Donald Trump: Difference between revisions
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Trump's allegations of widespread voting fraud were refuted by judges, state election officials, and his own administration's [[Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]] (CISA).<ref name=conclusive>{{cite news |last1=Woodward |first1=Calvin |title=AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence |url=https://apnews.com/article/ap-fact-check-trump-conclusively-lost-bbb9d8c808021ed65d91aee003a7bc64 |accessdate=November 17, 2020 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> After CISA director [[Chris Krebs]] contradicted Trump's voting fraud allegations, Trump fired him on November 17.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump fires election security official who contradicted him |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54982360 |accessdate=November 18, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> |
Trump's allegations of widespread voting fraud were refuted by judges, state election officials, and his own administration's [[Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]] (CISA).<ref name=conclusive>{{cite news |last1=Woodward |first1=Calvin |title=AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence |url=https://apnews.com/article/ap-fact-check-trump-conclusively-lost-bbb9d8c808021ed65d91aee003a7bc64 |accessdate=November 17, 2020 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> After CISA director [[Chris Krebs]] contradicted Trump's voting fraud allegations, Trump fired him on November 17.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump fires election security official who contradicted him |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54982360 |accessdate=November 18, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> |
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While refusing to accept the election results, Trump also blocked government officials from cooperating in the [[presidential transition of Joe Biden]], and, with Attorney General William Barr's authorization, the Justice Department was asked to investigate any allegations of |
While refusing to accept the election results, Trump also blocked government officials from cooperating in the [[presidential transition of Joe Biden]], and, with Attorney General William Barr's authorization, the Justice Department was asked to investigate if there any "clear and apparently-credible allegations of irregularities that, if true, could potentially impact the outcome of a federal election in an individual State."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lamire |first1=Jonathan |title=Refusing to concede, Trump blocks cooperation on transition |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-virus-outbreak-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-2d39186996f69de245e59c966d4d140f |work=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=November 10, 2020 |date=November 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Balsamo |first1=Michael |title=Barr tells DOJ to probe election fraud claims if they exist |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-4eeb9e0c97301a23ae8d05b54c3144fd |work=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=November 18, 2020 |date=November 10, 2020}}</ref> |
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== Public profile == |
== Public profile == |
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Revision as of 12:47, 19 November 2020
Donald Trump | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 45th President of the United States | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2017 | |
| Vice President | Mike Pence |
| Preceded by | Barack Obama |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Donald John Trump June 14, 1946 Queens, New York City |
| Political party | Republican (
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| Other political affiliations |
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| Spouses | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Family of Donald Trump |
| Residence | Residences of Donald Trump |
| Alma mater | Wharton School (BS in Econ.) |
| Awards | List of honors and awards |
| Signature |  |
| Website | |
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Business and personal 45th President of the United States Tenure
Impeachments Civil and criminal prosecutions Interactions involving Russia  |
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Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current president of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality.
Born and raised in Queens, New York City, Trump attended Fordham University for two years and received a bachelor's degree in economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He became president of his father Fred Trump's real estate business in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization, and expanded its operations to building or renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. Trump later started various side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. Trump and his businesses have been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six bankruptcies. He owned the Miss Universe brand of beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015, and produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice from 2004 to 2015.
Trump's political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist. He entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and was elected in a surprise electoral college victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote.[a] He became the oldest first-term U.S. president[b] and the first without prior military or government service. His election and policies have sparked numerous protests. Trump has made many false or misleading statements during his campaign and presidency. The statements have been documented by fact-checkers, and the media have widely described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist.
During his presidency, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, citing security concerns; after legal challenges, the Supreme Court upheld the policy's third revision. He enacted a tax-cut package for individuals and businesses, rescinding the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), but has failed to repeal and replace the ACA as a whole. He appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Trump has pursued an America First agenda, withdrawing the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He imposed import tariffs which triggered a trade war with China, moved the U.S. embassy in Israel to Jerusalem and withdrew U.S. troops from northern Syria. Trump met three times with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, but talks on denuclearization broke down in 2019.
A special counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller found that Trump and his campaign benefited from Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, but did not find sufficient evidence to press charges of criminal conspiracy or coordination with Russia.[c] Mueller also investigated Trump for obstruction of justice, and his report neither indicted nor exonerated Trump on that offense. After Trump solicited Ukraine to investigate his political rival Joe Biden, the House of Representatives impeached him in December 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The Senate acquitted him of both charges in February 2020.
Trump reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic. He downplayed the threat, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, and promoted false information about unproven treatments and the availability of testing. Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Democratic nominee Joe Biden, but has refused to concede defeat. He has made unsubstantiated accusations of electoral fraud, mounted a series of legal challenges to the results, and ordered White House officials not to cooperate in the presidential transition.
Personal life
Early life
Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in the borough of Queens, New York City.[2][3] His father was Frederick Christ Trump, a Bronx-born real estate developer whose parents were German immigrants. His mother was Scottish-born housewife Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. Trump grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens and attended the Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade.[4][5] At age 13, he was enrolled in the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school.[6] In 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 1968 with a B.S. in economics.[7][8] Profiles of Trump published in The New York Times in 1973 and 1976 erroneously reported that he had graduated first in his class at Wharton, but he had never made the school's honor roll.[9] In 2015, Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen threatened Fordham University and the New York Military Academy with legal action if they released Trump's academic records.[10]
Military deferment
While in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments.[11] In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based upon a medical examination, and in July 1968 a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[12] In October 1968, he was medically deferred and classified 1-Y (unqualified for duty except in the case of a national emergency).[13] In 1972, he was reclassified 4-F due to bone spurs, which permanently disqualified him from service.[14][15]
Family
Parents and siblings
Fred Trump started working in real estate with his mother Elizabeth when he was 15, after his father Friedrich had died in the 1918 flu pandemic.[16] By 1926, their company, "E. Trump & Son", was active in the New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn.[17] It would grow to build and sell tens of thousands of houses, barracks, and apartments.[18][19] Fred claimed to be Swedish amid the anti-German sentiment sparked by World War II;[20] Donald Trump also claimed Swedish heritage until 1990.[21] Trump's mother Mary Anne MacLeod was born in Scotland.[22] Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.[21] Trump grew up with three elder siblings – Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth – and younger brother Robert.[23]
Wives and children
In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.[24] They have three children, Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984), and ten grandchildren.[25] Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.[26] The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.[27] Maples and Trump married in 1993[28] and had one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993).[29] They were divorced in 1999,[30] and Tiffany was raised by Marla in California.[31] In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[32] They have one son, Barron (born 2006).[33] Melania gained U.S. citizenship in 2006.[34]
Religion
Trump went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.[35][36] In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, which belongs to the Reformed Church.[35][37] The pastor at Marble, Norman Vincent Peale,[35] ministered to Trump's family until Peale's death in 1993.[37] Trump has described Peale as a mentor.[38] In 2015, after Trump said he attends Marble, the church stated he "is not an active member" of the church.[36] In November 2019, Trump appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.[39] In October 2020, Trump said that he identified as a non-denominational Christian.[40]
Health
Trump has called golfing his "primary form of exercise" but usually does not walk the course.[41] He considers exercise a waste of energy, because he believes the body is "like a battery, with a finite amount of energy" which is depleted by exercise.[42] In 2015, Harold Bornstein, who had been Trump's personal physician since 1980, wrote that Trump would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency" in a letter released by the Trump campaign.[43] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three agents of Trump had removed his medical records in February 2017 without authorization.[43][44]
Statements by White House physicians Ronny Jackson and Sean Conley in 2018, 2019, and 2020 said Trump was healthy overall, but was obese.[45][46][47][48] Several outside cardiologists commented that Trump's 2018 LDL cholesterol level of 143 did not indicate excellent health.[49] Trump's 2019 coronary CT calcium scan score indicates he suffers from a common form of coronary artery disease.[50]
Trump was hospitalized with COVID-19 on October 2, 2020, and treated with the antiviral drug remdesivir, the steroid dexamethasone, and an unapproved experimental antibody drug made by Regeneron.[51][52] He was discharged on October 5.[51]
Wealth
In 1982, Trump was listed on the initial Forbes list of wealthy individuals as having a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth. His financial losses in the 1980s caused him to be dropped from the list between 1990 and 1995.[53] In its 2020 billionaires ranking, Forbes estimated Trump's net worth at $2.1 billion[d] (1,001st in the world, 275th in the U.S.),[56] making him one of the richest politicians in American history and the first billionaire American president.[56] During the three years since Trump announced his presidential run in 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth declined 31% and his ranking fell 138 spots.[57] When he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with the Federal Elections Commission in July 2015, Trump claimed a net worth of about $10 billion;[58] however, FEC figures cannot corroborate this estimate because they only show each of his largest buildings as being worth over $50 million, yielding total assets worth more than $1.4 billion and debt over $265 million.[59]
Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported in 2018 that Trump, using the pseudonym "John Barron" and claiming to be a Trump Organization official, called him in 1984 to falsely assert that he owned "in excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, to secure a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the Forbes 400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and 1984.[61]
Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.[62] In October 2018, The New York Times reported that Trump "was a millionaire by age 8", borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to reimburse him, and had received $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's business empire over his lifetime.[63][64] According to the report, Trump and his family committed tax fraud, which a lawyer for Trump denied. The tax department of New York said it is investigating.[65][66] Trump's investments underperformed the stock market and the New York property market.[67][68] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that the value of Trump's personal brand licensing business had declined by 88% since 2015, to $3 million.[69]
Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion over the ten-year period, in contrast to his claims about his financial health and business abilities. The New York Times reported that "year after year, Mr. Trump appears to have lost more money than nearly any other individual American taxpayer," and Trump's "core business losses in 1990 and 1991 – more than $250 million each year – were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers in the I.R.S. information for those years". In 1995 his reported losses were $915.7 million.[70][71]
According to a September 2020 analysis by The New York Times of twenty years of data from Trump's tax returns, Trump had accumulated hundreds of millions of U.S. dollars in losses, and deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income.[72] According to the analysis, Trump's main sources of income were his share of revenue from The Apprentice and income from businesses in which he was a minority partner, while his majority-owned businesses were largely running at losses.[72] A significant portion of Trump's income was in tax credits due to his losses, which enables him to avoid paying income tax, or paying as little as $750, for several years.[72] Over the past decade, Trump has been balancing his businesses' losses by selling and taking out loans against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on Trump Tower (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds.[72] Trump has personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due to be repaid by 2024. If he is re-elected and unable to repay or refinance the debt, the lenders may consider foreclosing on a sitting president, an unprecedented situation.[73] The tax records also showed Trump had unsuccessfully pursued business deals in China, including by developing a partnership with a major government-controlled company.[74]
Trump has a total of over $1 billion in debts, borrowed to finance his assets, reported Forbes in October 2020. Around $640 million or more was owed to various banks and trust organizations. Around $450 million was owed to unknown creditors. However, Trump's assets still outvalue his debts, reported Forbes.[75]
Business career
Real estate
While a student at Wharton and after graduating in 1968, Trump worked at his father Fred's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[76][77][78] In 1971, he became president of the company and began using The Trump Organization as an umbrella brand.[79] The business had previously used the names Fred C. Trump Organization,[80][81] Fred Trump Organization,[82][83] and Trump Organization,[84] but had not had a single formal name. It was registered as a corporation in 1981.[85]
Manhattan developments
Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal. The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trump,[86] who also joined Hyatt in guaranteeing $70 million in bank construction financing.[87][88] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[89] and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[90] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Organization and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[91][92]
In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million from a consortium of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection, and a reorganization plan was approved in 1992.[93] In 1995, Trump lost the hotel to Citibank and investors from Singapore and Saudi Arabia, who assumed $300 million of the debt.[94][95]
In 1996, Trump acquired a vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building.[96] In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors who were able to finance completion of the project, Riverside South.[97]
Palm Beach estate
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In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[98] Trump used a wing of the estate as a home, while converting the remainder into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues.[99] In 2019, Trump declared Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.[92]
Atlantic City casinos
In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, with financing from the Holiday Corporation, who also managed the operation. Gambling had been legalized there in 1977 to revitalize the once-popular seaside destination.[100] The property's poor financial results worsened tensions between Holiday and Trump, who paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control of the property.[101] Earlier, Trump had also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million. Upon its completion in 1985, that hotel and casino were called Trump Castle. Trump's then-wife Ivana managed it until 1988.[102][103]
Trump acquired a third casino in Atlantic City, the Trump Taj Mahal, in 1988 in a highly leveraged transaction.[104] It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed at a cost of $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[105][106][107] The project went bankrupt the following year,[106] and the reorganization left Trump with only half his initial ownership stake and required him to pledge personal guarantees of future performance.[108] Facing "enormous debt", he gave up control of his money-losing airline, Trump Shuttle, and sold his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.[109][110]
In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[111] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996 and underwent successive bankruptcies in 2004, 2009, and 2014, leaving Trump with only ten percent ownership.[112] He remained chairman of THCR until 2009.[113]
Golf courses
The Trump Organization began acquiring and constructing golf courses in 1999.[114] It owned 16 golf courses and resorts worldwide and operated another two as of December 2016[update].[115]
From his inauguration until the end of 2019, Trump spent around one of every five days at one of his golf clubs.[116]
Branding and licensing
After the Trump Organization's financial losses in the early 1990s, it refocused its business on branding and licensing the Trump name for projects owned and operated by other people and companies.[117] In the late 2000s and early 2010s, it expanded this branding and management business to hotel towers located around the world, including Chicago; Las Vegas; Washington, D.C.; Panama City; Toronto; and Vancouver. There were also Trump-branded buildings in Dubai, Honolulu, Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai, and Indonesia.[118]
The Trump name has also been licensed for various consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishings.[119][120] According to an analysis by The Washington Post, there are more than fifty licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in yearly revenue for his companies.[121] By 2018 only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[120]
Legal affairs and bankruptcies
Fixer Roy Cohn served as Trump's lawyer and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[122][123] According to Trump, they were so close that Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.[77] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump counter-sue the United States government for $100 million over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices; in 1975 an agreement was struck for Trump's properties to change their practices.[124] It was Cohn who introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[125]
As of April 2018[update], Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by USA Today.[126]
While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[127][128] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[127][128]
During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion,[129] but in the aftermath of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks declined to lend to him, with only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend money.[130]
In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. In response, Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairman Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[131][132] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[133] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.[134][135] Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings,[136] arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch".[137][138]
Side ventures
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In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule (where they competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit against the organization.[139][140]
Trump's businesses have hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall adjacent to and promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City.[141][142] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.[143]
In the late 1980s, Trump mimicked the actions of Wall Street's so-called corporate raiders, whose tactics had attracted wide public attention. Trump began to purchase significant blocks of shares in various public companies, leading some observers to think he was engaged in the practice called greenmail, or feigning the intent to acquire the companies and then pressuring management to repurchase the buyer's stake at a premium. The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".[70][144][145]
In 1988, Trump purchased the defunct Eastern Air Lines shuttle, with 21 planes and landing rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C. He financed the purchase with $380 million from 22 banks, rebranded the operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until 1992. Trump failed to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to USAir.[146]
In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, and then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The proceeds generated by the markups were shared by the owners.[64][147] The increased costs were used as justification to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.[64]
From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[148][149] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[150][151] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[152] After NBC and Univision dropped the pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June 2015,[153] Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization and sold the entire company to the William Morris talent agency.[148]
Trump University
In 2004, Trump co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.[154][155] After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word "university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[156]
In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University; the suit alleged that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[157][158] In addition, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[159][160][161] Shortly after he won the presidency, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[162]
Foundation
The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.[163][164] In the foundation's final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did not donate any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.[165] The foundation gave to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.[166]
In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[167] Also in 2016, the New York State attorney general's office said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.[168][169] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[170]
In June 2018 the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[171][172] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its assets to other charities.[173] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[174][175]
Conflicts of interest
Before being inaugurated as president, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his eldest sons and a business associate.[176][177] According to ethics experts, this measure does not help avoid conflicts of interest, because Trump continues to profit from his businesses.[178] Because Trump would have knowledge of how his administration's policies affect his businesses, ethics experts recommend selling the businesses.[177] Though Trump said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization has since pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[178]
Pending lawsuits allege that Trump is violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution.[179] The plaintiffs say that Trump's business interests could allow foreign governments to influence him.[179][178][180][181] NBC News reported in 2019 that representatives of at least 22 foreign governments, including some facing charges of corruption or human rights abuses, appeared to have spent money at Trump Organization businesses during his presidency.[182][183] The litigation marks the first time that the Emoluments Clauses have been substantively litigated in court.[179][181] As president, Trump mocked the Emoluments Clause as "phony".[184][178]
Media career
Books
Trump has written up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics, though he has employed ghostwriters to actually write them.[185] Trump's first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was on the New York Times Best Seller list for 48 weeks. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was ghostwritten by Tony Schwartz.[186] According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, promoting an image of himself as a successful dealmaker and tycoon." Trump has called the book his second favorite after the Bible.[187]
WWF/WWE
Trump has had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) since the late 1980s.[188][189] He was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.[190] Most notably, he shaved Vince McMahon's head bald after Bobby Lashley represented him in a Hair vs. Hair match against Umaga at WWE's annual flagship event WrestleMania 23 in 2007.
