Kanpur

For other places with the same name, see Kanpur (disambiguation).

Kanpur कानपुर کان پور Cawnpore
metropolitan city
Clockwise from top right: Green Park Stadium; Civil Lines district; Kanpur Police headquarters; Landmark Hotel; Memorial Church; JK Temple
Nickname(s):  "Leather City of India"; "Manchester of the East"
Country	India
State	Uttar Pradesh
Region	Awadh Lower Doab
District	Kanpur Nagar District Kanpur Dehat District
Government
• Mayor	Shri Jagatvir Singh Drona
Area
• metropolitan city	450 km2 (170 sq mi)
Elevation	126 m (413 ft)
Population  (2011)
• metropolitan city	2,767,031
• Rank	11th
• Density	1,366/km2 (3,540/sq mi)
• Metro	2,920,067
Languages
• Official	Hindi, English, Avadhi, Urdu
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN	208 0xx  • 209 2xx   • 209 3xx   • 209 4xx
Telephone code	0512
Vehicle registration	UP-78,UP-77
Coastline	0 kilometres (0 mi)
Sex ratio	0.842 ♂/♀
Literacy	84.14%
Climate	Cfa (Köppen)
Precipitation	980 millimetres (39 in)
Avg. annual temperature	22.0 °C (71.6 °F)
Avg. summer temperature	48.7 °C (119.7 °F)
Avg. winter temperature	7 °C (45 °F)
Website	www.kanpurnagar.nic.in

Kanpur (/ˈknp/ ; Hindi: कानपुर; Urdu: کان پور), previously Cawnpore, is the largest industrial city of Uttar Pradesh and also is the administrative headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district & Kanpur division. It is known as the Economic and Industrial Capital of Uttar Pradesh. It is also known as Leather City as it contains one of the largest and finest tanneries in India and in South Asia.

Widely known as the Manchester of the East, it is one of the oldest industrial townships of North India. It has an area of over 300 km² with an approximate population of 3 million inhabitants in its area. It is administratively divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with a ward population range of 19,000 to 26,000. It is the 75th largest city in the world.

History

Bibi Ghar

View of Cawnpore from the Ganges river, from a painting by Rev. Henry Martyn

Name origins

Kanpur is believed to have been founded by members of the Chandela dynasty from the state of Sachendi. The city's name is believed to derive from Kanhiyapur (from the Hindi meaning "town of Kanhaiya"). During the British Raj, this was anglicised to Cawnpore. In old British maps it is also listed as Khanpur.

Others believe that the name is derived from Karnapur (meaning "town of Karna", one of the heroes of the Mahabharata). Another theory is that it came from the nearby town of Makanpur, earlier known as Khairabad, where the Sufi saint of the Madariya Sufi order, Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar, settled.

Earlier history of the area

Kanpur's development is unclear until the 13th century. Although no reference to Kanpur is found in written documents before this time, the history of two of its suburbs, Jajmau and Bithoor, can be traced back to pre-13th century times. Bithoor is located about 20 km upstream from the city and is approximately 10 km from the IIT Kanpur campus. Jajmau is about 8 km east of the city and is nearly 20 km downstream from the IIT Campus. According to Hindu mythology, just after creating the universe, Lord Brahma performed the Ashvamedha at Bithoor and established a lingam there. Another legendary site at Bithoor is the Valmiki Ashram, where the famous sage Valmiki is supposed to have written the Sanskrit epic, the Ramayana. According to this epic, Queen Seeta, on being exiled by King Ramachandra of Ayodhya, spent her days in seclusion at the ashram bringing up her twin sons, Lava and Kush.

At Jajmau, there are remains of an ancient fort, now surviving as a huge mound. Recent excavations on this mound indicate that the site is very old, perhaps dating back to the Vedic age. Popular legends state that the fort belonged to Yayati, a king of the ancient Chandravanshi race.

At Shivrajpur, 20 km from the Kanpur Central railway station, there is an ancient temple built by Chandel Raja Sati Prasad in memory of his queen. This temple is supposed to have been built in a night and is situated on the banks of the Ganges. This temple is famous for its architectural work and carving designs.

Parihar rulers of Kannauj may have ruled this place for a significant part of history long before the beginning of Mughal era. Some historical accounts suggest Pratihara emperor, Mihir Bhoja, has ruled in Kanpur since nearby Kannuaj was the capital of Parihar.

Founding of the settlement

Kanpur Sangrahalaya.

In 1207 AD, Raja Kanti Deo of Prayag (connected to the throne of Kannauj) established the village Kohna, which later came to be known as Kanpur. Kanpur continued its association with Kannauj during the reigns of Harsha Vardhan, Mihir Bhoja, Jai Chand and early Muslim rulers through the Sur Dynasty. The first mention of Kanpur was made in 1579 during Sher Shah's regime. Up to the first half of the 18th century, Kanpur was an insignificant village.

