Islamic State
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | |
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Coat of arms
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Motto: باقية وتتمدد (Arabic) "Bāqiyah wa-Tatamaddad" (transliteration) "Remaining and Expanding"[1][2] | |
![]() Areas controlled by ISIL (1 November 2014)
Territories claimed by ISIL
Rest of Iraq and Syria
Note: map includes uninhabited areas. (as Google earth). | |
Status | Unrecognized state |
Capital | Ar-Raqqah, Syria [3][4] |
Government | Self-declared caliphate |
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, "Caliph Ibrahim"[5] | |
• Field Commander | Abu Omar al-Shishani[7][8] |
• Spokesman | Abu Mohammad al-Adnani[9][10] |
Establishment | |
• Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant declared | 8 April 2013[11] |
• Caliphate declared | 29 June 2014 |
Time zone | UTC+3 (Arabia Standard Time) |
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | |
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الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام (Arabic) | |
![]() Current military situation (1 November 2014) Controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Controlled by other Syrian rebels Controlled by Syrian government Controlled by Iraqi government
Controlled by Syrian Kurds Controlled by Iraqi Kurds | |
Dates of operation | 8 April 2013–present[12][13] |
Active regions | Iraq Syria Lebanon[14][15] Turkey[16] Iran[17] |
Ideology | Anti-Shiaism,[18] Salafist Jihadism Takfirism Wahhabism |
Part of | al-Qaeda (Oct. 2004[19]–Feb. 2014)[20] |
Battles and wars | List of wars and battles |
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL /ˈaɪsəl/) also translated as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS /ˈaɪsɪs/; ad-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fīl-ʻIraq wa ash-Shām), also known by the Arabic acronym Daʿish[a] and self-described as the Islamic State (IS), is a Sunni, extremist, jihadist unrecognized state and self-proclaimed caliphate based in Iraq and Syria in the Middle East.
The group originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999. This group was the forerunner of Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn, commonly known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, AQI took part in the Iraqi insurgency against coalition forces and Iraqi security forces. In 2006, it joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council, which consolidated further into the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) shortly afterwards. At its height, the ISI gained a significant presence in Al Anbar, Nineveh, Kirkuk and other areas, but around 2008, its violent methods led to a backlash from Sunni Iraqis and other insurgent groups and a temporary decline.[b]
In April 2013, the group changed its name to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. It grew significantly under the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, gaining support in Iraq in the context of perceived economic and political discrimination against Iraqi Sunnis.[25][irrelevant citation] After entering the Syrian Civil War, it established a large presence in the Syrian governorates of Ar-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor and Aleppo.[26]
ISIL had close links to al-Qaeda until February 2014 when, after an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda cut all ties with the group, citing its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence".[27][28]
The group's original aim was to establish an Islamic state in Sunni-majority regions of Iraq. Following its involvement in the Syrian Civil War, this expanded to include controlling Sunni-majority areas of Syria.[29] It proclaimed a worldwide caliphate on 29 June 2014, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi—known by his supporters as Amir al-Mu'minin, Caliph Ibrahim—was named as its caliph, and the group was renamed the Islamic State.[6] In its self-proclaimed status as a caliphate, it claims religious authority over all Muslims worldwide, and aims to bring most traditionally Muslim-inhabited regions of the world under its political control, beginning with the Levant region, which approximately covers Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Cyprus, and part of southern Turkey.[30][31][32]
The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and Israel. The United Nations and Amnesty International have accused the group of grave human rights abuses, and Amnesty International has found it guilty of ethnic cleansing on a "historic scale".
ISIL’s actions, authority and theological interpretations have been widely criticized around the world by non-Muslims and within the Muslim community. Some of the Islamic scholars also have declared ISIS to be Khawarij.[33]
Names
The group has had a number of different names since it was formed, including some names that other groups use for it.[12]
Index of names
- al-Dawlah ("the State")
- al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah ("the Islamic State")
- AQI: Al-Qaeda in Iraq: Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn
- Daʿish, Da-ish, Dāʻish, Daesh, Daish, Daash, Da'ash, Daas, Da'ish, Dā'ash, Daiish: various latinisations of the (داعش) acronym formed from al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām
- IS: Islamic State: al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah
- ISI: Islamic State of Iraq: Dawlat al-ʻIraq al-Islāmīyah
- ISIL: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām
- ISIS: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (or Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham): al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām
- JTJ: Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād
- Mujahideen Shura Council
- QSIS: al-Qaeda Separatists in Iraq and Syria
History of names
- The group was founded in 1999 by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi under the name Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād, "The Organization of Monotheism and Jihad" (JTJ).[34]
- In October 2004, al-Zarqawi swore loyalty to Osama bin Laden and changed the name of the group to Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn, "The Organization of Jihad's Base in the Country of the Two Rivers" or "The Organization of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia", more commonly known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[12][35]
- Although the group has never called itself "Al-Qaeda in Iraq", this name has frequently been used for it through its various incarnations, as Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād, Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn and—see below—the Mujahideen Shura Council, the Islamic State of Iraq, and ISIL/ISIS/Daʿish.[36]
- In January 2006, AQI merged with several other Iraqi insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council.[37] Al-Zarqawi was killed in June 2006, after which the group's direction shifted again.
- On 12 October 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council merged with several more insurgent factions, and on 13 October the establishment of the Dawlat al-ʻIraq al-Islāmīyah, Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) was announced.[12][38] A cabinet was formed and Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi became ISI's figurehead emir, with the real power residing with the Egyptian Abu Ayyub al-Masri.[39] Al-Baghdadi and al-Masri were both killed in a US–Iraqi operation in April 2010; they were succeeded by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the current leader of ISIL.
- On 8 April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, also known as Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham.[11][40][41] These names are translations of the Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām, with the final word al-Shām providing a description of the Levant or Greater Syria.[42][43] The translated names are frequently abbreviated as ISIL/Isil or as ISIS/Isis. The group has also used the names al-Dawlah ("the State") and al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah ("the Islamic State"). These are short-forms of the Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām.[44]
- On 14 May 2014, the United States Department of State announced its decision to use "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL) as the group's primary name.[45] The debate over which of these acronyms should be used to designate the group, ISIL or ISIS, has been discussed by several commentators.[43][44] The Washington Post concluded: "In the larger battlefield of copy style controversies, the distinction between ISIS or ISIL is not so great."[44]
- The name Daʿish—pronounced /ˈdaːʕiʃ/ and transliterated as "Dāʻish", "Da-ish", "Dāʻish", or "Da-ish"—is used particularly by ISIL's detractors, such as those in Syria. It is based on the Arabic letters dāl, alif, ʻayn, and shīn, which form the acronym (داعش) of ISIL/ISIS's Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām.[45][46] There are many different spellings of this acronym. ISIL considers the term "Dāʻish" derogatory and reportedly punishes with flogging those who use it in ISIL-controlled areas.[47][48]
- On 29 June 2014, the group renamed itself the Islamic State (IS) and declared this a caliphate.[6][49][50][c]
- In late August 2014, a leading Islamic educational institution, Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah in Egypt, advised Muslims to stop calling the group "Islamic State" and instead refer to it as Al-Qaeda Separatists in Iraq and Syria or QSIS, because of the militant group's "un-Islamic character".[52][53]
History
History of the Islamic State |
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Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999‑2004) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004‑2006) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2004‑2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004‑2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006‑2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |
By topic |
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Foundation of the group (1999–2006)
Following the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq, the Jordanian Salafi Jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and his militant group Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, founded in 1999, achieved notoriety in the early stages of the Iraq insurgency, by not only carrying out attacks on coalition forces but conducting suicide attacks on civilian targets and beheading hostages.[34][54]
Al-Zarqawi's group grew in strength and attracted more fighters, and in October 2004 it officially pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, changing its name to Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد في بلاد الرافدين, "Organization of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia"), also known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[19][55][56] Attacks by the group on civilians, the Iraqi Government and security forces continued to increase over the next two years—see list of major resistance attacks in Iraq.[57] In a letter to al-Zarqawi in July 2005, al-Qaeda's deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri outlined a four-stage plan to expand the Iraq War, which included expelling US forces from Iraq, establishing an Islamic authority—a caliphate—spreading the conflict to Iraq's secular neighbors, and engaging in the Arab–Israeli conflict.[58]
In January 2006, AQI merged with several smaller Iraqi insurgent groups under an umbrella organization called the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC). This was claimed by Brian Fishman in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science to be little more than a media exercise and an attempt to give the group a more Iraqi flavour and perhaps to distance al-Qaeda from some of al-Zarqawi's tactical errors, notably the 2005 bombings by AQI of three hotels in Amman.[59] On 7 June, al-Zarqawi was killed in a US airstrike and was succeeded as leader of the group by the Egyptian militant Abu Ayyub al-Masri.[60][61]
On 12 October 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council joined four more insurgent factions and the representatives of a number of Iraqi Arab tribes, and together they swore the traditional Arab oath of allegiance known as Ḥilf al-Muṭayyabīn ("Oath of the Scented Ones").[d][62][63] During the ceremony, the participants swore to free Iraq's Sunnis from what they described as Shia and foreign oppression, and to further the name of Allah and restore Islam to glory.[e][62]
On 13 October 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council declared the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), comprising Iraq's six mostly Sunni Arab governorates, with Abu Omar al-Baghdadi being announced as the self-proclaimed state's Emir.[38][57] Al-Masri was given the title of Minister of War within the ISI's ten-member cabinet.[64] The declaration of statehood was met with hostile criticism, not only from ISI's jihadist rivals in Iraq, but from leading jihadist ideologues outside the country.[65]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Loading_up.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Loading_up.jpg)
As Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013)
According to a study compiled by US intelligence agencies in early 2007, the ISI—also known as AQI—planned to seize power in the central and western areas of the country and turn it into a Sunni Islamic state.[66] The group built in strength and at its height enjoyed a significant presence in the Iraqi governorates of Al Anbar, Nineveh, Kirkuk, most of Salah ad Din, parts of Babil, Diyala and Baghdad, and claimed Baqubah as a capital city.[67][68][69][70]
However, by late 2007, violent and indiscriminate attacks directed by rogue AQI elements against Iraqi civilians had severely damaged the group's image and caused a loss of support among the population, thus isolating it. In a major blow to AQI, many former Sunni militants who had previously fought alongside the group started to work with the US armed forces. The US troops surge supplied the military with more manpower for operations targeting the group, resulting in dozens of high-level AQI members being captured or killed.[71]
Al-Qaeda seemed to have lost its foothold in Iraq and appeared to be severely crippled.[72] During 2008, a series of US and Iraqi offensives managed to drive out the AQI-aligned insurgents from their former safe havens, such as the Diyala and Al Anbar governorates and the embattled capital of Baghdad, to the area of the northern city of Mosul, the latest of the Iraq War's major battlegrounds.[73] By 2008, the ISI was describing itself as being in a state of "extraordinary crisis".[74] Its violent attempts to govern its territory led to a backlash from Sunni Iraqis and other insurgent groups and a temporary decline in the group, which was attributable to a number of factors,[75] notably the Anbar Awakening.
