User:Freeman1856

1915

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1915

The following events occurred in May 1915:

May 1, 1915 (Saturday)

• Battle of Eski Hissarlik — Ottoman forces counter-attacked during the night in an attempt to push Allied forces off their beachhead at Cape Helles during the Gallipoli Campaign. However, Allied defenses were strong and well-prepared for night attacks and the Ottoman forces were repelled.
• French submarine Joule struck a mine and sank in the Dardanelles with the loss of all 31 of her crew.
• British destroyer HMS Recruit was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by German submarine SM UB-6 with the loss of 34 of her crew.
• The British War Office issued instructions specifying the aircraft and armament Royal Flying Corps squadrons were to have ready for defense of the Great Britain against German airships, including having aircraft ready for immediate takeoff at all times, with a specific mix of weapons including bombs, grenades, and incendiary darts.
• American tank ship Gulflight was torpedoed and damaged in the Atlantic Ocean 20 nautical miles (37 km) west of the Scilly Isles by German submarine SM U-30 with the loss of three crew, becoming the first American ship to be attacked in World War One.
• Ambrose Heal and others founded the Design and Industries Association in London.
• Frances Cornford's Spring Morning, the first modern book illustrated with wood engravings by the poet's cousin Gwen Raverat, was published by The Poetry Bookshop in London).
• Born: Archie Williams, American athlete, track gold medal winner at the 1936 Summer Olympics, in Oakland, California (d. 1993)

May 2, 1915 (Sunday)

• Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive — General August von Mackensen was given command of a combined German-Austro-Hungarian force of 170,000 men in Galicia (now western Poland), named Army Group Mackensen, to break through the Russian front line defended by 60,000 Russian troops.
• Born: Doris Fisher, American singer and songwriter, composed hit songs such as "You Always Hurt the One You Love", "Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall", and "Put the Blame on Mame", in New York City (d. 2003)

May 3, 1915 (Monday)

• Italy officially revoked the Triple Alliance. In the following days, Italian statesman Giovanni Giolitti led the neutralist majority of the Italian Parliament in opposing a war declaration, while nationalist crowds demonstrated in public areas for entering the war.
• Troops withdraw from Anzac Cove.
• Canadian medical soldier John McCrae wrote the poem "In Flanders Fields", after presiding over the funeral of a friend and fellow soldier who died in the Second Battle of Ypres.
• While on patrol over the North Sea, a German Navy Zeppelin encountered and attacked four British submarines on the surface, however, all subs were able to escape by diving.
• The borough Bradford Woods, Pennsylvania was incorporated.
• Born: Stu Hart, Canadian wrestler and trainer, founder of Stampede Wrestling, patriarch of the Hart wrestling family, in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (d. 2003); Richard Lippold, American sculptor, known for such public works as Ad Astra and Ex Stasis, in Milwaukee (d. 2002); Walter Macken, Irish writer, author of the play Home is the Hero and the novel Seek the Fair Land, in Galway, Ireland (d. 1967)

May 4, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Los Angeles held a mayoral election, with Charles E. Sebastian elected to become the city's 30th mayor. Sebastian received over 28,000 votes, or 39 per cent of the polls.

May 5, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Forces of the Ottoman Empire began shelling ANZAC Cove from a new position behind their lines.
• Born: Alice Faye, American singer and actress, best known for the Oscar-winning song "You'll Never Know" in the film Hello, Frisco, Hello, in New York City (d. 1998); Ben Wright, British actor, best known for his role of Nazi Herr Zeller in The Sound of Music, in London (d. 1989); Tom Hungerford, Australian writer, author of The Ridge and the River, recipient of the Member of the Order of Australia, in Perth (d. 2011)

May 6, 1915 (Thursday)

• Second Battle of Krithia — British, Australian and New Zealand forces launched an assault on Ottoman defenses on the Helles battlefield during the Battle of Gallipoli but failed to advance further than 400 yard (370 metres).
• Baseball player Babe Ruth hit his first career home run off pitcher Jack Warhop for the Boston Red Sox.
• Born: Orson Welles, American actor and director, directed and produced Citizen Kane, considered by most film critics as one of the all-time greatest films, also known for The Magnificent Ambersons and Touch of Evil, and Harry Lime in The Third Man, in Kenosha, Wisconsin (d. 1985)

May 7, 1915 (Friday)

• British ocean liner RMS Lusitania was sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat U-20 off the south-west coast of Ireland, killing 1,198 civilians en route from New York City to Liverpool. Among the notable passengers who died during the sinking included:
  • Thomas O'Brien Butler, Irish composer (b. 1861)
  • Marie Depage, Belgian nurse (b. 1872)
  • Justus Miles Forman, American writer (b. 1875)
  • Charles Frohman, American theater producer (b. 1856)
  • Elbert Hubbard, American writer and philosopher (b. 1856)
  • Alice Moore Hubbard, wife of Elbert Hubbard (b. 1861)
  • Hugh Lane, Irish art dealer, collector and benefactor (b. 1875
  • Charles Klein, American playwright (b. 1867)
  • Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt I, American sportsman (b. 1877)
• Parliamentary elections were held in Denmark but, because of World War One, no campaigning took place and 104 out of 114 constituencies did not vote. Even so, ruling Danish political party Venstre retain majority of the 114 seats in the Danish Parliament.

May 8, 1915 (Saturday)

• Second Battle of Krithia — New Zealand relieved the British forces who barely made it 800 yards (740 metres) towards the Ottoman line. The New Zealand pushed to gain another 400 yards (370 metres) before being pinned down. By evening, they launched a new attack backed by Australian support. They were able to capture a portion of the front trenches on one of the flanks but they were pushed back everywhere else, thus ending the battle.
• Born: Milton Meltzer, American author, known for acclaimed nonfiction books for children on Jewish, African-American and American history, in Worcester, Massachusetts (d. 2009); Laurent Chappis, French architect, designer of the French ski resort town of Courchevel, in Aix-les-Bains, France (d. 2013); John Archer, American actor, known for film and TV roles including Colt .45 and Perry Mason, in Osceola, Nebraska (d. 1999); Nan Wynn, American singer, best known for her film roles starting with Million Dollar Baby, in Johnstown, Pennsylvania (d. 1971)
• Died: Walter Lyon, Scottish war poet, best known for his war poems including "On a Grave in a Trench" and "A Deep Cry", killed at the Second Battle of Ypres (b. 1886)

May 9, 1915 (Sunday)

• Second Battle of Artois — The French Tenth Army under command of Jim French launched a major offensive against the Germans in the Western Front in northeastern France, capturing a few front line trenches an taking 3,000 Germans prisoner along with 10 field guns and 15 machine guns. However, no successes were made capturing any major villages or towns.
• Died: François Faber, Luxembourgian cyclist, first foreigner to win the Tour du France in 1909, killed at the Second Battle of Artois (b. 1887); Tony Wilding, New Zealand tennis player, bronze medalist at the 1912 Summer Olympics and triple World Championship winner in 1913, killed at the Battle of Aubers Ridge (b. 1883)

May 10, 1915 (Monday)

• Troops from Hungary rout the Russians at Jarosław. Lviv is again in Austrian hands.
• Second Battle of Artois — French launched a feint attack as a decoy while new cavalry divisions were moved into to assist the Tenth Army. Meanwhile, Germany launched a counter-attacked and recaptured some of their trenches and tunnels between the villages of Carency and Souchez, and repulsed an attack at Neuville..
• An Imperial German Army Zeppelin attempted to bomb Southend-on-Sea, England but was driven off by unexpected gunfire. On retreat, airship commander Erich Linnarz allegedly scrawled a threat to return on a calling card from his wallet and dropping it in a weighted canister found on Canvey Island.
• The first edition of the El Salvadoran daily newspaper La Prensa Gráfica was published.
• Born: Denis Thatcher, British businessman, husband of UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, in London (d. 2003); Beyers Naudé, South African theologian and anti-apartheid activist, founder of the Christian Institute of Southern Africa, in Roodepoort, Transvaal, South Africa (d. 2004)

May 11, 1915 (Tuesday)

• An armistice is called at Gallipoli to bury the dead.
• Second Battle of Artois — French forces captured Lorette Spur and wooded area around Carancy, depriving the Germans of key high view of the battlefield.
• Royal Navy seaplane tender HMS Ben-my-Chree tried to intercept a German airship in the North Sea using a Sopwith seaplane. However, the launching platform collapsed as the plane tried to take off, leaving the Zeppelin to go on and bomb four surfaced British submarines (without damaging them).
• The Boston Opera Company declared bankruptcy.
• Died: Lucy Bethia Walford, Scottish novelist and artist, author of Mr. Smith: A Part of His Life and Recollections of a Scottish Novelist (b. 1845)

May 12, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Second Battle of Artois — French forces captured the Chapel of Notre Dame de Lorette on the Lorette Spur during a predawn raid and pushed towards Ablain throughout the day, capturing of 3,000 German troops in the process.
• British battleship HMS Goliath was torpedoed and sunk by Muâvenet-i Millîye in the Dardanelles with the loss of 570 of her 700 crew.
• South African troops occupied Windhoek, the capital of German South-West Africa.
• Tobias Norris became premier of Manitoba, replacing Rodmond Roblin who was forced to resign from office after a commission appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba found the government guilty of corruption in the tending of contracts for new legislative buildings.
• The South African media company Naspers started out as a newspaper and magazine publisher founded by National Party leader J. B. M. Hertzog in Cape Town, South Africa.
• Born: Brother Roger, Swiss religious leader, founder of the Taizé Community, in Provence, Switzerland (d. 2005); Joe David Brown, American novelist and journalist, author of Addie Pray which was adapted into the film Paper Moon, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1976)

May 13, 1915 (Thursday)

• Italian Prime Minister Antonio Salandra offered his resignation in the face of growing public opposition of entering World War One in accordance with the Treaty of London, but opposition leader Giovanni Giolitti, fearful of nationalist disorder that might break into open rebellion, declined to succeed him.
• Second Battle of Artois — French forces repulsed a German counterattack at Lorrette Spur during heavy rain.
• British officer Captain Julian Grenfell was mortally wounded by shrapnel when a shell landed a few yards away from where he was standing while talking to fellow officers of the 1st The Royal Dragoons. He was taken to a hospital in Boulogne, France where he died thirteen days later. His poem "Into Battle" was published in The Times the day after his death. His younger brother Gerald William (Billy) Grenfell is killed in action two months later.
• In the facing of growing anti-German sentiment in Australia following the sinking of the Lusitania, the German Club in Sydney notified the Commissioner of New South Wales Police that it was the club's intention to voluntarily close given the heightened threat of damage and violence against Australians with German heritage.
• Died: Morgan Crofton, Irish mathematician, leading theorist on integral geometry and developer of the Crofton's formula, contributed with James Joseph Sylvester on probability to the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (b. 1826)

May 14, 1915 (Friday)

• Second Battle of Artois — French forces captured most of the Lorette Spur and Carency were stopped from advancing on Souchez.
• The crew of Portuguese battleship Vasco da Game, spurned by a failed coup d'état against the First Portuguese Republic in 1913 that involved many former crew members, mutinied and killed the ship's captain. Taking control of the ship's main guns, they bombarded Lisbon and killing around 100 civilians.
• The Mille Lacs National Wildlife Refuge was established in central Minnesota to protecting breeding spaces for various bird species, and is the smallest National Wildlife Refuge in the United States.

May 15, 1915 (Saturday)

• Battle of Festubert —
• Second Battle of Artois — French failed to capture the last of Lorrette Spur.
• The first reference of jazz in relation to music may have come from Tom Brown and his New Orleans band as they began performing in Chicago and started advertising themselves as a "Jass Band".
• The borough Brentwood, Pennsylvania was incorporated.
• Born: Hilda Bernstein, British-American author, and anti-apartheid activist, author of The World that was Ours, in London (d. 2006); Paul Samuelson, American economist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics, in Gary, Indiana (d. 2009)

May 16, 1915 (Sunday)

• Battle of Konary —
• Two Royal Naval Air Service planes intercepted two Imperial German Navy Zeppelins, badly damaging one using bombs dropped on its envelope from above.
• Born: Mario Monicelli, Italian film director, known for Oscar-nominated films such as The Great War, in Rome (d. 2010)

May 17, 1915 (Monday)

• The last purely Liberal government in Great Britain ended when Prime Minister Herbert Asquith formed an all-party coalition government, in response to a cabinet split caused by fallout from the Shell Crisis of 1915.
• Born: Oisín Kelly, Irish sculptor, known for public sculptures in Ireland such as Two Working Men, in Dublin (d. 1981)

May 19, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Ottoman forces launched a third attack on Anzac Cove but were repelled by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.
• The Shire of Mundubbera was established in Queensland, Australia.
• Born: Renée Asherson, British actress, known for Shakespearean stage performances with the Old Vic, Liverpool Playhouse, Westminster Theatre, and films roles such as The Way Forward, in London (d. 2014)

May 20, 1915 (Thursday)

• Born: Moshe Dayan, Israeli military leader and politician, commander during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces the Suez Crisis, and Defense Minister during the Six-Day War in 1967, in Kibbutz, Ottoman Syria (d. 1981); Sam Golden, American paint maker, developed the first acrylic paint for artists, founder of Golden Artist Colors (d. 1997)
• Died: Charles Francis Adams, Jr., American rail executive, president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890 (b. 1835)

May 21, 1915 (Friday)

• Second Battle of Artois — France consolidated their forces on the Lorette Spur consolidated while under heavy German fire while losing some key positions near Ablain.

May 22, 1915 (Saturday)

• A rail collision and fire in Quintinshill, Scotland killed 226 people, most of them troops, in what was the largest number of fatalities in a rail accident in Great Britain.
• Lassen Peak, one of the Cascade Volcanoes in California, erupted sending an ash plume 30,000 feet in the air and devastating the nearby area with mudslides and hot gas clouds mixed with debris. It is the last volcano to erupt in the contiguous United States until the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
• The Italian Futurist magazine Lacerba published its last issue after a brief two-year run in Florence.