The Apprentice
In 2003, Trump became the co-producer and host of The Apprentice, a reality show in which Trump played the role of a powerful chief executive and contestants competed for a year of employment at the Trump Organization. Trump winnowed out contestants with his famous catchphrase "You're fired".[191] He later co-hosted The Celebrity Apprentice, in which celebrities competed to win money for charities.[191]
Acting
Trump has made cameo appearances in eight films and television shows.[192][193]
Talk shows
Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.[194] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trumped! (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[195][196] In 2011, he was given a weekly unpaid guest commentator spot on Fox & Friends, a role that continued until he became a presidential candidate in 2015.[197][198]
Political career
Political activities up to 2015
Trump's political party affiliation changed numerous times. He registered as a Republican in Manhattan in 1987, switched to the Reform Party in 1999, the Democratic Party in 2001, and back to the Republican Party in 2009.[199]
In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[200] advocating peace in Central America, accelerated nuclear disarmament talks with the Soviet Union, and reduction of the federal budget deficit by making American allies pay "their fair share" for military defense.[201] He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.[200]
2000 presidential campaign
In 1999, Trump filed an exploratory committee to seek the nomination of the Reform Party for the 2000 presidential election.[202][203] A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent support.[204] Trump dropped out of the race in February 2000.[205]
2012 presidential speculation
Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2012 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.[206][207] In May 2011 he announced he would not run.[206]
Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[208] Before the 2016 election, The New York Times speculated that Trump "accelerated his ferocious efforts to gain stature within the political world" after Obama lampooned him at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner in April 2011.[209]
In 2011, the superintendent of the New York Military Academy at the time, Jeffrey Coverdale, ordered the headmaster of the school, Evan Jones, to give him Trump's academic records so he could keep them secret, according to Jones. Coverdale confirmed that he had been asked to hand the records over to members of the school's board of trustees who were Trump's friends, but he refused to and instead sealed them on campus. The incident reportedly happened days after Trump demanded the release of Obama's academic records.[210]
2013–2015
In 2013, Trump spoke at CPAC again;[211] he railed against illegal immigration, bemoaned Obama's "unprecedented media protection", advised against harming Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, and suggested the government "take" Iraq's oil and use the proceeds to pay a million dollars each to families of dead soldiers.[212][213] He spent over $1 million that year to research a possible 2016 candidacy.[214]
In October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting that Trump run for governor in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo. Trump responded that while New York had problems and its taxes were too high, he was not interested in the governorship.[215] A poll showed Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37 points in a hypothetical election.[216]
Trump's attorney Michael Cohen said that he sent letters to the New York Military Academy and Fordham in May 2015, threatening legal action if the schools ever released Trump's grades or SAT scores. Fordham confirmed receipt of the letter as well as a phone call from a member of the Trump team.[217]
2016 presidential campaign
Republican primaries
On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States.[218][219] His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[220]
On Super Tuesday, Trump received the most votes, and he remained the front-runner throughout the primaries.[221] After a landslide win in Indiana on May 3, 2016 – which prompted the remaining candidates Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns – RNC chairman Reince Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[222]
General election campaign
Hillary Clinton had a significant lead over Trump in national polls throughout most of 2016. In early July, her lead narrowed in national polling averages.[223][224][225]
On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana governor Mike Pence as his vice presidential running mate.[226] Four days later, the two were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National Convention.[227]
Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular attention, with some saying it undermined democracy.[228][229]
Political positions
Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the campaign, he also advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries[230] to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. During the campaign Trump repeatedly called NATO "obsolete".[231][232]
Trump's political positions and rhetoric are right-wing populist.[233][234][235] He supported or leaned toward varying political positions over time.[236][237] Politico has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",[238] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.[239]
Campaign rhetoric
In his campaign, Trump said he disdained political correctness and frequently made claims of media bias.[240][241][242] His fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[243]
Trump made a record number of false statements compared to other candidates;[244][245][246] the press reported on his campaign lies and falsehoods, with the Los Angeles Times saying, "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has."[247] His campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.[248]
Trump adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[249][250]
Support from the far right
According to Michael Barkun, the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.[251] During his presidential campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to white supremacists.[252][253][254] He retweeted open racists,[255][256] and repeatedly refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan or white supremacists, in an interview on CNN's State of the Union, saying he would first need to "do research" because he knew nothing about Duke or white supremacists.[257][258] Duke himself enthusiastically supported Trump throughout the 2016 primary and election, and has said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".[259][260]
After repeated questioning by reporters, Trump said he disavowed Duke and the Klan.[261]
The alt-right movement coalesced around and enthusiastically supported Trump's candidacy,[262][263] due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[264][265][266]
In August 2016, he appointed Steve Bannon – the executive chairman of Breitbart News – as his campaign CEO; Bannon described Breitbart News as "the platform for the alt-right".[267] In an interview days after the election, Trump condemned supporters who celebrated his victory with Nazi salutes.[268][269]
Financial disclosures
As a candidate, Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion[59][270] and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[115]
Trump has not released his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[271][272] He said his tax returns were being audited (in actuality, audits do not prevent release of tax returns), and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[273] Trump has told the press his tax rate is none of their business, and that he tries to pay "as little tax as possible".[274]
In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years. During the second presidential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduction, but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was applied.[275]
On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to MSNBC. The document states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and paid $38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity of the documents.[276][277]
In 2019, the House Ways and Means Committee sought Trump's personal and business tax returns from 2013 to 2018 from the Internal Revenue Service.[278] Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin refused to turn over the documents,[279][280][281] and ultimately defied a subpoena issued by the committee.[282] A fall 2018 draft IRS legal memo asserted that tax returns must be provided to Congress upon request, unless a president invokes executive privilege, contradicting the administration's position.[283][284]
Election to the presidency
On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides.[285] Trump received nearly 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.[e][288] Clinton was ahead nationwide, with 65,853,514 votes (48.18%) compared to Trump's 62,984,828 votes (46.09%).[289]
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Trump's victory was a political upset.[290] Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide – though diminishing – lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated, while Clinton's had been overestimated.[291] The polls were relatively accurate,[292] but media outlets and pundits alike showed overconfidence in a Clinton victory despite a large number of undecided voters and a favorable concentration of Trump's core constituencies in competitive states.[293]
Trump won 30 states; included were Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had been part of what was considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government – a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.[294]
Trump is the oldest person to take office as president.[1][b] He is also the first president who did not serve in the military or hold any government office prior to becoming president.[295][296]
Protests
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Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, both inside and outside the venues.[297][298][299] Trump's election victory sparked protests across the United States, in opposition to his policies and his inflammatory statements. Trump initially tweeted that these were "professional protesters, incited by the media" and "unfair", but later "Love the fact that the small groups of protesters last night have passion for our great country."[300][301]
In the weeks following Trump's inauguration, massive anti-Trump demonstrations took place, such as the Women's Marches, which gathered 2.6 million people worldwide,[302] including 500,000 in Washington alone.[303] Marches against his travel ban began across the country on January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.[304]
Presidency (2017–present)
Early actions
Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City Policy, unlocking the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[305]
Upon inauguration, Trump delegated the management of his real estate business to his sons Eric and Donald Jr.[306] His daughter Ivanka and her husband Jared Kushner became Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the President, respectively.[307][308]
Domestic policy
Economy and trade
The period of economic expansion that began in June 2009 continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[309] Throughout his presidency, Trump mischaracterized the economy as the best in American history.[310]
In December 2017, Trump signed tax legislation that permanently cut the corporate tax rate to 21 percent, lowered personal income tax rates until 2025, increased child tax credits, doubled the estate tax exemption to $11.2 million, and limited the state and local tax deduction to $10,000.[311]
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Trump is a skeptic of multilateral trade agreements, believing they incentivize unfair commercial practices, favoring bilateral trade agreements, as they allow one party to withdraw if the other party is believed to be behaving unfairly. Trump adopted his current skepticism of trade liberalization in the 1980s, and sharply criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in 2015.[312][313][314] He withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[315] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[316] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[317][318] On several occasions, Trump has said incorrectly that these import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury.[319] Although Trump pledged during his 2016 campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large trade deficits, the U.S. trade deficit reached its highest level in 12 years under his administration.[320]
Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump as president has approved large increases in government spending, as well as the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the American government's budget deficit has increased by almost 50%, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[321] In 2016, the year before Trump took office, the U.S. national debt was around $19 trillion; by mid-2020, it had increased to $26 trillion under the Trump administration.[322]
In April 2020, the official unemployment rate rose to 14.7% due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was an underestimation of the actual unemployment rate, but still was the highest level of unemployment since 1939.[323]
Analysis published by The Wall Street Journal in October 2020 found the trade war Trump initiated in early 2018 did not achieve the primary objective of reviving American manufacturing, nor did it result in the reshoring of factory production.[324]
Energy and climate
Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[325][326] He made large budget cuts to programs that research renewable energy and rolled back Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[327] In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.[328] At the 2019 G7 summit, Trump skipped the sessions on climate change but said afterward during a press conference that he is an environmentalist.[329]
Trump has rolled back federal regulations aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, water pollution, and the usage of toxic substances. One example is the Clean Power Plan. He relaxed environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, while expanding permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge. Trump also weakened protections for animals.[330] Trump's energy policies aimed to boost the production and exports of coal, oil, and natural gas.[331]
Deregulation
During his presidency, Trump has dismantled many federal regulations on health, labor, and the environment, among other topics.[332] Trump signed 15 Congressional Review Act resolutions repealing federal regulations, becoming the second president to sign a CRA resolution, and the first president to sign more than one CRA resolution.[333] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations.[334][335]
On January 30, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that for every new regulation administrative agencies issue "at least two prior regulations be identified for elimination".[336] Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.[337]
Health care
During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act,[338] and shortly after taking office, Trump urged Congress to do so. In May 2017, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives passed legislation to repeal the ACA in a party-line vote,[339] but repeal proposals were narrowly voted down in the Senate after three Republicans joined all Democrats in opposing it.[340][341]
Trump scaled back the implementation of the ACA through Executive Orders 13765[342] and 13813.[343] Trump has expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration cut the ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.[344][345][346] The 2017 tax bill signed by Trump effectively repealed the ACA's individual health insurance mandate in 2019,[347][348][349] and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed the Cadillac plan tax, medical device tax, and tanning tax.[350][351] As president, Trump has falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by the ACA;[352] in fact, the Trump administration has joined a lawsuit seeking to strike down the entire ACA, including protections for those with pre-existing conditions.[353][354] If successful, the lawsuit would eliminate health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans.[353] As a 2016 candidate, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs.[355]