In May 1765, Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh, was defeated by the British near Jajmau. From 1773 to 1801, it was part of the Oudh kingdom and then came into the hands of the British. At this time, the British realized the strategic importance of the site of Kanpur. European businessmen had, by this time, started establishing themselves in Kanpur. In order to ensure protection for their lives and property, the European business shifted the `Awadh local forces’ here in 1778. Kanpur passed into British hands under the treaty of 1801 with Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh.

Kanpur later became one of the most important military stations of British India. It was declared a district on 24 March 1803. South of Parmat were the British infantry lines and the parade grounds. Indian infantry occupied the space from the present Chunniganj to the Christ Church College. The Company Bagh was laid in 1847 and the construction of the Ganges Canal was completed in 1854.

The Kanpur Sangrahalaya/Kanpur Museum housing valuable artifacts from pre-colonial and colonial period, was established in 1999, in a section of KEM Hall, Phool Bagh Maidan.

Indian Rebellion 1857

Main article: Indian Rebellion of 1857

See also: Siege of Cawnpore

Up to 1,000 British troops, their families and loyal sepoys were confined in General Wheeler's entrenchment in Kanpur for three weeks in June 1857 where they were besieged by the army of a local prince called Nana Sahib

Charge of the Highlanders led by General Havelock, to relieve the besieged British troops held by Indian fighters.

File:1857 sutter ghat cawnpore2.jpg

1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River, where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels.

In the 19th century, Kanpur was an important British garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, (known in the United Kingdom as the Indian Mutiny, known in India as the First War of Independence), 900 British were besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under Nana Sahib Peshwa. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Satti Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to Allahabad.

Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Satti Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at, by the rebel sepoys, and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the rebels had placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, on purpose to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had pre-planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satti Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.

Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the Bibighar (the ladies' home). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to execute their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders, and butchers from the nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on July 18. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British under General Neill retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel Sepoys and those unfortunate civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Kanpur Massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance.

British Forces capture the rebel forces in 1857 near Kanpur, India

The British dismantled the Bibighar and raised a memorial railing and a cross at the site of the well. In 1862, they built a church called All Souls' Cathedral in memory of those killed; renamed the Kanpur Memorial Church. This Church still stands at what was the northeast corner of Wheeler’s entrenchment. The marble gothic screen with the famous `mournful seraph’ was transferred to the churchyard after independence in 1947, and in its place a bust of Tantya Tope installed at Nana Rao Park. The well is now bricked over, but the remains of a circular ridge and 'Boodha Bargad' (Old Banyan Tree) are still there. The "Boodha Bargad" is not there anymore. Only a stone describing the Boodha Bargad is there.

Development of industries

A view of Lal Imli factory

HBTI Kanpur administration building

After 1857, it became an important center of the leather and textile industries. The Government Harness and Saddler Factory was started in 1860 to supply the army with leather products, followed by Cooper Allen & Co. in 1880. The first cotton textile mill, the Elgin Mills, was started in 1862 and Muir Mills in 1882, and many others that followed in the next 40 years, such as Victoria Mills and Atherton West & Co. (Atherton Mills), made Cawnpore a major textile producer. The Elgin Mills of Cawnpore was famous for its Drill Khakhi during the early/mid Twentieth Century. The Khaki cloth was famous for its colour and durability. The man behind this was the Dyeing Master Gopal Sadashiv Gogate, who died on 17 December 1942.

The British India Corporation (BIC) was headquartered here and led the development of many industries.

The first Indian business house of Cawnpore was the firm NihalChand KishoriLal, which set up a trading facility in 1857. This firm was a leader in oil milling and had many oil mills spread across North India. The NihalChand KishoriLal group (also known as Kejriwal Group) over time diversified into flour milling, tea plantations and steel. They bought the Cawnpore Flour Mills in 1942, which had been established in 1886 by Edward Foy, a Scotsman. The Juggilal Kamlapat Singhania family launched many factories between 1930 and 1970. The Jaipuria family contributed to the patriotic cause, by building the Swadeshi Cotton Mills in response to charges that the foreign rulers were raiding India of its cotton only to sell back textiles to the residents. The first steel re-rolling mill of India was established at Singh Engineering which later became one of the nations largest re-rolling mills. Kanpur was known as the "Manchester of India" during the 20th century. In 1901, with a population of 1,258,868, second only to Allahabad, the district headquarters, Kanpur was the largest trading and manufacturing centre in the United Provinces

Kanpur is an important center for India's leather industry and small arms. Kanpur has five Indian Ordnance Factories viz. Field Gun Factory, Ordnance Equipment Factory, Ordnance Parachute Factory, Ordnance Factory Kanpur, Small Arms Factory of the gigantic Ordnance Factories Board which manufactures products of the Indian Armed Forces.