In late 2009, the commander of the US forces in Iraq, General Ray Odierno, stated that the ISI "has transformed significantly in the last two years. What once was dominated by foreign individuals has now become more and more dominated by Iraqi citizens".[76] On 18 April 2010, the ISI's two top leaders, Abu Ayyub al-Masri and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near Tikrit.[77] In a press conference in June 2010, General Odierno reported that 80% of the ISI's top 42 leaders, including recruiters and financiers, had been killed or captured, with only eight remaining at large. He said that they had been cut off from Al Qaeda's leadership in Pakistan, and that improved intelligence had enabled the successful mission in April that led to the killing of al-Masri and al-Baghdadi; in addition, the number of attacks and casualty figures in Iraq for the first five months of 2010 were the lowest since 2003.[78][79][80]
On 16 May 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed the new leader of the Islamic State of Iraq.[81][82] Al-Baghdadi replenished the group's leadership, many of whom had been killed or captured, by appointing former Ba'athist military and intelligence officers who had served during the Saddam Hussein regime. These men, nearly all of whom had spent time imprisoned by the US military, came to make up about one-third of Baghdadi's top 25 commanders. One of them was a former Colonel, Samir al-Khlifawi, also known as Haji Bakr, who became the overall military commander in charge of overseeing the group's operations.[83][84]
In July 2012, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement online announcing that the group was returning to the former strongholds from which US troops and their Sunni allies had driven them prior to the withdrawal of US troops.[85] He also declared the start of a new offensive in Iraq called Breaking the Walls, which was aimed at freeing members of the group held in Iraqi prisons.[85] Violence in Iraq began to escalate that month, and by July 2013 monthly fatalities had exceeded 1,000 for the first time since April 2008.[86] The Breaking the Walls campaign culminated in July 2013, with the group carrying out simultaneous raids on Taji and Abu Ghraib prison, freeing more than 500 prisoners, many of them veterans of the Iraqi insurgency.[86][87]
As Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014)
Declaration and dispute with al-Nusra Front
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Iraqi_insurgents_with_guns%2C_2006.jpg/220px-Iraqi_insurgents_with_guns%2C_2006.jpg)
In March 2011, protests began in Syria against the government of Bashar al-Assad. In the following months, violence between demonstrators and security forces led to a gradual militarisation of the conflict.[88] In August 2011, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi began sending Syrian and Iraqi ISI members experienced in guerilla warfare across the border into Syria in order to establish an organization inside the country. Led by a Syrian known as Abu Muhammad al-Jawlani, this group began to recruit fighters and establish cells throughout the country.[89][90] On 23 January 2012, the group announced its formation as Jabhat al-Nusra li Ahl as-Sham—Jabhat al-Nusra—more commonly known as al-Nusra Front. Al-Nusra grew rapidly into a capable fighting force with popular support among Syrians opposed to the Assad regime.[89]
In April 2013, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement in which he announced that al-Nusra Front had been established, financed and supported by the Islamic State of Iraq[91] and that the two groups were merging under the name "Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham".[11] Al-Jawlani issued a statement denying the merger and complaining that neither he nor anyone else in al-Nusra's leadership had been consulted about it.[92] In June 2013, Al Jazeera reported that it had obtained a letter written by al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, addressed to both leaders, in which he ruled against the merger, and appointed an emissary to oversee relations between them to put an end to tensions.[93] In the same month, al-Baghdadi released an audio message rejecting al-Zawahiri's ruling and declaring that the merger was going ahead.[94] In October 2013, al-Zawahiri ordered the disbanding of ISIL, putting al-Nusra Front in charge of jihadist efforts in Syria,[95] but al-Baghdadi contested al-Zawahiri's ruling on the basis of Islamic jurisprudence,[94] and his group continued to operate in Syria. In February 2014, after an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda disavowed any relations with ISIL.[27]
According to journalist Sarah Birke, there are "significant differences" between al-Nusra Front and ISIL. While al-Nusra actively calls for the overthrow of the Assad government, ISIL "tends to be more focused on establishing its own rule on conquered territory". ISIL is "far more ruthless" in building an Islamic state, "carrying out sectarian attacks and imposing sharia law immediately". While al-Nusra has a "large contingent of foreign fighters", it is seen as a home-grown group by many Syrians; by contrast, ISIL fighters have been described as "foreign 'occupiers'" by many Syrian refugees.[96] It has a strong presence in central and northern Syria, where it has instituted sharia in a number of towns.[96] The group reportedly controlled the four border towns of Atmeh, al-Bab, Azaz and Jarablus, allowing it to control the entrance and exit from Syria into Turkey.[96] Foreign fighters in Syria include Russian-speaking jihadists who were part of Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA).[97] In November 2013, the JMA's Chechen leader Abu Omar al-Shishani swore an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi;[98] the group then split between those who followed al-Shishani in joining ISIL and those who continued to operate independently in the JMA under new leadership.[7]
In May 2014, Ayman al-Zawahiri ordered al-Nusra Front to stop attacks on its rival ISIL.[99] In June 2014, after continued fighting between the two groups, al-Nusra's branch in the Syrian town of al-Bukamal pledged allegiance to ISIL.[100][101]
Conflicts with other groups
In January 2014, rebels affiliated with the Islamic Front and the US-trained Free Syrian Army[102] launched an offensive against ISIL militants in and around the city of Aleppo in Syria.[103][104]
As Islamic State (2014–present)
On 29 June 2014, ISIL removed "Iraq and the Levant" from its name and began to refer to itself as the "Islamic State",[6] simultaneously proclaiming itself by the governmental description caliphate[citation needed] and naming Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as caliph. The declaration of a caliphate has been criticized and ridiculed by Muslim scholars and rival Islamists inside and outside the occupied territory.[105][106][107][108][109][110]
Analysts observed that dropping the reference to region in its new name widened the group's scope, and terrorism analyst Laith Alkhouri concluded that after capturing many areas in Syria and Iraq, the Islamic State felt that this was a suitable opportunity to take control of the global jihadist movement.[111]
A week before it changed its name to the "Islamic State", ISIL captured the Trabil crossing on the Jordan–Iraq border,[112] the only border crossing between the two countries.[113] ISIL has received some public support in Jordan, albeit limited, partly owing to state repression there,[114] but has undertaken a recruitment drive in Saudi Arabia,[115] where tribes in the north are linked to those in western Iraq and eastern Syria.[116]
In June and July 2014, Jordan and Saudi Arabia had moved troops to their borders with Iraq, after Iraq lost control of, or withdrew from, strategic crossing points that had then come under the control of the Islamic State.[113][117] There was speculation that al-Maliki had ordered a withdrawal of troops from the Iraq–Saudi crossings in order "to increase pressure on Saudi Arabia and bring the threat of Isis over-running its borders as well".[116]
In July 2014, Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau declared support for the new caliphate and Caliph Ibrahim.[118] In August, Shekau announced that Boko Haram had captured the Nigerian town of Gwoza. Shekau announced: "Thanks be to God who gave victory to our brethren in Gwoza and made it a state among the Islamic states".[119][120] Boko Haram launched an offensive in Adamawa and Borno States in northeastern Nigeria in September, following the example of the Islamic State.[121]
By that time, many moderate rebels had been assimilated into the group.[122] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed that the Islamic State had recruited more than 6,300 fighters in July 2014 alone, some of them coming from the Free Syrian Army.[123]
In August 2014, the Islamic State captured Kurdish-controlled territory[124] and massacred a large number of Yazidis.[125] In response, the US launched an aerial bombing campaign against the Islamic State and a humanitarian mission to aid the Yazidis.[126]
There have been many complaints of the Islamic State's use of death threats, torture and mutilation to compel conversion to Islam,[127][128] executions of clerics who refused to pledge allegiance to the Islamic State,[129] mass executions of prisoners of war[130] and civilians,[131][132][133] and sexual enslavement of Iraqi women and girls, predominantly from the minority Christian communities.[134]
In September 2014, some U.S.-backed Syrian rebels and ISIL signed a "non-aggression" agreement in a suburb of Damascus.[135] Raghad Hussein, the daughter of Saddam Hussein, now living in opulent asylum in Jordan, has publicly expressed support for the advance of the Islamic State in Iraq, reflecting the Ba'athist alliance of convenience with ISIL and its goal of return to power in Bagdad.[136]
For details on current history, see Timeline of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant events.
Notable members
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Mugshot_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi.jpg)
- Current known personnel (all use assumed names)
- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader – declared emir of the Islamic State of Iraq in 2010[137] and caliph of the Islamic State on 29 June 2014)
- Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (Deputy Leader in Iraq)
- Abu Ali al-Anbari (Deputy Leader in Syria)
- Abu Mohammad al-Adnani (official spokesperson)
- Abu Omar al-Shishani (ISIL field commander in Syria)
- Abu Waheeb (ISIL militant in Al Anbar, Iraq)
- "Jihadi John" (ISIL member with British accent seen in beheading videos)
- Abu Yusaf[138][139] (senior security commander)
- Mohammad Ali Baryalei (senior Australian and recruiter-real name) [140]
- Abu Suleiman al-Naser (Minister of War, Islamic State of Iraq)
- Former leaders
- Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (killed in 2006)
- Abu Ayyub al-Masri (killed in 2010)
- Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi (killed in 2010)
- Other former personnel
- Abu Anas al-Shami (killed in 2004)
- Abu Azzam (killed in 2005)
- Abu Omar al-Kurdi (captured in 2005)
- Abdul Hadi al-Iraqi (captured in 2006)
- Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman (killed in 2006)
- Hamid Juma Faris Jouri al-Saeedi (captured in 2006)
- Abu Yaqub al-Masri (killed in 2007)
- Haitham al-Badri (killed in 2007)
- Khaled al-Mashhadani (captured in 2007)
- Mahir al-Zubaydi (killed in 2008)
- Mohamed Moumou (killed in 2008)
- Huthaifa al-Batawi (killed in 2011)
- Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi (killed in 2014)
- Haji Bakr (killed in 2014)
Designation as a terrorist organization
Organization | Date | Authority | References |
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18 October 2004 | United Nations Security Council | [141] |
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2004 | EU Council (via adoption of UN Sanctions) | [142] |
Country | Date | Authority | References |
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March 2001 (as part of al-Qaeda) 20 June 2014 (after separation from al‑Qaeda) |
Home Secretary of the Home Office | [143] |
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17 December 2004 | United States Department of State | [144] |
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2 March 2005 | Attorney-General for Australia | [145] |
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20 August 2012 | Parliament of Canada | [146] |
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30 October 2013 | Grand National Assembly of Turkey | [147][148] |
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7 March 2014 | Royal decree of the King of Saudi Arabia | [149] |
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1 August 2014 | National Counter-terrorism Agency id | [150] |
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3 September 2014 | Ministry of Defense, Israel | [151][152][153] |
Many world leaders and government spokespeople have called ISIL a terrorist group, without formal designation by their countries. Media sources worldwide have also called ISIL a terrorist organization.[127][154][155][156][157]
The United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1267 (1999) designated al-Qaeda as a terrorist organization[158] and established the al-Qaida Sanctions List, to which it added Al-Qaeda in Iraq—now known as ISIL in UN documents—on 18 October 2004 (amended 2 Dec. 2004, 5 Mar. 2009, 13 Dec. 2011, 30 May 2013, 13 May 2014 and 2 Jun. 2014).[159] The UN Security Council also includes various ISIL leaders on its list.[141] The European Union adopted the UN Sanctions List in 2001 and regularly updates its own list to match it.[142]
Support
Foreign fighters
There are many foreign fighters in ISIL's ranks. In June 2014, The Economist reported that "ISIS may have up to 6,000 fighters in Iraq and 3,000–5,000 in Syria, including perhaps 3,000 foreigners; nearly a thousand are reported to hail from Chechnya and perhaps 500 or so more from France, Britain and elsewhere in Europe".[160] Chechen leader Abu Omar al-Shishani, for example, was made commander of the northern sector of ISIL in Syria in 2013.[161][162] According to The New York Times, in September 2014 there were more than 2,000 Europeans and 100 Americans among ISIL's foreign fighters.[163] Tunisia has sent 2,400-3,000 foreign fighters to the Islamic State, more than any other nation.[164] An ISIL deserter alleged that foreign recruits are treated with less respect than Arabic-speaking Muslims by ISIL commanders and are placed in suicide units if they lack otherwise useful skills.[165]
Allies
Abu Sayyaf (Philippines, Malaysia)[166]
- File:Logo of Boko Haram.svg Boko Haram (Nigeria and surrounding countries)[118]
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (Philippines)[167]
Jemaah Islamiyah (Southeast Asia)[168]
- File:Ansar al-Sharia Libya Logo.jpg Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)[169][170]
Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)[171][172]
Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem (Gaza Strip)[173]
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis (Egypt)[174]
Jund al-Khilafah (Algeria)[175]
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan[176]
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan[177]
Opposition
Opposition within Iraq, Lebanon and Syria
Multinational coalition opposition
Military operations in or over Iraq and/or Syria (US-led)
NATO members:
United States[192][193][194]
Belgium
Canada[192]
Denmark[192]
France[192]
Germany[192][195]
Italy[192]
Netherlands[196]
Spain[197]
Turkey[192] (limited/pending)
United Kingdom[192]
CCASG members:
Australia[192]
Supplying military equipment to opposition forces within Iraq, Syria or Lebanon (by EU and/or NATO and partners)
Other state opponents
Romania[210]
Other non-state opponents
The Arab League issued a statement on ISIL in September 2014.[215] Al-Qaeda is the parent organization of ISIL, but they separated in 2014.[216] The leader of al-Nusra Front, Abu Mohammad al-Julani, has been critical of ISIL.[217] Ansar al-Islam announced in a statement released on 18 September 2013 that ISIL had forced Ansar al-Islam to "respond to their aggression".[218] The Kurdistan Workers Party has aided and fighters from the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran have fought against ISIL.[219]
Note: The opponents list is restricted to: (a) States and non-State actors with military operations past, present or pending against ISIL in Iraq, Syria and Lebanon; (b) States directly supplying weapons to ground forces fighting ISIL; (c) transnational organizations coordinating or supporting such States.
