List of metro systems
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A metro system is an electrified rapid transit train system. In some cases, metro systems are referred to as subways, U-Bahns or undergrounds. As of October 2014[update], 148 cities[1] in 55 countries around the world host the approximately 160 metro systems that are listed here. The earliest metro system, the London Underground, first opened as an "underground railway" in 1863;[2] its first electrified underground line opened in 1890,[2] making the London Underground the world's first metro system.[3] The longest metro system in the world, in terms of route length, is the Shanghai Metro.[1]
Considerations
The International Association of Public Transport (L’Union Internationale des Transports Publics, or UITP) defines metro systems as urban passenger transport systems, "operated on their own right of way and segregated from general road and pedestrian traffic".[4][5] The terms Heavy rail (mainly in North America) and heavy urban rail are essentially synonymous with the term "metro".[6][7][8] Heavy rail systems are also specifically defined as an "electric railway".[6][7]
The dividing line between metro and other modes of public transport, such as light rail[6][7] and commuter rail,[6][7] is not always clear, and while UITP only makes distinctions between "metros" and "light rail",[4] the U.S.'s APTA and FTA distinguish all three modes.[6][7] A common way to distinguish metro from light rail is by their separation from other traffic. While light rail systems may share roads or have level crossings, a metro system runs, almost always, on a grade-separated exclusive right-of-way, with no access for pedestrians and other traffic. And in contrast to commuter rail or light rail, metro systems are primarily used for transport within a city, and have higher service frequencies and substantially higher passenger volume capacities. Furthermore, most metro systems do not share tracks with freight trains or inter-city rail services. It is however not relevant whether the system runs on steel wheels or rubber tyres, or if the power supply is from a third rail or overhead line.
The name of the system is not a criterion for inclusion or exclusion. Some cities use metro as a brand name for a transit line with no component of rapid transit whatsoever. Similarly, there are systems branded light rail that meet every criterion for being a rapid transit system. Some systems also incorporate light metro or light rail lines as part of the larger system under a common name. These are listed, but the light rail lines are not counted in the provided network data. Certain transit networks match the technical level and service standards of metro systems, but reach far out of the city and are sometimes known as suburban, regional or commuter rail. These are not included. Neither are funicular systems, or people movers, such as amusement park, ski resort and airport transport systems.
This list counts metros separately when multiple metros in one city or metropolitan area have separate owners or operating companies. This list expressly does not aim at representing the size and scope of the total rapid transit network of a certain city or metropolitan area. The data of this list should not be used to infer the size of a city’s, region’s, or country’s rapid transit systems, or to establish a ranking. Doing so would in many cases lead to a gross misrepresentation.
Legend
- City
- Primary city served by the metro system.
- Country
- Sovereign state in which the metro system is located.
- Name
- The most common English name of the metro system (and the connecting Wiki page for that system).
- Year opened
- The year the metro system was opened for commercial service at metro standards. In other words, parts of the system may be older, but as parts of a former light rail or commuter rail network, so the year that the system obtained metro standards (e.g. electrified) is the one listed.
- Year of last expansion
- The last time the metro system was expanded in terms of the system length or number of stations.
- Stations
- The number of stations in the metro network, as quoted by the system's operating company.
- System length
- The system length of a metro network is the sum of the lengths of all routes in the rail network in kilometers (or miles). Each route is counted only once, regardless of how many lines pass over it, and regardless of whether it is single-track or multi-track, single carriageway or dual carriageway.
- Ridership
- The number of unique journeys on the metro system every year. Some metro systems count transferring between lines as multiple journeys, but others do not.
List
This list is sortable. Click on the 
icon in the column header to change sort key and sort order.
Metro systems under construction
The following is a list of worldwide metro systems that are currently actively under construction. Note that in some cases it is not clear (mainly due to lack of information), if the system will be considered as metro system after its completion.
See also
- Total rapid transit systems statistics by country
- Medium-capacity rail transport system
- List of Latin American rail transit systems
- List of North American rapid transit systems
- List of United States rapid transit systems
- List of driverless trains
- List of airport people mover systems
- List of monorail systems
- Total monorail systems statistics by country
- List of funicular railways
- List of suburban and commuter rail systems
- List of tram and light rail transit systems
- List of North American light rail systems by ridership
- List of United States light rail systems by ridership
- List of town tramway systems
- List of rail transit systems in the United States
- List of trolleybus systems
- List of bus rapid transit systems
- Articulated bus
- Rapid transit in India
- Rapid transit in China
- List of premetro systems
Notes
System notes
- ^ Line A, Line B and Line H of the Buenos Aires Underground had their last expansions in 2013.
- ^ Line U2 was extended to Aspern Seestadt in 2013.
- ^ Latest restoration of old line in 2011
- ^ The Moskovskaya Line extended to Malinovka in 2014.
- ^ Line 2's loop was completed in 2009
- ^ Not including stations of premetro Lines T3, T4, and T7.