The British contributed to charitable causes in the city by building the Ursula Horsman Hospital, the Hallet Hospital, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, by protecting the Allen Forest (now a zoo) and many other efforts. Most of these are now renamed, though a lot of residents still call them by their old names.

Due to the industries, the pollution levels have risen dangerously high. Due to lack of proper planning, the city is equalling Delhi as a victim of congestion and overcrowding. Urban planning has yet to evolve. A recent article in the Time Asia magazine says it all regarding the pollution in the city.

New industries such as detergent, saddlery, food processing, pan masala (tobacco), tea packaging, plastics and packaging, jewellery manufacturing and exports, leather processing and goods, have developed in the city. The only night lamp factory of Uttar Pradesh is also located in Kanpur. Among them, the Pan Masala industry is the largest employer in the region as well as the largest source of tax for the government. The famous brands -"Pan Bahaar" & "Pan Parag" and many others originated in the city.

Lal Imli Panorama

City centre

In its city centre, Kanpur or the Mall is situated near Civil Lines area. The area consists of varieties of buildings. It is the major economic centre of Kanpur. The area is of 10 km sq. and has a population of around 200,000. The renovation of city centre is carried under by JNNURM and Kanpur Municipal Corporation. Recently, musical fountains and expending of the Mall Road has taken place. Activities like protecting of old buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries has taken place in the area. The Reserve Bank of India, BSNL, SBI, Standard Chartered Bank, LIC, headquarters, Z SQUARE MALL are situated here. There are varieties of shops, buildings and hotels situated here. The pincode of the area is 208001. The area is also home to Green Park which was one of India's 5 cricket test centres.

Culture

The Nana Sahib with his escort. Steel engraved print, published in History of the Indian Mutiny (late 1950s).

File:1857 outside well cawnpore2.jpg

The well outside Bibi Ghar

File:Kanpur massacre.jpg

The Massacre Ghat during Cawnpore Massacre

Tantia Topee's leading his army from Bithoor

Nestling on the banks of the River Ganges, Kanpur stands as one of North India’s major industrial centres with its own historical, religious and commercial importance. Believed to have been founded by king Hindu Singh of the erstwhile state of Sachendi, Kanpur was originally known as "Kanhpur". Historically, Jajmau on the eastern outskirts of present day Kanpur, is regarded as one of the most archaic townships of Kanpur district. Up to the first half of the 18th century, Kanpur continued to survive as an insignificant village. Its fate, however, took a new turn soon after. In May 1765, Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab Wazir of Awadh, was defeated by the British near Jajmau. It was probably at this time that strategic importance of the site of Kanpur was realised by the British. European businessmen had by this time gradually started establishing themselves in Kanpur. In order to ensure protection to their lives and property, the "Awadh local forces" were shifted here in 1778. Kanpur passed into British hands under the treaty of 1801 with Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh. This forms a turning point in the history of Kanpur. Soon Kanpur became one of the most important military stations of British India. It was declared a district on 24 March 1803.

Kanpur was a hotbed of change in the independence and literary movements during the first half of the 20th century. A popular shopping centre is named Navin Market, after the poet Bal Krishna Sharma aka "Navin". Later poets included Gopal Das "Niraj" who wrote songs for Hindi films. Kanpur is also the birthplace of Shyamlal Gupta 'Parshad’, composer of the famous ditty Vijayee Vishwa Tiranga Pyara. The propagation and popularisation of Hindi also owes much to this city, with great Hindu literatteurs such as Acharya Mahavir Parasad Dwivedi, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, Pratap Narain Mishra and Acharya Gaya Prasad Shukla `Sanehi’. The Agricultural University is named after the revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad and the Medical College after Ganesh Shanker Vidyarthi; both men spent much time in Kanpur. While Chandrashekhar 'Azad' shot himself when surrounded by a huge posse of British soldiers at Alfred Park, Allahabad, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was killed during the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1931 at Machli Bazar in Kanpur. About 25 km from Kanpur is Bithoor(Brahmavarta). Legend goes that Sita, the wife of Lord Rama came to live at the ashram of sage Valmiki, after Rama expelled her from Ayodhya. It was here that she gave birth to the twins Lava (Ramayana) and Kusha (Ramayana), and disappeared back into the earth (from where she was born) when confronted by a repentant Rama. Bithoor is also the site of the fort to which Nana Sahib escaped following the British retaking of Kanpur. Today, Bithoor is a tourist spot on the banks of the River Ganges and Kanpur is expanding very fast with new residential complexes sprouting up everywhere. Among festivals Ganga Mela is a unique festival that is celebrated in Kanpur, 5 days after the festival Holi. Colours are thrown and people greet each other before having a dip in the sacred Ganges. Music, dance and poem recitation are organised in the evening. The festival is celebrated in the memories of revolutionaries released by British government who were held prisoners during the 1857 revolution.