Analysis
After significant setbacks for the group during the latter stages of the coalition forces' presence in Iraq, by late 2012 it was thought[by whom?] to have renewed its strength and to have more than doubled the number of its members to about 2,500,[220][failed verification] and since its formation in April 2013, ISIL grew rapidly in strength and influence in Iraq and Syria. Analysts[which?] have underlined the deliberate inflammation of sectarian conflict between Iraqi Shias and Sunnis during the Iraq War by various Sunni and Shia players as the root cause of ISIL's rise. The post-invasion policies of the international coalition forces have also been cited as a factor, with Fanar Haddad, a research fellow at the National University of Singapore's Middle East Institute, blaming the coalition forces during the Iraq War for "enshrining identity politics as the key marker of Iraqi politics".[221]
By 2014, ISIL was increasingly being viewed as a militia rather than as a terrorist group.[222] As major Iraqi cities fell to al-Baghdadi's cohorts in June 2014, Jessica Lewis, a former US army intelligence officer at the Institute for the Study of War, described ISIL as "not a terrorism problem anymore", but rather "an army on the move in Iraq and Syria, and they are taking terrain. They have shadow governments in and around Baghdad, and they have an aspirational goal to govern. I don't know whether they want to control Baghdad, or if they want to destroy the functions of the Iraqi state, but either way the outcome will be disastrous for Iraq." Lewis has called ISIL "an advanced military leadership". She said, "They have incredible command and control and they have a sophisticated reporting mechanism from the field that can relay tactics and directives up and down the line. They are well-financed, and they have big sources of manpower, not just the foreign fighters, but also prisoner escapees."[222]
According to the Institute for the Study of War, ISIL's 2013 annual report reveals a metrics-driven military command, which is "a strong indication of a unified, coherent leadership structure that commands from the top down".[223] Middle East Forum's Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi said, "They are highly skilled in urban guerrilla warfare while the new Iraqi Army simply lacks tactical competence."[222] Seasoned observers[who?] point to systemic corruption within the Iraq Army, seeing it as little more than a system of patronage, and have attributed to this its spectacular collapse as ISIL and its allies took over large swaths of Iraq in June 2014.[224]
While officials[which?] fear that ISIL may either inspire attacks in the United States by sympathizers or by those returning after joining ISIL, US intelligence agencies find there is no immediate threat or specific plots. US Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel sees an "imminent threat to every interest we have", but former top counterterrorism adviser Daniel Benjamin has derided such alarmist talk as a "farce" that panics the public.[225]
Hillary Clinton has stated: "The failure to help build up a credible fighting force of the people who were the originators of the protests against Assad—there were Islamists, there were secularists, there was everything in the middle—the failure to do that left a big vacuum, which the jihadists have now filled."[226]
Some news commentators—the international newspaper columnist Gwynne Dyer, for example[227]—and samples of public opinion—such as of surveys by NPR[228]—have advocated a strong but measured response to ISIL's recent provocative acts.
Conspiracy theories
Conspiracy theorists in the Arab world have advanced rumors that the US is secretly behind the existence and emboldening of ISIL, as part of an attempt to further destabilize the Middle East. After such rumors became widespread, the US embassy in Lebanon issued an official statement denying the allegations, calling them a complete fabrication.[229] Others[which?] are convinced that ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is an Israeli Mossad agent and actor called Simon Elliot. The rumors claim that NSA documents leaked by Edward Snowden reveal this connection. Snowden's lawyer has called the story "a hoax".[230][231][232]
Ideology and beliefs
ISIL is a Sunni extremist group. It follows an extreme interpretation of Islam, promotes religious violence, and regards those who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates. ISIL's aim is to establish a Salafist-oriented Islamist state in Iraq, Syria and other parts of the Levant.[233]
ISIL's ideology originates in the branch of modern Islam that aims to return to the early days of Islam, rejecting later "innovations" in the religion which it believes corrupt its original spirit. It condemns later caliphates and the Ottoman Empire for deviating from what it calls pure Islam and hence has been attempting to establish its own caliphate.[234]
ISIL's philosophy is well represented in the symbolism of its black flag, which first appeared as the flag of its parent organization, al-Qaeda. The flag shows the seal of the Muhammad within a white circle, with the phrase above it, "There is no God but Allah", depicted on a black flag, the legendary battle flag of Muhammad.[235] Such symbolism has been said to point to ISIL's belief that it represents no less than the restoration of the caliphate of early Islam, with all of the political, religious and eschatological ramifications that this would imply.[236]
According to some observers, ISIL emerged from the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, the first post-Ottoman Islamist group dating back to the late 1920s in Egypt.[237] It adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hard-line ideology of al-Qaeda and many other modern-day jihadist groups.[233][238] However, other sources trace the group's roots not to the Islamism of the Muslim Brotherhood and the more mainstream jihadism of al-Qaeda, but to Wahhabism. The New York Times wrote:
For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam. The group circulates images of Wahhabi religious textbooks from Saudi Arabia in the schools it controls. Videos from the group’s territory have shown Wahhabi texts plastered on the sides of an official missionary van.[239]
ISIL seeks to revive the original Wahhabi project of the restoration of the caliphate governed by strict Salafist doctrine, and following Wahhabi tradition, it condemns the followers of secular law as disbelievers, putting the current Saudi regime in that category.[240]
ISIL's use of violence to purify the community of unbelievers comes from the Wahhabi tradition. However, Bernard Haykel has described Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism", saying, "For Al Qaeda, violence is a means to an ends; for ISIS, it is an end in itself".[239] The destruction by ISIL in July 2014 of the tomb and shrine of the prophet Yunus—Jonah in Christianity—the 13th century mosque of Imam Yahya Abu al-Qassimin, the 14th century shrine of prophet Jerjis—St George to Christians—and the attempted destruction of the Hadba minaret at the 12th century Great Mosque of Al-Nuri have been described as "an unchecked outburst of extreme Wahhabism".[241]
According to The New York Times, "All of the most influential jihadist theorists are criticizing the Islamic State as deviant, calling its self-proclaimed caliphate null and void" and have denounced it for its beheading of journalists and aid workers.[239] However, while ISIL is widely denounced by a broad range of Islamic clerics, it took political pressure to persuade Saudi clerics to issue a formal condemnation; al-Qaeda-oriented clerics have been much quicker to condemn the group.[239][242]
Salafists such as ISIL believe that only a legitimate authority can undertake the leadership of jihad, and that the first priority over other areas of combat, such as fighting non-Muslim countries, is the purification of Islamic society. For example, when it comes to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, since ISIL regards the Palestinian Sunni group Hamas as apostates who have no legitimate authority to lead jihad, it regards fighting Hamas as the first step toward confrontation with Israel.[239][243][244]
Sunni critics, including Salafi and jihadist muftis such as Adnan al-Aroor and Abu Basir al-Tartusi, say that ISIL and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but modern-day Khawarij—Muslims who have stepped outside the mainstream of Islam—serving an imperial anti-Islamic agenda.[245][246][247][248] Other critics of ISIL's brand of Sunni Islam include Salafists who previously publicly supported jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda, for example the Saudi government official Saleh Al-Fawzan, known for his extremist views, who claims that ISIL is a creation of "Zionists, Crusaders and Safavids", and the Jordanian-Palestinian writer Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, the former spiritual mentor to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was released from prison in Jordan in June 2014 and accused ISIL of driving a wedge between Muslims.[248]
Goals
Since 2004, the group's goal has been the foundation of an Islamic state in the Levant.[249][250] Specifically, ISIL has sought the establishment of a caliphate, a type of Islamic state led by a group of religious authorities under a supreme leader—caliph—who is believed to be the successor to Muhammad.[251]
In June 2014, ISIL published a document in which it claimed to have traced the lineage of its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi back to Muhammad.[251] That same month, ISIL removed "Iraq and the Levant" from its name and began to refer to itself as the Islamic State, declaring the territory that it occupied in Iraq and Syria a new caliphate and naming al-Baghdadi as its caliph.[6] By declaring a caliphate, al-Baghdadi was demanding the allegiance of all devout Muslims according to Islamic jurisprudence—fiqh.[252]
Shaykh Abu Muhammad al-Adnani al-Shami, spokesperson for ISIL, described the establishment of the caliphate as "a dream that lives in the depths of every Muslim believer" and "the abandoned obligation of the era",[253][254] while ISIL stated: "The legality of all emirates, groups, states and organizations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas."[251] ISIL thus rejects the political divisions established by Western powers at the end of World War I in the Sykes–Picot Agreement as it absorbs territory in Syria and Iraq.[255][256][257]
ISIL's current goal is to consolidate the territorial gains it has made, to establish an Islamic state, and to expand its caliphate throughout the Levant region.
