majors.

The city was selected on April 14 2007 to represent the United States internationally for the bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Chicago also hosted the 1959 Pan American Games, and Gay Games VII in 2006. Chicago was selected to host the 1904 Olympics, but they were transferred to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.

Media

Harpo Studios, home of talk show host Oprah Winfrey

Main article: Media in Chicago

Chicago is the third-largest market in the U.S. (after Los Angeles and New York City). Each of the big four United States television networks directly owns and operates stations in Chicago. WGN-TV, which is owned by the Tribune Company, is carried (with some programming differences) as "Superstation WGN" on cable nationwide. The city is also the home of The Oprah Winfrey Show and Jerry Springer, while Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI's This American Life and NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!.

There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers such as the Daily Southtown, the Chicago Defender, the Chicago Sports Review, Chicago Free Press, the Newcity News, the Daily Herald, StreetWise, Windy City Times, The Gazette," Pioneer Press Chicago Group," and the Chicago Reader.

See also: Chicago Improv Festival and Chicago International Film Festival

Economy

Main article: Economy of Chicago

The Chicago Board of Trade Building at night

Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the nation - approximately $442 billion according to 2007 estimates. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for five of the past six years. The Boeing Company relocated its corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago in 2001.

Chicago is a major financial center with the second largest central business district in the U.S. The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to four major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"). The city and the surrounding suburbs are home to 66 Fortune 500 companies. Chicago and the surrounding areas also house many major brokerage firms and insurance companies, such as Allstate Corporation and Zürich North America. In addition, despite Chicago commonly being perceived as a rust-belt city, a study indicated that Chicago has the largest high-technology and information-technology industry employment in the United States.

Manufacturing (which includes chemicals, metal, machinery, and consumer electronics), printing and publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Nevertheless, much of the manufacturing occurs outside the city limits, especially since World War II. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric. Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour, created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center.

The city is also a major convention destination; Chicago is third in the U.S. behind Las Vegas and Orlando as far as the number of conventions hosted annually. In addition, Chicago is home to eleven Fortune 500 companies, while the metropolitan area hosts an additional 21 Fortune 500 companies. Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company, aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Loop in 2001. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are also home to the second largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4.25 million workers. In 2006, Chicago placed 10th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities.

See also: List of major companies in the Chicago metropolitan area and List of foreign consulates in Chicago

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Chicago

City of Chicago Population by year
Census year	Population	Rank
1840	4,470	92
1850	29,963	24
1860	112,172	9
1870	298,977	5
1880	503,185	4
1890	1,099,850	2
1900	1,698,575	2
1910	2,185,283	2
1920	2,701,705	2
1930	3,376,438	2
1940	3,396,808	2
1950	3,620,962	2
1960	3,550,404	2
1970	3,366,957	2
1980	3,005,072	2
1990	2,783,726	3
2000	2,896,016	3
2006	2,873,790	3

Residents of Chicago are referred to as Chicagoans.

A 2006 estimate puts the city's population at 2,873,790. As of the 2000 census, there were 2,896,016 people, 1,061,928 households, and 632,909 families residing within Chicago. This encompasses about one-fifth of the entire population of the state of Illinois and 1% of the population of the United States. The population density was 12,750.3 people per square mile (4,923.0/km²). There were 1,152,868 housing units at an average density of 5,075.8 per square mile (1,959.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 36.39% White, 31.32% Black or African-American, 26.02% Hispanic or Latino, 4.33% Asian and Pacific Islander, 1.64% from two or more races, 0.15% Native-American, and 0.15% from other races. The city itself makes up 23.3% percent of the total population of Illinois, down from a high of 44.3% in 1930.

Of the 1,061,928 households, 28.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% were non-families. Of all households, 32.6% are made up of individuals and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.50.

Of the city population, 26.2% are under the age of 18, 11.2% are from 18 to 24, 33.4% are from 25 to 44, 18.9% are from 45 to 64, and 10.3% are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,625, and the median income for a family was $46,748. Males had a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,175. Below the poverty line are 19.6% of the population and 16.6% of the families. Of the total population, 28.1% of those under the age of 18 and 15.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Chicago has a large Irish-American population on its South Side. Many of the city’s politicians have come from this population, including current mayor Richard M. Daley. Other European ethnic groups are the Poles, Germans, Czechs, and Italians. The majority of African Americans are also located on Chicago’s South Side, although there is a sizable population on the West Side. Chicago also has the second largest African American population for any city in the U.S. in its metropolitan area, behind only New York City. Chicago has the largest population of Swedish Americans of any city in the U.S. with approximately 123,000. After the Great Chicago Fire, many Swedish carpenters helped to rebuild the city, which led to the saying The Swedes built Chicago. Swedish influence is particularly evident in Andersonville.