Geography

From top : JK Temple, Green Park Stadium and Allen Forest Dinosaur Sculpture

The city's coordinates are 26.4670° North and 80.3500° East. The Government of Uttar Pradesh has carved out the new district of Kanpur Dehat from the old Kanpur Rural district. Kanpur, along with Allahabad and Fatehpur, are part of the Lower Doab, which in antiquity was known as the Vatsa country. It is surrounded by two main rivers of India, the Ganges in the northeast and the Pandu River (Yamuna) in the south. The districts surrounding Kanpur are Hamirpur in the south and Unnao in the north-east. The arid region of Bundelkhand lies just south of Kanpur. Kanpur district along with Kanpur Dehat district lie between the fertile Doab region of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. The river Yamuna marks the boundary between the Avadh and Bundelkhand regions. Kanpur City comes under the Indo-Gangetic planes of India. There are facilities of clean drinking water. Water comes from Kanpur City by Ganges Barge and there are various pumping stations for providing water to Farmers for crops. Kanpur is situated on the left side of river Ganges and right side is Shuklaganj which is in Unnao District but is also the part of Kanpur.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur features an atypical version of a humid subtropical climate that resembles the climate of Delhi to some degree. Unlike many other cities with a humid subtropical climate, Kanpur features long and very hot summers, mild and relatively short winters, dust storms and a monsoon season. Kanpur lies in northern plains of India, which witness extremes of temperature. It can drop to a minimum of 0.0°C in the winters while it goes up to 48°C in summers. Kanpur experiences severe fog in December and January, resulting in massive traffic and travel delays. In summer excessive dry heat is accompanied by dust storms and Loo, traits more commonly seen in desert climates. Rains appear between July and September almost at the end of regular monsoon season. Some rainfall is recorded during the harvest season of March–April. These extremes however, give the region an advantage of having three crops of versatile range of products. Best time to visit Kanpur is either October–November or February–March.Snowfall has never occurred in the city. There are some times Hailstones accompanied with rain in the winter season during the month of January but sometimes Hailstorms have also occurred in the months of March and April. In January 2002,the city witnessed a heavy hailstorm which left the city streets white with ice pieces and recently in 2009 when the last hailstorm was recorded. Dust storms are frequent during the months of April–June.These dust storms are sometimes accompanied with light drizzles. Such dusty winds raise the level of particulates in the atmosphere resulting in severe air pollution and increasing health hazards. Sometimes the speed of winds exceeds to more than 100 km/hr in the outer areas of the city. Kanpur City lies on the right bank of the river Ganges, which is elevated very high from the river, which is the reason that the city never floods. Some of the rural outskirts of the city lie on the flood prone areas of the Ganges, and it often floods the villages on its banks during the monsoon season. The Left bank sandy areas on the banks of the Ganges are cultivated to produce summer fruits like Watermelon. The dry and Hot Loo winds help the growth of watermelon which results in its great yield. The average rainfall recorded in the city is 885 mm.

Climate data for Kanpur
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	28 (82)	34 (93)	41 (106)	44 (111)	46 (115)	48 (118)	41 (106)	38 (100)	38 (100)	36 (97)	32 (90)	28 (82)	48 (118)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	18 (64)	24 (75)	30 (86)	38 (100)	40 (104)	42 (108)	36 (97)	34 (93)	32 (90)	30 (86)	25 (77)	20 (68)	33 (91)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	6 (43)	12 (54)	14 (57)	20 (68)	22 (72)	25 (77)	26 (79)	23 (73)	22 (72)	16 (61)	12 (54)	7 (45)	15 (59)
Record low °C (°F)	−3 (27)	6 (43)	7 (45)	15 (59)	17 (63)	20 (68)	21 (70)	18 (64)	19 (66)	15 (59)	9 (48)	0 (32)	−3 (27)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	23 (0.9)	16 (0.6)	9 (0.4)	5 (0.2)	6 (0.2)	68 (2.7)	208 (8.2)	286 (11.3)	202 (8.0)	43 (1.7)	7 (0.3)	8 (0.3)	881 (34.7)
Source:

Flora and fauna

Samtel Research and Development Building, at IIT Kanpur.

Kanpur is home to many residential and migratory birds. Most of them can be spotted at Bithoor, IIT Kanpur campus and areas alongside the Ganges Canal. In the IIT campus you can find a large number of peacocks and nilgai. The city has Asia's biggest (area wise) zoological garden. Exotic species of flora are present at the CSA campus also.