Territorial claims
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS.svg/230px-Territorial_control_of_the_ISIS.svg.png)
When the group announced the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq in 2006, it claimed authority over the Iraqi governorates of Baghdad, Al Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Nineveh, and parts of Babil.[38] Following the expansion of the group into Syria in 2013 and the announcement of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the number of wilayah—provinces—which it claimed increased to 16. In addition to the seven Iraqi wilayah, the Syrian divisions, largely lying along existing provincial boundaries, are Al Barakah, Al Kheir, Ar-Raqqah, Al Badiya, Halab, Idlib, Hama, Damascus, and the Coast.[258] After taking control of both sides of the border in mid-2014, ISIL created a new province incorporating Syrian territory around Albu Kamal and Iraqi territory around Qaim. This new wilayah was named al-Furat—"Euphrates" province.[259][260] In Syria, ISIL's seat of power is in the Ar-Raqqah Governorate. Top ISIL leaders, including Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, are known to have visited its provincial capital, Ar-Raqqah.[258]
Governance
The group is headed and run by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, called caliph, with a cabinet of advisers. There are two deputy leaders, Abu Muslim al-Turkmani for Iraq and Abu Ali al-Anbari for Syria, and 12 local governors in Iraq and Syria. Beneath the governors are local councils on finance, leadership, military matters, legal matters—including decisions on executions—foreign fighters assistance, security, intelligence and media. In addition, a Shura council has the task of ensuring that all decisions made by the governors and councils comply with the group's interpretation of sharia.[261]
Ar-Raqqah in Syria is the de facto capital of the Islamic State and is said to be a test case of ISIL governance.[262] As of September 2014, governance in Ar-Raqqah has been under the total control of ISIL where it has rebuilt the structure of modern government in less than a year. Former government workers from the Assad regime maintain their jobs after pledging allegiance to ISIL. Institutions, restored and restructured, are providing services. The Ar-Raqqah dam continues to provide electricity and water. Foreign expertise supplements Syrian officials in running civilian institutions. Only the police and soldiers are ISIL fighters, who receive confiscated lodging previously owned by non-Sunnis and others who fled. Welfare services are provided, price controls established, and taxes imposed on the wealthy. ISIL runs a soft power program in the areas under its control in Iraq and Syria, which includes social services, religious lectures and da'wah—proselytizing—to local populations. It also performs public services such as repairing roads and maintaining the electricity supply.[263]
Exporting oil from oilfields captured by ISIL brings in tens of millions of dollars.[264][265] One US Treasury official has estimated that ISIL earns US$1 million a day from the export of oil. Much of the oil is sold illegally in Turkey.[266] Dubai-based energy analysts have put the combined oil revenue from ISIL's Iraqi-Syrian production as high as US$3 million per day.[267] ISIL also extracts wealth through taxation and extortion.[266]
British security expert Frank Gardner has concluded that ISIL's prospects of maintaining control and rule are greater in 2014 than they were in 2006. Despite being as brutal as before, ISIL has become "well entrenched" among the population and is not likely to be dislodged by ineffective Syrian or Iraqi forces. It has replaced corrupt governance with functioning locally controlled authorities, services have been restored and there are adequate supplies of water and oil. With Western-backed intervention being unlikely, the group will "continue to hold their ground" and rule an area "the size of Pennsylvania for the foreseeable future", he said.[264][268] Further solidifying ISIL rule is the control of wheat production, which is roughly 40% of Iraq's production. ISIL has maintained food production, crucial to governance and popular support.[269]
Diktats, influences and pressures
In Mosul, ISIL has implemented a sharia school curriculum which bans teaching in art, music, national history, literature and Christianity. Although Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has never been taught in Iraqi schools, the subject has been banned from the school curriculum. Patriotic songs have been declared blasphemous, and orders have been given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks.[270][271][272][273] Iraqi parents have largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum has been introduced.[274]
After capturing cities in Iraq, ISIL issued guidelines on how to wear clothes and veils. ISIL warned women in the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe punishment.[275] The group also uses its two battalions of female fighters in Ar-Raqqah to enforce it's strict laws of individual conduct on women.[276] A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that ISIL gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his mosque when worshippers gathered. ISIL also ordered the faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered in an order that also banned the use of naked mannequins.[277] ISIL released 16 notes labeled "Contract of the City", a set of rules aimed at civilians in Nineveh. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would be punished by amputation.[263][278] In addition to banning the sale and use of alcohol—which is customary in Muslim culture—ISIL has banned the sale and use of cigarettes and hookah pipes. It has also banned "music and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as well as photographs of people in shop windows".[279]
According to The Economist, dissidents in the ISIL capital of Ar-Raqqah report that "all 12 of the judges who now run its court system ... are Saudis". Saudi practices also followed by the group include the establishment of a "religious police" to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction of or conversion to other uses of Christian churches and non-Sunni mosques.[280]
Christians living in areas under ISIL control who want to remain in the "caliphate" face three options: converting to Islam, paying a religious levy, jizya, or death. "We offer them three choices: Islam; the dhimma contract – involving payment of jizya; if they refuse this they will have nothing but the sword", ISIL said.[281] ISIL had already set similar rules for Christians in Ar-Raqqah, once one of Syria's more liberal cities.[282][283]
Human rights abuses
In early September 2014, the United Nations Human Rights Council agreed to send a team to Iraq and Syria to investigate the abuses and killings being carried out by the ISIL on "an unimaginable scale". Zeid Ra'ad al Hussein of Jordan, who had just taken over Navi Pillay's post as the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, urged world leaders to step in to protect women and children suffering at the hands of ISIL militants, who he said were trying to create a "house of blood". He appealed to the international community to concentrate its efforts on ending the conflict in Iraq and Syria.[284]
War crimes accusations and findings
In July 2014, the BBC reported the United Nations' chief investigator as stating: "Fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Isis) may be added to a list of war crimes suspects in Syria."[285]
By June 2014, according to United Nations reports, ISIL had executed hundreds of prisoners of war[130] and killed over 1,000 civilians.[131][132][133]
In August 2014, the United Nations accused ISIL of committing "mass atrocities" and war crimes,[286][287] including the mass execution of up to 250 Syrian Army soldiers near Tabqa Air base.[130] Other known executions of military prisoners took place in Camp Speicher (1,095–1,700 Iraqi soldiers shot and "thousands" more "missing")[288][289] and the Shaer gas field (200 Syrian soldiers shot).[290]
Religious and minority group persecution
ISIL compels people in the areas it controls, under the penalty of death, torture or mutilation, to declare Islamic creed, and live according to its interpretation of Sunni Islam and sharia law.[127][128] It directs violence against Shia Muslims, indigenous Assyrian, Chaldean, Syriac and Armenian Christians, Yazidis, Druze, Shabaks and Mandeans in particular.[291]
Amnesty International has found ISIL guilty of the ethnic cleansing of ethnic and religious minority groups in northern Iraq "on a historic scale". In a special report, it describes how ISIL has "systematically targeted non-Arab and non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, and forcing more than 830,000 others to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". Among these people are Assyrian Christians, Turkmen Shia, Shabak Shia, Yazidis, Kaka'i and Sabean Mandeans, who have lived together for centuries in Nineveh province, large parts of which are now under ISIL's control.[292][293]
Among the known massacres of religious and minority group civilians perpetrated by ISIL, there are those committed in the villages Quiniyeh (70–90 Yazidis killed), Hardan (60 Yazidis killed), Sinjar (200–500 Yazidis killed), Ramadi Jabal (60–70 Yazidis killed), Dhola (50 Yazidis killed), Khana Sor (100 Yazidis killed), Hardan (250–300 Yazidis killed), al-Shimal (dozens of Yazidis killed), Khocho (400 Yazidis killed and 1,000 abducted), Jadala (14 Yadizis killed)[294] and Beshir (700 Shia Turkmen killed)[295] and others committed near Mosul (670 Shia inmates of the Badush prison killed),[295] in Tal Afar prison, Iraq (200 Yazidis killed for refusing conversion)[294] and in the town of Ghraneij, Abu Haman and Kashkiyeh (700 members of the Al Sheitaat tribe in Syria killed for refusing to swear allegiance to ISIL).[296][297] 5,000 Yazidis are estimated by the UN to have been murdered.[298]
Treatment of civilians
During the Iraqi conflict in 2014, ISIL released dozens of videos showing its ill treatment of civilians, many of whom had apparently been targeted on the basis of their religion or ethnicity. Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, warned of war crimes being committed in the Iraqi war zone, and disclosed one UN report of ISIL militants murdering Iraqi Army soldiers and 17 civilians in a single street in Mosul. The United Nations reported that in the 17 days from 5 to 22 June, ISIL killed more than 1,000 Iraqi civilians and injured more than 1,000.[131][132][133] After ISIL released photographs of its fighters shooting scores of young men, the United Nations declared that cold-blooded "executions" by militants in northern Iraq almost certainly amounted to war crimes.[299]
ISIL's advance in Iraq in mid-2014 was accompanied by continuing violence in Syria. On 29 May, ISIL raided a village in Syria and at least 15 civilians were killed, including, according to Human Rights Watch, at least six children.[300] A hospital in the area confirmed that it had received 15 bodies on the same day.[301] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that on 1 June, a 102-year-old man was killed along with his whole family in a village in Hama.[302]
ISIL has recruited to its ranks Iraqi children, who can be seen with masks on their faces and guns in their hands patrolling the streets of Mosul.[303]
Sexual violence and slavery allegations
According to one report, ISIL's capture of Iraqi cities in June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes against women, including kidnap and rape.[304][305][306] The Guardian reported that ISIL's extremist agenda extended to women's bodies and that women living under their control were being captured and raped.[307] Fighters are told that they are free to have sex and rape non-Muslim captive women.[165] Hannaa Edwar, a leading women’s rights advocate in Baghdad who runs an NGO called Iraqi Al-Amal Association (IAA),[308] said that none of her contacts in Mosul were able to confirm any cases of rape.[309] However, another Baghdad-based women's rights activist, Basma al-Khateeb, said that a culture of violence existed in Iraq against women generally and felt sure that sexual violence against women was happening in Mosul involving not only ISIL but all armed groups.[309]
During a meeting with Nouri al-Maliki, British Foreign Minister William Hague said with regard to ISIL: "Anyone glorifying, supporting or joining it should understand that they would be assisting a group responsible for kidnapping, torture, executions, rape and many other hideous crimes".[310] According to Martin Williams in The Citizen, some hard-line Salafists apparently regard extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes".[311]
Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by ISIL militants after they have captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls ... are raped or married off to fighters", she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters."[312] Speaking of Yazidi women captured by ISIS, Nazand Begikhani said "[t]hese women have been treated like cattle... They have been subjected to physical and sexual violence, including systematic rape and sex slavery. They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in Raqqa, Syria, carrying price tags."[313] Yazidi girls in Iraq allegedly raped by ISIL fighters have committed suicide by jumping to their death from Mount Sinjar, as described in a witness statement.[314]
A United Nations report issued on 2 October 2014, based on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that ISIL took 450–500 women and girls to Iraq's Nineveh region in August where "150 unmarried girls and women, predominantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were reportedly transported to Syria, either to be given to ISIL fighters as a reward or to be sold as sex slaves".[134] In mid-October, the UN confirmed that 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women and children had been abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.[315][316] In its digital magazine Dabiq, ISIL explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women.[317][318][319][320][321]
Criticism
The group has attracted widespread criticism internationally for its extremism, from governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and Amnesty International. In particular, ISIL has been at the receiving end of severe criticism from other Muslims, especially religious scholars and theologians.