Chicago has the largest ethnically Polish population outside of Poland making it one of the most important centers of Polonia, a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park. The Southwest Side is home to the largest concentration of Górals, (Carpathian highlanders) outside of Europe; it is the location of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America. Chicago has one of the largest concentrations of Italian Americans in the US, with 500,000 living in the metropolitan area. The city has a large population of Bulgarians (about 150,000), Serbs, Lithuanian city,, and the third largest Greek population in the world. Chicago has a large Romanian-American community with more than 100,000, as well as a large Assyrian population with about 80,000. The city is the seat of the head of the Assyrian Church of the East, Mar Dinkha IV, the Evangelical Covenant Church, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America headquarters.

Chicago has the third-largest South Asian population in the United States. The Devon Avenue corridor on the north side is one of the largest South Asian neighborhoods/markets in North America. Chicago has the second-largest Puerto Rican population in the continental United States. and the second largest Mexican population in the United States after Los Angeles. There are about 185,000 Arabs in Cook County with another 75,000 in the five surrounding counties.

Encompassing roughly 55 square miles (of 229 square miles of city) and 1.2 million people, the area has a population density of 21,205 people per square mile.

Law and government

A Critical Mass gathering on the Daley Plaza, with Chicago City Hall in the background

Main article: Law and government of Chicago

See also: List of Chicago city departments

Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer.

The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions.

During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization dominated by ethnic ward-heelers. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States, with Chicago's Democratic vote totals leading the state of Illinois to be "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Although Chicago includes less than 25% of the state's population, eight of Illinois' nineteen U.S. Representatives have part of the city in their districts: the 1st (much of the south side), 2nd (far southeast side), 3rd (southwest side), 4th (a Hispanic-majority district on the west side), 5th (northwest side), 6th (O'Hare Airport), 7th (downtown and the west side) and 9th (north shore); all but the 6th are represented by Democrats.

Former Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's mastery of machine politics preserved the Chicago Democratic Machine long after the demise of similar machines in other large U.S. cities. During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally won control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington. Since Washington's death, Chicago has since been under the leadership of Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November.

Crime

Main articles: Crime in Chicago and Organized crime in Chicago

File:DSC 0161.JPG

A Chicago police officer

Besides its gangland problems, Chicago saw a major rise in violent crime starting in the late 1960s. Nevertheless, like most major American cities, Chicago has experienced a decline in overall crime since the 1990s. Murders in the city peaked first in 1974, with 970 murders when the city's population was over three million (resulting in a murder rate of around 29 per 100,000), and again in 1992, with 943 murders when the city had fewer than three million people, resulting in a murder rate of 34 per 100,000. Following 1992, the murder count slowly decreased to 705 by 1999; by this time, it had the most murders of any big city in the U.S. After adopting crime-fighting techniques recommended by Los Angeles and New York City Police Departments in 2004, Chicago recorded 448 homicides, the lowest total since 1965. Nevertheless, this murder rate of 15.65 per 100,000 population is still above the U.S. average. Chicago's homicide tally increased slightly in 2005 and 2006 to 449 and 452, respectively, though the overall crime rate in 2006 continued the downward trend that has taken place since the early 1990s, with 2.5% fewer violent crimes and 2.4% fewer property crimes compared to 2005.

Education

Public education

Lincoln Park High School

The Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the school district that controls over 600 public elementary and high schools in Chicago. The school district, with more than 400,000 students enrolled, is led by CEO Arne Duncan. The CPS also includes several selective-admission magnet schools, such as Whitney Young Magnet High School, Gwendolyn Brooks College Prep Academy, Jones College Prep High School, Walter Payton College Prep, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. College Prep, Lane Tech College Prep, Robert E. Lindblom Math & Science Academy and [[Northside College Preparatory High School] , and the best of all Kenwood Academy.