May 23, 1915 (Sunday)

• Italy joined the Allies after they declared war on Austria-Hungary.
• German submarine SM UB-3 was lost in the Gulf of İzmir 80 nautical miles (150 km) off İzmir with the loss of all fourteen crew.
• Hellmuth von Mücke, first officer of the SMS Emden, safely led 48 members of his surviving landing party to Constantinople where he reported to the German admiral stationed there. From the time they were stranded on the Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean to their arrival in the Ottoman capital, von Mücke had successfully led his men 11,000 km over sea and land, losing only four on the way. He and his men arrived in Germany later that summer as heroes.

May 24, 1915 (Monday)

• Irish soldier John Condon for the British Army was killed in action, becoming the youngest British soldier to die in World War One.

May 25, 1915 (Tuesday)

• China agreed to the Twenty-One Demands made by Japan.
• Russia, China and Mongolia signed the Treaty of Kyakhta which recognized the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. However, most Mongolians opposed the treaty because it did not recognize an an independent, all-Mongolian state. The treaty became moot following the 1917 October Revolution in Russia.
• Battle of Festubert —
• British battleship HMS Triumph was torpedoed and sunk in the Dardanelles by SM U-21 with the loss of 78 of her 803 crew. Survivors were rescued by HMS Chelmer.
• Dutch ocean liner Rijndam collided with Norwegian ocean liner SS Joseph J. Cuneo in the Atlantic Ocean 10 nautical miles (19 km) south of the Nantucket Shoals of the United States. Two hundred and thirty passengers were rescued by U.S. Navy ships USS Louisiana, USS Michigan, USS South Carolina and USS Texas. Rijndam was subsequently repaired and returned to service.
• The Second Asquith ministry, a national wartime coalition government to lead Great Britain, went into effect. However, Irish leader John Redmond chose not to join and garnered support from Irish Parliamentary Party.
• Born: Ginny Simms, American singer, best known for musical lead roles in Here We Go Again and Night and Day in San Antonio (d. 1994)

May 26, 1915 (Wednesday)

• The German Army of the Niemen was formed under the command of General Otto von Below, who had previously commanded a reserve corps unit under the 8th Army. The army was meant to create diversionary action against the Russian armies to distract them from Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive planned to break through the Eastern Front. The original 8th Army was dissolved in September, only to be renewed using the diversionary army under von Below.
• German pilot Kästner and Lt. Georg Langhoff score the first German air-to-air victory of World War One.
• Born: Sam Edwards, American actor,best known for this supporting role in the TV series Little House on the Prairie, in Durango, Colorado (d. 2004)
• Died: Julian Grenfell, English poet and army officer, author of the poem "Into Battle" (b. 1888)

May 27, 1915 (Thursday)

• British minelayer HMS Princess Irene exploded and sank while loading mines off Sheerness with the loss of 352 lives.
• British battleship HMS Majestic was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine SM U-21 in the Dardanelles and sank with the loss of 49 of her 672 crew.
• The first edition of Pioneer-News was published with the headline "Status of the New Townsite" referring to what was to become Anchorage, Alaska. The paper eventually became the Anchorage Times.
• Born: Herman Wouk, American writer, author of The Caine Mutiny, The Winds of War and War and Remembrance, in New York City; Midge Williams, American jazz singer, popular singer for 1930s and 1940s radio program through NBC, in Allensworth, California (d. 1952)

May 28, 1915 (Friday)

• Born: Dorothy Auchterlonie, British-Australian poet, literary critic who championed recognition for Australia's poetic community including Martin Boyd, Patrick White and E.L. Grant Watson, in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England (d. 1991); Frank Pickersgill, Canadian spy, Special Operations Executive agent during World War Two (d. 1944, executed with 35 other agents in the Buchenwald concentration camp)
• Died: Robert Chisholm, British architect, designer of several public buildings in Madras (now Chennai), India including Napier Museum and the Presidency College (b. 1840)

May 29, 1915 (Saturday)

• Teófilo Braga became president of Portugal.
• British ocean liner Merion was torpedoed and damaged in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine UB-8 and sank two days later.
• Born: Karl Münchinger, German conductor, founder of the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra, in Stuttgart, Germany (d. 1990)

May 30, 1915 (Sunday)

• Born: Michael Thwaites, Australian poet, known for his poetry collection Unfinished Journey, in Brisbane (d. 2005); Henry Aaron Hill, American chemist, first African American president of the American Chemical Society, in St. Joseph, Missouri (d. 1979)

May 31, 1915 (Monday)

• The Imperial German Navy carried out its first airship raid on London, killing seven people and injuring 14.
• Italian race driver Ralph DePalma won the 5th running of the Indianapolis 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in a Mercedes 18/100.
• Born: Judith Wright, Australian poet, known for her poetry collections such as Birds, in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2000)
• Died: Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, Australian statesman, 18th Governor of New South Wales (b. 1845)

References

1915 *1915-05 *1915-05

1915

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1915

The following events occurred in June 1915:

June 1, 1915 (Tuesday)

• German battleship SMS Pommern was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea off Jutland by Royal Navy ship HMS Onslaught with the loss of all 839 crew during the Battle of Jutland.
• British destroyer HMS Mohawk struck a mine and was damaged in the English Channel with the loss of five of her crew.
• British light cruiser HMS Arethusa encountered a German airship on the North Sea and quickly launched a Sopwith seaplane to intercept. However, pilot mistook smoke from British destroyers as a recall signal and abandoned the chase, ending one of the most promising early opportunities for the interception of an airship by a shipborne aircraft.
• The United States Department of the Navy awarded its first contract for an airship to the Connecticut Aircraft Company.
• Born: John Randolph, American actor, Tony Award-winner for Broadway Bound and various other roles,in New York City (d. 2004); Bart Howard, composer and pianist, composer of the hit "Fly Me To The Moon", in Burlington, Iowa (d. 2004)

June 2, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Born: Tapio Wirkkala, Finnish product designer, designed renowned Finnish products such as the Finlandia vodka bottle and the Arabia "icicle" glassware, in Hanko, Finland (d. 1985)
• Died: George Randell, Australian politician, Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 1873 to 1875 and 1880 to 1890 (b. 1830)

June 3, 1915 (Thursday)

• Mexican Revolution — Troops of Álvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa clashed at León, Guanajuato in Mexico. Obregón lost his right arm in a grenade attack but Villa was decisively defeated.
• Born: Jim McClelland, Australian politician, Senator for New South Wales from 1971 to 1978, in Melbourne (d. 1999)

June 4, 1915 (Friday)

• Third Battle of Krithia — British, French, and Indian forces made a third and last attempted to capture Achi Baba, the main position for Ottoman defenses on the Gallipoli Peninsula but were beaten back, sustaining some 6,500 casualties.
• Born: Modibo Keïta, Malian statesman, first President of Mali, in Bamako, French Sudan (d. 1977)

June 5, 1915 (Saturday)

• Women's suffrage was introduced in Denmark and Iceland.
• Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive — German forces recaptured the Austro-Hungarian fortress Przemyśl from the Russians on the Eastern Front after a three-week siege.
• Third Battle of Krithia — Ottoman forces counter-attacked after the Allies failed to capture Achi Baba on the Gallipoli Peninsula and drive them back to the sea. The attack nearly broke British defenses, but British officer Lieutenant George Raymond Dallas Moor managed to rally retreating troops and order them to retake a critical lost trench. The action motivated the rest of the force to stand their ground, subsequently Moore was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions.
• German submarine SM U-14 was shelled and sunk in the North Sea by Royal Navy ship HMT Oceanic II with the loss of one of her 28 crew.
• French destroyer Fantassin was accidentally rammed and damaged in the Ionian Sea by Mameluck. She was consequently scuttled by Fauconneau.
• Died: Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, French artist and sculptor, member of the Vorticism movement, killed in battle at Neuville-Saint-Vaast (b. 1891)

June 6, 1915 (Sunday)

• Third Battle of Krithia — British general Aylmer Hunter-Weston managed to reorganize the Allied forces into an effective defense on the coast of Gallipoli Peninsula and beat back the Ottoman defense, inflict 3,000 casualties and forcing a stalemate.
• British carrier HMS Immingham was lost in the Mediterranean Sea.
• Switzerland held a referendum on a war tax with most of the voter, over 450,000 (94 per cent), in favour on implementing the one-off tax and over 27,000 against (about 6 per cent). It was the first time a referendum has passed in every canton.
• The BHP Billiton steelworks opened in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.

June 7, 1915 (Monday)

• The first German Army Zeppelin airship destroyed in air-to-air combat occurred when British pilot Reginald Warneford of No. 1 Squadron, flying a Morane-Saulnier L, bombing it Ghent, Belgium. The airship crashed in Sint-Amandsberg, Belgium, killing one person on the ground and all but one of the crew. Warneford received the Victoria Cross for the action.
• Died: Charles Reed Bishop, American businessman and philanthropist in Hawaii, founder of the Kamehameha Schools and First Hawaiian Bank (b. 1822)

June 8, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Born: Kayyar Kinhanna Rai, Indian poet, known for his poems and activism work for an independent India, in Kayyar, India (d. 2015); Ruth Stone, American poet, recipient of 2002 National Book Award and 2002 Wallace Stevens Award for the poetry collection In the Galaxy, in Roanoke, Virginia (d. 2011)

June 9, 1915 (Wednesday)

• U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned over a disagreement regarding his nation's handling of the RMS Lusitania sinking.
• British cruiser HMS Dublin was torpedoed and damaged in the Adriatic Sea off Albania by Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-4 with the loss of 12 of her 440 crew. HMS Dublin was subsequently repaired and returned to service.
• Born: Les Paul, American musician, inventor of the solid body electric guitar, in Waukesha, Wisconsin (d. 2009)

June 10, 1915 (Thursday)

• The only Vorticist exhibition staged opened at the Doré Gallery in London.
• Born: Saul Bellow, Canadian-American writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, in Lachine, Quebec (d. 2005); Peride Celal, Turkish writer, author of award-winning novels Üç Yirmi Dört Saat and Kurtlar, in Istanbul (d. 2013)
• Died: William Hayman Cummings, English organist and singer, founder of the Purcell Society and credited for the creating the melody known today for the Christmas carol "Hark, The Herald Angels Sing" (b. 1831)

June 11, 1915 (Friday)

• Born: José Caballero, Spanish artist, member of the surrealism movement in Spain (d. 1991)

June 12, 1915 (Saturday)

• British tanker Desabla was torpedoed, shelled, and sunk in the North Sea by German submarine SM U-17.
• Born: David Rockefeller, American banker, chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank from 1969 to 1981, oldest living member of the Rockefeller family, in New York City; Priscilla Lane, Ameican actress and singer, best known for lead roles in The Roaring Twenties, Saboteur, and Arsenic and Old Lace, Indianola, Iowa (d. 1995)

June 13, 1915 (Sunday)

• Greece held legislative elections under the Old Style calendar, with Eleftherios Venizelos and his Liberal Party winning by a landslide, gaining 187 of the 316 seats in the Greek Parliament.
• Legislative elections were held in Portugal, with the Democratic Party winning 106 of the 163 seats in the House of Representatives and 45 of the 69 seats in the Senate.
• General elections were held in San Marino to elect the fourth Grand and General Council.
• Okaloosa County, Florida was established, with its county seat in Crestview.

June 15, 1915 (Tuesday)

• French airplanes raid Baden and Karlsruhe, Germany.
• Born: Kaiser Matanzima, South African statesman, President of the Transkei bantustan from 1979 to 1986, in Qamata, Eastern Cape, South Africa (d. 2003); Thomas Huckle Weller, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in Ann Arbor, Michigan (d. 2008)
• Died: Eugène Jansson, Swedish painter, known for the night-time landscape being painted predominantly in blue (b. 1862)

June 16, 1915 (Wednesday)

• The British Women's Institute was founded.
• Born: Mariano Rumor, Italian politician, Prime Minister of Italy from 1968 to 1970 and 1973 to 1974, in Vicenza, Italy (d. 1990)

June 17, 1915 (Thursday)

• British pilot Reginald Warneford died along with American journalist Henry Beach Newman after crashing a new Farman biplane during takeoff from Buc, France, just shortly after a ceremony in Paris in which he received the French Légion d'honneur for shooting down a German airship.
• Born: Mario Echandi Jiménez, President of Costa Rica from 1958 to 1962, in San José, Costa Rica (d. 2011); Karl Targownik, Hungarian-American psychiatrist, top specialist with the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas, Holocaust survivor of the Dachau concentration camp, in Budapest (d. 1996)
• Born: Walter J. Zable, American businessman, founder and CEO of Cubic Corporation, in Los Angeles (d. 2012); Gunther Gerzso, Mexican abstract painter, most known for his award-winning set design work in Mexican cinema including the Luis Buñuel films Susana, A Woman Without Love and El rio y la muerte, in Mexico City. (d. 2000); David "Stringbean" Akeman, American country musician, member of band for the TV variety show Hee Haw and a member of the Grand Ole Opry, in Annville, Kentucky (d. 1973)

June 18, 1915 (Friday)

• Second Battle of Artois —
• The Motion Picture Directors Association (MPDA) was formed by 26 film directors in Los Angeles.

June 19, 1915 (Saturday)

• Iceland got its own flag, the same day that women over the age of 40 received the right to vote.
• Born: Pat Buttram, American actor, best known for the role of Mr. Haney in the TV series Green Acres, in Addison, Alabama (d. 1994)
• Died: Benjamin F. Isherwood, American naval officer, rear admiral and Engineer-in-Chief of the United States Navy, co-founder of the Bureau of Steam Engineering (b. 1822); Sergei Taneyev, Russian pianist and composer, best known for his opera Oresteia (b. 1856)

June 20, 1915 (Sunday)

• The town of South Omaha, Nebraska was annexed by the larger city of Omaha, adding 40,000 residents to the city's population.

June 21, 1915 (Monday)

• Battle of Bukoba —
• Guinn v. United States was decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, ruling grandfather clause exemptions to literacy tests for voters to be unconstitutional.

June 22, 1915 (Tuesday)

• German and Austro-Hungarian forces broke through the Russian lines again in the Lviv area.
• BMT Sea Beach Line opened as a New York City Subway line and AB Standard cars entered service.

June 23, 1915 (Wednesday)

• First Battle of the Isonzo —
• Battle of Bukoba —
• Battle of Konary —
• Two magnitude 6.3 earthquakes struck within an hour of each other in the Imperial Valley, California. Six deaths were reported in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico and damage costs were estimated at $900,000.
• The Royal Flying Corps decreed all aircraft with covered fuselages were to use the tricolor roundel, previously used on just the wings, on fuselage sides.