- ^ Extension of northernmost terminus to Novo Hamburgo in 2013.
- ^ Most recent expansion of Line 4.
- ^ See Orange Line (Montreal Metro)
- ^ See Sheppard line
- ^ See Canada Line
- ^ The Beijing Subway's first line began trial operations on October 1, 1969. It opened to revenue service under trial operations on January 15, 1971. Initially, only members of the public with credential letters from their work units could purchase tickets, but this restriction was removed on December 27, 1972. The subway line passed its final inspections and ended trial operations on September 15, 1981. During the trial operations period, annual ridership rose from 8.28 million in 1971 to 55.2 million in 1980. See the history section of the Beijing Subway for details and references.
- ^ As of December 28, 2013, the number of unique stations in operation in the Beijing Subway is 232. The unique station count treats the multiple platforms of a station complex as one station. If each station complex's platforms are counted as separate stations, then the total number of stations in operation as of February 15, 2014 would be 262. The unique station count of 232 excludes: the Erligou Station on Line 6, the Andelibeijie and National Art Museum Stations on Line 8, the Wangjing East Station on Line 15 and the Yizhuang Railway Station on the Yizhuang Line, which were not in use as of December 28, 2013. Also excluded are the three restricted stations of Line 1, which are no longer used. The total station count of 262 excludes the stations listed above and treats the Gongyixiqiao Station as two stations, as the southern terminus for Line 4 and northern terminus for the Daxing Line, even though through-train service have effectively transformed the two lines into a single line for which the Gongyixiqiao Station is not a terminus but a single station.
- ^ 1st line of FMetro serves two cities - Foshan and Guangzhou
- ^ The number excludes the stations and lengths on the Guangfo Metro/Guangfo Line, which is part of the FMetro in Foshan.
- ^ Hangzhou Metro's Line 1.
- ^ The first MTR route to offer metro service was the Modified Initial System in 1979, which consists of portions of the later Tsuen Wan Line and Kwun Tong Line. Though the eventual East Rail Line opened as a conventional railway in 1910, it did not offer metro service until at least in 1982 when it was electrified.
- ^ West Island Line extension.
- ^ Kunming's Line 1.
- ^ Nanjing South Railway Station.
- ^ This figure excludes Maglev line and Jinshan Railway, both often included in Shanghai Metro maps but not considered part of the system.
- ^
As of October 2013[update]:
- If interchange stations are counted as a single station, there are 263 stations.
- If interchange stations are counted as multiple stations, there are 312 stations.
- If interchange stations are counter as multiple stations, but shared tracks/platforms on Lines 3 and 4 are counted as a single station, there are 303 stations.
- ^ Opening of Suzhou's Line 2.
- ^ Xi'an Metro's Line 1.
- ^ Extension of Line A from Itagüí south to La Estrella.
- ^ Line C was last extended in 2008.
- ^ Line 3's first section opened in 2012 and was extended in 2014.
- ^ Extension of Lyon Metro's Line B to Oullins Gare station.
- ^ Opening of Toulouse Metro's Line B.
- ^ Opening of Line U4.
- ^ The U3 extension from Olympia-Einkaufszentrum (OEZ) to Moosach.
- ^ The official source states there are 100 stations in Munich U-Bahn system, but notes that four connecting/transfer stations have been counted twice; thus, there are 96 stations counting all stations once.
- ^ The U3 extension from Maxfeld to Friedrich-Ebert-Platz.
- ^
The Blue Line (Line 3) also has a 20.7 kilometres (12.9 mi) section (with 4 stations) to the airport that is owned by the Hellenic Railways Organisation and is mainly used by the suburban railway system.
"Homepage - The Company - Historic Data - Transit in Athens". Attiko Metro S.A. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
Schwandl, Robert. "Athina". UrbanRail.net. Retrieved 3 June 2014. - ^ The Green Line (Line 1), operated until 2011 by Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways, was opened in 1869 as a steam train railway line. It was electrified in 1904, extended with underground sections through the city in 1948, and extended to its full length to Kifissia in 1957 using the right-of-way of a former metre gauge suburban line. Full metro operation since 1904 between Piraeus and Athens and 1957 to Kifissia. In 2011, it was integrated with Athens Metro under the company STASY S.A.
"Homepage - The Company - Historic Data - Transit in Athens". Attiko Metro S.A. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ^ Line 3 extended west to Template:OASA Metro stations on 14 December 2013.
- ^ The Delhi Metro's six lines serve 137 stations, including the six stations on the Delhi Airport Metro Express line, if counting interchange stations only once, as of September 2013[update].
- ^ The 41.5 km (25.8 mi) Line 5 of the Tehran Metro is a commuter rail line, and so is not included in the statistics here - only Lines 1-4 are.
- ^ Opening of metro-standards Line 2.
- ^ Extension of Line 3.