Social issues
Trump favored modifying the 2016 Republican platform opposing abortion, to allow for exceptions in cases of rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.[356] He has said he is committed to appointing "pro-life" justices,[357] pledging in 2016 to appoint justices who would "automatically" overturn Roe v. Wade.[358] He says he personally supports "traditional marriage"[359] but considers the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue.[357] Despite the statement by Trump and the White House saying they would keep in place a 2014 executive order from the Obama administration which created federal workplace protections for LGBT people,[360] in March 2017, the Trump administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections for LGBT people.[361]
Trump says he is opposed to gun control in general,[362] although his views have shifted over time.[363] After several mass shootings during his term, Trump initially said he would propose legislation to curtail gun violence, but abandoned the idea in November 2019.[364] The Trump administration has taken an anti-marijuana position,[365] revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[366] Trump favors capital punishment;[367][368] under Trump, the first federal execution in 17 years took place.[369] Five more federal prisoners were executed, making the total number of federal executions under Trump higher than all of his predecessors combined going back to 1963.[370] In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of waterboarding and "a hell of a lot worse" methods [371][372] but later apparently recanted, at least partially, his support for torture due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis.[373]
Pardons and commutations
In 2017, Trump pardoned Joe Arpaio, a former Arizona sheriff who was convicted of contempt of court for disobeying a court order to halt the racial profiling of Latinos.[374] In March 2018, he pardoned former Navy sailor Kristian Saucier, who was convicted of taking classified photographs of a submarine.[375] In April 2018, Trump pardoned Scooter Libby, a political aide to former Vice President Dick Cheney. Libby had been convicted of obstruction of justice, perjury and making false statements to the FBI.[376] In June 2018 he pardoned conservative commentator Dinesh D'Souza, who had made illegal political campaign contributions.[377] That month he also commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, a non-violent drug trafficking offender, following a request by celebrity Kim Kardashian.[378] In February 2020, Trump pardoned white-collar criminals Michael Milken, Bernard Kerik, and Edward J. DeBartolo Jr., and commuted former Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich's 14-year corruption sentence.[379][380] In July 2020, Trump commuted the 40-month sentence for his friend and adviser Roger Stone, who had been soon due to report to prison for covering up for Trump during the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections.[381]
Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 A video timeline of the crackdown on protesters before Trump's photo op on YouTube (The Washington Post) (12:12) | |
| Trump Stands In Front of Church Holding Bible After Threatening Military Action Against Protesters on YouTube (NBC) (2:40) | |
| President Trump walks across Lafayette Park to St. John's Church on YouTube (C-SPAN) (7:46) |
On June 1, 2020, federal law enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, pepper spray projectiles,[382] stun grenades, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd of protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House. The removal had been ordered by Attorney General William Barr.[382][383] Trump then walked to St. John's Episcopal Church.[384] He posed for photographs holding a Bible, with Cabinet members and other officials later joining him in photos.[382][383][385]
Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[386][387] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against the protesters.[387][388] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Mark A. Milley, later apologized for accompanying Trump on the walk and thereby "creat[ing] the perception of the military involved in domestic politics".[389]
Immigration
Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build a more substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border to keep out illegal immigrants and vowed Mexico would pay for it.[390] He pledged to massively deport illegal immigrants residing in the United States,[391] and criticized birthright citizenship for creating "anchor babies".[392] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the gang MS-13, though research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born Americans.[393]
Trump has attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement.[394] Some of the results are harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[395][396] This was accompanied by the Trump administration's mandating in 2018 that immigration judges must complete 700 cases a year to be evaluated as performing satisfactorily.[397] Although Trump pledged to deport "millions of illegal aliens," that did not occur.[398] Under Trump, migrant apprehensions at the U.S.–Mexico border rose to their highest level in 12 years, but deportations remained below the record highs of fiscal years 2012–2014.[399]
From 2018 onwards, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border,[400] in 2019 was allowed by the Supreme Court to stop most Central American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum,[401] and from 2020 used the public charge rule to restrict immigrants using government benefits from getting permanent residency via green cards.[402][403] Trump has reduced the number of refugees admitted into the U.S. to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[404][405] Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused (potentially long-lasting) bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted compared to the allowed limits.[406]
Travel ban
Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump made a controversial proposal to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[407] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism".[408]
On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning.[409] Confusion and protests caused chaos at airports.[410][411] Sally Yates, the acting Attorney General, directed Justice Department lawyers not to defend the executive order, which she deemed unenforceable and unconstitutional;[412] Trump immediately dismissed her.[413] Multiple legal challenges were filed against the order, and a federal judge blocked its implementation nationwide.[414][415] On March 6, Trump issued a revised order, which excluded Iraq, gave specific exemptions for permanent residents, and removed priorities for Christian minorities.[416][409] Again federal judges in three states blocked its implementation.[417] In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States".[418]
The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which permanently restricts travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further bans travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[419] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[420] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.[421]
Family separation at border
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The Trump administration has separated more than 5,400 migrant children from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border while the families attempted to enter the U.S.[422] The Trump administration sharply increased the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017, before an official policy was announced in 2018; this was not reported publicly until January 2019.[423][424]
In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "zero tolerance" policy whereby every adult suspected of illegal entry would be criminally prosecuted.[425][426] This resulted in family separations, as the migrant adults were put in criminal detention for prosecution, while their children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.[427] The children would be brought to immigration detention, immigrant shelters, tent camps, or metal cages, with the stated aim of releasing them to relatives or sponsors.[428] Administration officials described the policy as a way to deter illegal immigration.[428][426]
The policy of family separations had no precedent in previous administrations[428] and sparked public outrage,[429] with Democrats, Republicans, Trump allies, and religious groups demanding that the policy be rescinded.[430] Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, when in fact this was his administration's policy.[431][432][433] More than 2,300 children were separated as a result of the "zero tolerance policy", the Trump administration revealed in June 2018.[428]
Although Trump originally argued that the issue could not be solved via executive order, he proceeded to sign an executive order on June 20, 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together, unless the administration judged that doing so would harm the child.[434][435] On June 26, 2018, a federal judge concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[436] the judge ordered for the families to be reunited, and family separations stopped, except in the cases where the parent(s) are judged unfit to take care of the child, or if there is parental approval.[437]
In 2019, the Trump administration reported that 4,370 children were separated from July 2017 to June 2018.[422] Even after the June 2018 federal court order, the Trump administration continued to practice family separations, with more than a thousand migrant children separated.[422]
Migrant detentions
While the Obama administration detained and deported migrants at high rates, the Trump administration took it to a significantly higher level.[396]
The Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General inspections of migrant detention centers in 2018 and 2019 found that U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) "in many instances" violated federal guidelines for detaining migrant children for too long before passing them to the Office of Refugee Resettlement[439] and that migrants were detained for prolonged periods under dangerous conditions failing federal standards, enduring dangerous overcrowding and poor hygiene and food.[440][441] CBP Commissioner Kevin McAleenan said in 2019 that there was a "border security and a humanitarian crisis" and that the immigration system was at a "breaking point".[442]
The treatment of the detained migrants resulted in a public outcry by July 2019.[443] That month, Trump reacted to criticism of the migrant detentions by saying if the migrants were unhappy about the conditions of the detention facilities, "just tell them not to come."[444]
In August 2019, the administration attempted to change the 1997 Flores Agreement that limits detention of migrant families to 20 days; the new policy allowing indefinite detention was blocked before it would go into effect.[445]
2018–2019 federal government shutdown
On December 22, 2018, the federal government was partially shut down after Trump declared that any funding extension must include $5.6 billion in federal funds for a U.S.–Mexico border wall to partly fulfill his campaign promise.[446] The shutdown was caused by a lapse in funding for nine federal departments, affecting about one-fourth of federal government activities.[447] Trump said he would not accept any bill that did not include funding for the wall, and Democrats, who control the House, said they would not support any bill that does. Senate Republicans have said they will not advance any legislation Trump would not sign.[448] In earlier negotiations with Democratic leaders, Trump commented that he would be "proud to shut down the government for border security".[449]
As a result of the shutdown, about 380,000 government employees were furloughed and 420,000 government employees worked without pay.[450] According to a CBO estimate, the shutdown resulted in a permanent loss of $3 billion to the U.S. economy.[451] About half of Americans blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.[452]
On January 25, 2019, Congress unanimously approved a temporary funding bill that provided no funds for the wall but would provide delayed paychecks to government workers. Trump signed the bill that day, ending the shutdown at 35 days. It was the longest U.S. government shutdown in history.[453][454]
Since the government funding was temporary, another shutdown loomed. On February 14, 2019, Congress approved a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles of border fences, in lieu of Trump's intended wall.[455] Trump signed the bill the next day.[456]
National emergency regarding the southern border
On February 15, 2019, after Trump received from Congress only $1.375 billion for border fencing after demanding $5.7 billion for the Trump wall, he declared a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States, in hopes of getting another $6.7 billion without congressional approval, using funds for military construction, drug interdiction, and money from the Treasury.[456] In doing so, Trump acknowledged that he "didn't need to" declare a national emergency, but he "would rather do it much faster".[456]
Congress twice passed resolutions to block Trump's national emergency declarations, but Trump vetoed both and there were not enough votes in Congress for a veto override.[457][458][459] Trump's decision to divert other government funding to fund the wall resulted in legal challenges. In July 2019, the Supreme Court allowed Trump to use $2.5 billion (originally meant for anti-drug programs) from the Department of Defense to build the Trump wall.[460][461] In December 2019, a federal judge stopped the Trump administration from using $3.6 billion of military construction funds for the Trump wall.[461]
Trump wall
As a presidential candidate, Trump promised to construct a wall along the U.S.–Mexico border to prevent migration.[462] In 2017, the border had 654 miles of primary fencing, 37 miles of secondary fencing and 14 miles of tertiary fencing.[463] Trump's target, from 2015 to 2017, was 1,000 miles of wall.[464] The Trump administration set a target of 450 miles of new or renovated barriers by December 2020, with an ultimate goal of 509 miles of new or renovated barriers by August 2021.[465] Even into 2020, Trump has repeatedly provided false assertions that Mexico is paying for the Trump wall, although American taxpayers are footing the bill from funds being diverted from the U.S. Department of Defense.[466]
In October 2018, the administration revealed two miles of replacement fences made of steel posts, which it called the first section of Trump's 'wall', although earlier that year Border Patrol had said the project was unrelated to the Trump wall and had been long planned (dating to 2009).[467][468] In December 2018 and January 2019, Trump tweeted out a design of a steel fence, and a picture of a fence, while declaring "the wall is coming."[464]
By November 2019, the Trump administration had replaced around 78 miles of the Mexico–United States barrier along the border; these replacement barriers were not walls, but fences made of bollards.[469][470] The administration in November 2019 said it had "just started breaking ground" to build new barriers in areas where no structure existed.[469] By May 2020, the Trump administration had replaced 172 miles of dilapidated or outdated design barriers, and constructed 15 miles of new border barriers.[471]
Foreign policy
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Trump describes himself as a "nationalist"[472] and his foreign policy as "America First".[473][474] He has espoused isolationist, non-interventionist, and protectionist views.[475][476][477][478][479][480]
His foreign policy has been marked by repeated praise and support of neo-nationalist and authoritarian strongmen and criticism of democratic governments.[481] Trump has cited Israel's Benjamin Netanyahu,[482][483] the Philippines' Rodrigo Duterte,[484] Egypt's Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,[485] Turkey's Tayyip Erdoğan,[486] Russia's Vladimir Putin,[487] King Salman of Saudi Arabia,[488] Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro,[489] Italy's Giuseppe Conte,[490] India's Narendra Modi,[491][492] Hungary's Viktor Orbán,[493] and Poland's Andrzej Duda as examples of good leaders.[494]