In late September 2014, 126 Sunni imams and Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, explicitly rejecting and refuting his group's interpretations of Islamic scriptures, the Qur'an and hadith, used by it to justify its actions.[322][323] "[You] have misinterpreted Islam into a religion of harshness, brutality, torture and murder ... this is a great wrong and an offence to Islam, to Muslims and to the entire world", the letter states.[324] It rebukes the Islamic State for its execution of prisoners, describing the killings as "heinous war crimes" and its persecution of the Yazidis of Iraq as "abominable". Referring to the "self-described 'Islamic State'", the letter censures the group for carrying out its many massacres and acts of brutality under the guise of jihad—holy struggle—saying that its "sacrifice" without legitimate cause, goals and intention "is not jihad at all, but rather, warmongering and criminality".[324][325] It also accuses the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.[324] Other scholars have describe the group as not Sunnis, but Khawarij.[326]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_V.jpg/220px-Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_V.jpg)
The group's declaration of a caliphate has been criticized and its legitimacy disputed by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups,[327] and Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.[328]
Two days after the beheading of Hervé Gourdel, hundreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was lead by the leader of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, Dalil Boubakeur, and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country under the slogan "Not in my name".[329][330] French president François Hollande said Gourdel's beheading was "cowardly" and "cruel", and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.[329]
The Islamic State is mocked on social media websites such as Twitter and YouTube, with the use of hashtags, mock recruiting ads, fake news articles and YouTube videos.[331] One parody, by a Palestinian TV satire show, portrays the Islamic State as "buffoon-like hypocrites" and has had more than half a million views.[331][332]
Criticism of the name "Islamic State"
Many countries do not recognize the group by the name "Islamic State", owing to the far-reaching political and religious authority which that name implies. The United Nations Security Council,[333] the United States,[334] Canada,[335] Turkey,[336] Australia,[337] Russia,[338] United Kingdom[339] and other powers generally call the group "ISIL", while much of the Arab world and France use the Arabic acronym "Dāʻish".[340]
When addressing the United Nations Security Council in September 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott summarized these widespread objections thus: "To use this term [Islamic State] is to dignify a death cult; a death cult that, in declaring itself a caliphate, has declared war on the world".[341] The group is very sensitive about its name. "They will cut your tongue out even if you call them Isis—you have to say 'Islamic State'", said a woman in ISIL-controlled Mosul.[342]
Propaganda and social media
ISIL is known for its effective use of propaganda.[343] Its creation of a flag and coat of arms that have symbolic meaning for the Muslim world was clearly done with care.[344]
In November 2006, shortly after the group's rebranding as the "Islamic State of Iraq", the group established the al-Furqan Institute for Media Production, which produces CDs, DVDs, posters, pamphlets, and web-related propaganda products.[345] ISIL's main media outlet is the I'tisaam Media Foundation,[346] which was formed in March 2013 and distributes through the Global Islamic Media Front (GIMF).[347] In 2014, ISIL established the al-Hayat Media Center, which targets a Western audience and produces material in English, German, Russian and French.[348][349] From July 2014, al-Hayat began publishing a digital magazine called Dabiq, in a number of different languages including English. According to the magazine, its name is taken from the town of Dabiq in northern Syria, which is mentioned in a hadith about Armageddon.[350] In 2014 ISIL also launched the Ajnad Media Foundation, which releases jihadist audio chants.[351]
ISIL's use of social media has been described by one expert as "probably more sophisticated than [that of] most US companies".[352][353] It regularly takes advantage of social media, particularly Twitter, to distribute its message by organizing hashtag campaigns, encouraging Tweets on popular hashtags, and utilizing software applications that enable ISIL propaganda to be distributed to its supporters' accounts.[354] Another comment is that "ISIS puts more emphasis on social media than other jihadi groups. ... They have a very coordinated social media presence."[355] In August 2014, Twitter administrators shut down a number of accounts associated with ISIL. ISIL recreated and publicized new accounts the next day, which were also shut down by Twitter administrators.[356] The group has attempted to branch out into alternative social media sites, such as Quitter, Friendica and Diaspora; Quitter and Friendica, however, almost immediately worked to remove ISIL's presence from their sites.[357]
On 19 August 2014, a propaganda video showing the beheading of US photojournalist James Foley was posted on the Internet. ISIL claimed that the killing had been carried out in revenge for the US bombing of ISIL targets. The video promised that a second captured US journalist Steven Sotloff would be killed next if the airstrikes continued.[358] On 2 September 2014, ISIL released a video purportedly showing their beheading of Sotloff.[359] In the video the executioner says, "I'm back, Obama, and I'm back because of your arrogant foreign policy towards the Islamic State, because of your insistence on continuing your bombings and on Mosul Dam, despite our serious warnings. So just as your missiles continue to strike our people, our knife will continue to strike the necks of your people." [360] The next scene shows the same executioner holding the orange jumpsuit of another prisoner and saying, "We take this opportunity to warn those governments that enter this evil alliance of America against the Islamic State to back off and leave our people alone."[360][361] On 13 September 2014, ISIL released a similar video purportedly showing the beheading of David Cawthorne Haines, a British aid worker whom they had been holding hostage.[362]
In a switch from its former practices, ISIL's media arm imposed a social media blackout on 27 September 2014, fearing that tweets and posts would give away military positions.[363] ISIL has also attempted to present a more "rational argument" in its series of "press release/discussions" performed by hostage/captive John Cantlie and posted on YouTube. In its most recent "Cantlie presentation", various current and former US officials were quoted, such as US President Barack Obama and former CIA station chief Michael Scheuer.[364]
Finances
In 2014, the RAND Corporation carried out a study of 200 documents—personal letters, expense reports and membership rosters—that had been captured from Al-Qaeda in Iraq and the Islamic State of Iraq.[365] It found that from 2005 until 2010, outside donations amounted to only 5% of the group’s operating budgets, with the rest being raised within Iraq.[365] In the time-period studied, cells were required to send up to 20% of the income generated from kidnapping, extortion rackets and other activities to the next level of the group's leadership. Higher-ranking commanders would then redistribute the funds to provincial or local cells that were in difficulties or needed money to conduct attacks.[365] The records show that the Islamic State of Iraq was dependent on members from Mosul for cash, which the leadership used to provide additional funds to struggling militants in Diyala, Salahuddin and Baghdad.[365]
In mid-2014, Iraqi intelligence extracted information from an ISIL operative which revealed that the organization had assets worth US$2 billion,[366] making it the richest jihadist group in the world.[367] About three quarters of this sum is said to be represented by assets seized after the group captured Mosul in June 2014; this includes possibly up to US$429 million looted from Mosul's central bank, along with additional millions and a large quantity of gold bullion stolen from a number of other banks in Mosul.[368][369] However, doubt was later cast on whether ISIL was able to retrieve anywhere near that sum from the central bank,[370] and even on whether the bank robberies had actually occurred.[371]
The group routinely practises extortion, by demanding money from truck drivers and threatening to blow up businesses, for example. Robbing banks and gold shops has been another source of income.[154]
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ISIL is widely reported as receiving funding from private donors in the Gulf states.[372][373] Both Iran and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have accused Saudi Arabia and Qatar of funding the group,[374][375][376][377] although there is reportedly no evidence that this is the case.[115][377][378][379] However, US Senator John McCain has praised Saudi Arabia's Bandar bin Sultan for supporting forces fighting Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria—"Thank God for the Saudis and Prince Bandar", he said to CNN—and according to Steve Clemons in The Atlantic, ISIL may have been a major part of Bandar’s covert-ops strategy in Syria.[380]
In October 2014, The Daily Telegraph reported that new documents released by the US Treasury disclosed that 49-year-old Qatari Central Bank employee Khalifa Muhammad Turki al-Subaiy—known for his role in funding Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks, and for bankrolling an al-Qaeda offshoot which plotted to blow up airliners using toothpaste tube bombs—was once again raising money for ISIL. The Qatari authorities had jailed al-Subaiy for terrorist offences in 2008, but freed him after only six months. Furthermore, a new report to be published in November by a US security think tank is understood to have identified 20 Qataris as senior terrorist financiers and facilitators; ten of these Qataris are already designated as terrorists on official US and UN blacklists.[381]
ISIL is believed to receive considerable funds from its operations in eastern Syria, where it has commandeered oilfields and engages in smuggling out raw materials and archaeological artifacts.[382][383] It generates revenue from producing crude oil from captured oilfields and selling electric power from captured power plants in northern Syria. Some of this electricity is reportedly sold back to the Syrian government.[384] It has also been selling smuggled Syrian oil in Turkey.[385]
Since 2012, ISIL has produced annual reports giving numerical information on its operations, somewhat in the style of corporate reports, seemingly in a bid to encourage potential donors.[352][386]
Military and arms
In June 2014, ISIL had at least 4,000 fighters in Iraq,[387] and the CIA estimated in September 2014 that it had 20,000–31,500 fighters in Iraq and Syria.[23]
The most common weapons used against US and other coalition forces during the Iraq insurgency were those taken from Saddam Hussein's weapon stockpiles around the country, these included AKM variant assault rifles, PK machine guns and RPG-7s.[388] ISIL has been able to strengthen its military capability by capturing large quantities and varieties of weaponry during the Syrian Civil War and Post-US Iraqi insurgency. These weapons seizures have improved the group's capacity to carry out successful subsequent operations and obtain more equipment.[389] Weaponry that ISIL has reportedly captured and employed include SA-7[390] and Stinger[391] surface-to-air missiles, M79 Osa, HJ-8[392] and AT-4 Spigot[390] anti-tank weapons, Type 59 field guns[392] and M198 howitzers,[393] Humvees, T-54/55, T-72, and M1 Abrams[394] main battle tanks,[392] M1117 armoured cars,[395] truck-mounted DShK guns,[390] ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft guns,[396][397] BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers[389] and at least one Scud missile.[398]
When ISIL captured Mosul Airport in June 2014, it seized a number of UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters and cargo planes that were stationed there.[399][400] According to Peter Beaumont of The Guardian, it seemed unlikely that ISIL would be able to deploy them.[401] However, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported in October 2014 that former Iraqi pilots were training IS militants to fly captured Syrian jets. Witnesses reported that MiG-21 and MiG-23 jets were flying over al-Jarrah military airport, but the US Central Command said it was not aware of flights by Islamic State-operated aircraft in Syria or elsewhere.[402] Two of the jets were destroyed during landing by Syrian Air Force aircraft on October 21.[403] ISIL shot down an Iraqi helicopters in October 2014 and claim to have shot down "several other" helicopters in 2014. Observes fear they have "advanced surface-to-air missile systems" such as the Chinese-made FN-6, which are thought to have been provided to Syrian rebels by Qatar and/or Saudi Arabia and purchased or captured by ISIL.[404]
ISIL captured nuclear materials from Mosul University in July 2014. In a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Iraq's UN Ambassador Mohamed Ali Alhakim said that the materials had been kept at the university and "can be used in manufacturing weapons of mass destruction". Nuclear experts regarded the threat as insignificant. International Atomic Energy Agency spokeswoman Gill Tudor said that the seized materials were "low grade and would not present a significant safety, security or nuclear proliferation risk".[405][406]
Timeline (latest events)
Some of the most recent events in the timeline are shown below:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Attacks_done_by_or_inspired_by_ISIS.svg/300px-Attacks_done_by_or_inspired_by_ISIS.svg.png)
History of the Islamic State |
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Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999‑2004) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004‑2006) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2004‑2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004‑2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006‑2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |
By topic |
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The following is a list of major terrorist attacks and arrests that have been connected to or have been claimed in reliable sources to be inspired by the Islamic State (IS), also known by other names.
Islamic State's predecessor organization, Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) was established in October 2006, after the dissolution of the insurgent groups fighting under the coalition of Mujahideen Shura Council. Under the leadership of its first Emir Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, ISI was in the Iraqi insurgency against American occupation. After the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, ISI, then-led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, continued its insurgency against the Iraqi government. In April 2013, the group officially changed its name to "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" and established a presence in Syria.
Between June 2014, when the group self-proclaimed itself to be the Islamic State, and February 2018, IS has often made claims of responsibility over 140 terrorist attacks in 29 countries outside Syria and Iraq, that were "conducted or inspired" by the group, while the evidences of those claims are not verified. Hundreds of other attacks were also carried out since 2018.
Attacks by Islamic State of Iraq: 2006 – 2012
The following is a list of alleged and confirmed attacks carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq organization between 2006 and 2012:
- The 18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings were a series of attacks that occurred when five car bombs exploded across Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, on 18 April 2007, killing nearly 200 people.[407] No group claimed responsibility for the attacks. US defense secretary Robert Gates, delivering remarks from Tel Aviv, claimed that Islamic State of Iraq might have perpetrated the attacks.[408]
- The Qahtaniyah bombings occurred at around 8pm local time on August 14, 2007, when four co-ordinated suicide bomb attacks detonated in the Kurdish towns of Kahtaniya and Jazeera (Siba Sheikh Khidir), near Mosul. Iraqi Red Crescent's estimates say the bombs killed 796 and wounded 1,562 people,[409] making this the Iraq War's most deadly car bomb attack. No group claimed responsibility for the attack. US military officials alleged that the attacks were launched by ISI fighters.
- The August 2009 Baghdad bombings were three coordinated car bomb attacks and a number of mortar strikes in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad.