June 24, 1915 (Thursday)

• The Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library was dedicated on Commencement Day at Harvard University, in memory of Harvard graduate and book collector Harry Elkins Widener, who died during the Sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912.
• Born: Fred Hoyle, British astronomer, leading theorist on stellar nucleosynthesis and the rejection of the Big Bang theory, in Gilstead, England (d. 2001)

June 25, 1915 (Friday)

• Juan Luis Sanfuentes won the presidential election in Chile by a single vote - 174-174 - over his rival Javier Ángel Figueroa. However, allegations of fraud and electoral intervention forced the National Congress of Chile to confirm the result, leading to a more decisive decision with 77 votes for Sanfuentes and 41 for Figueroa.
• Malay rebel leader Tok Janggut and an army Malay warriors attempted a siege on the Malaysian territory of Pasir Puteh in Kelantan, Malaysia after proclaiming it to be independent from British colonial rule. The siege ended in a battle with colonial forces where Janggut was killed, effectively ended the rebellion.
• Died: John James Clark, Australian architect, best known for designing major landmarks in Melbourne including the Old Treasury Building and Melbourne City Baths (b. 1838); Rafael Joseffy, Hungarian-American pianist and composer, best known for his performances with the New York Philharmonic and Chicago Symphony Orchestra (b. 1852); Frederick Manson Bailey, Australian botanist, leading discoverer plant species in Queensland, Australia (b. 1827)

June 26, 1915 (Saturday)

• By drawing 4.8 (32) each with Port Adelaide, South Adelaide ended the Magpies’ run of 29 consecutive victories, including one against Carlton and one against a combined team from the other six SAFL clubs.
• The Saturday Evening Post began publishing P. G. Wodehouse's serialized novel Something Fresh, introducing the character Lord Emsworth of Blandings Castle.
• Born: Paul Castellano, American gangster, head of the Gambino crime family from 1976 to 1984, in New York City (d. 1985); Charlotte Zolotow, American children's author, editor and publisher, author and illustrator of more than 70 children's titles, editor and publisher of Harper & Row (now HarperCollins), in Norfolk, Virginia (d. 2013)

June 27, 1915 (Sunday)

• The Austro-Hungarians re-entered Lviv.
• Born: Grace Lee Boggs, American author and social activist, author of The Invading Socialist Society and The Next American Revolution, in Providence, Rhode Island (d. 2015)

June 28, 1915 (Monday)

• British cargo ship Armenian was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German ship SM U-24 with the loss of 29 crew. Survivors were rescued by a Belgian cargo ship.
• Battle of Gully Ravine —
• Rapid snow melt in the Rockies and heavy rain caused the North Saskatchewan River to overflow in Alberta. River levels in Edmonton were reported to be rising over 10 feet. In the order to prevent the Low Level Bridge — the only available crossing over the river at the time — from being broken apart by river debris, Canadian Northern Railway parked several train cars on the bridge to bolster its weight. Some housing and several lumber mills in the river valley were swept away by the flooding.
• Born: David "Honeyboy" Edwards, American blues musician, inductee into the Blues Hall of Fame, in Shaw, Mississippi (d. 2011)
• Died: Victor Trumper, Australian cricketer, champions batsman for the New South Wales cricket team from 1894 to 1914 (b. 1877)

June 29, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Died: Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, Irish-American Fenian leader, advocate for Irish independence through the Fenian Brotherhood and Irish Republican Brotherhood (b. 1831)

June 30, 1915 (Wednesday)

• British destroyer HMS Lightning struck a mine in the Thames Estuary of England. She broke in two, the bow section sinking with the loss of fifteen of her crew. The stern section was towed to Sheerness, Kent where it was later scrapped.

References

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1915

The following events occurred in July 1915:

July 1, 1915 (Thursday)

• The Union of South Africa occupied German South-West Africa with assistance from Canada, Great Britain, the Portuguese Republic and Portuguese Angola. South Africa would occupy South-West Africa until March 1990.
• German fighter pilot Kurt Wintgens became the first person to shoot down another plane in using a machine gun equipped with synchronization gear, which allowed him to shoot through a turning propeller without hitting its blade. His victory started a period referred to as the "Fokker scourge," as Fokker M.5 airplanes outfitted with machine guns took a heavy toll on Allied aircraft over the Western Front. Wintgens himself would down two more enemy planes in July.
• The French Navy seaplane carrier Pas-de-Calais was commissioned, the first paddle steamer to serve as an aviation vessel.
• The United States Department of the Navy established an Office of Naval Aeronautics, the first formal recognition of naval aviation within the United States Navy.
• The Santa Fe National Forest was established in northern New Mexico by the U.S. Forest Service.
• American poet Alfred Kreymborg launched Others: A Magazine of the New Verse with Skipwith Cannell, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams. The magazine — which featured poetry, other writing and visual art — ran until 1917.
• Born: Joseph Ransohoff, American neurosurgeon, leading innovator in medical imaging and intensive care related to the field of neurology, in Cincinnati (d. 2001); Alun Lewis, Welsh poet, author of Raider's Dawn and The Last Inspection, in Cwmaman, Wales (d. 1944, killed in Burma); Jean Stafford, American writer, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for the anthology The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford (d. 1979)

July 2, 1915 (Friday)

• Born: Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, British noble, member of the House of Lords from 1972 until 1999, in Rome (d. 2014)
• Died: Porfirio Díaz, Mexican statesman, 29th President of Mexico (b. 1830)

July 4, 1915 (Sunday)

• A force of six German Navy airships attempted an attack on a Royal Navy squadron conducting an aerial reconnaissance in the German Bight. Bad weather prevented each side from attacking the other. The heavy seas made it impossible for British seaplanes to launch and pursue the airships, and the airships could not get close enough to fire on the ships.
• Born: Harold E. Johns, Canadian medical physicist, developer of ionizing radiation for cancer treatment, in Sichuan province, China (d. 1998)

July 5, 1915 (Monday)

• The Hotel Macdonald, one of Canada's chateau-styled hotels, opened in Edmonton, Alberta.
• Born: John Woodruff, American track athlete, gold medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics, in Connellsville, Pennsylvania (d. 2007)
• Died: Aurelio Tolentino, Filipino playwright, author of the verse drama Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (b. 1867)

July 6, 1915 (Tuesday)

• German fighter pilot Oswald Boelcke claimed his first victory, by shooting down a Blériot Parasol while flying an Albatros C.I two-seater biplane, setting him on to eventually become a flying ace.
• Born: Elizabeth Durack, Australian artist, best known for her Time and Tide series, in Perth (d. 2000); Leonard Birchall, Canadian air force officer during World War Two, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Order of the British Empire, in St. Catharines, Ontario (d. 2004)

July 7, 1915 (Wednesday)

• First Battle of the Isonzo —
• Italian cruiser Amalfi was torpedoed and sunk at Pola, Austria-Hungary by German submarine SM UB-14 with the loss of 67 of her 684 crew.
• An extremely overloaded International Railway tram with 157 passengers crashed near Queenston, Ontario, resulting in 15 casualties.
• French General Joseph Joffre held the first military conference for the Allies — known as the Chantilly Conference —in Chantilly, Oise, France, shortly after Italy entered the conflict against the Central Powers.
• Sinhalese militia captain Henry Pedris was executed in British Ceylon for inciting race riots, a charge later proved false. He became a hero of the Sri Lankan independence movement.
• The first edition of the Norwegian newspaper Østerdalens Arbeiderblad was published, primarily as the organ for the Labour Party of Norway.
• Born: Margaret Walker, American poet and writer, part of the African-American literary movement in Chicago, author of Jubilee, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1998); Peter H. Dominick, American politician, U.S. Senator from Colorado from 1963 to 1975, in Stamford, Connecticut (d. 1981)

July 8, 1915 (Thursday)

• The British government enacted the National Registration Act which required all British citizens aged 15–65 to be registered by August 15.

July 9, 1915 (Friday)

• Victor Franke, commander of the German forces in German Southwest Africa, along with 2,000 of his men surrendered to the Allies.
• Born: David Diamond, American composer, recipient of the National Medal of Arts, in Rochester, New York (d. 2005)

July 10, 1915 (Saturday)

• The Italian association football club Juventus F.C. began publishing its own sports magazine Hurrà Juventus. Despite brief interruptions during World War One, publications has been continuous and the magazine remains the top-selling football club magazine in Italy at 60,000 copies monthly.

July 11, 1915 (Sunday)

• German cruiser SMS Königsberg was scuttled in the Rufiji River, German East Africa following battle damage inflicted by Royal Navy ships HMS Mersey and HMS Severn. Nineteen crew men were killed and another 45 were wounded, including Captain Max Looff.
• The weekly Lithuanian liberal paper Rygos naujienos, published in Riga and edited by founder Liudvikas Jakavičius, ceased publication after six years of operation.

July 14, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Born: Jerome Lawrence, American playwright and screenwriter, co-wrote with Robert Edwin Lee Inherit the Wind, in Cleveland (d. 2004)

July 15, 1915 (Thursday)

• Literary magazine Blast put out its second and last edition. The cover featured a woodcut by Wyndham Lewis (who also edited the magazine) and contained a short play by Ezra Pound and poetry by T.S. Eliot. Plans for a further issue fell through as World War One placed personal and public pressures on all artists involved, even though Lewis had plans as late as 1919 to publish.
• The Brownhill Creek Recreation Park, located south of Adelaide, South Australia, was established to protect the most unique and sensitive portions of the Brown Hill Creek.
• Born: Albert Ghiorso, American nuclear scientist, discovered a record 12 elements for periodic table of elements, in Vallejo, California (d. 2010)

July 16, 1915 (Friday)

• The Yaskawa Electric Corporation was established in Kitakyushu, Japan as an electric parts manufacturer. The company eventually became known throughout the 20th-century for its mobile control devices and an innovator in robotics and information technology in the 21st-century.
• L. Frank Baum released his ninth Land of Oz book, The Scarecrow of Oz. It was said to be Baum's most favorite of the all the Oz books.
• Born: David Campbell, Australian poet, known for poetry collections such as The Miracle of Mullion Hill, in Adelong, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1979)
• Died: Ellen G. White, American prophetess, co-founder of Seventh-Day Adventism, most translated American author (b. 1827)

July 17, 1915 (Saturday)

• Born: Fred Ball, American movie studio executive and actor, executive board member of Desilu Productions, brother of comedienne Lucille Ball, in Jamestown, New York (d. 2007)

July 18, 1915 (Sunday)

• Second Battle of the Isonzo —
• Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi was torpedoed and sunk in the Adriatic Sea 5 nautical miles (9.3 km) southeast of Dubrovnik, Serbia by Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-4 with the loss of 53 of her 559 crew.
• Died: George Marshall-Hall, British-Australian musician, known for experimental compositions including the opera Harold and the musical verse Aristodemus (b. 1862)

July 19, 1915 (Monday)

• French fighter pilot Georges Guynemer shot down his first enemy aircraft, a German Aviatik, while flying a Morane-Saulnier L monoplane nicknamed Vieux Charles. Guynemer would eventually earn the flying ace for downing 54 more enemy aircraft.
• Albert Jacka became the first Australian to win the Victoria Cross during the World War One.
• U.S. battleship Oklahoma was severely damaged by fire at Camden, New Jersey. She was subsequently repaired and re-entered service in May 1916.

July 20, 1915 (Tuesday)

• German submarine SM U-23 was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by British submarine HMS C27 with the loss of 24 of her 34 crew.
• A strike at the Bayonne refinery in New Jersey became violent after Mayor Pierre P. Garven of Bayonne, New Jersey allowed the city's police force to be used to enforce picket lines set by Standard Oil of New Jersey (the mayor was also on the oil company's payroll as an attorney). Following an initial walk-out of 1,200 refinery works over pay and working conditions, a riot broke out on the picket lines between the strikers and the police, leading to the shooting death of 19-year-old striker John Sterancsak.

July 21, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Violence stemming the shooting death of a striking worker yesterday escalated during strike at the Bayonne refinery when a mob attacked and attempted to set fire to the Tidewater Petroleum in Bayonne, New Jersey. Violence would continue for another week, resulting in the deaths of five more strikers as well as several injuries and significant property damage caused by arson. Order was eventually restored. Investigation onto the initial riot led to the superintendent of the Tidewater refinery and 32 guards being charged for inciting a riot.
• Voters in Alberta, Canada voted in favour of prohibiting the sale and distribution of alcohol within the province, the second time the region went dry (the first prohibition was lifted in 1892 when Alberta was part of the North-West Territories). Just over 58,000 voted in favour of prohibition while 37,000 voted against. Prohibition was implemented July 1, 1916.

July 22, 1915 (Thursday)

• The Great Retreat is ordered on Eastern Front as Russian forces pulled back out of Poland, taking machinery and equipment with them.
• Died: Sandford Fleming, Canadian engineer and surveyor, developed the time zone system (b. 1827)

July 24, 1915 (Saturday)

• The steamer Eastland capsized in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives.

July 25, 1915 (Sunday)

• Royal Flying Corps pilot Lanoe Hawker shot down three German aircraft while on patrol over Passchendaele, Belgium, becoming the first airman to be awarded the Victoria Cross for combat against enemy airplanes.

July 26, 1915 (Monday)

• French submarine Mariotte was sunk in the Dardanelles by the Ottoman Navy, with 31 crew taken as prisoners of war.
• Norwegian clipper Cimba was wrecked in the Gulf of St. Lawrence due to heavy fog while en route from Matane, Quebec to Liverpool, the last ship ever to be wrecked in the area.
• Born: K. Pattabhi Jois, Indian yoga master, developed the Ashtanga yoga style in Mysore, India, in Hassan district, India (d. 2009)

July 28, 1915 (Wednesday)

• The American occupation of Haiti began, lasting until 1934.
• Norwegian ocean liner Trondhjemsfjord was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean northwest of the Shetland Islands, Great Britain by German submarine SM U-41. Her passengers and crew were rescued by a sailing ship.
• The Bayonne refinery strike in New Jersey ended as workers returned on promises of increased pay and the institution of an eight-hour day.
• Born: Dick Sprang, American comic book artist, best known for his artwork for Batman during the Golden Age of Comic Books, in Fremont, Ohio (d. 2000); Charles Townes, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics, in Greenville, South Carolina (d. 2015); Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician, known of polka hits "Just Because" and "Blue Skirt Waltz", father of Weird Al Yankovic, in Davis, West Virginia (d. 1998)

July 29, 1915 (Thursday)

• Irish Republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, took over the Gaelic League at its Dundalk conference, causing Douglas Hyde to resign as its president.