As a candidate, Trump questioned the need for NATO;[476] as president, he repeatedly and publicly criticized NATO and the U.S.'s NATO allies, and has privately suggested on multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from NATO.[495][496][497] Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure include unpredictability and uncertainty,[474] a lack of a consistent foreign policy,[498][499][500] and strained and sometimes antagonistic relationships with the U.S.'s European allies.[474][501]
Syria
Trump ordered missile strikes in April 2017 and in April 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.[502][503]
In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.[504][505][506] Mattis resigned the next day in opposition to Trump's foreign policy, calling his decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.[507] One week after his announcement, Trump said he would not approve any extension of the American deployment in Syria.[508] In January 2019, national security advisor John Bolton announced America would remain in Syria until ISIS is eradicated and Turkey guarantees it will not strike the Kurds.[509]
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In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the White House acknowledged Turkey would carry out a military offensive into northern Syria, and U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area. The statement also passed responsibility for the area's captured ISIS fighters to Turkey.[510] As a result, Turkey launched an invasion, attacking and displacing American-allied Kurds in the area. Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".[511][512]
Saudi Arabia and Yemen
Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.[513][514][515]
Afghanistan
U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 to 14,000, as of January 2017[update],[516] reversing his pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[517] On February 29, 2020, the Trump administration signed a conditional peace agreement with the Taliban,[518] which calls for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months if the Taliban uphold the terms of the agreement.[519]
Iran
Trump has described the regime in Iran as "the rogue regime", although he has also asserted he does not seek regime change.[520][521]
Trump repeatedly criticized the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), a nuclear deal negotiated with the United States, Iran, and five other world powers in 2015.[522][523][524] In May 2018, Trump announced the U.S.' unilateral departure from the JCPOA.[523] After withdrawing from the agreement, the Trump administration moved forward with a policy of "maximum pressure" on Iran via economic sanctions, but without support of other parties to the deal.[525][526] The Trump State Department had certified Iran's compliance with the deal in July 2017, but Iran began breaching its terms in May 2020, and by September the IAEA reported the country had ten times the amount of enriched uranium allowed under the deal.[527][528][529] During the summer of 2020 the United States attempted to "snap back" pre-deal sanctions by asserting to the UN Security Council that it remained a participant in the deal, but only the Dominican Republic voted with the United States on the proposal.[530]
Following Iranian missile tests in January 2017, the Trump administration sanctioned 25 Iranian individuals and entities.[531][532][533] In August 2017, Trump signed legislation imposing additional sanctions against Iran, Russia, and North Korea.[534]
In May 2017, strained relations between the U.S. and Iran escalated when Trump deployed military bombers and a carrier group to the Persian Gulf. Trump hinted at war on social media, provoking a response from Iran for what Iranian foreign minister Javad Zarif called "genocidal taunts".[535][536][537] Trump and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman are allies in the conflict with Iran.[538] Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates following the attack on Saudi oil facilities which the United States has blamed on Iran.[539]
On January 2, 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general and Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani, Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, and eight other people.[540] Trump publicly threatened to attack Iranian cultural sites, or react "in a disproportionate manner" if Iran retaliated; though such attacks by the U.S. would violate international law as war crimes.[541] Several days later, Iran retaliated with airstrikes against Al Asad Air Base in Iraq. Initially the Trump administration claimed no Americans suffered injuries and Trump said injuries were not "very serious", but by February 2020, more than a hundred traumatic brain injuries were diagnosed in U.S. troops.[542]
Israel
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Trump supported the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[543] Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in 2017, and opened an embassy in Jerusalem in May 2018.[544][545] The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution condemning the move.[546][547] In March 2019, Trump reversed decades of U.S. policy by recognizing Israel's annexation of the Golan Heights,[548] a move condemned by the European Union and the Arab League.[549]
China
Before and during his presidency, Trump has repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[550] During his presidency, Trump has launched a trade war against China, sanctioned Huawei for its alleged ties to Iran,[551] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,[552][553] and classified China as a "currency manipulator".[554] Trump has also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,[555] which has been attributed to trade war negotiations with the leader.[556][557] After initially praising China for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic,[558] he began a campaign of criticism over its response starting in March.[559][560]
Trump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the northwestern Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[561] In July 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, including Xinjiang Party Committee Secretary Chen Quanguo,[562] a member of Communist Party's powerful Politburo, who expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million members of the country's Uyghur Muslim minority.[563]
North Korea
In 2017, North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat.[564] In August 2017, Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean threats would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen".[565] North Korea responded by releasing plans for missile tests that would land near Guam.[566] In a September 2017 speech at the UN General Assembly, Trump said the U.S. would "totally destroy North Korea" if "forced" to defend itself or its allies.[567] Also in September 2017, Trump increased sanctions on North Korea, declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong-un.[565][568] After this period of tension in 2017, however, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters (described by Trump as "love letters"), in which the two men describe a warm personal friendship.[569][570]
In March 2018, Trump immediately agreed to Kim's proposal for a meeting.[571] In June 2018, Trump and Kim met in Singapore.[572] Kim affirmed his intent "to work toward complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula,"[572] but a second Trump–Kim summit in Hanoi in February 2019 terminated abruptly without an agreement.[573] Both countries blamed each other and offered differing accounts of the negotiations.[573] In June 2019, Trump, Kim, and South Korean President Moon Jae-in held brief talks in the Korean Demilitarized Zone, marking the first time a sitting U.S. president had set foot in North Korea. Trump and Kim agreed to resume negotiations.[574] Bilateral talks in October 2019 were unsuccessful.[575]
Russia
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During his campaign and as president, Trump has repeatedly asserted that he desires better relations with Russia.[576][577] According to Russian President Vladimir Putin and some political experts and diplomats, the U.S.–Russian relations, which were already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War, have further deteriorated since Trump took office in January 2017.[578][579][580]
Trump has criticized Russia about the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany,[581] and the Skripal poisoning,[582] but remained silent on the Navalny poisoning,[583] and sent mixed messages regarding Crimea.[584][585][586]
Trump announced in October 2018 that he was withdrawing the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian non-compliance.[587] In 2017, Trump signed the legislation imposing new sanctions on Russia;[588] in 2018, however, the Trump administration lifted other U.S. sanctions imposed on Russia after its 2014 annexation of Crimea.[589][590] As a presidential candidate, Trump described Putin as a strong leader.[487] After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in July 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for siding with Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of the U.S. Intelligence Community.[591][592][593] Trump has repeatedly praised, and rarely criticized, Putin.[594][595]
Personnel
The Trump administration has been characterized by high turnover, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[596] As of early July 2018[update], 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[597] and 141 staffers had left in the past year.[598] Both figures set a record for recent presidents – more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[599] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days in office), and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[599] Close personal aides to Trump including Steve Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee, and Keith Schiller have quit or been forced out.[600] Some, like Hicks and McEntee, later returned to the White House in different posts.[601] Trump has disparaged several of his former top officials as incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[602]
Trump has had four White House chiefs of staff,[603] marginalizing or pushing out several.[604][605] Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. Kelly.[606] Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure[607] in which his influence waned,[604][605] and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[607] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.[603]
Trump's Cabinet nominations included U.S. senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as Attorney General,[608] financier Steve Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury,[609] retired Marine Corps general James Mattis as Secretary of Defense,[610] and ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State.[611] Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[612] and South Carolina governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations.[613]
Two of Trump's 15 original Cabinet members were gone within 15 months: Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft, and Trump replaced Tillerson as Secretary of State with Mike Pompeo in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.[614][600] In 2018, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt and Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke resigned amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[615][616]
Trump has been slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[617] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61%) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37%).[618]
Dismissal of James Comey
On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. He first attributed this action to recommendations from Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein,[619] which criticized Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails.[620] A few days later, Trump said he was concerned with the ongoing "Russia thing"[621] and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier, regardless of DOJ advice.[622]
According to a Comey memo of a private conversation on February 14, 2017, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.[623] In March and April, Trump had told Comey the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his presidency,[624] and asked him to publicly state that he was not personally under investigation.[625] He also asked intelligence chiefs Dan Coats and Michael Rogers to issue statements saying there was no evidence that his campaign colluded with Russia during the 2016 election.[626] Both refused, considering this an inappropriate request, although not illegal.[627] Comey eventually testified on June 8 that, while he was director, the FBI investigations had not targeted Trump himself.[624][628]
Impeachment
Impeachment by the House of Representatives
During much of Trump's presidency, Democrats were divided on the question of impeachment.[629] Fewer than 20 representatives in the House supported impeachment by January 2019; after the Mueller Report was released in April and special counsel Robert Mueller testified in July, this number grew to around 140 representatives.[630]
In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky, during which Trump had pressured Zelensky to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential primary candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter, adding that the White House had attempted to cover-up the incident.[631] The whistleblower further stated that the call was part of a wider pressure campaign by Trump's personal attorney Giuliani and the Trump administration which may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Vice President Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[632] Trump later confirmed having withheld military aid from Ukraine and offered contradictory reasons for the decision.[633][634][635]
House speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24, 2019.[636][637] The Trump administration subsequently released a memorandum of the July 25 phone call, confirming that after Zelensky mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked Zelensky to investigate and to discuss these matters with Giuliani and Attorney General Barr.[631][638] The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[639] In October 2019, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelensky was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelensky into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[640] He said it was made clear that until Zelensky made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelensky to the White House.[641][642] Zelensky denied that he felt pressured by Trump.[643]
In December 2019, the House Intelligence Committee published a report authored by Democrats on the committee, stating that "the impeachment inquiry has found that President Trump, personally and acting through agents ... solicited the interference of a foreign government, Ukraine, to benefit his reelection." The report said Trump had withheld military aid and a White House invitation to pressure Ukraine to announce investigations into Trump's political rivals. Furthermore, the report stated that Trump "openly and indiscriminately" defied impeachment proceedings by telling his administration officials to ignore subpoenas.[644][645][646]: 8, 208 House Republicans released a draft of a countering report the previous day, saying that the evidence "does not prove any of these Democrat allegations."[647][648]
On December 13, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[649] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump with both articles on December 18.[650]
Impeachment trial in the Senate
The Senate impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020.[651] On January 22, the Republican Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the Democratic minority to call witnesses and subpoena documents; evidence collected during the House impeachment proceedings was entered into the Senate record.[652]
For three days, January 22–24, the impeachment managers for the House presented their case to the Senate. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they included an impeachment process in the Constitution.[653]
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Responding over the next three days, the Trump legal team did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[654] They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[654]
On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this vote.[655] Thus, this became the first impeachment trial in U.S. history without witness testimony.[656] On February 5, Trump was acquitted of both charges in a vote nearly along party lines, with Republican Mitt Romney voting to convict on one of the charges, "abuse of power".[657]