The Kanpur zoo is famous for its cages designed to provide a natural habitat for the animals, and has a vast variety of animals. The water supply system of the zoo is a work of art, by an artist and engineer in the Sinchai Department of that time, Murari Sharan Saxena. He was also known for the design of gates of every Dam in whole Uttar Pradesh of that period. The Zoo is a part of a lush green area - The Allen Forest Zoo, Nawabganj.

Demography

As per 2011 census Kanpur urban agglomeration has a population of 2,920,067, out of which males were 1,584,967 and females were 1,335,100. The literacy rate was 83.98 per cent.

See also: List of cities in Uttar Pradesh

The majority of Kanpur's population comprises people from Central and Western Uttar Pradesh. However, Bengalis, Punjabis and Anglo-Indians have also settled in large numbers in areas of Swaroop Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Azad Nagar and Civil Lines. Hindus comprise about 82% and Muslims about 16%. There are also small groups of Sikhs, Jains, Christians and Buddhists. As per 2001 census literacy rate of Kanpur is 70.36% (60.25% for females and 71.92% for males).

Kanpur is situated on the banks of the river Ganges; the population was 2,551,337 as per the 2001 census. In the last decade, the population rose rapidly. One of the factors for this kind of growth can be a higher number of in-migration to Kanpur City from other areas. Languages spoken in and around Kanpur include Hindi, English, Urdu, Bengali and Punjabi. Hinduism is the most prominent religion in the city. There is a considerable number of Muslims mostly residing near Kanpur Central station and areas namely Chaman Ganj, Becon Ganj, Parade,Nai Sarak, Bansmandi,Iftikharabad, Gwaltoli and Idgah colony, KDA colony jajmau,moti nagar. The Sikh community consists of immigrants who were displaced due to the Partition of India in 1947. They have since well established business in the city and reside in areas such as Govind Nagar, Gumti No.5,Jawahar Nagar Ashok Nagar and 80 ft road. There are a small number of Christians also in Kanpur. Christ Church College and Methodist High School reflect British architecture.

Economy

The Kanpur-Lucknow National Highway (NH 25) near Jajmau

Sarvoday Nagar Apartments

Kanpur has a total GDP (PPP) of 22 billion US$ and it ranks as 9th among top 10 Industrial cities in India followed by Surat.

Kanpur is one of the biggest producers of textile and leather products and they are exported in bulk. Apart from the leather and textile industries, the fertilizer, chemicals, two wheelers, soaps, pan masala, hosiery and engineering industries are also operating in the city. The private sector has also set up large units such as factories of the JK Industries group, Lohia machines, Duncans, etc.

The only unit of the Indian Institute of Pulse Research (an institute of ICAR) and one of the three units of the National Sugar Institute is situated in Kanpur which reflects the strong agrarian nature of industries here.

Kanpur was also infamous to a certain extent for being home to largest tanneries in India and the subsequent pollution they caused thereof. These tanneries were the initial source of industrial base in Kanpur during the colonial period. However owing to poor pollution record, lack of technologies and emergence of other avenues of employment has led to a slow and gradual death to these units.

Kanpur has also begun to find favour among the outsourcing sector as a favoured location with several new startups setting up shop here owing to cheaper costs and a readily available talent pool.

Landmark Hotel Kanpur

Kanpur has several locational advantages, i.e., location at a vantage point on four national highways, i.e., NH 2, NH-86, NH-91 and NH 25; raw material availability for many industries, viz. leather, food processing, plastics etc., proximity to large markets, availability of skilled manpower due to various institutes located within Kanpur (viz. Indian Institute of Technology, Chandr Shekhar Azad Agricultural University, Central Pulse Research Institute, Leather Institute etc.) and existing traditional industrial base attracting skilled workers to the city.

One of the Software Technology Parks of India is also situated in Kanpur in Awadhpuri locality. Central Government has sanctioned Rs. 250 crs to restart Lal Imli Mill in Kanpur which has been closed for a long time. It will again generate employment to 2500/ 3000 persons. It is also home to famous brand Ghadi Detergent powder and cake which is manufactured in Kanpur by Rohit Surfactanta P.Ltd.

Business activities in the city include Laxman traders, Simran traders, Aone user, shoes, flex industries, Kesarvani, Bajrangbali, deals in handicraft materials, Polyfix super glue etc.

In Kanpur (MC), the banking services were availed by only 61 percent of the households (Census 2001). About 8 percent of the households did not possess basic assets such as vehicles (bicycles, scooter, moped, car, jeep, etc.), televisions and radios.

