Jump to content

Pizza

Edit links
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Jjpancake (talk | contribs) at 19:41, 29 November 2016. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Pizza (disambiguation).

Pizza
Pizza topped with pepperoni
TypeFlatbread
CourseLunch or dinner
Place of originNaples, Campania, Italy
Serving temperatureHot or warm
Main ingredientsDough, often tomato sauce, cheese
VariationsCalzone, panzerotti, stromboli
Part of a series on
Pizza
Main articles
Styles
Topping varieties
Cooking variations
Tools
Events
Frozen pizza brands
Lists of pizza chains
By country
Related articles
Similar dishes

Pizza is a yeasted flatbread generally topped with tomato sauce and cheese and baked in an oven. It is commonly topped with a selection of meats, vegetables and condiments. The term was first recorded in the 10th century, in a Latin manuscript from Gaeta in Central Italy.[1] The modern pizza was invented in Naples, Italy, and the dish and its variants have since become popular and common in many areas of the world.[2]

In 2009, upon Italy's request, Neapolitan pizza was safeguarded in the European Union as a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed dish.[3][4] The Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana (the True Neapolitan Pizza Association) is a non-profit organization founded in 1984 with headquarters in Naples. It promotes and protects the "true Neapolitan pizza".[5]

Pizza is sold fresh or frozen, either whole or in portions, and is a common fast food item in Europe and North America.[6] Various types of ovens are used to cook them and many varieties exist. Several similar dishes are prepared from ingredients commonly used in pizza preparation, such as calzone and stromboli.

Etymology

The origin of the word pizza (Italian: [ˈpittsa]) is uncertain. The term "pizza" first appeared in a Latin text from the southern Italy town of Gaeta in 997 AD, which states that a tenant of certain property is to give the bishop of Gaeta duodecim pizze ("twelve pizzas") every Christmas Day, and another twelve every Easter Sunday".[1][7]

Suggested etymologies include:

  • The Ancient Greek word πικτή (pikte), "fermented pastry", which in Latin became "picta", and Late Latin pitta > pizza. Compare Greek pita bread and the Apulia and Calabrian pitta.[8]
  • The Ancient Greek word πίσσα (pissa, Attic πίττα, pitta), "pitch",[9][10] or pḗtea, "bran" (pētítēs, "bran bread").[11]
  • The Italian word pizzicare meaning "to pluck", which refers to pizza being plucked quickly from the oven (pizzicare was derived from an older Italian word pizzo meaning "point").[12]
  • The Lombardic word bizzo or pizzo meaning "mouthful" (related to the English words "bit" and "bite"), which was brought to Italy in the middle of the 6th century AD by the invading Lombards.[1][13]

History

Main article: History of pizza
Pizza Margherita, the archetype of Neapolitan pizza

Foods similar to pizza have been made since the neolithic age. Records of people adding other ingredients to bread to make it more flavorful can be found throughout ancient history. The ancient Greeks covered their bread with oils, herbs and cheese,[14] and in the 6th century BC, the soldiers in Persian King Darius I armies baked flatbreads with cheese and dates on top of their battle shields.[15][16]

Modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in Naples, Italy in the 18th or early 19th century.[17] Prior to that time, flatbread was often topped with ingredients such as garlic, salt, lard, cheese, and basil. It is uncertain when tomatoes were first added and there are many conflicting claims.[17] Until about 1830, pizza was sold from open-air stands and out of pizza bakeries, and pizzerias keep this old tradition alive today.

A popular contemporary legend holds that the archetypal pizza, pizza Margherita, was invented in 1889, when the Royal Palace of Capodimonte commissioned the Neapolitan pizzaiolo (pizza maker) Raffaele Esposito to create a pizza in honor of the visiting Queen Margherita. Of the three different pizzas he created, the Queen strongly preferred a pizza swathed in the colors of the Italian flag: red (tomato), green (basil), and white (mozzarella). Supposedly, this kind of pizza was then named after the Queen as "Pizza Margherita",[18] although recent research casts doubt on this legend.[19]