- ^ Naples Metro is made up of Line 1 and Line 6 only. Line 2 is a commuter rail line.
- ^ Opening of Line C.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j In general, the majority of urban rail service in Japanese metropolitan areas is provided by systems not included in this list. For a complete list of urban rail systems in Japan, see List of urban rail systems in Japan.
- ^ Yŏnggwang and Puhŭng opened in 1987
- ^ Line 4 and Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit opened in 2011
- ^ Daegu Subway Line 2 extension opened in 2012.
- ^ Second phase of line 1
- ^ Line 1 fully opened
- ^ The Seoul Subway (Lines 1-9) is actually operated by three different operators – Seoul Metro, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation (SMRT), and Seoul Metro Line9 Corporation. But because all of these lines are owned by the City Government of Seoul, they are counted together here in the table as one system.
- ^ a b c Seoul's Metropolitan Subway system can also be viewed as a comprehensive metro network made up of multiple owned/operated metro systems. If viewed as such, the combined route length of Seoul's comprehensive metro-standards network would be 468.9 km (291.4 mi), and it would serve a grand total of 377 stations.
- ^ Seoul Subway Line 7 extension opened in October 2012.
- ^ Includes the Bundang Line (52.9 km, 36 stations), Korail portions of Seoul Subway Line 3 (Islan Line: 19.2 km, 9 stations) and Seoul Subway Line 4 (Gwacheon Line: 11.8 km, 8 stations; and Ansan Line: 27.6 km, 14 stations), and the Suin Line (non-Ansan portion) (13.1 km, 8 stations).
- ^ Statistics presented include Ampang Line and Kelana Jaya Line only; KL Monorail Line not included.
- ^ Line 12 opened 2012.
- ^ There are 147 stations on the network map, counting transfer stations as one. The sum of the number of the stations for all lines is 195.
- ^ Line 50, 53, and 54 are rapid transit. The figures provided exclude the portion of the Amstelveen Line (Line 51) that operates as light rail.
- ^ Some sections of the Rotterdam Metro (portions of Lines A and B) have some level crossings (with priority), and use overhead wires instead of a third rail (as most of the system does), and so could therefore be considered "light rail" instead of "metro".
- ^ These systems have similarities to light rail systems, because of existence of road level crossings, but are listed since there are almost entirely separated from roads.
- ^ The first underground portion was opened in 1928, but that was a tram line. One surface line has origins from 1898. System opened as a full Metro in 1966.
- ^ Opening of the completed Ring line in 2006.
- ^ The Red Line was expanded to the airport in 2012.
- ^ Line M4 extended to Parc Bazilescu in 2011.
- ^ The Downtown MRT Line Stage 1 was opened in 2013.
- ^ TMB-operated lines L1-L5 and L9-L11 only. FGC-operated lines L6-L8 share track with other FGC commuter lines, and thus don't qualify as metro-standards lines.
- ^ Including MetroSur and other suburban lines, but not the three Metro Ligero de Madrid lines which are light rail.
- ^ Skarpnäck metro station opened in 1994
- ^ The Lausanne Metro has two lines: Line M1 is light rail, while Line M2 is rapid transit. The stats listed are for Line M2 only.
- ^ Opening of lines M2 and M3.
- ^ Extension to Gürsu.
- ^ Currently operational metro standards lines, M1 to M4, only included. All other Istanbul lines or segments are either Tram or Commuter rail, or are under construction, and so are not included here.
- ^ Extension of Line M2 to Yenikapı.
- ^ Extension to Fahrettin Altay.
- ^ The Red Line was completed in 2012.
- ^ London's Metropolitan Railway first opened for service in 1863, operating steam locomotive trains in cut and cover tunnels. It began operating as a modern metro when electric-propulsion trains began operating on the system's first deep-level tube line in 1890.
- ^ The Red, Orange, and Blue lines of the subway are rapid transit. The originally-elevated Orange Line opened in 1901, sharing the Tremont Street Subway that opened in 1897 as an underground streetcar tunnel (for the light rail Green Line).
- ^ Dated from the opening of "The Loop", when the system became unified and electrified.
- ^ This figure comes from the sum of the following figures from the accompanying reference (i.e. "Facts at a Glance". Chicago Transit Authority. December 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2013.): 35.8 miles of elevated route, 35.0 miles at grade level, 20.6 miles on embankments, and 11.4 miles of subway.
- ^ Rapid transit portion of L.A. Metro Rail only: Red and Purple lines. All other L.A. Metro Rail lines are Light rail, and are not included here.
- ^ This was the date of the last extension to the Red Line in the rapid transit portion of Los Angeles' Metro Rail.
- ^ First regular elevated railway service, originally cable hauled, began in 1868. Elevateds converted to steam power in 1870, electrified by 1903. The first section of electrified subway opened in 1904.
- ^ Completion of the connection between the IND 63rd Street Line and the IND Queens Boulevard Line on December 16, 2001.