Proposed industrial city

Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav on Tuesday said setting up a high-tech city will boost development in Uttar Pradesh. Akhilesh was heading a meeting to discuss the details of a proposed high-tech industrial city in Kanpur, to be built on the public private partnership model. The industrial city, proposed on 1,132 acres of land in the Trans-Ganga area of Kanpur, will be an enclosed area, UPSIDC top brass said, which will be built along the Ganga. The project, officials said, will also be equipped with underground wiring, cabling, gas and water supply, apart from optical fibre lines, among other amenities. Apart from 28 to 35 floor multi-storeyed buildings, the proposed project, a UPSIDC presentation made to the chief minister said, will also accommodate a 300 acre park. Buildings in the proposed industrial city, the government said, would house a wide variety of industries ranging from IT and IT enabled services, business process outsourcing, financial institutions and hotels, among others. According to the government proposal, the industrial city in Kanpur will also contain an exposition mart for auto companies and the leather and handicraft industries, apart from sewage and effluent treatment plants for residential and industrial buildings, respectively. To be built along the lines of buildings in Chandigarh, residential buildings in the proposed industrial city will be back facing, while the facades will be built in glass. Senior UPSIDC officials also said proposed projects would have provisions for water recycling.

Property

Property is one of the growing sectors of the Kanpur's economy. Kanpur has one of the fastest growing property rates in almost all the areas due to redevelopment of several areas.

There are several malls such as Z Square Mall, Rave@Moti Mall, SouthX Mall, Ganges Nagar Mall, and Rave 3 Mall,

Metropolitan Area

The metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometer around KNN boundary and newly included 47 villages of Unnao district on the north-eastern side, it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is up to Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat Nagar Panchayat limit, in the eastern side the limit has been expanded on the road leading to Fatehpur and in extended up to. The metropolitan region area includes the area of Shuklaganj Municipal Committee (nagar palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (nagar palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (nagar panchayat) and Bithoor Village Authority (nagar panchayat) area. In 1997-98, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%) was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively.

Kanpur Urban Area

Aerial view of Civil Lines, Kanpur as viewed from J.S Tower

Important cities and towns of Kanpur Urban Area are:

• North Kanpur - Bithoor, Mandhana, Kalyanpur,
• West Kanpur - Rawatpur, Moti Jheel, Panki
• East Kanpur - Jajmau, Chakeri
• South Kanpur -Govind Nagar, Kidwai Nagar, Naubasta, Saket Nagar, Barra, Yashoda Nagar, Hanspuram, Shyam Nagar, Jarauli, Damodar Nagar, Koyla Nagar, Tatya Tope Nagar
• Central Kanpur-Civil Lines, Dev Nagar, Kanpur Cantonment, Nawabganj, Kanpur, Generalganj, Swaroop Nagar, Anwarganj, Gumti, Lajpat nagar, Jawahar Nagar, Chaman Ganj, Parade, Colonelganj, Becon Ganj, Patkapur, Iftikharabad, Bansmandi
• Kanpur Rural-Bilhaur, Shivrajpur, Chobepur, Bithoor

Civic administration

File:KDA2021MP.jpg

Kanpur Development Authority's 2021 Master Plan

Kanpur Municipal Corporation HQ

Kanpur City officials
Divisional Commissioner	Mukul Singhal
Mayor	Captain Jagatveer Singh Dron
Chief Metropolitan Magistrate	Peeyush Pandey
Metropolitan Magistrate	Pradeep Kumar Jayant
District Magistrate	AP Agarwal

Kanpur Municipal Corporation

This body is responsible for administration of Kanpur City area.

Kanpur Development Authority

Kanpur Development Authority (KDA) is a board for development of Kanpur. The Secretary of Kanpur Development Authority is Shakuntla Gautam. Kanpur Development Authority is responsible for constructing Governmental Building and flats in Kanpur.

Police

The Kanpur Metropolitan Police has six geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 73 police stations, including two all-women police stations.

Electricity and Water Supply

Electricity in Kanpur is regulated through the Kanpur Electricity Supply Company (KESA) now KESCO, [47] while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Kanpur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (KWSSB). The city is facing problems due to erratic power supply and spoilt roads due to laying down of new sewerage pipes.

The Special Zones

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Kanpur City Zone Map as per by Kanpur Municipal Corporation

The special zones of Kanpur are:

Media

Kanpur is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper which is the most read Hindi Newspaper in India. Other newspapers that are widely read include Amar Ujala, Aaj, Hindustan. The English dailies published are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Economic Times, The Pioneer, etc. There is also the Hindi and English mixed Newspaper Tabloid I-NEXT.