July 30, 1915 (Friday)

• British cargo ship Iberian was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean 9 nautical miles (17 km) southwest of the Fastnet Rock by German submarine SM U-28 with the loss of seven crew.

July 31, 1915 (Saturday)

• Lamington National Park was established in the McPherson Range that runs between Queensland and New South Wales in Australia. The park was named after Lord Lamington, former Governor of Queensland.
• Raceland, Kentucky was incorporated.
• Born: Herbert Aptheker, American historian, author of the seven-volume series Documentary History of the Negro People, in New York City (d. 2003); George Forrest, musical theatre writer, author of the musical Kismet, in New York City (d. 1999)

References

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1915

The following events occurred in August 1915:

August 1, 1915 (Sunday)

• German fighter pilot Max Immelmann shot down his first aircraft while flying in a Fokker E.I monoplane, beginning his career as an ace.
• Irish national hero Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, while Irish Republican leader Patrick Pearse delivered a graveside oration containing the phrase "Ireland unfree shall never be at peace".
• The Estación Retiro subway line opened in Buenos Aires.

August 2, 1915 (Monday)

• A Sopwith Baby airplane equipped with wheeled floats took off from sea carrier HMS Campania, the first British aircraft to do so on a British aviation ship.
• Born: Gary Merrill, American actor, best known for his lead role in All About Eve and becoming husband to co-star Bette Davis, in Hartford, Connecticut (d. 1990)
• Died: John Downer, Australian politician, 16th Premier of South Australia (b. 1843); William Abraham, Irish politician, Member of Parliament for Dublin from 1893 to 1915 (b. 1840)

August 3, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Second Battle of the Isonzo —
• Born: Frank Arthur Calder, Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1949 to 1979, first Aboriginal to be elected to any legislature in Canada, in Nisga'a territory in British Columbia (d. 2006); Arthur Birch, Australian chemist, developed the Birch reduction method often used in synthetic organic chemistry, in Sydney (d. 1995)
• Born: Pete Newell, Canadian-American college basketball coach, crediting for leading University of California to win the 1959 NCAA men's basketball championship, and the 1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team to winning the gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics, in Vancouver (d. 2008);

August 4, 1915 (Wednesday)

• British submarine HMS C33 struck a mine in the North Sea off Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England and sank with the loss of all 16 crew.
• Born: Patrick Anderson, English-Canadian poet, member of the Montreal Group, known for poetry collections including Return to Canada, in Ashtead, England (d. 1979)

August 5, 1915 (Thursday)

• Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive — The Germans occupied Warsaw.
• The second hurricane of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season began to form in the Atlantic Ocean east of the Caribbean.
• Italian submarine Nereide was torpedoed and sunk in the Adriatic Sea by Austro-Hungarian sub SM U-5 with the loss of all 19 crew.
• The musical The Blue Paradise by Edmund Eysler, Sigmund Romberg and Leo Edwards premiered on Broadway at the Casino Theatre in New York City, resulting in a successful run of 356 performances.

August 6, 1915 (Friday)

• Battle of Krithia Vineyard —
• Battle of Lone Pine —
• Battle of Sari Bair — The Allies mounted a diversionary attack timed to coincide with a major Allied landing of reinforcements at Suvla Bay.
• General elections were held in Manitoba after the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba called for elections followed the resignation of administration of Premier Rodmond P. Roblin in May. Manitoba Liberal Party defeated the incumbent Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba in massive landslide, gaining 40 of the 47 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba while the Conservatives were reduced to five seats.
• Weather and communications problems frustrate reconnaissance efforts by German Navy airships in support of mine-laying mission by auxiliary cruiser SMS Meteor. The lack of information proved to have dire consequences, when the German ship was intercepted by the Royal Navy and forced the crew to scuttle her.
• Born: Jacques Abram, American pianist, best known for his performances of compositions by composers Benjamin Britten and Arthur Benjamin, in Lufkin, Texas (d. 1998); Tom O'Reilly, Irish Gaelic football player and politician, played half-back of the Cavan GAA from 1933 to 1947, in Killeshandra, Cavan County, Ireland (d. 1995)

August 7, 1915 (Saturday)

• Battle of Chunuk Bair —
• Battle of the Nek —

August 8, 1915 (Sunday)

• Ottoman battleship Barbaros Hayreddin, formerly the SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was torpedoed and sunk in the Sea of Marmara off Bolayır, Turkey by British submarine HMS E11 with the loss of 253 of her 568 crew.
• British armed merchant cruiser HMS India was torpedoed and sunk in the Norwegian Sea off Bodø, Nordland, Norway by German submarine SM U-22 with the loss of 160 of the 311 people on board.
• Norias Ranch Raid —
• Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-12 struck a mine and sank in the Venetian Lagoon with the loss of all 17 crew, the first Austro-Hungarian submarine lost during World War One.
• British armed boarding steamer HMS The Ramsey was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by German auxiliary cruiser SMS Meteor.

August 9, 1915 (Monday)

• British destroyer HMS Lynx struck a mine and sank in the North Sea. Out of the 100 crewmen on board, there were only 26 survivors.
• German auxiliary cruiser SMS Meteor was scuttled in the North Sea. All on board were rescued by Royal Navy cruisers.
• Alexander Burton died at the Battle of Lone Pine in Gallipoli, Turkey. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.

August 10, 1915 (Tuesday)

• 1915 Galveston hurricane - A tropical storm that had formed in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean five days earlier strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane when it was first observed north of Barbados.
• Battle of Lone Pine —
• Five German Navy Zeppelin airships raided England, destroying houses and warehouses and killing 16 people. Four of the airships attempt to bomb London, but failed to reach the city. Instead, they dropped their payload at the Eastchurch Naval Air Station in Dover, injuring three men. (where three men are injured), One of the airship was damaged by an antiaircraft gun and brought down in the North Sea on its way home and was towed into Ostend, Belgium by a German torpedo boat.
• An annular solar eclipse in the south Pacific Ocean.
• Died: Henry Moseley, British physicist, developed Moseley's law that provided experimental evidence to support the Bohr model for atomic structures, killed in action during the Gallipoli Campaign (b. 1887)

August 11, 1915 (Wednesday)

• 1915 Galveston hurricane - A weather station in San Juan, Puerto Rico recorded a 29.60 inch (987 mbar) pressure reading and winds speeds up to 60 mph (110 km/h) as the eye of the hurricane passed south of the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. It continued westward between 18 and 20 mph (25–30 km/h) where it brushed Haiti and made landfall in Jamaica, where a barometric pressure reading of 29.68 inch (983 mbar) was reported. There were no reports of casualties but local crop damage by the storm was very serious.

August 12, 1915 (Thursday)

• Royal Naval Air Service pilot Charles Edmonds became the first pilot to attack a ship with an air-launched torpedo, dropping a 5,000-gross-register-ton on a Turkish supply ship during the Dardanelles Campaign.
• Four German Navy airships attempted to bomb England, but two fell short of the choast, while the third bombed Harwich and destroyed two houses, The fourth got caught in violent thunderstorms over the North Sea and nearly came down.
• Born: Michael Kidd, American choreographer, best know for his choreography in film musicals Seven Brides For Seven Brothers and The Band Wagon, in New York City (d. 2007)

August 13, 1915 (Friday)

• Battle of Krithia Vineyard —
• British troopship HMT Royal Edward was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Greece by German submarine SM UB-14 with the loss of 935 of the 1,596 people on board.
• British ocean liner Campania was driven ashore at Galveston, Texas during the a massive hurricane. She was refloated on August 21.
• French destroyer Bisson attacked and sunk Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-3 with the loss of seven of the sub's 21-man crew.

August 14, 1915 (Saturday)

• 1915 Galveston hurricane - The hurricane intensified to a Category 4 when it brushed past Cuba, with wind speeds of 145 mph (230 km/h). Damage was reported as severe, particularly for the town of Cape San Antonio, Cuba. The hurricane also destroyed a lighthouse and all of the weather equipment belonging the National Weather Service, and damaged or sank two schooners offshore. Because of lack of advanced reporting, the death toll in Cuba was unknown.
• A rail crash in Weedon, England killed ten people.
• Born: Irene Hickson, American baseball player, catcher for the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League from 1943 to 1951, in Chattanooga, Tennessee (d. 1995); Mary Fedden, British painter, known for her modernist painting and murals, including the mural at Charing Cross Hospital in London she commissioned with husband and painter Julian Trevelyan, in Bristol (d. 2012)

August 15, 1915 (Sunday)

• 1915 Galveston hurricane - The hurricane had reached the center of the Gulf of Mexico when it turned northwards towards the U.S. coast.Much o the casualties from the hurricane occurped around this time as ships were caught on the outer edges of the massive storm. Most notably, the hurricane sank the U.S. steamer Marowjine in the Yucatán Channel, drowning all 96 passengers and crew. Another three fatalities were reported when a schooner sank several miles south of Mobile, Alabama, and two fishermen were killed when their fishing boat ran aground off the coast of Pensacola, Florida. In all, the hurricane left 101 people dead in the Gulf of Mexico and Yucatán Channel.
• German submarine SM UB-4 was shelled and sunk in the North Sea off Lowestoft, Suffolk, England by HM Armed Smack Inverlyon with the loss of all 14 crew.
• Russian minelayer Ladoga struck a mine and sank in the Baltic Sea off Sweden with the loss of five of her crew.
• Born: Signe Hasso, Swedish actress, known for roles in films Heaven Can Wait and A Scandal in Paris, in Stockholm (d. 2002); Ismat Chughtai, Indian writer, known for her fiction in the Urdu language including the short story "Lihaaf" (The Quilt), in Budaun, India (d. 1991)

August 16, 1915 (Monday)

• The Allies promised the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia from the Krka River to Bar.
• 1915 Galveston hurricane — The centre of the hurricane approached the east coast of Texas.
• The first edition of the Chilean daily newspaper El Rancagüino was published in Rancagua, Chile.|
• The comic strip Freckles and His Friends by cartoonist Merrill Blosser debuted through the daily newspapers circulated by the Newspaper Enterprise Association.

August 17, 1915 (Tuesday)

• 1915 Galveston hurricane — The hurricane made landfall southwest of Galveston, Texas where atmospheric pressure was recorded at 27.76 inches (940 mbar) with wind speeds of 135 mph (215 km/h). Extreme high winds and heavy rain and left massive damages estimated at $921 million (2005 USD). However, the timely construction of Galveston Seawall in the aftermath of the 1900 Galveston Hurricane saved much of town, with only 11 people reported killed. The storm began to weaken after Galveston, turning northeast and passing Houston as a Category 1 hurricane before dropping to tropical storm status later that day.
• Jewish American Leo Frank was abducted from his prison cell in Milledgeville, Georgia and lynched for the alleged murder of a 13-year-old Mary Phagan in Atlanta. The lynch mob was organized by several prominent political figures in Georgia, including former state governor Joseph Mackey Brown and Eugene Herbert Clay, former mayor of Marietta, Georgia.
• Four German Navy airships attempted to bomb London, but two turned back with engine trouble, and a third mistakenly bombed open fields near Ashford and Faversham. The fourth airship, however, became the first to ever to reach London. But thinking they were over the central part of the city, the crew mistakenly bombed Leyton, hitting the railroad station and a number of houses, killing 10 people and injuring 48.

August 18, 1915 (Wednesday)

• British submarine HMS E13 ran aground on Saltholm, Denmark. She was subsequently attacked by German submarine SMS G 132 and another German torpedo boat, killing half of the 30-man crew. The survivors were rescued by Royal Danish Navy torpedo boats. The submarine was later refloated but was declared beyond repair, and subsequently scrapped in 1922.

August 19, 1915 (Thursday)

• Battle of Chunuk Bair —
• British ocean liner Arabic was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean off the Old Head of Kinsale, County Donegal, Ireland by German submarine SM U-24 with the loss of 47 lives.
• German submarine SM U-27 was shelled and sunk in the Western Approaches by Royal Navy ship HMS Baralong with the loss of all 37 crew.
• Flying the same Fokker E.I airplane model with a machine, gun fitted with Synchronization gear as fellow airman Kurt Wintgens, German fighter pilot Oswald Boelcke shot down his first aircraft.
• Born: Ring Lardner Jr., American film screenwriter, known for Oscar-winning scripts including Woman of the Year and M*A*S*H, in Chicago (d. 2000)

August 20, 1915 (Friday)

• The first sustained aerial bombing offensive was made by Italy against Austria-Hungary.
• 1915 Galveston hurricane — The hurricane was now a storm that passed over Missouri and the Ohio Valley before finally becoming extratropical three days later. In all, the hurricane's destructive path left an estimated 275-400 people dead and $50 million (1915 USD, $921 million 2005 USD) in damages in Texas, Louisiana, and other U.S. Gulf states as well as Cuba and the Caribbean.
• German manufacturer ZF Friedrichshafen was established in Friedrichshafen, Germany to produce engine parts for airships but moved into its present role as a car parts manufacturer in 1919.
• Died: Carlos Finlay, Cuban pathologist, lead researcher into yellow fever, discovered it was transmitted through mosquitoes (b. 1833); Paul Ehrlich, German scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)

August 21, 1915 (Saturday)

• Battle of Sari Bair —
• Battle of Scimitar Hill — During the charge to take the hill, Irish soldier Gerald Robert O'Sullivan, who received the Victoria Cross for gallant action in July, and Irish officer and Boer War veteran Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford were both killed by enemy fire (their bodies were never recovered).
• Born: Arnold Goodman, British lawyer and political adviser, senior partner of Goodman, Derrick & Co (now Goodman Derrick LLP) in London, solicitor and advisor to British politician Harold Wilson (d. 1995)

August 22, 1915 (Sunday)