- ^ The total number of stations is 472, but with transfer stations counted only once, the number is 423 (including the temporarily closed Cortlandt Street – World Trade Center station.
- ^ While the line opened as a railroad in 1860, it was not until 1925 that rapid transit equipment would be operated here.
- ^ Manhattan Transfer and Park Place stations opened in 1911, though these stations were closed and replaced with Harrison and Newark stations, respectively, in 1937.
- ^ Includes SEPTA's rapid transit lines only: Broad Street Line (Orange Line), Market–Frankford Line (Blue Line) and Norristown High Speed Line.
- ^ The opening of the Bridge Line, the precursor rapid transit line to PATCO's, which ran between 8th Street in Philadelphia and Broadway in Camden. The current PATCO Speedline, with service through to Lindenwold, opened in 1969.
- ^ The Yunusobod Line was opened in 2001
- ^ Statistics presented here for the Caracas Metro include the Los Teques Metro which functions as effectively a subsidiary and extension of the Caracas Metro.
- ^ Los Jardines, Coche, Mercado stations (Line 3) open – Schwandl, Robert. "Caracas". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 10 January 2013..
Ridership notes
- ^ This ridership figure includes the Premetro (Line E2) ridership in the total.
- ^ Does not include ridership on the Line 4 - Yellow, operated by ViaQuatro (a private company).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l All American Public Transportation Association (APTA) figures are derived from unlinked transit passenger trips (i.e. a transfer between two lines counts as two passenger trips, transferring twice counts as three trips, etc.).
- ^ This ridership figure is the sum of the "Heavy Rail (HR)" and "Intermediate Rail (IR)" figures for Toronto from the APTA Ridership report – in other words, this figure includes ridership on the Scarborough RT line which APTA considers to be "Intermediate Rail (IR)".
- ^ Counted in with Guangzhou.
- ^ Does not include ridership on the RER (1200 million), Transilien (1090 million), and the Tramways (~ 190 million).
- ^ Figure extrapolated from 50 million passengers over the first 6 months of operation.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Compared to European or North American systems, Japanese rapid transit systems are generally neither thought of as metros nor as completely subterranean "subways" complicating whether only using the municipal subway statistic is accurate when comparing with other Metros around the world. As example Tokyo Metro and the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation's Toei Subway constitute only 22% of the 14.6 billion metropolitan railway ridership in Greater Tokyo (MLIT Yearly Statistics). In addition, when one considers intracity lines of JR East and private railway companies, Greater Tokyo (130 lines) has higher daily ridership than any other metropolitan area in the world with 14.6 billion passengers annually. The Osaka Municipal Subway also has only a minority share of all metropolitan railway ridership in Greater Osaka, constituting only 17.6% of Greater Osaka's 4.745 billion rail passengers annually in 2010. Including the municipal subway systems in both Kobe and Kyoto, the result still only comprises 22% of all rail travel in the Greater Osaka area with 1065.8 million passengers yearly (MLIT Yearly Statistics). For Greater Nagoya, the Nagoya Municipal Subway has only a minority share of all metropolitan railway ridership in Greater Nagoya constituting only 38% of Greater Nagoya's 1.095 billion rail passengers annually in 2010 (MLIT Yearly Statistics). For a complete list of urban rail systems in Japan with ridership statistics, see List of urban rail systems in Japan.
- ^ Seoul Subway Lines 1 to 9: 2,560 million (2012) (Seoul Metropolitan Government Statistics) This figure counts only gate-passers, so it only includes SMRT, Seoul Metro, and Seoul Subway Line 9 riders. Many other lines such as those operated by Korail (1,027 million (2012) (Korail Metropolitan Subway)), AREX, as well as the Shinbundang Line function as separate metro systems within the greater Seoul rapid transit network and are excluded (often due to unavailable data).
- ^ a b c Ridership is based on unlinked passenger trips (i.e. a transfer between two lines counts as two trips, transferring between three lines counts as three trips, etc.).
- ^ Including KL Monorail.
- ^ Note: Operated during Hajj only.
- ^ Ridership figure is for rapid transit Line M2 only; ridership on the light rail M1 line is excluded from this figure.
- ^ Does not include ridership on the separate Docklands Light Railway (100 million), London Overground (124.6 million), London Tramlink (30.1 million), or National Rail systems within Greater London.
- ^ L.A. Metro's heavy rail lines, the Red and Purple Lines, only.
- ^ Ridership figures for Broad Street Line, Market–Frankford Line, and Norristown High Speed Line (the heavy rail lines) only.
Under construction notes
- ^ Construction was launched in 2013 ("Metro Rail work to kickstart in style". The New Indian Express. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2015.; "Green signal awaited for metro extensions". The Hindu. 8 June 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2015.) but the first support structures were not installed until 2014.("First U-shaped Concrete Girder of Metro Rail Project Installed in Aluva". The New Indian Express. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2015.)