Following his acquittal, Trump began removing impeachment witnesses and political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[658]
COVID-19 pandemic
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In December 2019, the pandemic of COVID-19 coronavirus erupted in Wuhan, China; the virus spread worldwide within weeks.[659][660] The first confirmed case in the United States was reported on January 20, 2020.[661] The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar on January 31, 2020.[662]
Trump's public discussions of the risks of COVID-19 were at odds with his private understanding. In February 2020, Trump publicly implied that the flu was more dangerous than COVID-19 and asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was "very much under control" and would soon be over, yet he told Bob Woodward at the time that COVID-19 was "deadly", "more deadly than even your strenuous flus", and "tricky" to handle due to its airborne transmission. In March 2020, Trump privately told Woodward, "I wanted to always play it down. I still like playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic." Trump's comments to Woodward were made public in September 2020.[663][664] A Cornell University study concluded that Trump was the "likely the largest driver" of COVID-19 misinformation in the first five months of 2020.[665]
Initial response
Trump was slow to address the spread of the disease, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[666][667] Instead, throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[668][667] By mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the emerging pandemic.[669][670] Trump continued to claim that a vaccine was months away, although HHS and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) officials had repeatedly told him that vaccine development would take 12–18 months.[671][672] Trump also falsely claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test," despite the availability of tests being severely limited.[673][674]
On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[675] On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic,[659] and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[676] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.[677] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.[678][679][680]
On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration to the United States.[681] In late spring and early summer, with infections and death counts continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states for the growing pandemic, rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the course of the pandemic were overly-optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[682]
White House Coronavirus Task Force
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Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29, 2020.[683] Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[684] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[685] Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced members of the White House press corps.[684][686] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[687] His repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[688][689][690]
By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[691] By mid-April 2020, some national news agencies began limiting live coverage of his daily press briefings, with The Washington Post reporting that "propagandistic and false statements from Trump alternate with newsworthy pronouncements from members of his White House Coronavirus Task Force, particularly coronavirus response coordinator Deborah Birx and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony S. Fauci."[692] The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of ingesting bleach or injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[693] the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[694][695]
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In early May, Trump proposed that the coronavirus task force should be phased out, to accommodate another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump publicly said the task force would continue on "indefinitely".[697] By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[698]
Pandemic response program terminated
In September 2019, the Trump administration terminated the PREDICT program, a $200 million epidemiological research program that had been initiated by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in 2009 to provide early warning of pandemics abroad.[699][700][701][702][703][704] The program trained scientists in sixty foreign laboratories to detect and respond to viruses that have the potential to cause pandemics. One such laboratory was the Wuhan lab that first identified the virus that causes COVID-19. After revival in April 2020, the program was given two 6-month extensions to help fight COVID-19 in the U.S. and other countries.[699][705]
Pressure to abandon pandemic shutdown mandates early
In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[706][707] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[708] even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's own guidelines for reopening.[709] He first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses,[710] which was a key example of Trump often reversing his stances in his communication during the COVID-19 pandemic.[711] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions as a way to reverse the damage to the country's economy.[712]
Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump continued to mostly downplay the pandemic, including his claim in early July 2020 that 99% of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless", a claim which contradicts health officials in the U.S.[713] He also began insisting that all states should open schools to in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[714]
Controversy over face masks as strategy for pandemic mitigation
Trump has refused to wear a face mask at most public events, contrary to his own administration's April 2020 guidance that Americans should wear masks in public.[715] and despite nearly unanimous consensus by the medical community that masks are important to preventing the spread of the virus.[716] By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask is a political statement against him personally.[716] Trump's contradictory example to medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[715][716]
World Health Organization
Prior to the pandemic, Trump had been critical of the WHO and other international bodies as taking advantage of U.S. aid.[717] His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, had reduced WHO funding by more than half.[717] In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus" and alleging without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the origins of the pandemic.[717][718][719] He then announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[717] Trump's criticisms and actions regarding the WHO were seen as attempts to distract attention from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[717][720][721] In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the United States from the WHO effective July 2021.[718][719] The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted", "senseless", and "dangerous".[718][719]
Testing
In June and July Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad".[722][723] The CDC guideline was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[724][725] In August 2020, however, the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[726][727][728] The following day, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation, stressing that anyone who has been in contact with an infected person should be tested.[728]
Political pressure on health agencies
Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take particular actions that he favored,[726] such as giving approval to unproven treatments that he favored [729][730] or speeding up the approval of vaccines.[730] Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to gain control over the communications from the CDC, to remove any reporting that undermined Trump's claims that the COVID-19 pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[731][732] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "deep state" opposing him, and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[733]
Effect of Trump's response on the 2020 presidential campaign
By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic became a major issue for the 2020 presidential election.[734] Democratic challenger Joe Biden sought to make the election a referendum on Trump's performance on the COVID-19 pandemic and the economy.[735] Polls indicated voters blamed Trump for continued pandemic problems[734] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65% of Americans disapproving of his pandemic response.[736] In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly claimed that the United States was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic despite increasing numbers of reported cases and deaths.[737] A few days before the November 3 election, the United States reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[738]
Hospitalization with COVID-19
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On October 2, 2020, Trump announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19.[739] He was admitted to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center that day and treated with the antiviral drug remdesevir, the steroid dexamethasone, and the unapproved experimental antibody REGN-COV2.[51][52] He was discharged on October 5.[51] White House physician Sean Conley announced on October 12 that Trump has tested negative for COVID-19 on consecutive days.[740]
Investigations
The Crossfire Hurricane FBI investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign was launched in mid-2016 during the campaign season. Since he assumed the presidency, Trump has been the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[66] There are 30 open investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve Congressional investigations.[741] A book by Jeffrey Toobin, published in 2020, summarizes evidence against Trump as if he were on trial before a jury.[742]
Hush payments
American Media, Inc. (AMI) paid $150,000 to Playboy model Karen McDougal in August 2016,[743] and Trump's attorney Michael Cohen paid $130,000 to adult film actress Stormy Daniels in October 2016.[744] Both women were paid for non-disclosure agreements regarding their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[745] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at the direction of Trump in order to influence the presidential election.[746] AMI admitted paying McDougal to prevent publication of stories that might damage Trump's electoral chances.[747] Trump denied the affairs, and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but reimbursed him in 2017.[748][749] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[750] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[751][752] Federal prosecutors closed the investigation,[753] but days later the Manhattan District Attorney subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the hush payments[754] and in August subpoenaed eight years of tax returns for Trump and the Trump Organization.[755]
Russian election interference
In January 2017, American intelligence agencies – the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence – jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[756][757] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[758]
The connections between Trump associates and Russia have been widely reported by the press.[759][760] One of Trump's campaign managers, Paul Manafort, had worked from December 2004 until February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych win the Ukrainian presidency.[761] Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn and political consultant Roger Stone, have been connected to Russian officials.[762][763] Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.[764] Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.[765][766] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that had been imposed the same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[767] Trump had told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[768]
Trump and his allies have promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election – which has also been promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.[769] After the Democratic National Committee was hacked, Trump firstly claimed it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of which digital copies were given to the FBI); secondly that CrowdStrike, the company which investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and thirdly that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration have spoken out against the conspiracy theories.[770]
On November 2, 2020, newly released passages from the Mueller report regarding Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections indicated that "federal prosecutors could not establish that the hacked emails amounted to campaign contributions benefitting Trump's election chances" and that publication of those emails are likely protected by the First Amendment.[771]
2017 FBI counterintelligence inquiry
After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia. Within days of its opening, deputy attorney general Rod Rosenstein curtailed the inquiry, giving the bureau the impression that the incipient Mueller investigation would pursue it, though Rosenstein instructed Mueller not to, effectively ending the inquiry.[772][773]
Special counsel investigation
On May 17, 2017, former Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller, a former director of the FBI, to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) investigating "any links and/or coordination between Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation",[774][775] thus taking over the existing "Crossfire Hurricane" FBI investigation into the matter.[775] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice, and possible campaign ties to other national governments.[776] Trump repeatedly denied any collusion between his campaign and the Russian government.[777] Mueller also investigated the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[778]
Trump sought to fire Mueller on several occasions – in June 2017, December 2017, and April 2018 – and close the investigation but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[779] He bemoaned the recusal of his first Attorney General Jeff Sessions regarding Russia matters, and believed Sessions should have stopped the investigation.[780]
On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave his report to Attorney General William Barr.[781] On March 24, Barr sent a four-page letter to Congress summarizing the "principal conclusions" in the report. He quoted Mueller as stating "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." Barr further wrote that he and Rosenstein did not see sufficient evidence to prove obstruction of justice.[782] Trump interpreted Mueller's report as a "complete exoneration", a phrase he repeated multiple times in the ensuing weeks.[783] Mueller privately complained to Barr on March 27 that his summary did not accurately reflect what the report said,[784] and some legal analysts called the Barr letter misleading.[785]
A redacted version of the report was released to the public on April 18, 2019. The first volume found that Russia interfered to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.[786] Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[787][788] The report states that Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election was illegal and occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion",[774] and it details how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged foreign interference believing they would politically benefit.[789][790][791]
The second volume of the Mueller report dealt with possible obstruction of justice by Trump.[792] The report did not exonerate Trump of obstruction inasmuch as investigators were not confident of his innocence after examining his intent and actions.[793] Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted, and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[794] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".[795] Congress subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, albeit it ultimately did not press charges related to the Mueller investigation.