• Born: Hugh Paddick, British actor, best known for this comedic voice work in the BBC Radio show Round the Horne in the 1960s, in Hoddesdon, England (d. 2000); James Hillier, Canadian scientist and inventor, jointly designed and built the first electron microscope, in Brantford, Ontario (d. 2007); Jacques Flynn, Canadian politician, Senator for Rougemont, Quebec from 1962 to 1990, in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec (d. 2000)

August 24, 1915 (Tuesday)

• The town of Holbrook, New South Wales was renamed from Germanton due to Australia being at war with Germany.
• The borough Kulpmont, Pennsylvania was incorporated.
• Born: Wynonie Harris, American blues singer, known for blues hits that later influenced rock music including "Good Rocking Tonight" and "All She Wants to Do Is Rock", in Omaha, Nebraska (d. 1969); Alice Bradley Sheldon, American writer, better known by her pseudonym James Tiptree, Jr., best known for her story story collections Ten Thousand Light-Years from Home and Crown of Stars, in Chicago (d. 1987)

August 25, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Born: John Bassett, Canadian publisher and media baron, founder of CFTO-TV broadcast channel in Ontario and owner of the Toronto Argonauts football team, recipient of the Order of Canada, in Ottawa (d. 1998)
• Died: Henry Overholser, American businessman, key business real estate developer for Oklahoma City (b. 1846)

August 26, 1915 (Thursday)

• Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive - Sventiany Offensive —
• Born: Humphrey Searle, English composer, best known for his contributions to the series Variations on an Elizabethan Theme, in Oxford (d. 1982)

August 27, 1915 (Friday)

• Born: Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr., American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics, in Washington, D.C. (d. 2011)

August 28, 1915 (Saturday)

• The first train operated over the re-gauged Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway using 15 in (381 mm) gauge equipment.
• Born: Tol Avery, American actor, best known for his role in the ensemble 1950s TV sitcom The Pride of the Family, in Fort Worth, Texas (d. 1973); Simon Oakland, American actor, best known for tough authoritative roles in I Want to Live! and Psycho, in New York City (d. 1983); Max Robertson, British sports commentator, best known for his sports coverage for BBC and first regular host of the TV news magazine program Panorama, in Dacca, Bengal (d. 2009)
• Born: Tasha Tudor, American illustrator and children's author, illustrator for over 100 books including the Corgiville series, starting with Corgiville Fair, in Boston (d. 2008); Patrick Hennessy, Irish painter, best known reviving the realist style in works such as Portrait of Elizabeth Bowen at Bowen's Court, in Cork, Ireland (d. 1980)

August 29, 1915 (Sunday)

• British submarine HMS C29 struck a mine and sank in the estuary off Humber, England with the loss of all 16 crew.
• Born: Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress, best known for her roles as Ilsa Lund in Casablanca and as Alicia Huberman in Notorious, winner of three Academy Awards for Best Actress, in Stockholm (d. 1982); Jack Agazarian, English World War Two spy, Special Operations Executive in France, in London (d. 1945, executed in Flossenbürg concentration camp)

August 30, 1915 (Monday)

• Born: Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland, Welsh-Swedish model and noble, married to Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland of Sweden, in Swansea, Wales (d. 2013); Robert Strassburg, American composer, known for composition including the choral symphony based on poetry collection Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 2003); Jack Simmons, English historian, leading historian on rail history in Great Britain, one of the founders of the National Railway Museum in York, in Isleworth, England (d. 2000)

August 31, 1915 (Tuesday)

• The first French ace, Adolphe Pegoud, was killed in combat. He had scored six victories.
• Jimmy Lavender of the Chicago Cubs pitched a no-hitter against the New York Giants.

References

1915 *1915-08 *1915-08

1915

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

	September
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1915

The following events occurred in September 1915:

September 1, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Germany suspended unrestricted submarine warfare.
• Four Imperial German Navy airships attempted to bomb England, but one was struck by lightning and crashed in flames in the North Sea near Neuwerk, Germany, with the loss of her entire 20-man crew.
• Electronic manufacturer Yokogawa Electric was founded in Tokyo as a research institute specializing in metering before incorporating as a manufacturer in 1920.
• Died: August Stramm, German poet and playwright,, one of the first German expressionists in literature, known for poetry collections You and Dripping Blood, killed in action on the Eastern Front (b. 1874)

September 2, 1915 (Thursday)

• Born: Meinhardt Raabe, American actor, last surviving cast member of the film The Wizard of Oz with dialogue, played the Munchkin coroner who certified the Wicked Witch of the East was dead, in Watertown, Wisconsin (d. 2010)

September 3, 1915 (Friday)

• The P. G. Wodehouse novel Something Fresh is first published as a book in New York City by D. Appleton & Company.
• Born: Knut Nystedt, Norwegian composer, best known for his choral and organ compositions, in Oslo (d. 2014); Memphis Slim, American blues musician, best known for blues hit "Every Day I Have the Blues", in Memphis (d. 1988)

September 4, 1915 (Saturday)

• British submarine HMS E7 was scuttled after being caught in an anti-submarine net in the Dardanelles.

September 5, 1915 (Sunday)

• The first Zimmerwald Conference was held in the Swiss city for over three days by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral during World War One.
• Born: Jack Buetel, American actor, best known for playing Billy the Kid in The Outlaw, in Dallas (d. 1989); Florencio Morales Ramos, Puerto Rican singer and composer, known for many folk hits including the patriotic song "Qué Bonita Bandera" (What a Beautiful Flag), in Caguas, Puerto Rico (d. 1989)

September 6, 1915 (Monday)

• The prototype military tank was first tested by the British Army.
• Born: Franz Josef Strauss, German politician, [Minister President]] of Bavaria from 1978 to 1988, in Munich (d 1988)

September 7, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Two Imperial German Army airships raided England. One of the airships bombed Millwall, Deptford, Greenwich, and Woolwich, but crash-landed in Germany short of her base after suffering engine failure on the way home. The other dropped most of her bomb load on greenhouses in Cheshunt before dropping her lone remaining incendiary bomb onto a shop on Fenchurch Street in London.
• Former cartoonist Johnny Gruelle was given a patent for his Raggedy Ann doll.
• Born: Maria Corti, Italian writer, author of Voci del nord-est and II canto delle sirene, in Milan (d. 2002)

September 8, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Four German Navy Zeppelins attempt to bomb England. Two suffered engine trouble, while another attacked a benzole plant at Skinningrove, Yorkshire. However, her bombs failed to penetrate the roof of the benzol house or of a neighboring TNT store, and there are no casualties. The fourth reached London, dropping of a 300-kg (661-lb) bomb, the largest yet dropped on Britain, on address No.61 Farringdon Road where it killed 22 people and inflicted the most damage by a single airship or airplane bombing raid throughout all of World War One . The No. 61 was rebuilt in 1917 and called The Zeppelin Building.
• Nicholas II of Russia removed Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army and personally over taking that position.
• Born: Frank Cady, American actor, best known as shopkeeper Sam Drucker in the 1960s TV sitcoms Petticoat Junction, Green Acres, and The Beverly Hillbillies, in Susanville, California (d. 2012); Frank Pullen, English businessman, owner of property developer Pullen Estates and the Pullen Shops chain in Great Britain, in London (d. 1992)

September 9, 1915 (Thursday)

• William Foster & Co. of Lincoln in England completed the first prototype military tank, nicknamed "Little Willie".
• Died: Albert Spalding, baseball player and sporting goods manufacturer, co-founder of A.G. Spalding and pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings (b. 1850)

September 10, 1915 (Friday)

• Born: Edmond O'Brien, American actor, best known for Oscar-winning role in The Barefoot Contessa, as well as roles in D.O.A. and The Wild Bunch, in New York City (d. 1985); Viva Leroy Nash, American murderer, oldest death row inmate in the United States, in Salt Lake City (d. 2010)
• Died: Charles Boucher de Boucherville, Canadian politician, third Premier of Quebec (b. 1822)

September 11, 1915 (Saturday)

• The Pennsylvania Railroad began electrified commuter rail service between Paoli and Philadelphia, using overhead AC trolley wires for power. This type of system was later used in long-distance passenger trains between New York City, Washington, D.C., and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
• A nitrate fire at Famous Players in New York destroyed several completed but unreleased silent films which were later remade. Films lost included Mary Pickford's Esmerelda and The Foundling and John Barrymore's The Red Widow.
• Died: William Sprague IV, America politician, 27th Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1830); William Cornelius Van Horne, Canadian rail executive, oversaw the major construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, youngest superintendent of Illinois Central Railroad (b. 1843)

September 12, 1915 (Sunday)

• Belgium fighter pilot Jan Olieslagers forced a German Aviatik C.I while flying a Nieuport 10 named le Demon ("The Demon"), becoming the first Belgian pilot to score an aerial victory.
• Fearing growing public backlash for bombing civilian targets in London, Chief of the German General Staff General Erich von Falkenhayn issued a statement that restricted German Army airships to bombing London's docks and harbor works.
• Born: Billy Daniels, American jazz singer, best known for the hit "That Ole Black Magic", in Jacksonville, Florida (d. 1988)

September 13, 1915 (Monday)

• With the arrival of the 2nd Canadian Division in France, a separate Canadian Corps was created.
• The crime drama Regeneration was released. Directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Rockliffe Fellowes and Anna Q. Nilsson, it was considered first feature-length gangster film based on an actual person (screenwriter Carl Harbaugh and Walsh adapted the story from a memoir My Mamie Rose by Owen Frawley Kildare. The film was considered lost until a copy was discovered in the 1970s, and is now preserved at the Library of Congress.
• Died: Andrew L. Harris, American politician, 44th Governor of Ohio (b. 1835)

September 14, 1915 (Tuesday)

• In compliance with orders from the German General Staff, Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff, Chief of the German Naval Staff, ordered German naval airships raiding London to restrict their bombing targets to the banks of the River Thames and as far as possible to avoid bombing the poorer, working-class northern quarter of the city.
• The funeral train for William Cornelius Van Horne departed from Windsor Station in Montreal at 11:00 AM bound for Joliet, Illinois; the train was pulled by CP 4-6-2 no. 2213.
• Born: John Dobson, American amateur astronomer, creator of the Dobsonian telescope, in Beijing (d. 2014); Douglas Kennedy, American actor, best known for his Western roles in film and TV including Steve Donovan, Western Marshal, in New York City (d. 1973)

September 15, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Third Battle of Artois —
• British transport ship Patagonia was torpedoed and sunk in the Black Sea 10.5 nautical miles (19.4 km) off Odessa by German submarine SM UB-7, with all crew surviving.
• German submarine SM U-6 was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea off Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway by [[Royal Navy submarine HMS E16 with the loss of 24 of her 29 crew.
• The Chinese magazine New Youth (also known as La Juenesse) published its first issue in Shanghai. Founded by Chen Duxiu, a leader of the anti-imperial Xinhai Revolution, the magazine would play an important role advocating Western-style democracy pertaining to the New Culture Movement in China during the 1910s and 1920s. Duxiu advertised the new magazine his established political publication The Tiger but later merged the editorials in October.
• The Dutch daily newspaper Het Belgisch Dagblad was published in The Hague as an organ of the Flemish Patriotic League.
• Born: Helmut Schön, German football player and manager, best known for the managing the West Germany national football team from 1964 to 1978, in Dresden (d. 1996)
• Died: Isidor Bajić, Serbian composer, best known for piano and choral works, and his national opera Prince Ivo of Semberia (b. 1878); Alfred Agache, French painter, best known for his portraits including L'Épée (The Sword) (b. 1843)

September 16, 1915 (Thursday)

• A general election was held in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island with the incumbent Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island and Premier John Alexander Mathieson re-elected with 17 seats in the Legislative Assembly, although they lost a number of seats to the Prince Edward Island Liberal Party who gained 13.
• The first British Women's Institute meeting was held in Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, Wales.
• The first edition of the UK release of the P. G. Wodehouse novel Something Fresh was published in London by Methuen & Company.

September 17, 1915 (Friday)

• Born: M. F. Husain, Indian artist, founding member of the The Progressive Artists Group of Bombay, in Pandharpur, India (d. 2011); Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, Spanish philosopher, leading expert and proponent of Marxism, author of The Philosophy of Praxis, in Algeciras, Spain (d. 2011)

September 18, 1915 (Saturday)

• The Carlton Football Club won the 19th Australian Football League Premiership, beating Collingwood Football Club 11.12 (78) to 6.9 (45) at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in the 1915 VFL Grand Final.
• The short story "Extricating Young Gussie" by P. G. Wodehouse was published in the The Saturday Evening Post. The story introduced two of the author's two most popular characters, the ingenious valet Jeeves and his master Bertie Wooster.
• Born: James Tully, Irish politician, Minister of Defence for Ireland in 1981 to 1982, survivor of the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981, in County Meath, Ireland (d. 1992)

September 19, 1915 (Sunday)

• Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive — The Germans occupied Vilnius, ending the offensive.
• Greek passenger ship Athinai was carrying 508 people when it caught fire, killing one person and sinking in the Atlantic Ocean. The survivors were rescued by British ships Roumanian Prince and Tuscania.
• Comedian W.C. Fields made his film debut in the slapstick comedy Pool Sharks followed up by His Lordship's Dilemma, both filmed in New York City.

September 21, 1915 (Tuesday)

• British land owner and businessman Cecil Chubb acquired Stonehenge at auction for £6600. He would donate the ancient site and land back to public in 1918.

September 23, 1915 (Thursday)

• British cargo ship Chancellor was shelled and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean 86 nautical miles (159 km) southeast of the Fastnet Rock by German submarine SM U-41, but the entire crew survived.
• Actor Douglas Fairbanks made his leading film debut in the comedy Western in the innocently titled The Lamb, directed by Christy Cabanne. Based on the popular 1913 Broadway play The New Henrietta, the drawing room antics of the stage were expanded to include Western genre elements that showcased Fairbanks' physical prowess.
• Born: Julius Baker, American musician and music teacher, key performer of the flute for the New York Philharmonic and on CBS in the 1950s, in Cleveland (d. 2003); Zdenko Blažeković, Croatian fascist leader, member of the Ustaše regime of Yugoslavia during World War Two, in Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina (d. 1947, executed); Clifford Shull, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics, in Pittsburgh (d. 2001)

September 24, 1915 (Friday)

• German submarine SM U-41 was shelled and sunk in the Western Approachesby Royal Navy ship HMS Wyandra with the loss of 35 of her 37 crew.