Pizza was brought to the United States with Italian immigrants in the late nineteenth century;[20] and first appeared in areas where Italian immigrants concentrated. The country's first pizzeria, Lombardi's, opened in 1905.[21] Following World War II, veterans returning from the Italian Campaign after being introduced to Italy's native cuisine proved a ready market for pizza in particular.[22] Since then pizza consumption has exploded in the U.S.[23] pizza chains such as Domino's, Pizza Hut, and Papa John's, pizzas from take and bake pizzerias and chilled and frozen from supermarkets, make pizza readily available nationwide. It is so ubiquitous, thirteen percent of the U.S. population consumes pizza on any given day.[24]

Preparation

Pizza is prepared fresh, frozen, and as portion-size slices or pieces. Methods have been developed to overcome challenges such as preventing the sauce from combining with the dough and producing a crust that can be frozen and reheated without becoming rigid. There are frozen pizzas with raw ingredients and self-rising crusts.

Another form of uncooked pizza is available from take and bake pizzerias. This pizza is assembled in the store, then sold to customers to bake in their own ovens. Some grocery stores sell fresh dough along with sauce and basic ingredients, to complete at home before baking in an oven.

  • Pizza preparation
  • A wrapped, mass-produced frozen pizza cooked at home
    A wrapped, mass-produced frozen pizza cooked at home
  • Pizza dough being kneaded. After this, it is typically left undisturbed and allowed time to proof.
    Pizza dough being kneaded. After this, it is typically left undisturbed and allowed time to proof.
  • Traditional pizza dough being tossed
    Traditional pizza dough being tossed
  • Various toppings being placed on pan pizzas
    Various toppings being placed on pan pizzas
  • An uncooked Neapolitan pizza on a metal peel, ready for the oven
    An uncooked Neapolitan pizza on a metal peel, ready for the oven

Cooking

In restaurants, pizza can be baked in an oven with stone bricks above the heat source, an electric deck oven, a conveyor belt oven or, in the case of more expensive restaurants, a wood- or coal-fired brick oven. On deck ovens, pizza can be slid into the oven on a long paddle, called a peel, and baked directly on the hot bricks or baked on a screen (a round metal grate, typically aluminum). Prior to use, a peel may be sprinkled with cornmeal to allow pizza to easily slide onto and off of it.[25] When made at home, it can be baked on a pizza stone in a regular oven to reproduce the effect of a brick oven. Another option is grilled pizza, in which the crust is baked directly on a barbecue grill. Greek pizza, like Chicago-style pizza, is baked in a pan rather than directly on the bricks of the pizza oven.

When it comes to preparation, the dough and ingredients can be combined on any kind of table. With mass production of pizzas the process can be completely automated. Most restaurants still use standard and purpose built pizza preparation tables. Pizzerias nowadays can even opt for hi tech pizza preparation tables that combine mass production elements with traditional techniques.[26]

  • Pizza cooking
  • Pizzas bake in a traditional wood-fired brick oven
    Pizzas bake in a traditional wood-fired brick oven
  • A pizza baked in a wood-fired oven, being removed with a wooden peel
    A pizza baked in a wood-fired oven, being removed with a wooden peel
  • A cooked pizza served at a pizzeria in New York
    A cooked pizza served at a pizzeria in New York

Crust

A pizza just removed from an oven, with a close-up view of the cornicione (the outer edge)

The bottom of the pizza, called the "crust", may vary widely according to style—thin as in a typical hand-tossed Neapolitan pizza, or thick as in a deep-dish Chicago-style. It is traditionally plain, but may also be seasoned with garlic or herbs, or stuffed with cheese. The outer edge of the pizza is sometimes referred to as the cornicione.[27] Often pizza dough contains sugar, both to help its yeast rise and enhance browning of the crust.[28]

Cheese

Main article: Pizza cheese

Mozzarella is commonly used on pizza, with the highest quality buffalo mozzarella produced in the surroundings of Naples.[29] Today, other cheeses have been used as pizza ingredients, including provolone, pecorino romano, ricotta, and scamorza.