Associates
In August 2018, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort was convicted on eight felony counts of false tax filing and bank fraud.[796] Trump said he felt very badly for Manafort and praised him for resisting the pressure to make a deal with prosecutors. According to Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal attorney, Trump had sought advice about pardoning Manafort but was counseled against it.[797]
In November 2018, Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.[798]
The five Trump associates who have pleaded guilty or have been convicted in Mueller's investigation or related cases include Paul Manafort, deputy campaign manager Rick Gates, foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos, Michael Flynn, and Michael Cohen.[799][800]
In February 2020, Trump campaign adviser Roger Stone was sentenced to over three years in jail, after being convicted of lying to Congress and witness tampering regarding his attempts to learn more about hacked Democratic emails during the 2016 election. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president".[801]
2019 congressional investigation
In March 2019, the House Judiciary Committee launched a broad investigation of Trump for possible obstruction of justice, corruption, and abuse of power.[802] Committee chairman Jerrold Nadler sent letters demanding documents to 81 individuals and organizations associated with Trump's presidency, business, and private life, saying it is "very clear that the president obstructed justice".[803][804] Three other committee chairmen wrote the White House and State Department requesting details of Trump's communications with Putin, including any efforts to conceal the content of those communications.[804] The White House refused to comply, asserting that presidential communications with foreign leaders are protected and confidential.[805]
Judiciary
Trump has appointed more than 200 federal judges who were confirmed by the Senate.[806][807] Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, have rapidly confirmed Trump's judicial appointees, usually against unified Democratic opposition.[807][808] Trump's appointments have shifted the federal judiciary to the right.[808] Trump's judicial appointments have been overwhelmingly white men,[808][809] and are younger on average than appointees by Trump's predecessors.[808] Many are affiliated with the Federalist Society.[808]
Trump has made three nominations to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.[810] Gorsuch was confirmed in 2017 in a mostly party-line vote of 54–45, after Republicans invoked the "nuclear option" (a historic change to Senate rules removing the 60-vote threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations) to defeat a Democratic filibuster.[811] Trump's predecessor Obama had nominated Merrick Garland in 2016 to fill the vacancy, left by the death of Antonin Scalia, but Senate Republicans under McConnell refused to consider the nomination in the last year of Obama's presidency, angering Democrats.[811] Trump nominated Kavanaugh in 2018 to replace retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy; the Senate confirmed Kavanaugh in a mostly party-line vote of 50–48, after a bitter confirmation battle centered on Christine Blasey Ford's allegation that Kavanaugh had attempted to rape her when they were teenagers, which Kavanaugh denied.[812] In 2020, weeks before the elections, Trump nominated Amy Coney Barrett to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.[810] On October 26, 2020, the Senate voted 52–48 to confirm her nomination.[813]
As president, Trump has disparaged courts and judges whom he disagrees with, often in personal terms, and has questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. Trump's attacks on the courts have drawn rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, who are concerned with the effect of Trump's statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.[814][815][816]
2020 presidential election
Trump signaled his intention to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[817][818] This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one.[819] Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne, Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.[820] In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million, allowing him to begin 2019 with $19.3 million cash on hand.[821] From the beginning of 2019 through July 2020, the Trump campaign and Republican Party raised $1.1 billion, but spent $800 million of that amount, evaporating their formerly large cash advantage over the Democratic nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden.[822] The campaign's cash crunch forced a scale-back in advertising spending.[823]
Trump became the Republican nominee on August 24, 2020.[824] Starting in spring 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, repeatedly warning that the election would be "rigged"[825] and claiming without evidence that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce "massive election fraud".[826][827] When the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[828] In what The New York Times called an "extraordinary breach of presidential decorum", Trump raised the idea on July 30 of delaying the election.[829] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results of the election and commit to a peaceful transition of power if he lost.[830][831]
Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if his opponent, Biden, won the presidency.[832] Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions during the campaign.[833][834][835] Trump's campaign message shifted to racist rhetoric in an attempt to reclaim voters lost from his base.[836][837]
The election was held on November 3. At 2:00 the following morning, with the election results unclear, Trump declared victory.[838] On November 7, major news organizations projected Biden as the winner.[839] In response, Trump said, "this election is far from over" and alleged election fraud without providing evidence.[840] He said he would continue legal challenges in key states,[840] but most of them have been dismissed by the courts.[841][842][843]
Trump's allegations of widespread voting fraud were refuted by judges, state election officials, and his own administration's Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA).[841] After CISA director Chris Krebs contradicted Trump's voting fraud allegations, Trump fired him on November 17.[844]
While refusing to accept the election results, Trump also blocked government officials from cooperating in the presidential transition of Joe Biden, and, with Attorney General William Barr's authorization, the Justice Department was asked to investigate if there any "clear and apparently-credible allegations of irregularities that, if true, could potentially impact the outcome of a federal election in an individual State."[845][846]
Public profile
Approval ratings
At the end of Trump's second year, his two-year average Gallup approval rating was the lowest of any president since World War II.[847] In January 2020, his Gallup rating reached 49%,[848] the highest point since he took office, with 63% of those polled approving his handling of the economy.[849] His approval and disapproval ratings have been unusually stable.[850][851][852]
In Gallup's end-of-year poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, and tied with Obama for most admired man in 2019.[853] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948,[854] Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[854]
Globally, a Gallup poll on 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between the years 2016 and 2017 found that only in 29 of them did Trump lead Obama in job approval,[855] with more international respondents disapproving rather than approving of the Trump administration. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency.[856]
Social media
Trump's presence on social media has attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in March 2009. He frequently tweeted during the 2016 election campaign and has continued to do so as president. As of October 2020, Trump has more than 85 million Twitter followers.[857]
By the end of May 2020, Trump had written about 52,000 tweets.[858] These include 22,115 tweets over seven years before his presidential candidacy, 8,159 tweets during the 1+1⁄2 years of his candidacy and transition period, and 14,186 tweets over the first three years of his presidency.[859]
Trump has frequently used Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public, sidelining the press.[860] A White House press secretary said early in his presidency that Trump's tweets are official statements by the president of the United States,[861] employed for announcing policy or personnel changes. Trump used Twitter to fire Secretary of State Rex Tillerson in March 2018[862] and Secretary of Defense Mark Esper in November 2020.[863]
Many of Trump's tweets contain false assertions.[864][865][866] In May 2020, Twitter began tagging some Trump tweets with fact-checking warnings[858][867][868] and labels for violations of Twitter rules.[869] Trump responded by threatening to "strongly regulate" or "close down" social media platforms.[858][870]
False statements
As president, Trump has frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks.[864][865][874] The misinformation has been documented by fact-checkers; academics and the media have widely described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics.[875][876][250] This behavior was similarly observed when he was a presidential candidate.[877][244] His falsehoods have also become a distinctive part of his political identity.[876]
Trump uttered "at least one false or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days" in office, according to The New York Times,[864] and 1,318 total in his first 263 days in office, according to the "Fact Checker" political analysis column of The Washington Post.[878] By the Post's tally, it took Trump 601 days to reach 5,000 false or misleading statements and another 226 days to reach the 10,000 mark.[879] For the seven weeks leading up to the midterm elections, it rose to an average of thirty per day[880] from 4.9 during his first hundred days in office.[881] The Post's reported tally is 22,247 as of August 27, 2020,[871] with the 2019 total more than double the cumulative total of 2017 and 2018.[882]
Some of Trump's falsehoods are inconsequential, such as his claims of a large crowd size during his inauguration.[883][884] Others have had more far-reaching effects, such as Trump's promotion of unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID‑19 in a press conference and on Twitter in March 2020.[885][886] The claims had consequences worldwide, such as a shortage of these drugs in the United States and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[887][888] The state of Florida obtained nearly a million doses for its hospitals, even though most of them did not want the drug.[889] Other misinformation, such as Trump's retweet of unverified videos of a far-right British nationalist group in November 2017, serves Trump's domestic political purposes.[890] As a matter of principle, Trump does not apologize for his falsehoods.[891]
Despite the frequency of Trump's falsehoods, the media rarely referred to them as "lies",[892][893] a word that has in the past been avoided out of respect for the presidential office.[892][893] Nevertheless, in August 2018 The Washington Post declared for the first time that some of Trump's misstatements (statements concerning hush money paid to Stormy Daniels and Playboy model Karen McDougal) were lies.[894][893]
In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on national voting practices and the COVID-19 virus.[826] [827][895] Trump's attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices served to weaken public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[825][896] while his disinformation about the pandemic dangerously delayed and weakened the national response to it.[895][667][897]
Some view the nature and frequency of Trump's falsehoods as having profound and corrosive consequences on democracy.[898] James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George Mason University, wrote in 2019 that Trump lies differently from previous presidents, because he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these lies are the "most important" of all Trump lies. By calling facts into question, people will be unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs or policy irrationally settled by "political power"; this erodes liberal democracy, wrote Pfiffner.[899]
Promotion of conspiracy theories
Before and throughout his presidency, Trump has promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including "birtherism", the Clinton Body Count theory, QAnon and alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections.[900] In October 2020, Trump retweeted a QAnon follower who asserted that Osama bin Laden was still alive, a body double had been killed in his place and "Biden and Obama may have had Seal Team 6 killed."[901]