September 25, 1915 (Saturday)

• Battle of Loos — British forces took the French town of Loos-en-Gohelle but with substantial casualties and were unable to press their advantage. It was the first time the British used poison gas in World War I and also their first large-scale use of the new Kitchener's Army units.
• Second Battle of Champagne —
• The Sturt Football Club won their first South Australian National Football League premiership, beating Port Adelaide 6.10 (46) to 4.10 (34) in the 1915 SAFL Grand Final.
• The Subiaco Football Club defeated Perth 3.3 (21) to 2.7 (19) to win their third West Australian Football League premiership.

September 26, 1915 (Sunday)

• Died: Keir Hardie, Scottish politician, Leader of the Labour Party from 1906 to 1908 (b. 1856);Tsuruko Haraguchi, Japanese psychologist, first Japanese woman to receive a Doctor of Philosophy (b. 1886)

September 27, 1915 (Monday)

• Italian battleship Benedetto Brin was sunk at Brindisi, Apulia, Italy due to sabotage by Austro-Hungarian forces with the loss of 387 of her 841 crew.
• Action of the Hohenzollern Redoubt — One of the most noted casualties in the battle was Royal family member Fergus Bowes-Lyon, older brother of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.
• British ship HMS Caribbean foundered in the Atlantic Ocean 35 nautical miles (65 km) off Cape Wrath, Sutherland, Scotland with the loss of 15 of her crew. Survivors were rescued by Royal Navy ship HMS Birkenhead along with local trawlers.
• Died: Remy de Gourmont, French poet, member of the Symbolism movement in France, author of Litanies de la Rose, Les Saintes du Paradis, and Divertissements (b. 1858)

September 28, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Battle of Loos —
• Battle of Es Sinn —

September 29, 1915 (Wednesday)

• A hurricane struck Louisiana, killed 279 people and causing $13 million in damages ($239 million us 2005 USD). While New Orleans was hit where 23 residents were killed, the worst was in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana where some 200 residents drowned when levees broke. The town of Ruddock, Louisiana was also destroyed, with 58 residents dead, and became a ghost town. It was the deadliest storm the state experienced until Hurricane Betsy 50 years later.
• The German 8th Army was formally dissolved, only to have the name renewed three months later by its replacement army.
• Born: Vincent DeDomenico, American entrepreneur, one of the inventors of Rice-A-Roni and co-founder of the Napa Valley Wine Train, in San Francisco (d. 2007)
• Died: Rudi Stephan, German composer, considered a fore-runner of New Objectivity that became prominent during the Weimer Republic, killed in action of the Eastern Front (b. 1887)

September 30, 1915 (Thursday)

• Serbian Army private Radoje Ljutovac became the first soldier in history to shoot down an enemy aircraft with ground-to-air fire.
• French destroyer Branlebas struck a mine and sank in the North Sea between Dunkerque, France, and Nieuwpoort, Belgium.
• Born: Lester Maddox, American politician, 75th Governor of Georgia, in Atlanta (d. 2003)

References

1915 *1915-09 *1915-09

1915

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April

May

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August

September

October

November

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	October
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1915

The following events occurred in October 1915:

October 1, 1915 (Friday)

• Rail line Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway introduced the Navajo passenger train for service between San Francisco, Los Angeles and Chicago as a replacement for the Tourist Flyer.
• Broward County, Florida was established with is county seat in Fort Lauderdale.
• Franz Kafka's novella The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung) was first published in in the German monthly magazine Die Weißen Blätter.

October 2, 1915 (Saturday)

• An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 struck Pleasant Valley in north-central Nevada, the strongest ever recorded in that state. Fortunately, the epicenter was in an isolated area, resulting in some building damage in nearby communities but no injuries.
• Died: Russell Alexander, entertainer and composer, specialized in vaudeville orchestrations (b. 1877)

October 4, 1915 (Monday)

• The Dinosaur National Monument was established in the Uinta Mountains that border between Colorado and Utah to protest some 800 sites in that area.
• Born: Beverly Loraine Greene, American architect, first African American female licensed as an architect in the United States, noted works include the 1956 UNESCO United Nations Headquarters in Paris, in Chicago (d. 1957)

October 5, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Died: Otto Malling, Danish composer, created organ music compositions and served as Director of the Royal Danish Academy of Music from 1899 to 1915 (b. 1848)

October 6, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Born: Ralph Tyler Smith, American politician, U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1969 till 1970, in Granite City, Illinois (d. 1972)

October 7, 1915 (Thursday)

• Bulgaria officially entered World War One by allying with Austria-Hungary and Germany to invade Serbia, forcing the Serbian First Army to retreat towards Greece.
• A massive fire destroyed the Chinatown in Walnut Grove, California, forcing many of the Chinese immigrants to relocate to Locke, California an unincorporated community in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta.
• Born: Harry J. Boyle, Canadian broadcaster and writer, chairman of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission from 1975 to 1977, recipient of the Order of Canada, in St. Augustine, Ontario (d.2005); Charles Templeton, Canadian religious leader, co-founder of Youth for Christ, in Toronto (d.2001)

October 8, 1915 (Friday)

• Died: E. Phillips Fox, Australian painter, member of the Heidelberg School which promoted impressionism in Australia (b. 1865)

October 9, 1915 (Saturday)

• The 3rd Canadian Division arrived in France.
• Australian poet C. J. Dennis's verse novel The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke was published in book form in Sydney. It originally appeared in serial form the in the magazine The Bulletin between 1909 and 1915.
• Born: Henner Henkel, German tennis player, men's singles winner of the 1937 French Championships, in Posen, German Empire (now Poznań, Poland (d. 1942)

October 10, 1915 (Sunday)

• Twenty six men left Gilgandra, New South Wales on the Cooee March; the first of the World War I Snowball marches. At each town on the route they shouted "cooee" to attract recruits; the march arrived in Sydney on November 12 with 263 recruits.
• The German Club in Sydney, Australia was targeted by anti-German sentiment when an editorial in the The Mirror of Australia reported that the German club was being used to house Germans who had been rejected from other hotels within the city: "Why should the members of these institutions be permitted the slightest consideration whilst their countrymen are committing outrages in the highways and byways of Europe?".
• Born: Sweets Edison, jazz musician, trumpeter for the Count Basie Orchestra, in Columbus, Ohio (d. 1999)
• Died: Albert Cashier, Irish-American soldier, fought with Union Army during the American Civil War, physically female, but lived as a man (b. 1843)

October 11, 1915 (Monday)

• The second Neutral Socialist Conference was held in Copenhagen for the socialist parties active in the Scandinavian countries.
• Born: T. Llew Jones, Welsh children's author and poet, prolific creator of children's literature in the Welsh language, two-time recipient of the Tir na n-Og Award, in Pentrecwrt, Wales (d. 2009)
• Died: Jean Henri Fabre, French entomologist, known for his extensive collections of accurate descriptions and illustrations of incests (b. 1823)

October 12, 1915 (Tuesday)

• British nurse Edith Cavell was executed by a German firing squad for helping Allied soldiers escape from Belgium.
• Born: Tony Rafty, Australian caricaturist, created caricatures for Olympic athletes from 1948 to 1996, in Paddington, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2015)

October 13, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Action of the Hohenzollern Redoubt —
• After a five-week hiatus, German airships resumed raids against Great Britain, as five German Navy Zeppelins attempted to bomb London. Royal Flying Corps pilot John Slessor, flying a B.E.2c, intercepted one of the airships over London, becoming the first airman to do so over England. However, the other four Zeppelins scattered their bombs over various towns and the countryside, killing 71 people and injuring 128 in one of the deadliest airship attacks in World War One.
• The Boston Red Sox defeated the Philadelphia Phillies to win the 1915 World Series by 4 games to 1.
• The first edition of the Yiddish daily newspaper Flugblat was published in Vilna, Lithuania.
• Born: Terry Frost, English artist, specialized in abstract art, artist in residence and professor of painting at the Department of Fine Art of the University of Reading in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England (d. 2003); Ricco Wassmer, Swiss painter, developer of magic realism in painting, in Allschwil, Switzerland (d. 1972)
• Died: Charles Sorley, British poet, author of the poetry collection Marlborough and Other Poems, killed in action during the Battle of Loos (b. 1895)

October 14, 1915 (Thursday)

• Bulgaria declared war on Serbia.
• Morava Offensive — Bulgarian forces attempted to break through Serbian lines.
• Ovče Pole Offensive — Bulgarian forces attempted to break through Serbian lines.
• The Imperial Russian Navy Black Sea Fleet raided Varna, Bulgaria, employing a seaplane carrier-battleship force.
• Born: Loris Francesco Capovilla, Italian Roman Catholic prelate

October 15, 1915 (Friday)

• Great Britain declared war on Bulgaria.
• Orville Wright sold the Wright Company. which he had founded in 1909 with his late brother Wilbur Wright, to a group of New York investors.
• Detective Story Magazine was first published by Street & Smith of New York as a successor to Nick Carter Stories.
• Died: Theodor Boveri, German biologist, published the theory cancer is caused by abnormal cellular growth (b. 1862)

October 16, 1915 (Saturday)

• France declared war on Bulgaria.

October 17, 1915 (Sunday)

• Battle of Krivolak —
• Born: Arthur Miller, American playwright, author of Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize third husband to Marilyn Monroe, in New York City (d. 2005)

October 18, 1915 (Monday)

• Third Battle of the Isonzo —
• Vaudeville star Valeska Suratt made her film debut in the crime drama The Soul of Broadway, directed by Herbert Brenon and released through Fox Film. It was the first of 11 pictures she did, showcasing her as the "vamp". Supposedly in the film, Suratt wore 150 gowns, supposedly driving the film's budget up to $25,000. The film, along with all her others, were destroyed in 1937 when the Fox Film storage facility in New Jersey caught fire.

October 19, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Russia and Italy declared war on Bulgaria.
• Mexican Revolution — The United States recognized the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza as the de facto regime.
• Action of the Hohenzollern Redoubt —
• The classic thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan was first published in book form by William Blackwood and Sons in Edinburgh, after appearing as a serial in Blackwood's Magazine. The novel marked the first appearance of British spy Richard Hannay and became a very popular novel for soldiers to read in the trenches
• Died: Neil McLeod, Canadian politician, 5th Premier of Prince Edward Island (b. 1842)

October 20, 1915 (Wednesday)

• General elections were held in South Africa with Louis Botha of the South African Party wining the majority but with fewer seats in the House of Assembly of South Africa than in the previous election.
• Women in the British Commonwealth were officially permitted to act as bus and tram conductors for the duration of World War One, although many had been employed in Glasgow and other cities since April.

October 21, 1915 (Thursday)

• Parliamentary elections were held in Norway with a second round of voting held from November 4 to 11.
• Ojo de Agua Raid —
• The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) held their first annual meeting outside the American South, in San Francisco. Historian General of the UDC, Mildred Rutherford addressed the gathering on the "Historical Sins of Omission & Commission" of Yankee historians.

October 22, 1915 (Friday)

• Born: Yitzhak Shamir, Russian-Israeli politician, 7th Prime Minister of Israel, in Ruzhany, Russian Empire (d. 2012)
• Died: Adèle Isaac, French opera singer, lead performer at the Opéra-Comique in Paris from 1873 to 1884 (b. 1854)

October 23, 1915 (Saturday)

• Torpedoing of the armored cruiser SMS Prinz Adalbert (1901) resulted in only three men being rescued from a crew of 675, the greatest single loss of life for the Imperial German Navy in the Baltic Sea during World War One.
• British troopship Marquette was torpedoed and sunk in the Aegean Sea 36 nautical miles (67 km) south of Salonica, Greece by German submarine SM U-35 with the loss of 167 lives.
• Born: Shin Hyun-joon, South Korean general, first commander of the Republic of Korea Marine Corps (d. 2007)
• Died: W. G. Grace, English cricketer, considered one of the best founding players of the sport with a record 44 seasons from 1865 to 1908 (b. 1848)

October 24, 1915 (Sunday)

• A naval bombardment by Austro-Hungarian forces destroyed Giovanni Battista Tiepolo's frescos, Translation of the House of Loreto, in the Church of the Scalzi in Venice.
• Born: Bob Kane, American comic book artist and writer, creator of Batman, in New York City (d. 1998); Marghanita Laski, English biographer, novelist and broadcaster, author of Little Boy Lost, in Manchester (d. 1988)
• Died: Désiré Charnay, French archaeologist of Central America, pioneer of the use of photography in archaeology work (b. 1828)

October 25, 1915 (Monday)

• British destroyer HMS Velox struck a mine and sank in the English Channel with the loss of four of her crew.
• Lyda Conley became the first American Indian woman to appear before the Supreme Court of the United States as a lawyer.
• Born: Tommy Prince, Canadian soldier, member of the First Special Service Force, recipient of the Military Medal and most decorated First Nations soldier of World War Two, in Brokenhead Ojibway Nation in Manitoba (d. 1977)

October 26, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Born: Lindsay Pryor, Australian botanist, leading researcher of the Eucalyptus plant species indigenous to Australia, in Moonta, South Australia (d. 1998)
• Died: August Bungert, German composer and poet, known for major works such as the operas Aurora and the four-part epic Homerische Welt (b. 1845)

October 27, 1915 (Wednesday)

• A French army landed in Salonika and, with the help of British and Italian troops, created the Balkan Front.
• Billy Hughes became the 7th Prime Minister of Australia and the first to serve consecutive terms in office.
• Seal Beach, California was incorporated.

October 28, 1915 (Thursday)

• Royal Navy ship HMS Sarnia accidentally ran into one of its one minesweeper ships in the Dardanelles, killing 154 crewmen.
• A fire at St. John's School in Peabody, Massachusetts claimed the lives of 21 girls between the ages of 7 and 17.
• British cruiser HMS Argyll cruiser ran aground on Inchcape, Forfarshire, England and was wrecked.
• Richard Strauss's symphonic poem An Alpine Symphony (Eine Alpensinfonie) premiered at the Dresden Hofkapelle in Berlin, with Strauss conducting.