There are currently six FM radio stations and one All India Radio Akashwani Station being broadcast in Kanpur. The 7 Radio Stations are following:

• IIT Kanpur F.M. 90.4 MHz
• BIG FM 92.7 at 92.7 MHz
• Red FM at 93.5 MHz
• Radio Mirchi at 98.3 MHz
• AIR FM Rainbow India at 100.1 MHz
• AIR Vividh Bharati at 103.7 MHz
• Gyan Vani 106.4 MHz

Education

Further information: Education in Kanpur

Further information: List of engineering colleges in Kanpur

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UIET Kanpur is known for its lush-green campus

PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur, designed by Achyut Kanvinde

International Centre, Kanpur University

Kanpur has been a centre of education as many prominent universities and colleges are situated here. The world renowned institute in the field of science and technology IIT Kanpur, established in 1959, is situated on Grand Trunk Road. Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI) is Kanpur's oldest technical institute situated in Nawabganj. Kanpur also boasts of Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College ( GSVM Medical College ) which is one of the best medical colleges in the country. Chatrapati Shahau Ji Maharaj University formerly Kanpur University offers courses in various departments at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels. University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kanpur University, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute, Government Leather Institute formerly known as Government Leather Working School, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, National Sugar Institute, Institute of Productivity & Management, Government Polytechnic, Brahmanand Degree College, vssd Degree College, PPN Degree College, DAV Degree College, Halim Muslim Degree College, BNSD College, Christ Church College are some of the popular educational institutions of Kanpur city. There are more than 70 Agricultural, Degree, Engineering, Management and Medical colleges in Kanpur. Also in the city we have Central India Regional Council of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. Apart from these there are various renowned schools (pre-primary to class XII). The oldest running is Methodist High School, Cantt. Kanpur, operating since 1876.

Notable locations

"IIT Kanpur panaroma from Hall 7"

Parks

Rhinoceros at the zoo

• Green Park Stadium and its Modi Stadium, a cricket stadium
• Moti Jheel
• Nanarao Park
• Buddha Park
• Japanese Garden
• Mahatma Gandhi Park a.k.a. Katehri Bagh, Cantonment
• Kidwai Nagar Park
• Jungle Water Park
• Company Bagh
• Phool Bagh
• Allen Forest Zoo
• Brajendra Swaroop Park
• Bhagwan Parashuram Park
• Palika Stadium

For more-

see the Kanpur Cantonment article, section Parks

Historical

JK Temple in artificial lights

Massacre Ghat

• Gora Kabristan, a graveyard
• Radha-Krishna Mandir, or J K Temple, a temple constructed of white marble dedicated to Krishna
• Panki Mandir, a historical temple of Lord Hanuman.
• Kherepati Temple, a well known temple of Lord Vishnu and Sheshnag.
• Anandeshwar Temple, situated on the banks of the Ganges at Parmat
• ISKON Temple, Bithur
• Bithoor, a center of Hindu pilgrimage
• Lav Kush Barrage, a barrage (weir) on the Ganges, also known as Ganges Barrage.
• Kanpur Memorial Church
• St. Patrick church
• Gandhi Hall
• Kanpur Sangrahalaya, a museum
• Jama-ul-ulum Madarsa & Masjid, Patkapur
• Habiba Masjid, Jajmau
• Jajmau Tila
• Kanpur Central
• Musanagar tila
• Bhitargaon Temple
• Sarsaiyya Ghat
• Massacre Ghat
• Saja ud daulah Mosque, Bithur
• Nanarao Fort, Bithur
• Jajmau Siddha Nath Ghat
• Baradevi Temple
• Boodha Bargad (Banyan) tree, a tree on which 144 Indians were hanged in the later part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
• Balaji Mandir, Jawahar Nagar
• Methodist High School

Water bodies

• Moti Jheel
• Ganges

Transport

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Kanpur Mahanagar Bus Seva

The Central Government providing the Kanpur city administration with 300 buses under JNNURM. Central Government will bear 50% cost while State Government and Nagar Nigam will bear 20% and 30% cost respectively.

Suburban bus service

The suburban bus service is run by Kanpur upnagariya parivahan sewa. Its fleet is around 120 buses. These buses cater the need of suburban towns and tehsils in Kanpur and neighbouring districts. Suburban services is from Shahid Major Salman Khan Bus Station and Rawatpur. Towns connected by Shahid Major Salman Khan Bus Station are Unnao, Fatehpur, Akbarpur, Jajmau, Chakeri, Sarsaul, Maharajpur. Towns connected by Bithoor are Bilhaur, Mandhana, Chobepur, Shivrajpur, nayi jail. It is a division of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation.