Less expensive processed cheeses have been developed for mass-market pizzas to produce desirable qualities like browning, melting, stretchiness, consistent fat and moisture content, and stable shelflife. This quest to create the ideal and economical pizza cheese has involved many studies and experiments analyzing the impact of vegetable oil, manufacturing and culture processes, denatured whey proteins and other changes in manufacture. In 1997 it was estimated that annual production of pizza cheese was 2 billion pounds (910 million kilograms) in the U.S. and 200 million pounds (91 million kilograms) in Europe.[30]

Varieties

Main article: List of pizza varieties by country
A pizza with various toppings from a pizzeria in Romania

Italy

Authentic Neapolitan pizza (pizza napoletana) is typically made with San Marzano tomatoes, grown on the volcanic plains south of Mount Vesuvius, and mozzarella di bufala Campana, made with milk from water buffalo raised in the marshlands of Campania and Lazio.[31] This mozzarella is protected with its own European protected designation of origin.[31] Other traditional pizzas include pizza alla marinara, which is topped with marinara sauce and is allegedly the most ancient tomato-topped pizza,[32] pizza capricciosa, which is prepared with mozzarella cheese, baked ham, mushroom, artichoke and tomato,[33] and pizza pugliese, prepared with tomato, mozzarella and onions.[34]

Slices of New York-style pizza

A popular variant of pizza in Italy is Sicilian pizza (locally called sfincione or sfinciuni),[35][36] a thick-crust or deep-dish pizza originating during the 17th century in Sicily: it is essentially a focaccia that is typically topped with tomato sauce and other ingredients. Until the 1860s, sfincione was the type of pizza usually consumed in Sicily, especially in the Western portion of the island.[37] Other variations of pizzas are also found in other regions of Italy, for example pizza al padellino or pizza al tegamino, a small-sized, thick-crust and deep-dish pizza typically served in Turin, Piedmont.[38][39][40]

United States

Main article: Pizza in the United States

Common toppings for pizza in the United States include ground beef, mushrooms, onions, pepperoni, pineapple, garlic, chicken and sausage.

Distinct regional types developed in the twentieth century, including California, Chicago, Greek, and New York styles.[23] The first pizzeria in the U.S. was opened in New York's Little Italy in 1905[41] and since then regions throughout the U.S. offer variations, including deep-dish, stuffed, pockets, turnovers, rolled and pizza-on-a-stick, each with seemingly limitless combinations of sauce and toppings.

Another variation is grilled pizza, created by taking a fairly thin, round (more typically, irregularly shaped) sheet of yeasted pizza dough, placing it directly over the fire of a grill and then turning it over once the bottom has baked and placing a thin layer of toppings on the baked side.[42] Toppings may be sliced thin to ensure that they heat through, and chunkier toppings such as sausage or peppers may be precooked before being placed on the pizza.[43] Garlic, herbs, or other ingredients are sometimes added to the pizza or the crust to maximize the flavor of the dish.[44]

Grilled pizza was offered in the United States at the Al Forno restaurant in Providence, Rhode Island[45] by owners Johanne Killeen and George Germon in 1980.[citation needed] Although it was inspired by a misunderstanding that confused a wood-fired brick oven with a grill,[citation needed] grilled pizza did exist prior to 1980, both in Italy, and in Argentina where it is known as pizza a la parrilla.[46] It has become a popular cookout dish, and there are even some pizza restaurants that specialize in the style. The traditional style of griled pizza employed at Al Forno restaurant uses a dough coated with olive oil,[45] strained tomato sauce, thin slices of fresh mozzarella, and a garnish made from shaved scallions, and is served uncut.[47] The final product can be likened to flatbread with pizza toppings.[45] Another Providence establishment, Bob & Timmy's Grilled Pizza, was featured in a Providence-themed episode of the Travel Channel's Man v. Food Nation in 2011.[48]

Records

The world's largest pizza was prepared in Rome in December 2012, and measured 1,261 square metres (13,570 sq ft). The pizza was named "Ottavia" in homage to the first Roman emperor Octavian Augustus, and was made with a gluten-free base.[49] The world's longest pizza was made in Naples in 2016. It was baked using a series of wheeled ovens which moved along its length, and measured 1.85 kilometres (1.15 mi).[50]

The world's most expensive pizza listed by Guinness World Records is a commercially available thin-crust pizza at Maze restaurant in London, United Kingdom, which costs £100. The pizza is wood fire-baked, and is topped with onion puree, white truffle paste, fontina cheese, baby mozzarella, pancetta, cep mushrooms, freshly picked wild mizuna lettuce, and fresh shavings of a rare Italian white truffle.[51]