- On 25 October 2009, Baghdad bombings there were bombings in Baghdad which killed 155 people and injured at least 721 people.[410]
- The April 2010 Baghdad bombings were a series of bomb attacks in Baghdad, Iraq that killed at least 85 people over two days. Nouri al-Maliki alleged that the attacks were carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq.[411]
- The 10 May 2010 Iraq attacks were a series of bomb and shooting attacks that occurred in Iraq on 10 May 2010, killing over 100 people and injuring 350, the highest death toll for a single day in Iraq in 2010.[412] Iraqi officials alleged that Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) group carried out the attacks in retaliation against the killing of ISI's two high-ranking leaders of U.S. and Iraqi forces.[413]
- The 2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings were a series of bomb attacks in Baghdad, Iraq, that killed more than 110 people.[414] While the Islamic State of Iraq did not officially claim responsibility for the attacks, a U.S. military spokesperson alleged that ISI-affiliated fighters might have carried out the attacks.[415]
- The January 2011 Iraq suicide attacks were a series of three consecutive suicide bombings in Iraq which left at least 133 dead.
2013
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
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January 2013 | A car bomb killed 28 Shia pilgrims and injured 60 others as they were returning from Karbala, while in the capital Baghdad a roadside bomb exploded near a minibus, killing four pilgrims and wounding 15 others.[416] | 32 | 75 | ||
Two suicide bombing attacks killed 55 and wounded 288 in Baghdad, Tikrit and Kirkuk.[417] | 55 | 288 | ||||
A suicide bomber blew himself up during a funeral for a politician's relative in the city of Tuz Khurmatu, killing 42 and leaving 75 others wounded.[418] | 42 | 75 | ||||
February 2013 | February 2013 Kirkuk attack | A suicide car bombing at the provincial police HQ in Kirkuk killed 36 and injured 105 others, including the city's chief of police.[419] | 42 | 111 | ||
A series of car bombs struck Baghdad, killing 37 and injured more than 130 others.[420] | 37 | 130 | ||||
A string of bombings and shootings killed 34 and injured 70 others in Iraq.[421] | 34 | 70 | ||||
March 2013 | Akashat ambush | IS fighters ambushed a Syrian Army convoy escorted by Iraqi soldiers, killing 51 Syrians and 13 Iraqis.[422] | 64 | 10 | ||
19 March 2013 Iraq attacks | A series of coordinated bombings and shootings across central and northern Iraq killed 98 people and left 240 wounded.[423] | 98 | 240 | |||
April 2013 | 15 April 2013 Iraq attacks | A series of 70 attacks, mostly car bombings and shootings, occur across 20 cities in Iraq. | 75 | 356 | Some perpetrators killed, others escaped | |
2013 Hawija clashes | Four days of shootings, bombings and clashes in and around Hawija after the Iraqi Army tried to arrest protestors | 331 | 600+ | Some perpetrators killed, others escaped | ||
May 2013 | May 2013 Iraq attacks | Dozens of attacks rock several cities in Iraq in a week long outbreak of violence. | 449 | 732 | Some perpetrators killed, others escaped | |
June 2013 | 10 June 2013 Iraq attacks | A series of bombings strike nine cities in northern and central Iraq | 94 | 289 | Some perpetrators killed, others escaped | |
16 June 2013 Iraq attacks | A series of bombings and shootings targeting various cities across Iraq | 54 | 174 | Some perpetrators killed, others escaped | ||
December 2013 | 2013 Baghdad Christmas Day bombings | Three bombings in Baghdad targeting Christians on Christmas Day | 38 | 70 | Unknown |
2014
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
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May 2014 | Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting | The Jewish Museum of Belgium in Brussels, Belgium was targeted when a gunman identified as Mehdi Nemmouche opened fire at the museum. Three people died at the scene while a fourth died on 6 June due to injuries. When apprehended in Marseille, with his belongings was a camera with a recording claiming responsibility for the shooting, and a white sheet with the name of the Islamic State emblazoned onto it. | 4 | 0 | Subject in custody, extradited to Belgium. |
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June 2014 | Badush prison massacre | On 10 June, ISIL militants massacred at least 670 Shia prisoners in Badush prison, Mosul, Iraq. | 1, 000+ | Unknown | |
Camp Speicher massacre | On 12 June 2014, ISIL killed at least 1,566 Shia Iraqi Air Force cadets in an attack on Camp Speicher in Tikrit. At the time of the attack there were between 4,000 and 11,000 unarmed cadets in the camp. This is the second deadliest terrorist attack in history and the deadliest attack conducted by ISIL.[424] | 1566–1700 | Unknown | In retaliation Iraqi government launched counter offences against ISIL. New mass graves of ISIL victims were also discovered in Tikrit.[425] | ||
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September 2014 | 2014 Endeavour Hills stabbings | Two counter-terrorism police officers stabbed. | 0 | 2 | Perpetrator shot dead. |
2014 Australian counter-terrorism raids | 15 people were detained after planning to kidnap a random Australian citizen and execute them. One hostage was murdered during the siege and one killed by a bullet ricochet from a police officer during the raid. | 2 | 4 | Perpetrator shot dead by police during raid. | ||
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October 2014 | 2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack | Two soldiers run down with car. One dies. | 1 | 1 | Perpetrator shot dead after chase. |
2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa | Soldier standing guard at National War Memorial shot dead. Gunman storms Parliament. Security officer shot in leg trying to take gun from perpetrator. | 1 | 3 | Perpetrator shot dead in Parliament Building. | ||
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2014 Queens hatchet attack | A recent convert to Islam and IS supporter attacks two police officers with a hatchet. A civilian is wounded when other officers attempt to shoot the attacker. | 0 | 3 | Perpetrator shot dead by police | |
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December 2014 | 2014 Tours police station stabbing | An IS supporter entered into a police station in Joué-lès-Tours screaming "Allahu Akbar" before stabbing three police officers. | 0 | 3 | Perpetrator shot dead. |
2015
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
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January 2015 | 2015 Arar attack | Two attackers open fire on border guards, killing 3 before one detonates his suicide vest | 3 | 1 | Both perpetrators killed |
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2015 Corinthia Hotel attack | Car bombing, suicide attack and subsequent hostage situation in hotel known for hosting foreigners and government officials. | 10 | 7 | Some perpetrators dead, others escaped | |
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February 2015 | 2015 Copenhagen shootings | Danish-born Jordanian-Palestinian Omar Abdel Hamid El-Hussein opened fire on a free speech event hosted by Lars Vilks and the Great Synagogue of Copenhagen. El-Hussein had pledged allegiance to IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi a few days prior. | 2 | 5 | Perpetrator shot by police |
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March 2015 | Bardo National Museum attack | Mass shooting and hostage-taking of foreign tourists at the Bardo National Museum | 22 | 50 | 2 perpetrators killed by police, 1 escaped |
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2015 Sana'a mosque bombings | Suicide bombings of two Shi'a mosques in Sana'a | 142 | 351 | All perpetrators killed in the explosions | |
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May 2015 | Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings | The mosque bombings occurred on 22 and 29 May 2015. On Friday May 22, a suicide bomber attacked the Shia "Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Mosque" situated in Qudeih village of Qatif city in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, which killed at least 21 people. The event is the second deadly attack against Shia in six months. | 26 | 106 | IS claimed responsibility for the blast. |
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Curtis Culwell Center attack | Two men attacked officers with gunfire at the entrance to an exhibit featuring cartoon images of Muhammad at the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas | 0 | 1 | Both perpetrators killed | |
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June 2015 | 2015 Diyarbakır rally bombing | TNT bombing targeting a rally of the Peoples' Democratic Party | 5 | 100+ | Perpetrator arrested. |
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Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack | French-born Islamist beheads his boss and then rams his car into a gas cylinder outside a factory | 1 | 2 | Perpetrator arrested; commits suicide in prison six months after the attack | |
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2015 Kuwait mosque bombing | Suicide bombing of a Shi'a mosque in Kuwait City | 27 | 227 | Bomber killed in explosion, 15 others convicted of involvement in the attack | |
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2015 Sousse attacks | Mass shooting targeting western tourists at a hotel in Port El Kantaoui 10 kilometres north of Sousse | 38 | 39 | Perpetrator killed by police | |
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July 2015 | 2015 Khan Bani Saad bombing | Suicide car bombing targeting Shi'a market in the city of Khan Bani Saad | 130 | 130+ | Perpetrator killed in explosion |
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2015 Suruç bombing | Suicide bombing targeting the youth wing of the Socialist Party of the Oppressed | 33 | 104 | Perpetrator dead. | |
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August 2015 | 2015 Thalys train attack | A man who supported IS attacked a Thalys train from Paris to Amsterdam before being subdued. | 0 | 3 | Perpetrator subdued and arrested. |
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October 2015 | 2015 Ankara bombings | Suicide bombing targeting protesters at a peace rally | 109 | 400+ | Perpetrators dead. |
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Metrojet Flight 9268 | Flight en route from Egypt to Saint Petersburg bombed | 224 | 0 | Unknown | |
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November 2015 | 2015 Beirut bombings | Suicide bombings targeting Shi'a civilians in the Hezbollah dominated suburb Bourj el-Barajneh | 43 | 200–240 | Perpetrators dead. |
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November 2015 Paris attacks | Shootings, suicide bombings, grenade, hostage taking. | 131 | 413 | Perpetrators killed[426] | |
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2015 Tunis bombing | Suicide bombing targeting a bus carrying presidential guards. | 13 | 16 | Perpetrator killed in explosion. | |
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December 2015 | 2015 San Bernardino attack | Married couple Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik open fire on a holiday at the Inland Regional Center before fleeing. The wife swore allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in a Facebook post the day of the massacre | 14 | 24 | Perpetrators shot by police |
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Tell Tamer bombings | Truck bombings of a Kurdish militia hospital and a market. | 60 | 80 | Unknown | |
2015 al-Qamishli bombings | Suicide bombings in three restaurants frequented by Kurds and Assyrian Christians. | 16 | 35 | Perpetrators killed in explosions |
2016
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
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January 2016 | Zliten truck bombing | Suicide truck bombing at a police training camp | 60 | 200+ | Perpetrator killed in explosion |
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2016 Hurghada attack | Stabbing attack targeting foreign tourists at the Bella Vista hotel in Hurghada | 0 | 2 | Two perpetrators killed by police | |
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2016 Istanbul bombing | Suicide bombing targeting foreign tourists in Sultanahmet Square | 13 | 14 | Perpetrator killed in explosion | |
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2016 Jakarta attacks | Suicide bombings and shootout targeting a Starbucks and a police station in central Jakarta. The attacks occurred near the UN offices and several foreign embassies | 4 | 24 | Four perpetrators killed, others escaped | |
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Mahasen mosque attack | Suicide bombing and shooting targeting a Shi'a mosque | 4 | 18 | One perpetrator killed; other arrested | |
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February 2016 | February 2016 Homs bombings | Two car bombings in Homs targeting Alawite civilians | 64 | 100+ | Unknown |
February 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab bombings | Car bombing and two suicide bombings targeting the Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, a Shi'a mosque believed to contain the grave of Muhammad's granddaughter. | 83 | 178 | Perpetrators killed by explosions | ||
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March 2016 | March 2016 Istanbul bombing | A suicide bomber exploded targeting civilians in a commercial shop on a busy tourist destination and business center. | 4 | 36 | Perpetrator killed by explosion |
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2016 Brussels bombings | Suicide bombers attacked a metro station and an airport | 32 | 340 | Three perpetrators killed in explosions; other suspects sought | |
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2016 Aden car bombing | Three suicide car bombings targeting military checkpoints | 27 | Dozens | Perpetrators killed in explosions | |
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2016 Iraqi soccer stadium bombings | Suicide bomber detonated suicide bomb in stadium | 41 | 78 | Perpetrator killed by explosion | |
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April 2016 | Murder of Xulhaz Mannan | Xulhaz Mannan, a U.S. embassy employee and the editor of Bangladesh's first LGBT magazine, was hacked to death in his apartment along with his friend. | 2 | 0 | Perpetrators at large |