Inter-state bus service

One of Kanpur's major bus terminals is Shahid Major Salman Khan bus station at Jhakarkatti. Another important bus station is at Rawatpur. Earlier, another bus terminal operated at Govind Puri, directly in front of the main railway station, but this has now been reestablished as a city bus station. The move was taken to remove congestion in front of the railway station. Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service is a very important service for commuters. The cities outside Uttar Pradesh that are covered by bus service are Jaipur, New Delhi, Gwalior, Bharatpur, Singrauli, Faridabad, Gurgaon Sagar and Dausa.

Railways

File:Kanpur Central.jpg

Kanpur Central (CNB)

Served by Indian Railways, Kanpur is connected by trains to almost every part of India like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Raipur, Indore, Bhopal, Farrukhabad, Jabalpur, Jamshedpur, Srinagar, Jaipur, Gorakhpur, Guwahati, Gwalior, Khajuraho, Jalgaon, Durg, Pune, Surat, Lucknow, Nagpur and Coimbatore.

Kanpur has sixteen railway stations within its city limits: Kanpur Central, Kanpur Anwarganj, Govindpuri (Kanpur South), Panki(T), Chakeri, Chandari, Rawatpur, Kalianpur (Kalyanpur), Mandhana, Kanpur Bridge Left Bank, Bithoor, Bhimsen Jn., Unnao Jn. and Kanpur SMU CBSA. There was one more station called "Purana Kanpur" from which the first train ran in Northern India in 1859 - however now it is defunct.

Kanpur Central is the main railway station of Kanpur and is the largest railway station of North Central Railways. Kanpur Central lies as one of the most important railway stations on Delhi-Howrah Trunk Line of Indian Railways. The first Rajdhani Express of India ran via this railway station.

Air travel

As of now single flight is available from Kanpur Airport which connects Kanpur to Delhi. The major airport in the vicinity is Lucknow International Airport which is around 80 km from Kanpur.

Metro Rail (Rapid Transit)

Considering that by 2031 Kanpur Metropolitan Area will cross a population of 50 lakhs and the pressure it will put on the existing transport system in the city, it is proposed to carry out a study and if feasible, introduce Metro Rail facility under JNNURM in phase –II. This would ease out the traffic problems of the present and future overload the pressure of traffic on the roads of Kanpur city. However, in the absence of any feasibility study, no money has been earmarked in Phase -II for this activity.

Mono rail

Monorail has been planned to be developed in Kanpur from various routes. This will give relief from traffic for daily passengers.

Roads

Upstream view of Ganges from Kanpur railway bridge

Downstream view of Ganges from Kanpur railway bridge

The city has several important National Highways passing through Kanpur.

NH No	Route	Total Length
NH 2	Delhi » Mathura » Agra » Kanpur » Allahabad » Varanasi » Mohania » Barhi » Palsit » Dankuni (near Kolkata)	2542
NH 25	Lucknow » Kanpur » Jhansi » Shivpuri	352
NH 86	Kanpur » Hamirpur » Mahoba  » Chhatarpur » Sagar » Bhopal » Dewas	674
NH 91	Ghaziabad » Aligarh » Etah » Kannauj » Kanpur	405

The Inter State Bus Station (ISBT) of Kanpur officially named as the "Shaheed Major Salman Khan Bus Station". It is locally known as the "Jhakarkati Bus Station" enquiry number: 0512 2328381. It provides buses to important cities of India. The other bus stations are:

• Chunniganj Depot
• Kidwai Nagar (Juhi) Depot
• Kanpur Central MS Depot
• Akbarpur Depot
• Bagvantnagar Depot
• Vikas Nagar RML Depot
• Azad Nagar AC Bus Depot
• Fazalganj Bus Depot
• Unnao Depot

Ring road

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is all set to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in the industrial city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which will help the heavy vehicles to bypass the city, will be developed on a "Built, Operate and Transfer" (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP).

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in India

City	Flag	Country
Manchester, England	UK	United Kingdom
San Jose, California	USA	United States
Osaka		Japan
Yekaterinburg		Russia
Faisalabad		Pakistan

Friendly relations

• Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States

See also

• Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)
• Renamed places in Kanpur
• Second Battle of Cawnpore

References

• Singh, Harihar (1972). Kanpur: a study in urban geography. Indrasini Devi.
• Free Trade Unions, International Confederation for (1989). "7. Kanpur - The Experience in Textile Industry". Employment and structural change in Indian industries: a trade union viewpoint, Vol. 1. International Labour Organization. ISBN 92-2-106709-2.
• Singh, Surendra Nath (1990). Planning & development of an industrial town: a study of Kanpur. Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-241-9.
• Silas, Sandeep (2005). "44. Manchester of the East: Kanpur". Discover India by Rail. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 81-207-2939-0.

External links

• Kanpur city portal
• Kanpur Dehat portal
• Kanpur City Local Business Directory
• Kanpur City Latest Updates