There are several instances of more expensive pizzas, such as the £4,200 "Pizza Royale 007" at Haggis restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland, which has caviar, lobster and is topped with 24-carat gold dust, and the US$1,000 caviar pizza made by Nino's Bellissima pizzeria in New York City, New York.[52][53] However, these are not officially recognized by Guinness World Records. Additionally, a pizza was made by the restaurateur Domenico Crolla that included toppings such as sunblush-tomato sauce, Scottish smoked salmon, medallions of venison, edible gold, lobster marinated in cognac, and champagne-soaked caviar. The pizza was auctioned for charity in 2007, raising £2,150.[54]

Health issues

A vegetarian pizza

Some mass-produced pizzas by fast food chains have been criticized as having an unhealthy balance of ingredients. Pizza can be high in salt, fat and food energy. The USDA reports an average sodium content of 5,101 mg per 14 in (36 cm) pizza in fast food chains.[55] There are concerns about negative health effects.[56] Food chains have come under criticism at various times for the high salt content of some of their meals.[57]

Frequent pizza eaters in Italy have been found to have a relatively low incidence of cardiovascular disease[58] and digestive tract cancers[59] relative to infrequent pizza eaters, although the nature of the correlation between pizza and such perceived benefits is unclear. Pizza consumption in Italy might only indicate adherence to traditional Mediterranean dietary patterns, which have been shown to have various health benefits.[59]

Some attribute the apparent health benefits of pizza to the lycopene content in pizza sauce,[60] which research indicates likely plays a role in protecting against cardiovascular disease and various cancers.[61]

National Pizza Month

National Pizza Month is an annual observance that occurs for the month of October in the United States and some areas of Canada.[62][63][64][65] This observance began in October 1984, and was created by Gerry Durnell, the publisher of Pizza Today magazine.[65] During this time, some people observe National Pizza Month by consuming various types of pizzas or pizza slices, or going to various pizzerias.[62]