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April 2016 Baghdad bombing | At least 38 people were killed and 86 others wounded, as a result of two car bombings, in Iraq's capital of Baghdad. | 38+ | 86+ | ||
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May 2016 | 2016 Samawa bombing | On 1 May 2016, attacks targeted Iraq's deep Shiite south, with the explosion of twin suicide car bombs in the city of Samawa. At least 33 people were killed and 75 wounded. | 33 | 75 | Two perpetrators killed in explosions |
11 May 2016 Baghdad bombing | Four separate car bombings in the Iraqi capital Baghdad claimed at least 110 lives. | 110+ | 165+ | Perpetrators killed in car explosions | ||
Real Madrid Fan Club massacre | Two separate incidents in which three gunmen and suicide bombers attacked Real Madrid football fans at a supporters' café | 28 | 45 | Roughly six perpetrators killed | ||
May 2016 Baghdad bombings | On 17 May 2016, a series of bombings by the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant hit the Iraqi capital city of Baghdad. At least 101 people were killed and 194 injured. | 101 | 194 | |||
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23 May 2016 Yemen bombings | Two suicide bombings targeted army recruits. | 45+ | 60+ | Two perpetrators killed (maybe more) | |
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June 2016 | 2016 Aktobe shootings | A group of several dozen militants attacked two gun shops and a military base in Aktobe, killing four civilians and three soldiers. Several attackers were killed during the attacks on the shops and base and more were killed during police raids that followed over the next few days. | 7 | 40+ | 18 perpetrators killed, 9 arrested |
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2016 Magnanville stabbing | IS took responsibility for a stabbing that killed a French police officer and his companion.[427] | 2 | 0 | Perpetrator killed by police | |
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2016 Movida Bar grenade attack | Two men approaching a bar and one of them throwing a grenade before escaping with their motorcycle while customer is watching the UEFA Euro 2016 between Italy and Spain. First ever IS attack in Malaysia. | 0 | 8 | Perpetrator arrested by police | |
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Atatürk Airport attack | Three men from former Soviet states opened fire on Atatürk Airport in Istanbul before blowing themselves up. | 45 | 239 | Perpetrators killed | |
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Orlando nightclub shooting | 29-year-old Omar Mateen killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in a mass shooting inside Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. | 49 | 53 | Perpetrator killed, IS claimed responsibility for attack | |
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July 2016 | 2016 Dhaka attack | Five men attacked a café in the Gulshan Thana of Dhaka and took hostages. | 24 | 50 | Five perpetrators killed |
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July 2016 Baghdad bombings | Two bomb attacks in the district of Karrada and the suburb of Sha'ab in Baghdad. | 347 | 225+ | Members of a militant cell connected to the bombings arrested | |
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2016 Medina suicide bombing | A suicide bomber targeted security forces outside the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, a man blew himself up after police tried to arrest him near the U.S. consulate in Jeddah, and two more bomb attacks occurred in Qatif. | 7 | 7 | Four perpetrators killed by explosions | |
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2016 Nice truck attack | On 14 July (Bastille Day), Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, a 31 year old from Tunisia, deliberately drove a 19 tonne cargo truck into crowds celebrating Bastille Day on Promenade des Anglais in Nice, France. IS claimed responsibility. | 86 | 434 | Perpetrator killed by police at the scene. | |
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2016 Würzburg train attack | A 17-year-old Afghan refugee seriously injured four people with a knife and an axe on a train near Würzburg in Germany | 0 | 5 | Perpetrator killed by police | |
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July 2016 Kabul bombing | Two suicide bombers detonated explosive belts on civilians. | 80 | 231+ | Both perpetrators killed in explosion | |
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2016 Ansbach bombing | A Syrian refugee blow himself up near a music festival in Ansbach, where there were about 2,500 people at that moment. | 0 | 15 | Perpetrator killed in explosion | |
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2016 Normandy church attack | Priest Jacques Hamel, two nuns, and two worshipers taken hostage by two men armed with knives in the church during mass. Hamel was killed. | 1 | 3 | Both perpetrators killed by police | |
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July 2016 Qamishli bombings[428] | Two explosions in the predominantly Kurdish town Qamishli in Syria, killing at 57 including 8 Asayish people and wounding over 171 people. | 57 | 171+ | At least 1 perpetrator was killed by the explosion | |
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August 2016 | 2016 Charleroi attack | A man attacked two policewomen with a machete in Charleroi, Belgium, before being shot dead by another police officer. The attacker is reported to have said "Allahu Akbar" during the attack. | 0 | 2 | Perpetrator killed by police |
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August 2016 Quetta attacks | A suicide bomber in Pakistan killed at least 90 people and wounded more than 100 in an attack on mourners gathered at a hospital in the southwestern city of Quetta, and Islamic State and a Taliban faction claimed responsibility. | 93+ | 130+ | Perpetrator killed in explosion | |
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August 2016 Gaziantep bombing | A child suicide bomber[429] kills over 50 at a wedding in Gaziantep province. | 57 | 69 | Perpetrator killed in explosion | |
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September 2016 | 9 September 2016 Baghdad bombings | A suicide bomber in a car in Baghdad killed at least 40 people and wounded more than 60 Islamic State claimed | 40+ | 60+ | Perpetrator killed in explosion |
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October 2016 | 2016 stabbing of Brussels police officers | Three police officers were attacked by a man with a machete in the Schaerbeek municipality of Brussels. | 0 | 4 | |
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October 2016 Quetta attacks | 61 | 160+ | One killed during operation, two killed in explosion | ||
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November 2016 | Ohio State University attack | Abdul Razak Ali Artan stabbed people and ran others over with a car, injuring 11, before being shot and killed by a police officer. IS praised the attack and said Artan had responded to their call to attack civilians of coalition countries. | 1 | 11 | Suspect shot by OSU response team officer. |
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December 2016 | 2016 Al-Karak attack | On 18 December, a series of shootings occurred in Al-Karak, Jordan. | 15 | 37 | Four perpetrators were killed by security forces. IS later claimed responsibility for the attack. |
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2016 Berlin truck attack | On 19 December, Anis Amri, a 24 year old Tunisian asylum seeker, hijacked a Polish truck in Berlin and drove it into a Christmas market in Breitscheidplatz, Berlin. The attack claimed 13 lives, including the original driver of the truck. IS claimed responsibility and later released a video of Amri pledging allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. | 13 | 56 | Suspect killed in Sesto San Giovanni (MI) by Italian police. |
2017
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
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January 2017 | 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting | At least 39 people are killed and nearly 70 wounded after a gunman opens fire in a nightclub in Istanbul, on the European coast of the Bosphorus. | 39 | 69 | Perpetrator arrested on 16 January. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claims responsibility. |
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January 2017 Baghdad bombings | At least 70 people dead in 3 separate suicide bomb attacks in Baghdad over the space of 2 days. | 70+ | 100+ | Perpetrators killed in explosions | |
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February 2017 | 2017 Kabul Supreme Court Bombing | Suicide bomber kills 22 at the Supreme Court of Afghanistan, Kabul. IS claims responsibility.[430] | 22+ | 35+ | Perpetrator killed in explosion |
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Car bomb explodes in Baghdad's Baya neighborhood, a majority-Shiite community. IS claims responsibility.[431] | 54+ | 63+ | |||
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2017 Sehwan suicide bombing | Suicide bomber kills 100 at the Sufi Shrine. IS claims responsibility. | 90 | 300+ | Perpetrator killed in explosion | |
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Part of Battle of al-Bab[432] | Car bomb kills 51 people in a small village outside of Al-Bab, Syria. | 51 | Unknown | IS claimed responsibility | |
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March 2017 | March 2017 Kabul attack | Shooting and bombing at military hospital in Kabul. | 49 | 63+ | Perpetrators killed |
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2017 Dhaka suicide bombing | Suicide bomber enters under-construction Rapid Action Battalion headquarters and detonates suicide vest. | 0 | 2 | Perpetrator killed. IS claimed responsibility for the attack. | |
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2017 Westminster attack | Car plows through crowd gathered outside of Westminster Palace before assailant stabbed police officer to death. | 6 | 49 | Perpetrator killed. IS claimed responsibility for the attack. | |
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2017 South Surma bombings | Militants bombed a crowd of about 500–600 people gathered near the army and police perimeter, which was about 400 metres from the militant hideout. | 7 | 40+ | Four perpetrators killed. IS claimed responsibility for the attack. | |
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April 2017 | 2017 Palm Sunday church bombings | Suicide bombings at two churches on Palm Sunday in the cities of Tanta and Alexandria. | 363 | 505 | Perpetrators killed. IS claims responsibility for the attacks. |
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2017 Stockholm truck attack | Truck drives into people on Drottninggatan pedestrian street before crashing into Åhléns department store, after which the perpetrator fails to ignite a homemade butane gas bomb. | 5 | 15 | Perpetrator arrested. IS does not claim responsibility for the attack but the perpetraitor claims to act on their behalf.[433] | |
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April 2017 Champs-Élysées attack | Police officers shot in Champs-Élysées, Paris. The incident killed one police officer and injured two more before the perpetrator was killed. | 2 | 2 | Perpetrator killed. IS claimed responsibility.[434] | |
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May 2017 | 2017 Mastung bombing | A bombing targeting Abdul Ghafoor Haideri in Mastung District. | 25 | 37 | IS claimed responsibility.[435] |
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Manchester Arena bombing | Suicide bombing targeting concertgoers at the Manchester Arena at the end of an Ariana Grande concert. | 22 | 59 | Perpetrator killed. IS claimed responsibility.[436] | |
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Battle of Marawi | Philippine security forces launch an operation in Marawi upon receiving reports that Isnilon Hapilon is meeting with militants of the Maute group in the city. The militants in response took control of its medical center, burned schools and buildings and released prisoners. | 1233 | 1400+ | 90% of Marawi recaptured by government forces. 12 militants detained.[437] | |
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2017 Jakarta bombings | Islamic state claimed responsibility for Jakarta bus station attacks that left at least three policemen dead and 11 others wounded on Wednesday. | 3 | 12 | [438] | |
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2017 Minya attack | Masked gunmen opened fire on a convoy carrying Coptic Christians traveling from Maghagha in Egypt's Minya Governorate. | 28 | 22 | Perpetrators caught. IS claims responsibility.[439] | |
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June 2017 | 2017 London Bridge attack | Van drives into pedestrians on London Bridge before three men emerge and stab people in nearby bars and restaurants. | 8 | 48 | Perpetrators killed. IS claims responsibility.[440] |
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2017 Brighton siege | Somali-born Yacqub Khayre orchestrates a siege taking a prostitute hostage in a serviced apartment complex in Brighton, Australia and kills the complex clerk before enticing police to the complex. He makes references to al-Qaeda and IS. | 1 | 3 | Perpetrator killed. IS claims responsibility[441] and police declare it a terrorist incident.[442] | |
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2017 Tehran attacks | On 7 June 2017, two attacks were simultaneously carried in the Iranian parliament and the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini, shrine of Iran's revolutionary founder, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. | 17 | 42 | 4 of the perpetrators killed, 2 of them killed in explosions, IS claims responsibility.[443] | |
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June 2017 Brussels attack | An attacker detonated a small bomb in Brussels-Central railway station, and was later shot dead by police. | 1 | 0 | ||
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August 2017 | Suicide Blast kills 36 people in Afghanistan. IS claims responsibility of the attack.[444] | 36 | Unknown | 2 perpetrators dead in the suicide blast. | |
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August 2017 Quetta suicide bombing | Suicide blast kills 15 people including 8 Pakistani soldiers. | 15 | 40 | IS claimed responsibility.[445] | |
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2017 Turku attack | Two women were killed in the attack. The perpetrator was identified as Abderrahman Bouanane, a Moroccan citizen and rejected asylum seeker, who reportedly identified himself as a "soldier of the Islamic State". Despite this there was no claim of responsibility from IS. | 2 | 8 | Life sentence for Turku stabber. | |