References
System references
- ^ a b "Statistics Brief World Metro Figures" (pdf). Union Internationale des Transports Publics (UITP) (International Association of Public Transport). October 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d "A brief history of the Underground - London Underground milestones". Transport for London. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ "The Metro: an opportunity for sustainable development in large cities" (pdf). Union Internationale des Transports Publics (UITP) (International Association of Public Transport). November 2003. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Recommended basic reference for developing a minimum set of standards for voluntary use in the field of urban rail, according to mandate M/486" (PDF). UITP (L’Union internationale des transports publics/International Association of Public Transport). 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ Schwandl, Robert (2007). "What is a metro?". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
- ^ a b c d e "Fact Book Glossary - Mode of Service Definitions". American Public Transportation Association. 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "National Transit Database Glossary". U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ "The demand for public transport: a practical guide" (pdf). Transport Research Laboratory. p. 6. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Alger metro inaugurated". Railway Gazette International. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
- ^ Line 1, Schwandl, Robert. "Algiers - Al Jaza'ir". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Nuestra compañía - ¿Qué hacemos?" (in Spanish). Metrovias. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Yerevan authorities negotiating new metro line projects with banks". ArmeniaNow.com. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
- ^ Charbakh, Schwandl, Robert. "Yerevan". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
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- ^ Schwandl, Robert. "Wien". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
- ^ a b c "U2 auf verlängerter Strecke unterwegs" (in German). Wiener Linien. 5 October 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Baku Metro - History". Bakı Metropoliteni. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ^ a b c d Структура Метрополитен (in Russian). государственное предприятие "Минсктранс". 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "STIB - Historique de la STIB de 1970 à 1979" (in French). STIB. 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Activity Report 2011 - Figures & statistics '11" (pdf). STIB/MIVB. p. 08. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Empresa - História" (in Portuguese). CBTU - METRÔ BH. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Operação - Linha em operação" (in Portuguese). CBTU - METRÔ BH. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Operação - Dados operacionais" (in Portuguese). CBTU - METRÔ BH. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Sobre o metro - Memória" (in Portuguese). Companhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal - Metrô. 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Sobre o metro - Estrutura" (in Portuguese). Companhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal - Metrô. 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Empresa" (in Portuguese). CBTU-STU Recife. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Características - Características Técnicas E Operacionais Do Metrô" (in Portuguese). CBTU-STU Recife. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "DATA DE INAUGURAÇÃO DE CADA ESTAÇÃO" (in Portuguese). MetrôRio. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Hearst, Chesney (17 March 2014). "New Tijuca Metro Station Opened in Rio: Daily - Rio de Janeiro's Zona Norte neighborhood of Tijuca has a new subway (metro) station; the Estação Uruguai". The Rio Times. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- ^ a b "METRÔ RIO - Concessão Metroviára Do Rio De Janeiro S/A" (pdf) (in Portuguese). MetrôRio. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Metrô - Home - The Company - About". Companhia Do Metropolitano De São Paulo. 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ Pinho, Márcio. "Estação Fradique Coutinho abre e já muda região de Pinheiros (In Portuguese) Fradique Coutinho station opens and already transforms Pinheiros region". http://www.estadao.com.br/. O Estado de S.Paulo. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
{{cite web}}: External link in|website= - ^ a b c d "General Info about Sofia Metro". MetroSofia.com. 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
- ^ "Métro - Useful info - Networks - Métro". 2002. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
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- ^ a b c d "2013 - TTC Operating Statistics". 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
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- ^ a b "State of Good Repair". TransLink. March 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Guía del Viajero" (in Spanish). Metro de Santiago. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ 北京4条新地铁线今日开通 无仪式及领导讲话 (in Chinese). 新京报. 30 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ 北京地铁4条新线每日至少跑17小时 (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 January 2013.
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- ^ BEIJING SUBWAY GUIDE
- ^ a b c d "Changsha metro opens". Railway Gazette International. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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- ^ Schwandl, Robert. "Chongqing". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ 重庆轨道交通多条路段开通试运营 跨两江观夜景
- ^ a b Schwandl, Robert. "Dalian". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ Schwandl, Robert. "Guangzhou". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
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- ^ a b c IRJ: Trial operation starts on Harbin’s first metro line
- ^ a b c http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/814172.shtml Global Times: Metro line operational in China's Harbin
- ^ "Hangzhou Metro" (in Chinese). Hangzhou Metro. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Schwandl, Robert. "Hangzhou". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ "MTR - Services and Facilities - MTR Train Services". MTR Corporation. 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ Schwandl, Robert. "Kunming". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ a b Schwandl, Robert. "Nanjing Metro". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Ningbo to Usher in Metro Age May 30". Ningbo Municipal People's Government. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ a b 13、16号线12月28日新增5站试运营. 上海地铁 (in Chinese). 25 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
- ^ 【12号线、16号线12月29日起载客试运营】
- ^ How many stations are there on the Shanghai Metro?