Similar dishes

A halved calzone
A tarte flambée
  • Calzone and stromboli are similar dishes (a calzone is traditionally half-moon-shaped, while a stromboli is tube-shaped) that are often made of pizza dough rolled or folded around a filling.
  • "Farinata" or "cecina".[66] A Ligurian (farinata) and Tuscan (cecina) regional dish made from chickpea flour, water, salt and olive oil. Also called socca in the Provence region of France. Often baked in a brick oven, and typically weighed and sold by the slice.
  • The Alsatian Flammekueche[67] German: Flammkuchen. French: Tarte flambée is a thin disc of dough covered in crème fraîche, onions, and bacon.
  • Garlic fingers is an Atlantic Canadian dish, similar to a pizza in shape and size, and made with similar dough. It is garnished with melted butter, garlic, cheese, and sometimes bacon.
  • The Anatolian Lahmacun (Arabic: laḥm bi'ajīn; Armenian: lahmajoun; also Armenian pizza or Turkish pizza) is a meat-topped dough round. The bread is very thin; the layer of meat often includes chopped vegetables.
  • The Levantine Manakish (Arabic: ma'ujnāt) and Sfiha (Arabic: laḥm bi'ajīn; also Arab pizza) are dishes similar to pizza.
  • The Macedonian Pastrmajlija is a bread pie made from dough and meat. It is usually oval-shaped with chopped meat on top of it.
  • The Provençal Pissaladière is similar to an Italian pizza, with a slightly thicker crust and a topping of cooked onions, anchovies, and olives.
  • Pizza bagel is a bagel with toppings similar to that of traditional pizzas
  • Pizza bread is a type of sandwich that is often served open-faced which consists of bread, pizza or tomato sauce, cheese[68] and various toppings. Homemade versions may be prepared.
  • Pizza sticks may be prepared with pizza dough and pizza ingredients, in which the dough is shaped into stick forms, sauce and toppings are added, and it is then baked.[69] Bread dough may also be used in their preparation,[70] and some versions are fried.[71]
  • Pizza Rolls are a frozen snack variation of traditional pizza that can include various toppings. Homemade versions may be prepared as well.
  • Okonomiyaki, a Japanese dish cooked on a hotplate, is often referred to as "Japanese pizza".[72]
  • "Zanzibar pizza" is a street food served in Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania. It uses a dough much thinner than pizza dough, almost like phyllo dough, filled with minced beef, onions, and an egg, similar to Moroccan bestila.[73]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Maiden, Martin. "Linguistic Wonders Series: Pizza is a German(ic) Word". yourDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2003-01-15.
  2. ^ Miller, Hanna (April–May 2006). "American Pie". American Heritage Magazine. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  3. ^ Official Journal of the European Union, Commission regulation (EU) No 97/2010, 5 February 2010
  4. ^ International Trademark Association, European Union: Pizza napoletana obtains "Traditional Speciality Guaranteed" status, 1 April 2010
  5. ^ "Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana (AVPN)". Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  6. ^ Baofu, P. (2013). The Future of Post-Human Culinary Art: Towards a New Theory of Ingredients and Techniques. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-4438-4484-0.
  7. ^ Salvatore Riciniello (1987) Codice Diplomatico Gaetano, Vol. I, La Poligrafica
  8. ^ Babiniotis, Georgios (2005). Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας (in Greek). Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας. p. 1413. ISBN 960-86190-1-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Pizza, at Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  10. ^ "Pissa, Liddell and Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  11. ^ "Pizza, at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  12. ^ "Pizza, History and Legends of Pizza". Whatscookingamerica.net. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  13. ^ "Pizza". Garzanti Linguistica. De Agostini Scuola Spa. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  14. ^ Talati-Padiyar, Dhwani. Travelled, Tasted, Tried & Tailored: Food Chronicles. ISBN 1304961354. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  15. ^ "Pizza, A Slice of American History" Liz Barrett (2014), p.13
  16. ^ "The Science of Bakery Products" W. P. Edwards (2007), p.199
  17. ^ a b Helstosky, Carol (2008). Pizza: A Global History. London: Reaktion. pp. 21–22. ISBN 1-86189-391-4.
  18. ^ "Pizza Margherita: History and Recipe". Italy Magazine. 14 March 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  19. ^ "Was margherita pizza really named after Italy's queen?". BBC Food. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  20. ^ Helstosky, Carol (2008). Pizza: A Global History. Reaktion Books. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-86189-630-8.
  21. ^ "The people who eat pizza every day". BBC News. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  22. ^ Turim, Gayle. "A Slice of History: Pizza Through the Ages". History.com. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  23. ^ a b "Pizza Garden: Italy, the Home of Pizza". CUIP Chicago Public Schools – University of Chicago Internet Project – The University of Chicago. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  24. ^ Rhodes, Donna G.; Adler, Meghan E.; Clemens,, John C.; LaComb, Randy P.; Moshfegh, Alanna J. "Consumption of Pizza" (PDF). Food Surveys Research Group. Retrieved 25 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  25. ^ Owens, Martin J. (2003). Make Great Pizza at Home. Taste of America Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-9744470-0-5.
  26. ^ "Automated pizza preparation table". rotopizza.club. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  27. ^ Braimbridge, Sophie; Glynn, Joanne (2005). Food of Italy. Murdoch Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-74045-464-3.
  28. ^ DeAngelis, Dominick A. (December 1, 2011). The Art of Pizza Making: Trade Secrets and Recipes. The Creative Pizza Company. pp. 20–28. ISBN 0-9632034-0-1.