October 29, 1915 (Friday)

• Media companies Vitagraph Studios and the Hearst Corporation partnered to Hearst-Vitagraph News Pictorial, which provided newsreels and animated shorts for movie theaters. It was only in business for a short time and folded within a year.
• Born: William Berenberg, American physician, pioneer in the treatment and rehabilitation from cerebral palsy, in Haverhill, Massachusetts (d. 2005)

October 30, 1915 (Saturday)

• Born: Jane Randolph, American actress, best known for her roles in the Val Lewton produced horror series Cat People and The Curse of the Cat People, in Youngstown, Ohio (d. 2009)
• Died: Charles Tupper, Canadian politician, 5th Premier of Nova Scotia and 6th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1821)

October 31, 1915 (Sunday)

• British destroyer HMS Louis was shelled and sunk in Suvla Bay by Turkish coastal artillery.
• Carmen, directed by Cecil B. Demille, premiered with opera singer Geraldine Farrar making her screen debut as the title character. The film proved so popular Charlie Chaplin parodied it a month later.
• Born: Jane Jarvis, jazz pianist and composer, producer and programming executive for Muzak, in Vincennes, Indiana (d. 2010)
• Died: Blanche Walsh, American stage actress, best known for her stage performances in The Woman in the Case and stage adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's novel Resurrection (b. 1873)

References

1915 *1915-10 *1915-10

1915

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

	November
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
	01	02	03	04	05	06
07	08	09	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30
1915

The following events occurred in November 1915:

November 1, 1915 (Monday)

• Second Battle of Agua Prieta —
• The Royal Naval Air Service adopted the same roundel as used by the Royal Flying Corps and discontinued the use of the Union Jack on fuselage sides.
• Born: Marion Eugene Carl, U.S. Marine Corps fighter pilot, first Marine flying ace in World War Two, test pilot for the first jet engine planes at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, in Hubbard, Oregon (d. 1998)

November 2, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Born: May Campbell, Australian field hockey player, represented Australia in the sport from 1935 to 1948, inductee into the Western Australian Hall of Champions in Wagin, Western Australia (d. 1981)

November 3, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Royal Naval Air Service Flight Sub-Lieutenant Fowler made the first British take-off of an aircraft with a conventional, wheeled undercarriage from a ship when he flew a Bristol Scout from HMS Vindex.
• The rural municipality of St. Paul in the Canadian province of Manitoba was divided into East St. Paul and West St. Paul.
• Died: Bernardino Verro, Italian politician, dedicated to combating the Fasci Siciliani (Sicilian Leagues), killed by the Sicilian Mafia (b. 1866)

November 4, 1915 (Thursday)

• Third Battle of the Isonzo —
• German submarine SM UC-8 ran aground on Terschelling, Friesland, Netherlands where she was subsequently interned and taken into Dutch Navy service as HNLMS M-1.
• Residents in Dominion of Newfoundland voted in favour of prohibiting the sales and distribution of alcohol with 24,956 voting in favour through plebiscite. Prohibition was introduced on January 1 1917 and remained in force until 1924.
• Born: Wee Kim Wee, 4th President of Singapore, in Singapore (d. 2005)

November 5, 1915 (Friday)

• British armed boarding steamer HMS Tara was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Sollum by German submarine SM U-35 with the loss of 12 lives.
• British cargo ship Buresk was shelled and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea 30 nautical miles (56 km) northwest of Algeria by German submarine SM U-38, with her crew surviving.
• The student newspaper The Daily Eastern News was published for the student body of Eastern Illinois University.[2]
• Born: Myron Floren, American musician, accordionist on the The Lawrence Welk Show, in Roslyn, South Dakota (d. 2005)

November 6, 1915 (Saturday)

• Second Battle of Champagne —
• British submarine HMS E20 was torpedoed and sunk in the Sea of Marmara by German sub SM UB-14 with the loss of 21 of her 30 crew.
• The United States Navy armored cruiser USS North Carolina became the first warship to launch an aircraft using a catapult, launching a Curtiss AB-2 flying boat piloted by Lieutenant Commander Henry Mustin over her stern.

November 7, 1915 (Sunday)

• French passenger ship France IV was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea 85 nautical miles (157 km) southwest of Sardinia, Italy by German submarine SM U-38, with her crew surviving.
• German cruiser SMS Undine was torpedoed and sunk in the Baltic Sea 20 nautical miles (37 km) south of Scania, Sweden by Royal Navy submarine HMS E19.
• British battleship Albemarle was caught in a heavy storm off Pentland Firth while on the way to the Mediterranean Sea. The ship was hit on the bow by two large waves, resulting in three crew dead and 24 injured (two died later of their injuries). The wave impacts also flooded the main gun turret and forward decks, and damaged the forebridge. The ship rendezvoused with Hibernia the following day and escorted to Scapa Flow where repairs were made and injured crew were transferred to a hospital ship.
• Italian rider Gaetano Belloni won the 11th Giro di Lombardia bicycle race, in what would be the first of three wins in that racing competition.
• Mary Pickford starred in the leading role in the first film adaptation of the opera Madama Butterfly, directed by Sidney Olcott. According to The New York Times, Pickford and Olcott clashed on set, with Olcott claiming Pickford was "too Americanized to play a Japanese".
• Born: Bill Hayes, Irish association football player, played with the Ireland national football team in 1938 and 1947, in Cork, Ireland (d. 1987)

November 8, 1915 (Monday)

• Italian ocean liner Ancona was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Tunisia by Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-38 with the loss of over 200 lives.
• The Raven, a biographical film of Edgar Alan Poedirected by Charles Brabin was released, with Henry B. Walthall as Poe.
• Born: G. S. Fraser, Scottish poet and critic, member of the New Apocalyptics group, in Glasgow (d. 1980)

November 9, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Morava Offensive —
• The first British Women's Institute meeting in England was held at the Singleton Institute at Charlton, West Sussex.
• British passenger ship Californian, famous of rescuing survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea 61 nautical miles (113 km) southwest of Cape Matapan, Greece by German submarine SM U-35 with the loss of a crew member. The wreck has never been found.
• Born: André François, Hungarian-French cartoonist, best known for his cartoon work for Punch and The New Yorker, in Temesvár, Austria-Hungary (now Timişoara, Romania) (d. 2005); Sargent Shriver, American diplomat, founder of the Peace Corps, in Westminster, Maryland (d. 2011)

November 10, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Serbian forces pushed into Albania.
• Fourth Battle of the Isonzo —
• Italian cargo liner Bosnia was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea southwest of Crete, Greece by German submarine SM U-34.
• French battleship Masséna was scuttled as a breakwater at Sedd el Bahr, Turkey.

November 11, 1915 (Thursday)

• The Liberal Party of Norway formed the country's new government following parliamentary elections, winning 74 of the 123 seats in the Parliament of Norway.
• Born: William Proxmire, U.S. Senator for Wisconsin from 1957 to 1989, in Lake Forest, Illinois (d. 2005)

November 12, 1915 (Friday)

• Australian physicist William Henry Bragg and his son William Lawrence Bragg were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays."
• Born: Roland Barthes, French philosopher and literary critic, leading theorist on structuralism and post-structuralism, in Cherbourg-Octeville, France (d. 1980)

November 13, 1915 (Saturday)

• Flying a BE.2c, Royal Naval Air Service Flight Commander J. R. W. Smyth-Pigott made a daring night bombing attack on a bridge of the Berlin-Constantinople railway over the Maritsa River in the Ottoman Empire from an altitude of 300 feet (91 meters). Although the bridge survived, he received the Distinguished Service Order for gallantry.
• The D. H. Lawrence novel The Rainbow was prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act and suppressed by Lawrence's publisher Methuen. Some 1,011 copies were seized and burnt, and the novel would unavailable in Great Britain for eleven years, although editions were sold without legal challenge in the United States.
• The first film in the popular French crime serial Les Vampires by Louis Feuillade was released. Starring Édouard Mathé, Musidora and Marcel Lévesque, the series depicted a journalist investigating the exploits of mysterious gang of thieves. A total 10 episodes were released between November 1915 and June 1916.
• Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos debuted his work publicly at his first concert.

November 14, 1915 (Sunday)

• Jim Thorpe played his first professional football game in a 16–0 Canton Bulldogs' loss to the Massillon Tigers. The game is also the first match-up between the two clubs since the 1906 betting scandal.
• Austrian-American actor Erich von Stroheim made his film debut in the romance Old Heidelberg although he has also appeared in uncredited parts in films directed by D. W. Griffith, including The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance where he also served as assistant director to help Griffith manage scenes involving hundreds of extras.
• Born: Billy Bauer, jazz guitarist, known for his collaborations with Lennie Tristano and Lee Konitz, in New York City (d. 2005)
• Died: Teodor Leszetycki, Polish pianist and composer, one of the founders of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory (b. 1830)

November 15, 1915 (Monday)

• Ovče Pole Offensive —
• The stage comedy Fair and Warmer by Avery Hopwood premiered at the Eltinge Theatre on Broadway in New York City, where it ran for 377 performances.
• Born: Raymond F. Jones, American speculative fiction writer, author of This Island Earth, in Salt Lake City (d. 1994)
• Died: Booker T. Washington, American educator, founder of Tuskegee University, author of Up from Slavery (b. 1856)

November 16, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Died: Julius C. Burrows, American politician, U.S. Senator from Michigan from 1895 until 1911 (b. 1837)

November 17, 1915 (Wednesday)

• British Red Cross) hospital ship HMHS Anglia struck a mine in the English Channel 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) off Folkestone, Kent, England and sank with the loss of 134 lives.
• The operetta Die Csárdásfürstin by Hungarian composer Emmerich Kálmán premiered in Vienna and became Kálmán's most successful work.
• Born: Michel Arnaud, French army officer, recipient of the Order of Liberation and Legion of Honour for his leadership during World War Two, in Bourg-en-Bresse, France (d. 1990)

November 18, 1915 (Thursday)

• The release of the U.S. silent film Inspiration was the first mainstream movie in which a leading actress (Audrey Munson) appeared nude.

November 19, 1915 (Friday)

• Royal Naval Air Service pilots Richard Bell-Davies and Gilbert Smylie were making a bombing raid against a railway junction in Bulgaria when ground fire shot down Smylie's Farman bomber. In history's first combat rescue mission by an aircraft, Bell-Davies landed his single-seater Nieuport 10, crammed Smylie into it while Bulgarian infantrymen closed in, and took off, flying safely back to base. Bell-Davies received the Victoria Cross for his actions.
• Born: Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in Burlingame, Kansas (d. 1974)

November 20, 1915 (Saturday)

• The Hamilton Tigers defeated the Toronto Rugby and Athletic Association 13 to 7 at the 7th Grey Cup before 2,808 fans at Varsity Stadium at Toronto. It was the last Grey Cup to be held in Canada until 1920 after World War One ended.
• Born: Kon Ichikawa, Japanese film director, known for films such as An Actor's Revenge and the Olympics documentary Tokyo Olympiad, in Ise, Mie, Japan (d. 2008)
• Died: Robert Barr Smith, Scottish-Australian businessman, one of the first partners of the agribusiness Elder Smith and Company (b. 1824)

November 21, 1915 (Sunday)

• Battle of Krivolak —
• British polar exploration ship Endurance finally broke apart from the pressure of the ice pack around it and sank into the Weddell Sea, stranding the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition party in the Antarctic.
• The Christy Cabanne directed historical epic, Martyrs of the Alamo, was one of the first film released to depict the battle. Based on the historical novel of the same name by Theodosia Harris, the film featured an ensemble cast including Sam De Grasse, Douglas Fairbanks, Walter Long and Alfred Paget. Despite claims of being historically accurate, it drew criticism for its stereotypical portrayals of the Mexicans. A copy of the film was preserved at the Library of Congress.
• Died: Dixie Haygood, American magician, popular female-led magic show include a two-year European tour with heads of state as audiences, including Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire, Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria-Hungary, and Tsar Alexander III of the Russian Empire (b. 1861)

November 22, 1915 (Monday)

• Battle of Ctesiphon —

November 23, 1915 (Tuesday)

• The Triangle Film Corporation opened its new motion picture theater in Massillon, Ohio.
• Born: John Dehner, American animator and actor, animator for Fantasia and Bambi, actor known for TV roles such as Frontier and The Twilight Zone, in Staten Island, New York (d. 1992)

November 24, 1915 (Wednesday)

• William J. Simmons revived the Civil War era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia.