- ^ 王晓婷 (30 December 2011). 沈阳地铁二号线今日开通 市民可持试乘票免费乘车. 沈阳晚报 (in Chinese). Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ "Shenzhen Metro Subway". StartInChina.com. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ^ Schwandl, Robert. "Suzhou". UrbanRail.Net. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "GENERAL DIRECTORATE of EGO - THE SUBWAY SYSTEMS - OPERATED RAIL SYSTEM LINES". General Directorate of EGO. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2014. Simply sum the lengths and number of stations on the operational lines to obtain the totals for the Ankara Metro.
- ^ a b "BURSARAY TEKNİK ÖZELLİKLER" (in Turkish). Burulaş Bursa Ulaşım Toplu Taşım İşletmeciliği Turizm San. Ve Tic. A.Ş. [Burulaş Bursa Transportation Mass Transit Administration Tourism Industry. Ve Tic. Inc.] Retrieved 3 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Raylı Sistemler". Istanbul-ulasim.com.tr (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşim A.Ş. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) Check each line for line stats, then sum to obtain the total System Length, number of stations, etc.. - ^ a b c "Ve Metro F.Altay'da" (in Turkish). İzmir Metrosu A.Ş. July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Glasgow Subway - SPT - Corporate Information". Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT). 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)
Ridership references
- ^ http://www.algerie360.com/algerie/metro-d%E2%80%99alger-13-millions-de-voyageurs-en-un-an/
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- ^ "Betriebsangaben 2011" (pdf). Wiener Linien. p. 4.
- ^ Обойтись без бюджета? В прошлом году жетончик мог стоить 4600 рублей, в нынешнем - около 5000. News.tut.by. Retrieved on 2014-06-23.
- ^ STIB, Chiffres clés. STIB 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
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- ^ Metrô DF – Companhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal. Associação Nacional dos Transportadores de Passageiros sobre Trilhos. Retrieved 2014-06-14
- ^ http://www.trensurb.gov.br/paginas/paginas_detalhe.php?codigo_sitemap=40
- ^ http://www.cbtu.gov.br/planos/auditorias/relatorio/gestao2012/gestao2012.pdf
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.metro.sp.gov.br/metro/numeros-pesquisa/demanda.aspx
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Public Transportation Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2013" (pdf). American Public Transportation Association. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
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{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ "Memoria Anual 2013" (pdf) (in Spanish). Metro de Santiago. p. 30. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ 杜燕 (2 January 2014). "北京地铁一年运客超32亿人次 同比增长近30%". 中国新闻网. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- ^ "成都：2012年成都地铁全年累计载客过亿人次". huochepiao. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ Three more rail transit lines to be put into use in Chongqing - Chongqing News - CQNEWS_English. English.cqnews.net. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
- ^ http://dalian.runsky.com/2012-01/08/content_4129147.htm
- ^ "广州地铁2013年报" (PDF) (in Chinese). Guangzhou Metro Corporation. 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "地铁1号线日均运送乘客达32万人次". 杭州日报. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
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- ^ 回顾上海地铁2013 (in Chinese). Eastday. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/system/2012/11/29/010145780.shtml
- ^ "340.96万！2013跨年日地铁创下客流新高". 深圳都市报. 2 January 2014.
- ^ http://www.jsdpc.gov.cn/pub/jsdpc/ghjg/jjyxfx/201301/t20130130_295942.htm
- ^ "Ridership". Retrieved 8 April 2013.
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{{cite web}}: External link in|website= - ^ "Metroen i tal" (in Danish). Metroselskabet. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Københavnerne strømmer ned i metroen. Den københavnske metro har enorm succes. I 2011 købte 54,3 millioner passagerer billet til undergrunden" (in Danish). Politiken. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
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{{cite web}}: External link in|website=|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Statistics [see first and second figures]" (in Arabic). Cairo Metro. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "STIF, Rapport d'activité 2013" (pdf). p. 27. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Die HOCHBAHN auf einen Blick" (in German). Hamburger Hochbahn. 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
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{{cite web}}: External link in|website= - ^ Verbundbericht 2012 p.42
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- ^ 経営状況
- ^ ja:広島高速交通広島新交通1号線#利用状況
- ^ Michael Rohde (5 September 2010). "Kobe - metrobits.org". Mic-ro.com. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) Annual ridership figure calculated from the 2.464 million passenger daily average quoted. - ^ Michael Rohde (5 September 2010). "Sapporo - metrobits.org". Mic-ro.com. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ 仙台市地下鉄 駅別乗車人員の推移
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- ^ 東京臨海高速鉄道㈱: 平成２３年度決算の概要
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Michael Rohde (5 September 2010). "Yokohama - metrobits.org". Mic-ro.com. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ "よくあるご質問". 横浜高速鉄道株式会社. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
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- ^ 부산-김해경전철 승객 증가세…작년 대비 11.4%↑ : 네이버 뉴스. News.naver.com (26 December 2012). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
- ^ 부산교통공사 - 공사소식 - 뉴스룸 - 보도자료. Humetro.busan.kr. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
- ^ 대구도시철도공사의 도시철도자료입니다. Dtro.or.kr. Retrieved on 2014-06-23.