Like many urban U.S. school districts, Chicago Public Schools suffered many problems throughout the latter half of the 20th century, including overcrowding, underfunding, mismanagement and a high dropout rate. In 1987, then U.S. Secretary of Education William Bennett named the Chicago Public Schools as the "worst in the nation." Several school reform initiatives have since been undertaken to improve the system's performance. Reforms have included a system of Local School Councils, Charter Schools, and efforts to end social promotion. The most notable and public of these reforms has been a concerted effort at aggressively closing down underperforming schools while at the same time renovating and improving successful ones or building new ones.

Private schools

Several private schools operate in Chicago. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the city's Roman Catholic schools.

Higher education

Main article: Colleges and universities of Chicago

The University of Chicago's Midway Plaisance, a long stretch of parkland that bisects the campus

Since the 1890s Chicago has been a world center in higher education and research. Two of America's top research universities are the University of Chicago in Hyde Park on the south side and Northwestern University in the northern suburb of Evanston. Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine and School of Law are located in Streeterville, a neighborhood in the Near North Side community area of Chicago. Catholic universities are located in Chicago, such as DePaul University (the largest Catholic university in the U.S.), St. Xavier University, and Loyola University, which has one campus in the North Side and one in the downtown area, as well as a Medical Center in the western suburb of Maywood. Loyola University Chicago is the largest Jesuit Catholic university in the country.

File:Dpu center.jpg

DePaul University's College of Commerce at State Street and Jackson Boulevard downtown in the Chicago Loop

The University of Illinois at Chicago is the city's largest university and features the nation's largest medical school. Chicago State University and Northeastern Illinois University are other state universities in Chicago. The city also has a large community college system known as the City Colleges of Chicago.

Founded on the principles of social justice, Roosevelt University was named in honor of president Franklin D. Roosevelt, two weeks after his death.

The Illinois Institute of Technology in Bronzeville has renowned engineering and architecture programs, and was host to world-famous modern architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for many years. Dominican University, outside Chicago in River Forest, teaches many library courses at the Chicago Public Library's Harold Washington Building. The Vandercook College of Music and Great Books based Shimer College share Illinois Institute of Technology's campus.

Rush Medical College, now part of Rush University, was the first institution of higher learning chartered in Illinois and one of the first medical schools to open west of the Alleghenies. In fact, Rush Medical College received its charter on March 2, 1837, two days before the city of Chicago was incorporated.

The Chicago region has 12 accredited theological schools representing Catholic and most Protestant denominations. The United Church of Christ-related Chicago Theological Seminary is the city's oldest institution of higher education. These accredited seminaries are joined in a consortium known as the Association of Chicago Theological Schools (ACTS). The Moody Bible Institute is near downtown. North Park University, a small Christian liberal arts university affiliated with the Evangelical Covenant Church, is located on the northwest side in the North Park neighborhood.

Finally, there are several colleges noted for their art programs. The School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the American Academy of Art are well-known for fine arts programs. The Illinois Institute of Art Chicago is well-known for its applied arts programs. Columbia College Chicago is well-known for its performing arts and communications programs and Harrington College of Design is well-known for its interior design program.

The Chicago Center for Urban Life and Culture is a non-profit, independent experiential educational program for college students in the United States, and is located in Chicago's South Side Hyde Park neighborhood.

Infrastructure

Health systems

The new Prentice Women's Hospital at Northwestern University's Medical Center

Chicago is home to the Illinois Medical District on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, and John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, the largest trauma-center in the city. The University of Chicago operates the University of Chicago Hospitals, which was ranked the fourteenth best hospital in the country by U.S. News and World Report. It is the only hospital in Illinois ever to be included in the magazine's "Honor Roll" of the best hospitals in the United States.

The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the largest medical school in the United States (1300 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana-Champaign). Chicago is also home to other nationally recognized medical schools including Rush Medical College, the Pritzker School of Medicine of the University of Chicago, and the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University. In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.

The American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Dental Association, American College of Surgeons and the American Hospital Association are all based in the city.

Transportation

CTA Blue Line at Eisenhower Expressway and Ashland Avenue

Main articles: Streets and highways of Chicago, Mass transit in Chicago, Chicago 'L', and Chicago airports

Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore. Additionally, it is the only city in North America in which six Class I railroads meet.

Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. Many Amtrak long distance services originate from Chicago Union Station. Such services provide connections to New York, Seattle, New Orleans, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Washington DC. Amtrak also provides a number of short-haul services throughout Illinois and toward nearby Milwaukee.