November 25, 1915 (Thursday)

• Battle of Ctesiphon —
• Albert Einstein presented to the Prussian Academy of Sciences his formal paper on general relativity.
• Born: Augusto Pinochet, President of Chile (dictator) from 1973 to 1990, in Valparaíso, Chile (d. 2006); Ron Hamence, Australian cricketer, played for the Southern Redbacks of South Australia from 1936 to 1950, in Hindmarsh, South Australia (d. 2010)

November 26, 1915 (Friday)

• Battle of Nogales —

November 27, 1915 (Saturday)

• The Serbian army collapsed and prepared to retreat to the Adriatic Sea for evacuation by the Italian and French Navies.
• The British government introduced legislation to restrict housing rents to their pre-war level following Glasgow rent strikes led by Mary Barbour.
• The second Ku Klux Klan chapter was established in Stone Mountain, Georgia by William Joseph Simmons.
• Born: Yves Thériault, Canadian writer, author of Agaguk, in Quebec City (d. 1983)

November 28, 1915 (Sunday)

• Born: Evald Okas, Estonian painter, specialized in Social Realist public paintings such as the ceiling painting for the Estonian National Opera, in Tallinn, Estonia (d. 2011)
• Died: Mubarak Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait from 1896 to 1915 (b. 1837); Kobayashi Kiyochika, major Japanese ukiyo-e painter and printmaker during the Meiji period (b. 1847)

November 29, 1915 (Monday)

• German submarine SM UC-13 ran aground in the Black Sea and was scuttled.
• Born: Eugene Polley, American engineer for Zenith Electronics, inventor of the first wireless remote control, in Chicago (d. 2012); Bob Cotton, Australian politician, Senator for New South Wales from 1965 to 1978, in Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2006); Billy Strayhorn, American jazz musician, best known for his collaborations with Duke Ellington and compositions such as "Take the 'A' Train", "Chelsea Bridge", and "Lush Life", in Dayton, Ohio (d. 1967)

November 30, 1915 (Tuesday)

• The Walnut Canyon National Monument was established near Flagstaff, Arizona by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to preserve the ancient cliff dwellings located in the canyon.
• Born: Brownie McGhee, American blues musician, best known for his collaborations with harmonica player Sonny Terry, in Knoxville, Tennessee (d. 1996); Henry Taube, Canadian-American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in Neudorf, Saskatchewan (d. 2005)

References

1915 *1915-11 *1915-11

1915

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

	December
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
			01	02	03	04
05	06	07	08	09	10	11
12	13	14	15	16	17	18
19	20	21	22	23	24	25
26	27	28	29	30	31
1915

The following events occurred in December 1915:

December 1, 1915 (Wednesday)

• The 2d Aero Squadron of the United States Army was formed.
• Battle for Lake Tanganyika —
• A mob of soldiers vandalized the German Club in Sydney, Australia by throwing stones and breaking every facade window of the club. Police broke up the mob shortly after, arresting one solider and charging him with malicious damage and riotous behaviour.
• Died: Stuart Merrill, American Symbolist poet writing in French, author of Les Gammes, Les Fastes, and Petits Poèmes d'Automne (b. 1863); Henry Hart, African American entertainer and composer, leading composer and performer of mistrial shows in Indianapolis (b. 1839)

December 2, 1915 (Thursday)

• Born: Marais Viljoen, last ceremonial President of South Africa from 1979 to 1984, in Robertson, Western Cape, South Africa (d. 2007); Prince Takahito of Mikasa, younger brother of Hirohito, only surviving paternal uncle of Emperor Akihito, in Tokyo (still alive in 2016)

December 3, 1915 (Friday)

• A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck the border of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh, India, killing 170 people and destroying many homes.
• Died: Scipio Slataper, Italian writer and academic, promoter of the intellectual community in Trieste, Italy, author of My Karst, killed at the Fourth Battle of the Isonzo (b. 1888)

December 4, 1915 (Saturday)

• Born: Virginia deGravelles, American political organizer, national committee member for the Republican Party in Louisiana from 1964 to 1968, in Alexandria, Louisiana (still alive as of 2016); Johnny Lombardi, Canadian television personality, best known for promoting multicultural community TV programming, recipient of the Order of Canada, in Toronto (d. 2002)

December 5, 1915 (Sunday)

• Costa Rica held mid-term parliamentary elections, with the Republican Party of Costa Rica two-thirds of the vote, in which just over half of the eligible electorate voted.
• French submarine Fresnel was scuttled after running aground on the Bojana River that fed into the Adriatic Sea. Austro-Hungarian naval destroyer Warasdiner completed the destruction of the ship and took the French crew prisoner.

December 6, 1915 (Monday)

• Battle of Kosturino —
• A second Chantilly Conference for the Allied military organizations was held to formulate a coordinated strategy for the upcoming year against the Central Powers.
• Laurel Run mine fire — An underground coal mine fire near the communities of Laurel Run and Georgetown, in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania started when a miner accidentally left a carbide lamp hanging from a timber support before leaving for the weekend, causing it to ignite. Workers returning the following week discovered the fire and tries to extinguish it by blocking off its air supply by pouring sand in the area and filling the openings of the mine with concrete. However, the fire persisted and spread and continued to burn well into the 21st-century.

December 7, 1915 (Tuesday)

• The First Siege of Kut, Mesopotamia, by the Ottomans began.
• The German Club in Sydney, Australia applied to renew its licensing to reopen after repairs were made to damages caused by a mob of soldiers on-leave at the start of the month, but the licensing court refused to entertain renewals until after the war, resulting in the club eventually shutting down.
• Born: Eli Wallach, American actor, best known for film roles such as Baby Doll, The Magnificent Seven and The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly, in New York City (d. 2014); Leigh Brackett, American author and screenwriter, author of the screenplays The Big Sleep, Rio Bravo and The Empire Strikes Back, credited for Space Opera novels, in Los Angeles (d. 1978)

December 8, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Canadian medical soldier John McCrea published his war poem "In Flanders Fields" anonymously in Punch after it had been rejected by The Spectator, but Punch attributed the poem to McCrea in its year-end index.
• Swedish composer Jean Sibelius premiered his Symphony No. 5 with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra at concert held on this birthday.
• Born: Ernest Lehman, American screenwriter, known for his scripts for The Sound of Music and West Side Story, received six Academy Award nominations without a single win, recipient of the Academy Honorary Award, in New York City (d. 2005); Bernard Fagg, British archaeologist, leading excavator and curator of digs in Nigeria, in London (d. 1987); Nikos Gatsos, Greek poet, best known for contributing lyrics to Greek composers such as Manos Hadjidakis, Mikis Theodorakis and Stavros Xarchakos, in Asea, Greece (d. 1992)
• Died: Gaetano Perusini, Italian physician, pupil and colleague of Alois Alzheimer, died from wounds sustained from a grenade during the Italian campaign (b. 1879)

December 9, 1915 (Thursday)

• British cargo ship Orteric was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea 140 nautical miles (260 km) southeast of Gavdos, Greece by German submarine SM U-39 with the loss of two crew.
• Born: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, German-British opera singer, best known for her performance work with the Royal Opera House in London, especially the role of the Marschallin in the Richard Strauss opera Der Rosenkavalier, in Jarocin, Prussia (now part of Poland) (d. 2006)

December 10, 1915 (Friday)

• The 1 millionth Ford car rolled off the assembly line at the River Rouge Plant in Detroit.
• Born: William N. Deramus III, American rail executive, president of Chicago Great Western Railway from 1949 to 1957, Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad from 1957 to 1961, and Kansas City Southern Railway from 1961 to 1973, in Pittsburg, Kansas (d. 1989)

December 11, 1915 (Saturday)

• Field Marshall John French was appointed Command-in-Chief of Home Forces in Great Britain and dissolved the Third Army from being a central reserve to a coastal defense force.

December 12, 1915 (Sunday)

• President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai declared himself Emperor.
• Battle of Kosturino —
• German destroyer SMS V107 struck a mine and sank in the Baltic Sea off Liepāja, Latvia with the loss of a crew member.
• German pilot Theodor Mallinckrodt made the initial short flight of the world's first practical all-metal aircraft, the Junkers J 1.
• Born: Frank Sinatra, American singer and actor, one of the best-selling music artists of all time with 150 million records sold, also known for acclaimed film roles such as From Here to Eternity and The Manchurian Candidate, headed the noteworthy "Rat Pack", in Hoboken, New Jersey (d. 1998); Tobias Faber, Danish architect and academic, president of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1954 to 1973 and professor of the Academy's School of Architecture (d. 2010)

December 13, 1915 (Monday)

• A municipal election was held in Edmonton, Alberta, with William Thomas Henry re-elected by acclamation as mayor while five new aldermen were elected to vacancies on the 10-seat city council.
• The Cecil B. DeMille directed drama The Cheat was released, starring Fannie Ward, Sessue Hayakawa, and Jack Dean, Ward's real-life husband. The film was controversial among Japanese Americans for its leading Japanese character being portrayed as a sinister villain and was consequently not shown in Great Britian or Japan.
• Born: Ross Macdonald, American-Canadian crime fiction writer, best known for the Lew Archer series, in Los Gatos, California (d. 1983); Curd Juergens, Austrian-German film actor, known for roles in The Longest Day and The Spy Who Loved Me, in Solln, Germany (d. 1982); B. J. Vorster, South African politician, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978, in Uitenhage, Cape Province, South Africa (d. 1983)

December 14, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Born: Dan Dailey, American actor and singer, known for musical leading roles such as There's No Business Like Show Business, in New York City (d. 1978)

December 15, 1915 (Wednesday)

• William John Bowser became Premier of British Columbia, replacing Richard McBride.

December 16, 1915 (Thursday)

• William Kissam Vanderbilt was found to be in violation of antitrust laws in the United States because the New York Central owned a controlling interest in the Nickel Plate Road, both of which Vanderbilt owned.
• Born: Georgy Sviridov, Russian composer, known for compositions including film scores for Soviet films such as Time, Forward! and The Blizzard, in Fatezh, Russia (d. 1998)

December 17, 1915 (Friday)

• The St Bedes Junction rail crash in England killed 19 people.
• German cruiser SMS Bremen struck a mine and sank in the Baltic Sea off Ventspils, Lithuania.
• Born: Robert A. Dahl, American political scientist, author of Who Governs? which introduced the concept of pluralist democracy, in Inwood, Iowa (d. 2014); André Claveau, French singer, best known for the hit French-language song "Dors, mon amour" in 1958, in Paris (d. 2003)

December 18, 1915 (Saturday)

• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson married Edith Bolling Galt in Washington, D.C.
• Charlie Chaplin's thirteenth and final film for Essanay Studios, A Burlesque on Carmen, was released. The film was a parody of the overacted Cecil B. DeMille Carmen of 1915 which was itself an interpretation of the popular novella Carmen by Prosper Mérimée.

December 19, 1915 (Sunday)

• Greek Liberal Party leader Eleftherios Venizelos and his caucus boycotted the legislative election held in Greece following Greek monarch Constantine I of Greece calling for new elections. The Liberal Party, which one a majority is legislative elections held in May, publicly opposed Constantine's advocacy that Greece remaining neutral during World War One. As a result, only conservative parties ran and were elected to majority of the seats in legislature. Continual conflict between the Greek Liberals and the monarchy led a crisis later in 1916 known as the National Schism.
• Douglas Haig replaced John French as commander of the British Expeditionary Force.
• Captain M.M. Bell-Irving of the No.1 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps, achieved the first aerial victory by a Canadian when he shot down a German aircraft.
• Kasimir Malevich staged the 0.10 Exhibition and introduced Suprematism to the art public.
• Born: Édith Piaf, French singer, best known for international French-language hits including "La Vie en rose" and "Non, je ne regrette rien", in Paris (d. 1963)
• Died: Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist and neuroscientist,identified the first published case of "presenile dementia", later known as Alzheimer's disease (b. 1864)

December 20, 1915 (Monday)

• The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) completed their evacuation from Gallipoli before dawn.
• Born: Noel Browne, Irish politician (d. 1997)

December 21, 1915 (Tuesday)

• British hospital ship SS Huntly, formerly the German hospital ship Ophelia, was torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel by German submarine SM UB-10 with the loss of two of her crew.
• Born: Werner von Trapp, member of the Trapp Family Singers, in Zell am See, Austria (d. 2007)
• Died: Thomas Sergeant Hall, Australian geologist and biologist, recipient of the The Murchison Fund for his research into Graptolithina (prehistoric animals) (b. 1858); Violet Florence Martin, Irish author, co-writer with cousin Edith Somerville of the Somerville and Ross novels, including The Irish R.M. series (b. 1862)

December 22, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Born: Barbara Billingsley, American actress, best known as June Cleaver on the 1950s TV series Leave It to Beaver and its 1980s sequel Still the Beaver, in Los Angeles (d. 2010); David Martin, Hungarian-born Australian journalist and poet, recipient of the Order of Australia, in Budapest (d. 1997); A. E. Wilder-Smith, British-American chemist, leading proponent of intelligent design, in Reading, Berkshire, England (d. 1995)
• Died: Arthur Hughes, English painter and illustrator, member of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (b. 1832)

December 23, 1915 (Thursday)

• General elections were held in Luxembourg, with the Party of the Right winning nearly half of the 52 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
• HMHS Britannic departed from Liverpool on her maiden voyage as a hospital ship.
• The musical Very Good Eddie, by Guy Bolton and Philip Bartholomae with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Schuyler Green and Herbert Reynolds, was the second show to premier at Princess Theatre, New York City. The show was a hit, running for 341 performances and leading to further successful collaborations between Bolton and Kern.
• Died: Roland Leighton, English war poet, his life and death in combat were commemorated in Vera Brittain's memoir, Testament of Youth (b. 1895)

December 24, 1915 (Friday)

• The Dumbarton Bridge in Washington, D.C. officially opened as the Q Street Bridge before changed to its officially name the following year. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1973.

December 25, 1915 (Saturday)

• The National Protection War erupted in China.
• The Irving Berlin musical Stop! Look! Listen! premiered Christmas Day on Broadway at the Globe Theatre in New York City, resulting in a run of 105 performances.
• Born: Pete Rugolo, Italian-American jazz composer and bandleader, best known for his collaborations with Stan Kenton and TV and film scores such as Leave It to Beaver and The Fugitive, in San Piero Patti, Sicily, Italy (d. 2011)

December 26, 1915 (Sunday)

• British submarine HMS E6 struck a mine and sank in the North Sea off Harwich, Essex, England with the loss of 31 of her crew.
• The Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decided to stage an Easter Rising in 1916.
• Actress Mary Boland made her screen debut in The Edge of the Abyss, directed by Walter Edwards (the film is now considered lost).

December 27, 1915 (Monday)

• Born: Gyula Zsengellér, Hungarian association football player, played for Újpest FC from 1936 to 1947, member of the Hungarian national team and second-highest scorer at the 1938 FIFA World Cup (d. 1999); John Cornford, English poet, nest known for the anti-fascist poem Full Moon At Tierz, great-grandson of Charles Darwin, in Cambridge (d. 1936, killed in combat during the Spanish Civil War)

December 28, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Battle of Durazzo —

December 29, 1915 (Wednesday)

• French submarine Monge was sunk in the Adriatic Sea off Kotor, Austria-Hungary by Austro-Hungarian Navy cruiser SMS Helgoland.
• The town and municipality of Embarcación in Salta Province, Argentina was established.
• Born: Charles L. Harness, American speculative fiction writer, author of the The Paradox Men, in Colorado City, Texas (d. 2005)

December 30, 1915 (Thursday)

• British Armoured cruiser HMS Natal (1905) capsized at anchor in the Cromarty Firth as the result of an internal explosion in her ammunition stores, killing 390 sailors and some civilians.
• British passenger ship Persia was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Crete by German submarine SM U-38 with the loss of 343 of the 519 people on board.
• The "new" German 8th Army was formed using Army of the Niemen under command of General Otto von Below.

December 31, 1915 (Friday)

• Born: Sam Ragan, American poet and journalist, North Carolina Poet Laureate from 1982 to 1996, in Berea, North Carolina (d. 1996)
• Died: Tommaso Salvini, Italian actor, best known for his leading Shakespearean roles in Othello, Macbeth and King Lear, as well as leading roles in Italian dramas Saul and Francesca da Rimini (b. 1829)

References

1915 *1915-12 *1915-12