- ^ a b http://www.index.go.kr/egams/stts/jsp/potal/stts/PO_STTS_IdxMain.jsp?idx_cd=1259&bbs=INDX_001
- ^ Incheon Transit
- ^ Seoul Metropolitan Government Statistics
- ^ Number of Passengers for Light Rail Transit (LRT) Services, Fourth Quarter, 2013. Ministry of Transport, Rail Statistics. 2013. Retrieved on 2014-06-14.
- ^ "Afluencia de Estación por Línea" (in Spanish). Metro de la Ciudad de Mexico. 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) Annual total from the sum of the four Quarterly totals listed. - ^ "Banco de Información Económica - Instituto Nactional De Estadística Y Geografía - Comunicaciones y transportes". Instituto Nactional De Estadística Y Geografía (INEGI). Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ "2013 Jaarverslag" (pdf) (in Dutch). GVB Holding NV. 12 March 2014. p. 40. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Over RET - Cijfers en feiten" (in Dutch). RET. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Verantwoording OV-systeem 2012" (PDF). Stadsregio Rotterdam. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.caretas.com.pe/Main.asp?T=3082&S=&id=12&idE=1167&idSTo=0&idA=68759#.U-Ov1NJxSRs
- ^ "Key Performance Indicator - Line 1 - Green Line". Light Rail Transit Authority. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^ "Key Performance Indicator - LRT Line 2 - Blue Line". Light Rail Transit Authority. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- ^ "Ridership & Revenue Reports - MRT Line 3 - Yellow Line". Dotcmrt3.weebly.com. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ^ "Raport roczny 2012" (pdf) (in Polish & English). 2012. p. 6 (12+13) (i.e. str.6 (12+13)).
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ ZTM Warszawa - serwis prasowy. Ztm.waw.pl. Retrieved on 2014-06-23.
- ^ "Relatório e Contas 2013" (pdf) (in Portuguese). Metropolitano de Lisboa, E.P.E. 2013. p. 9. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Raport de Activitate 2012" (pdf) (in Romanian). S.C. Metrorex S.A. 2012. p. 22. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/96293/
- ^ Метрополитен в цифрах (in Russian). Moscow Metro. 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ http://nizhstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/ros...D0%B4%D0%B0.zip
- ^ http://www.nsk-metro.ru/index.php?event=menu&pname=Technical
- ^ Makkah Metro Train operation Hajj season 1432H (2011 G)
- ^ Singapore Land Transit Statistics in Brief 2013. Land Transport Authory. 2013. Retrieved on 2014-06-16
- ^ a b c "Estadística de Transporte de Viajeros". Ine.es (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística [National Statistics Institute]. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Årsberättelse 2013" (pdf) (in Swedish). Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL). 2013. p. 59. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Chiffres clé 2013" (in French). Transports publics de la région lausannoise (TL). 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "統計資料". Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ "Statistics: Ridership Counts". Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ BTS Ridership 2013
- ^ Bangkok Metro Public Corporation Annual Report 2012, p.6
- ^ Ray Turk
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{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.bursa.bel.tr/universite-etabinda-seferler-basliyor/haber/7762/
- ^ "İstanbulun raylı sistem hatları taşımada rekor kırdı". Ray Haber [Rail News] (in Turkish). 9 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Izmir". www.egedesonsoz.com.
- ^ Відправлення (перевезення) пасажирів за видами транспорту загального користування
- ^ Пасажирські перевезення (щомісячна інформація). Kh.ukrstat.gov.ua. Retrieved on 2014-06-23.
- ^ Головне управління статистики м.Києва - Пасажирські перевезення (щомісячна інформація). Gorstat.kiev.ua. Retrieved on 2014-06-23.