Relationship with the press
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Throughout his career, Trump has sought media attention, with a "love-hate" relationship with the press.[902][903][904] Trump began promoting himself in the press in the 1970s.[905] Fox News anchor Bret Baier and former House speaker Paul Ryan have characterized Trump as a "troll" who makes controversial statements to see people's "heads explode".[906][907]
In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[243] New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance, which enthralls the public and creates "can't miss" reality television-type coverage, was politically beneficial for him.[908]
Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign and his presidency, Trump has accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".[240][909] After winning the election, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you."[910]
Trump has privately and publicly mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he views as critical.[911] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[912] In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of Trump.[913] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[912]
Trump has employed the legal system as an intimidation tactic against the press.[914] In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for alleged defamation.[915][916] These lawsuits lacked merit and were not likely to succeed, however.[914][917]
Racial views
Many of Trump's comments and actions have been seen as racially charged.[918] He has repeatedly denied he is racist, asserting: "I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world."[919] Many of his supporters say the way he speaks reflects his rejection of political correctness, while others accept it because they share such beliefs.[920][921] Scholars have discussed Trump's rhetoric in the context of white supremacy.[922]
Several studies and surveys have found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascendance and have been more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[921][923] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes have been shown to be a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[924] In national polling, about half of Americans say that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believe that he has emboldened racists.[925][926][927]
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[77] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. He has maintained his position on the matter into 2019.[928]
Trump relaunched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of "birther" conspiracy theories alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.[929][930] In April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".[931][932] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and falsely claimed the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign.[933] In 2017, he reportedly still expressed birther views in private.[934]
According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[935] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists."[936][937] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.[938]
Trump's comments in reaction to the 2017 Charlottesville far-right rally were interpreted by some as implying a moral equivalence between white supremacist demonstrators and counter-protesters.[939]
In a January 2018 Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation, he reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[940] His remarks were condemned as racist worldwide, as well as by many members of Congress.[941][942]
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic members of Congress – all four minority women, three of them native-born Americans – should "go back" to the countries they "came from".[943] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".[944] White nationalist publications and social media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[945] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[946]
Misogyny and allegations of sexual assault and sexual misconduct
Trump has a history of insulting or demeaning comments against women.[947][948] After being questioned about his behavior during an Republican primary debate by Fox News journalist and debate moderator Megyn Kelly in August 2015, Trump brushed off the question and implied that she was treating him unfairly. In an interview the next day, Trump said of Kelly, "You could see there was blood coming out of her eyes. Blood coming out of her wherever."[949][950] The comment was widely viewed as referring to menstrual blood.[950] Trump denied the comment was about menstruation and insisted that what he said was appropriate.[951][950] Trump incurred bipartisan condemnation for his comments.[950]
In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab 'em by the pussy."[952] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[953] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[954]
At least twenty-six women have publicly accused Trump of sexual misconduct as of September 2020[update], including his then-wife Ivana. There were allegations of rape, violence, being kissed and groped without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked women.[955][956][957] In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears", and alleged there was a conspiracy against him.[958]
Allegations of inciting violence
Some research suggests Trump's rhetoric causes an increased incidence of hate crimes.[959][960][961] During the 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[962][963] Since then, some defendants prosecuted for hate crimes or violent acts cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive a lighter sentence.[964] In August 2019 it was reported that a man who allegedly assaulted a minor for perceived disrespect toward the national anthem had cited Trump's rhetoric in his own defense.[965] In August 2019, a nationwide review by ABC News identified at least 36 criminal cases in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence. Of these, 29 were based around someone echoing presidential rhetoric, while the other seven were someone protesting it or not having direct linkage.[966]
Popular culture
Trump has been the subject of parody, comedy, and caricature. He has been parodied regularly on Saturday Night Live by Phil Hartman, Darrell Hammond, and Alec Baldwin, and in South Park as Mr. Garrison. The Simpsons episode "Bart to the Future" – written during his 2000 campaign for the Reform Party – anticipated a Trump presidency. A parody series called The President Show debuted in April 2017 on Comedy Central, while another one called Our Cartoon President debuted on Showtime in February 2018.[967]
Trump's wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture of hip-hop lyrics since the 1980s; he was named in hundreds of songs, most often in a positive tone.[968][969] Mentions of Trump in hip-hop turned negative and pejorative after he ran for office in 2015.[968]
Recognition
In 1983, Trump received the Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award, after he helped fund two playgrounds, a park, and a reservoir in Israel.[970][971] In 1986, he received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of "patriotism, tolerance, brotherhood and diversity",[972] and in 1995 was awarded the President's Medal from the Freedoms Foundation for his support of youth programs.[973] He has been awarded five honorary doctorates, but one was revoked by Robert Gordon University in 2015 after Trump called for a Muslim ban, citing Trump's speech being "wholly incompatible ... with the ethos and values of the university". The remaining awards are Lehigh University's honorary doctorate of laws in 1988, Wagner College's honorary doctorate of humane letters in 2004, and Liberty University's honorary doctorates of business and law in 2012 and 2017 respectively.[974]
In December 2016, Time named Trump as its "Person of the Year",[975] but Trump took issue with the magazine for referring to him as the "President of the Divided States of America".[976] In the same month, he was named Financial Times Person of the Year[977] and was ranked by Forbes the second most powerful person in the world after Vladimir Putin.[978] As president, Trump received the Collar of The Order of Abdulaziz al Saud from Saudi Arabia in 2017.[979]
Notes
- ^ Presidential elections in the United States are decided by the Electoral College. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in Congress, and (in most states) all delegates vote for the winner of the local state vote. Consequently, it is possible for the president-elect to have received fewer votes from the country's total population (the popular vote). This situation has occurred five times since 1824.
- ^ a b Ronald Reagan was older upon his second-term inauguration, and upon being inaugurated in 2021, President-elect Joe Biden will replace both as the oldest president ever to serve.[1]
- ^ Mueller, Robert (March 2019). "Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election". I. p. 2. "In connection with that analysis, we addressed the factual question whether members of the Trump Campaign 'coordinat[ed]' – a term that appears in the appointment order – with Russian election interference activities. Like collusion, 'coordination' does not have a settled definition in federal criminal law. We understood coordination to require an agreement – tacit or express – between the Trump Campaign and the Russian government on election interference. That requires more than the two parties taking actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests. We applied the term coordination in that sense when stating in the report that the investigation did not establish that the Trump Campaign coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."
- ^ This estimate is by Forbes in their annual ranking. Bloomberg Billionaires Index listed Trump's net worth as $2.97 billion in June 2019,[54] and Wealth-X listed it as at least $3.2 billion in April 2019.[55]
- ^ Records on this matter date from the year 1824. The number "five" includes the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. Despite their similarities, some of these five elections had peculiar results; e.g. John Quincy Adams trailed in both the national popular vote and the electoral college in 1824 (since no one had a majority in the electoral college, Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives), and Samuel Tilden in 1876 remains the only losing candidate to win an actual majority of the popular vote (rather than just a plurality).[286][287]
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It has long been a truism that politicians lie, but with the entry of Donald Trump into the U.S. political domain, the frequency, degree, and impact of lying in politics are now unprecedented [...] Donald Trump is different. By all metrics and counting schemes, his lies are off the charts. We simply have not seen such an accomplished and effective liar before in U.S. politics.
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Works cited
- Barrett, Wayne (2016) [First published 1992]. Trump: The Deals and the Downfall (First Regan Art Paperback ed.). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-1-682450-79-6. Paperback title: The greatest show on Earth – The deals, the downfall, the reinvention.
- Blair, Gwenda (2015a). Donald Trump: The Candidate. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-2937-1.
- Blair, Gwenda (2015b) [2001]. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3936-9.
- Gallup, George Jr. (1990). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1989. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-2344-3.
- Pacelle, Mitchell (2001). Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-23865-2.
- Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [First published 2016]. Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.
- O'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991) [First published 1991]. Trumped!. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1946025-26-5.
- Trump, Mary L. (2020). Too Much and Never Enough. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-4146-2.
- Wooten, Sara (2009). Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7660-2890-6.
External links
- Trump's profile on WhiteHouse.gov
- Donald Trump on Twitter (personal)
- Donald Trump at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Donald Trump collected news and commentary from The New York Times
- Donald Trump appearances on C-SPAN
- Donald Trump on the Internet Archive
- Talking About Donald Trump at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
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