  29. ^ Anderson, Sam (October 11, 2012). "Go Ahead, Milk My Day". NYTimes. Retrieved November 7, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Fox, Patrick F.; () (2000). Fundamentals of Cheese Science. Aspen Pub. p. 482. ISBN 0-8342-1260-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b "Selezione geografica". Europa.eu.int. 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  32. ^ "La vera storia della pizza napoletana". Biografieonline.it. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  33. ^ Rough Guide Phrasebook: Italian: Italian. 2011-08-01. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-4053-8646-3.
  34. ^ Wine Enthusiast, Volume 21, Issues 1-7. Wine Enthusiast. 2007. p. 475.
  35. ^ "What is Sicilian Pizza?". WiseGeek. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  36. ^ Giorgio Locatelli (2012-12-26). Made In Sicily. ISBN 978-0-06-213038-9. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
  37. ^ Gangi, Roberta (2007). "Sfincione". Best of Sicily Magazine. Archived from the original on 2014-04-02.
  38. ^ "Torino: la riscoperta della pizza al padellino". Agrodolce. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  39. ^ "Pizza al padellino (o tegamino): che cos'è?". Gelapajo.it. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  40. ^ "Beniamino, il profeta della pizza gourmet". Torino - Repubblica.it. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  41. ^ Otis, Ginger Adams (2010). New York City 7. Lonely Planet. p. 256. ISBN 1741795915. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  42. ^ Byrn, Anne (2007). What Can I Bring? Cookbook. Workman Publishing. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0761159525. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  43. ^ Chandler, J. (2012). Simply Grilling: 105 Recipes for Quick and Casual Grilling. Thomas Nelson. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4016-0452-3.
  44. ^ Delpha, J.; Oringer, K. (2015). Grilled Pizza the Right Way: The Best Technique for Cooking Incredible Tasting Pizza & Flatbread on Your Barbecue Perfectly Chewy & Crispy Every Time. Page Street Publishing. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-62414-106-5.
  45. ^ a b c "Great Grilled Pizza". Cook's Illustrated. July 1, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  46. ^ Spinetto, H. (2007). Pizzerías de valor patrimonial de Buenos Aires (in Spanish). Patrimonio e Instituto Histórico. p. 159. ISBN 978-987-1037-67-4.
  47. ^ Dixler, Hillary (March 19, 2014). "The Grilled Pizza Margarita at Al Forno in Providence". Eater. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  48. ^ "Providence Featured on Travel Channel's Man V. Food Nation". City of Providence. August 4, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  49. ^ "Largest pizza". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  50. ^ "Longest pizza". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  51. ^ "Most expensive pizza". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  52. ^ Shaw, Bryan (March 11, 2010). "Top Five Most Expensive Pizzas in The World". Haute Living. Retrieved 9 September 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  53. ^ Conway, Lawrence (June 18, 2012). "New York restaurant serving up $1,000 PIZZA... decadent dish is topped with two of the world's top caviars". Daily Mail. Retrieved 9 September 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  54. ^ "Chef cooks £2,000 Valentine pizza". BBC News. 2007-02-14. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
  55. ^ "Basic Report 21299". National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. 2014-09-28.
  56. ^ "Survey of pizzas". Food Standards Agency. 2004-07-08. Archived from the original on 2005-12-28. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  57. ^ "Health | Fast food salt levels "shocking"". BBC News. 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  58. ^ S Gallus, A Tavani, and C La Vecchia. "Pizza and risk of acute myocardial infarction", European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004, Retrieved on 18 January 2015
  59. ^ a b S Gallus, Cristina Bosetti, E Negri, Renato Talamini, M Montella Ettore Conti, Silvia Franceschi and Carlo La Vecchia. "Does pizza protect against cancer?", International Journal of Cancer, Volume 107, Issue 2 (2003). Retrieved on 28 September 2014
  60. ^ Bramley, Peter "Is Lycopene Benefitial to Human Health?", Phytochemistry, Volume 54, Issue 3, 1 June 2000, Pages 233–236, Retrieved on 5 October 2014
  61. ^ Adetayo O. Omoni, Rotimi E. Aluko. "The anti-carcinogenic and anti-atherogenic effects of lycopene: a review", Trends in Food Science & Technology, Volume 16, Issue 8, August 2005, Pages 344–350, Retrieved on 5 October 2014.
  62. ^ a b Pizza City. p. 97. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  63. ^ Pizza Anytime. p. 4. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  64. ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. Oxford University Press. p. 643. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  65. ^ a b "National Pizza Month". Pizza.com. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  66. ^ "Brick Oven Cecina". Fornobravo.com. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  67. ^ Helga Rosemann, Flammkuchen: Ein Streifzug durch das Land der Flammkuchen mit vielen Rezepten und Anregungen (Offenbach: Höma-Verlag, 2009).
  68. ^ Adler, Karen; Fertig, Judith (2014). Patio Pizzeria. Running Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-7624-4966-7.
  69. ^ McNair, James (2000). James McNair's New Pizza. Chronicle Books. p. 53. ISBN 0-8118-2364-4.
  70. ^ Magee, Elaine (2009). The Flax Cookbook. Da Capo Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-7867-3062-5.
  71. ^ Wilbur, Todd (1997). Top Secret Restaurant Recipes. Penguin. p. 27. ISBN 1-4406-7440-X.
  72. ^ "hanamiweb.com". Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  73. ^ Samuelsson, Marcus. "The Soul of a New Cuisine: A Discovery of the Foods and Flavors of Africa". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. New York: 2006.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pizza&oldid=752149768"