- ^ "440m passengers used public transport in Dubai in 2013". Zawya. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
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- ^ "Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2013/2014" (pdf). Transport for London. June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ "Light Rail and Tram Statistics: England 2013/2014" (pdf). Department for Transport. 17 June 2014. p. 2. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ "ar12 Annual Report Transit Matters" (pdf). Maryland Transit Administration. p. 30. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ "Facts at a Glance". Chicago Transit Authority. 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Subway and Bus Ridership". MTA.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "SEPTA Operating Facts Fiscal Year 2013" (pdf). SEPTA. 2013. p. 3. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
- ^ "Total Annual Exits FY1973 - FY2013" (XLS). BART.gov (via: http://www.bart.gov/about/reports/index.aspx). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: External link in|website= - ^ "Metro Facts" (pdf). Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. 28 July 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^ "Metro movilizó 490 millones de pasajeros en 2012" (in Spanish). C.A. Metro de Caracas. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)
Under construction system references
- ^ a b c Carter, Mark (19 November 2014). "NWRL: Connecting Sydney's suburbs". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ a b "Sydney automated metro operator selected". Railway Gazette. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Tunnelling starts on Sydney's North West Rail Link". Railway Gazette. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Project overview". North West Rail Link. Transport for NSW. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Sydney Rapid Transit - Fact sheet, June 2014" (PDF). Transport for NSW. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Dongguan metro train order signed". Railway Gazette. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ a b "World rolling stock market February 2014". Railway Gazette. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Hefei and Hangzhou order metro trains". Railway Gazette. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Lanzhou metro construction begins". Railway Gazette. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "MHI wins Macau automated light metro contract". Railway Gazette. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ "Energy storage offers Macau metro 10% saving". Railway Gazette. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ a b "Three Chinese metro projects approved". Railway Gazette. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Qingdao metro enters first phase". Railway Gazette. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Barrow, Keith (21 December 2011). "Qingdao metro cars to have Alstom traction equipment". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Transport". Qingdao. Qingdao Municipal Party Committee and Qingdao Municipal Government. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Line 3, Qingdao Metro to be open in late 2015". Qingdao. Qingdao Municipal Party Committee and Qingdao Municipal Government. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Urumqi metro construction begins". Railway Gazette. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "China's Xiamen begins subway construction". China Daily. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Urban rail news in brief - April 2014". Railway Gazette. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ 新华日报: 徐州轨道交通1号线试验段开工
- ^ a b c "Funding approved for Quito metro". Railway Gazette. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ Briginshaw, David (11 April 2013). "Quito invites bids to equip first metro line". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ "Construction of Thessaloniki Metro". Attiko Metro SA. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ "Thessaloniki metro extension bids submitted". Railway Gazette. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Chennai metro trackwork ordered". Railway Gazette. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "CBTC trials begin in Hyderabad". Railway Gazette. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ a b "Metro cars arrive in Jaipur". Railway Gazette. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ a b Thakur, Raghav (8 January 2014). "First section of Jaipur metro due to open in March". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ a b Barrow, Keith (23 July 2013). "DMRC issues tender for Kochi metro trains". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ "Lucknow Metro construction begins, Akhilesh fulfils promise to father". The Times of India. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- ^ a b c "Work starts on Jakarta metro". Railway Gazette. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ a b c Briginshaw, David (11 October 2013). "Jakarta governor launches city's first metro project". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ Esfahan at UrbanRail.net
- ^ TINN: خبرهای خوش برای قطار شهری «نصفجهان»
- ^ Trend: Iran orders subway coaches from China in return for sold crude oil money
- ^ Tabriz at UrbanRail.net
- ^ The Economist: All This War Talk Is Ruining The Lives Of Ordinary Iranians
- ^ a b c "Qatar breaks ground on Doha metro". Railway Gazette. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Groundbreaking ceremony launches construction of Riyadh metro". Railway Gazette. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Taichung awards turnkey metro contract". Railway Gazette. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ a b Smith, Glenn (20 April 2012). "Taiwan: transit in transition". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ a b c Smith, Kevin (6 February 2014). "Construction to start on extension of delayed Taipei airport link". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "EIB supports Hanoi metro". Railway Gazette. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ a b c Hosomi, Akira (20 April 2012). "Vietnam's first metro projects take shape". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Ho Chi Minh City selects underground contractors". Railway Gazette. 26 July 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Bibliography
- Vuchic, Vukan R. (2007). Urban Transit Systems and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-75823-5.
- Ovenden, Mark (2005). Metro Maps Of The World. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-288-7.
- Hinkel, W.; Treiber, K.; Valenta, G.; Liebsch, H. (2004). Underground Railways Yesterday - Today - Tomorrow. Schmid Verlag. ISBN 3-900607-44-3.
- Fischler, Stan (2000). Subways Of The World. MBI. ISBN 0-7603-0752-0.
- Garbutt, Paul (1997). World Metro Systems. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-191-0.
Online resources
- "Metros: Keeping pace with 21st century cities". uitp.org. International Association of Public Transport (French: L’Union internationale des transports publics (UITP)).
- Taplin, Michael. "A world of trams and urban transit". lrta.org. Light Rail Transit Association.
- Schwandl, Robert. "UrbanRail.Net". UrbanRail.Net.
External links
- "Metro, light rail and tram systems in Europe" (pdf). European Rail Research Advisory Council & International Association of Public Transport (French: L’Union internationale des transports publics (UITP)). 2009.
- "Public Transportation Fact Book". American Public Transportation Association (APTA). 2014.
- European Metropolitan Transport Authorities (EMTA)
- Metro List at CityRailTransit.com website
- Openstreetmap subway project