Nine interstate highways run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with four of them named after former US Presidents. Traffic reports tend to use the names rather than interstate numbers.

The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace. The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) handles public transportation in Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a rapid transit system known locally as the "L" (for "elevated"), with several lines, including service to Midway and O'Hare airports. Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city. Bicycles are permitted on all CTA and Metra trains during non-rush hours and on all buses 24 hours. Metra operates commuter rail service in Chicago and its suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares the railway with the South Shore Line's NICTD Northern Indiana Commuter Rail Service, providing commuter service between South Bend and Chicago.

Chicago is unique among large American cities for offering a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities, such as miles of on-street bike lanes, 10,000 bike racks, and a state-of-the-art central bicycle commuter station in Millennium Park. The city has a 150-mile on-street bicycle lane network that is maintained by the Chicago Department of Transportation Bike Program and the Chicagoland Bicycle Federation.

Chicago is served by Midway International Airport on the south side and O'Hare International Airport, one of the world's busiest airports, on the far northwest side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps). Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport, located in nearby Gary, Indiana, serves as the third Chicago area airport, although SkyValue offers the only seasonal scheduled passenger service. Chicago/Rockford International Airport, formerly Greater Rockford Airport, serves as a regional base for United Parcel Service cargo flights, some passenger flights, and occasionally as a reliever to O'Hare, usually in times of bad weather. Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, world's second-largest airline by revenue-passenger-kilometers. Midway airport serves as a 'focus city' for Southwest Airlines, the worlds largest low-cost airline.

A small airport Meigs Field was located on the Lake Michigan waterfront adjacent to Grant Park and downtown. There were long term scheduled flights to Springfield as well as some service to other cities. However, in the cover of darkness at 1:30 a.m. on March 31 2003, the airport runways were unexpectedly destroyed under orders of the Mayor, who had sought closure of the airport and development of the land. This resulted in a fine to the city by the Federal Aviation Administration for closure of the airport without sufficient notice, but the airport was eventually demolished.

Utilities

ComEd Power station near the Loop, 1300 S. Lumber St.

Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city started with the installation of wind turbines on government buildings with the aim to promote the use of renewable energy. [1] [2] [3]

Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. Since 1995, the city has had a blue bag program to divert certain refuse from landfills. [4]

Sister cities

Chicago has twenty-seven sister cities: Many of them, like Chicago, are the second city of their country, or are the main city of a country that has sent many immigrants to Chicago over the years.

Accra (Ghana) since 1989 Amman (Jordan) 2004 Athens (Greece) 1997 Belgrade (Serbia) 2005 Birmingham (United Kingdom) 1993 Busan (South Korea) 2007 Casablanca (Morocco) 1982 New Delhi (India) 2001 Durban (South Africa) 1997 Galway (Republic of Ireland) 1997 Gothenburg (Sweden) 1987 Hamburg (Germany) 1994 Kiev (Ukraine) 1991 Lahore (Pakistan) 2007

Lucerne (Switzerland) 1998 Mexico City (Mexico) 1991 Milan (Italy) 1973 Moscow (Russia) 1997 Osaka (Japan) 1973 Paris (France) 1996 Petah Tikva (Israel) 1994 Prague (Czech Republic) 1990 Shanghai (People's Republic of China) 1985 Shenyang (People's Republic of China) 1985 Toronto (Ontario, Canada) 1991 Vilnius (Lithuania) 1993 Warsaw (Poland) 1960

Further reading

• Chicago Timeline. Chicago Public Library at www.chipublib.org/004chicago/chihist.html.
• USGS—Chicago - Elevation and topography.

• Blackwell, Elizabeth Canning (2003). Frommer's 2004 Chicago. Frommer's. ISBN 0-7645-3903-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• James R. Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, Janice L. Reiff. The Encyclopedia of Chicago (University of Chicago Press 2005) ISBN 0-226-31015-9; The Encyclopedia of Chicago (online version)
• Charles Madigan., ed. (September 1, 2004). Global Chicago. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02941-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Miller, Donald L. (1996). City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80194-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• [5] - Chicago Art, Theater, Fashion, and Dining.
• Griffin, Adam (2006). Chicago Information. chicagopage. ISBN. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

• Official City Website

• Template:Wikitravelpar
• Convention & Visitors Bureau
• Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce
• Encyclopedia of Chicago