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August 2017 Quetta suicide bombing | Suicide blast kills 15 people including 8 Pakistani soldiers. | 15 | 40 | IS claimed responsibility.[445] | |
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2017 Barcelona attack | Van hits several pedestrians after jumping sidewalk in La Rambla | 16 | 152 | Perpetrator killed.IS claimed responsibility. | |
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August 2017 Brussels attack | Two soldiers were injured by an assailant wielding a knife, who was shot by authorities and later died in the hospital. | 1 | 2 | ||
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September 2017 | Parsons Green bombing | A bomb explodes at Parsons Green station in London | 0 | 30 | IS claimed responsibility. |
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2017 Edmonton attack | Edmonton police constable Mike Chernyk was allegedly hit and stabbed by 30-year-old Abdulahi Sharif, who then hit 4 pedestrians with a rental truck in a police chase | 0 | 5 | IS flag found in rental truck. | |
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October 2017 | Marseille stabbing | A man killed two women at the Saint-Charles Station in Marseille, France | 3 | 0 | IS claimed responsibility. |
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2017 New York City truck attack | A man drove a flatbed pickup truck into pedestrians on a bike path along West Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. | 8 | 12 | Attacker taken into Police Custody. IS claimed responsibility. | |
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November 2017 | 2017 Sinai mosque attack | Attackers launched rocket propelled grenades and opened fire on the worshipers during the crowded Friday prayer at al-Rawda near Bir al-Abed. | 311 | 128 | Survivors noted that the attackers brandished the Islamic State flag.[446] |
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December 2017 | 2017 New York City attempted bombing | Akayed Ullah, 27, attempted a suicide bombing at the 42nd Street-Port Authority Bus Terminal. The crude pipe bomb injured 4 people including the bomber. | 0 | 4 | The perpetrator was reported as declaring his allegiance to IS.[447] |
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December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing | Suicide bombing at the Tabayan cultural centre in Kabul. | 50 | 80 | Perpetrators killed. IS claimed responsibility.[448] |
2018
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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January 2018 | January 15, 2018 Baghdad bombings | On 15 January 2018, two suicide bombings took place at al-Tayaran Square of Baghdad, killing 38 people and injuring more than 105 others. IS claimed responsibility. | 36 | 105 | Perpetrators killed. IS claimed responsibility.[449] |
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2018 Save the Children Jalalabad attack | On 24 January 2018, militants affiliated with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province launched a bomb and gun attack on a Save the Children office in Jalalabad, a city in the eastern Afghan province of Nangarhar, killing six people and injuring 27. | 6 | 27 | Perpetrators killed. IS claimed responsibility.[450] | |
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February 2018 | 2018 Kizlyar church shooting | On 18 February 2018, a 22-year-old man local to the Russia's southern province of Dagestan carrying a knife and a hunting rifle opened fire on a crowd at an Orthodox church in Kizlyar, killing five women and injuring several other people. | 6 | 5 | Perpetrator Killed. IS claimed responsibility.[451] |
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March 2018 | Carcassonne and Trèbes attack | A hostage crisis unfolded in the southern French town of Trèbes on 23 March 2018, but began hours earlier in Carcassonne, when 26-year-old French-Moroccan Redouane Lakdim killed a motorist and injured his passenger, then stole the car and attacked four French police officers, wounding one. Lakdim drove to nearby Trèbes, where he stormed a Super U supermarket, ultimately killing two civilians and a gendarme and injuring several more. | 5 | 15 | Perpetrator killed. Gunman claimed allegiance with IS.[452] |
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April 2018 | 2018 Asdira funeral bombing | 25 people were killed and 18 wounded when explosives exploded at a funeral for Sunni Muslim tribal fighters in the village of Asdira near the northern Iraqi town of Al-Shirqat.[453][454][455] | 25 | 18 | IS claimed responsibility. |
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April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing | On 22 April 2018, a suicide blast killed 69 people and wounded dozens more Sunday at a voter registration center in Koche Mahtab Qala, in the Dashte Barchi area of western Kabul, Afghanistan. | 69 | 120 | Perpetrator killed. IS claimed responsibility. | |
30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings | At least 29 people were killed and 50 others injured in two suicide bombings in the Afghan capital Kabul, including several journalists documenting the scene.[456][457][458] | 29 | 50 | IS claimed responsibility. | ||
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May 2018 | 2018 attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya | Suicide bombers attacked the head offices of Libya's electoral commission in Tripoli, killing at least 16 people, injuring 20 and setting fire to the building.[459][460] | 16 | 20 | IS claimed responsibility for the attack. |
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2018 Paris knife attack | On 12 May 2018, a man was fatally shot by police after killing one pedestrian and injuring several more in Paris, France. | 2 | 8 | Perpetrator killed. IS claims responsibility.[461] | |
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2018 Surabaya churches bombings | The 2018 Surabaya churches bombings were a series of terrorist attacks that occurred on 13 May 2018 in three churches in Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia. The explosions took place at Innocent Saint Mary Catholic Church (Gereja Katolik Santa Maria Tak Bercela, SMTB) on Ngagel Madya Street, Surabaya Central Pentecost Church (Gereja Pantekosta Pusat Surabaya, GPPS) on Arjuno Street, and Indonesia Christian Church (Gereja Kristen Indonesia, GKI) on Diponegoro Street. The first explosion took place at the SMTB Church. The second and third explosions followed 30 minutes apart. | 28 | 57 | 28 dead including all of the perpetrators. IS claims responsibility. | |
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2018 Liege shooting | On 29 May 2018, Benjamin Herman, a prisoner on temporary leave from prison, stabbed two female police officers, took their guns and shot and killed them and a civilian in Liège, Belgium. | 4 | 4 | Perpetrator killed. IS claims responsibility.[462] | |
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June 2018 | A suicide bomber killed at least 36 people and injured 65 others at a gathering of Taliban and Afghan armed forces in the Rodat district of the eastern Afghan province of Nangarhar[463] | 36 | 65 | Perpetrator killed. IS claimed responsibility. | |
July 2018 | July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing | On 1 July 2018, a suicide bomber detonated in the center of the eastern Afghan city of Jalalabad, killing 20 people, mainly Sikhs and Hindus, and injuring 20 others.[464] Islamic State claimed responsibility | 20 | 20 | IS claimed responsibility.[464] | |
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13 July 2018 Pakistan bombings | Siraj Raisani was about to address an election rally when a suicide bomber, carrying around 16–20 kg of explosive material in his vest, blew himself up among a crowd of more than 1000 people.Along with Raisani, the explosion killed 128 people.Two days after the attack, on 15 July 2018, the number of dead increased to 149, while 186 other people were injured, making it the deadliest terrorist attack in Pakistan since the APS massacre in Peshawar in 2014.[465] | 149 | 186 | IS claimed responsibility.[465] | |
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At least 23 people, including an AFP driver, were killed and 107 others injured in a suicide bombing near Kabul International Airport as scores of people were leaving the airport after welcoming home Afghan Vice President Abdul Rashid Dostum from exile.[466] | 23 | 107 | IS claimed responsibility. | ||
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2018 Quetta suicide bombing | On 25 July 2018, during polling for the 2018 Pakistani general election, a bomb blast outside a polling station in Quetta's Eastern Bypass area resulted in 31 people being killed and over 35 injured.[467][468][469] Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack, according to the group's Amaq News Agency. | 31 | 40 | IS claimed responsibility for the attack. | |
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2018 As-Suwayda attacks | The 2018 As-Suwayda attacks were a string of suicide bombings and gun attacks that took place in and around As-Suwayda, Syria on 25 July, killing at least 246 people and injuring more than 200. The attacks were committed by the Islamic State.[470][471] | 246 | 200+ | IS claimed responsibility for the attack. | |
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Terrorist attack against cyclists in Tajikistan | Four cyclists, including two Americans, are killed after a car plowed through tourists traveling through Tajikistan.[472] | 4 | 3 | IS claimed responsibility for the attack. | |
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August 2018 | 2018 Gardez Shiite Mosque Afghanistan Attack | Two militants dressed in burqa entered a Shiite mosque in the town of Gardez in the province of Paktia and opened fire. One of the attackers blew himself up and the other was gunned down by security guards. 39 people were killed and at least 80 others injured in the attack.[473][474] | 48 | 70 | IS claimed responsibility. |
August 2018 Kabul suicide bombing | A suicide bombing occurred on Wednesday 15 August 2018 in the Shia region of Kabul took place.[475] Afghanistan's Ministry of Public Health reported that 48 people including 34 students were killed and 67 were injured.[476] IS claimed responsibility.[477] | 48 | 67 | IS claimed responsibility for the attack. | ||
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September 2018 | Ahvaz military parade attack | On 22 September 2018, a military parade was attacked in the southwestern Iranian city of Ahvaz.[478][479] The attackers killed 25 people, including soldiers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and civilian bystanders.[480] | 30 | 70 | Perpetrators killed. IS claimed responsibility and provided a video containing the alleged attackers discussing the attack.[481] |
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November 2018 | 2018 Minya bus attack | On 2 November 2018, multiple gunmen opened fire on a bus in Minya carrying Christian Copts, the attack killed 7 and injured 14, IS also claimed responsibility for the attack.[482][483][484] | 7 | 14 | IS claimed responsibility and all of the 19 perpetrators were killed by Egyptian soldiers 2 days later. |
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2018 Melbourne stabbing attack | On 9 November 2018, a Somali man set his car on fire and started stabbing people, killing one and injuring two. The attacker died in hospital after being shot by police. IS claimed responsibility for the attack.[485] | 1 | 2 | The attacker, an IS sympathizer, was shot dead. IS claimed responsibility for the attack. | |
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December 2018 | 2018 Strasbourg attack | On the evening of 11 December 2018, a mass shooting occurred in Strasbourg, France, when a man with a revolver opened fire on civilians in the city's busy Christkindelsmärik (Christmas market) killing five and wounding 11, before fleeing in a taxi. | 5 | 11 | Perpetrator killed by police 2 days later. IS claimed responsibility, but French interior minister Christophe Castaner described its claim as "totally opportunistic".[486] |
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2018 Magnitogorsk building collapse | On 31 December 2018, an apartment building in Magnitogorsk, Russia, was rocked by an explosion that leveled several floors, killing and wounding dozens of people. The following day a bus burst into flames and killed three people. However, the Russian Government has stated that the explosion was likely caused by a gas leak, not IS.[487] | 42 | 12+ | The 165th issue of the Islamic State's An-Naba newspaper contained the claim of responsibility.[488] |
2019
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
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January
2019 |
2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings | 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings: 22 people, were killed and 102 others were injured when two bombs exploded in a cathedral during Sunday mass in Jolo, Philippines. The Islamic State-related branch of Abu Sayyaf terror group Ajang Ajang faction was behind the attack. | 20 | 102 | Abu Sayyaf (which is a part of IS) is believed to have carried out the attacks however IS has also claimed responsibility.[489] |
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April 2019 | 2019 Quetta bombing | A suicide blast took place in a potato stall in Shia dominated Hazarganji vegetable market.[490] | 22 | 48+ | Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and IS claimed responsibility |
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2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings | On 21 April 2019, 6 suicide bomb attacks killing 253, including 45 children and 38 foreign nationals. Targets were 3 churches, namely St Anthony's church – Kotahena, St. Sebestian church – Negombo, Zion Church – Batticaloa and 3 leading hotels in Colombo namely Kingsbury Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel and Cinnamon Grand Hotel. There were 2 other suicide explosion in the afternoon in a small lodge in Dehiwala killing 2 and in the house of a main attacker in Colombo, killing 7 individuals including 3 police officers.[491] | 261[492] | 500+ | IS claimed responsibility for the attack through AMAQ News Agency. Local Islamic extremist group, National Thawheeth Jama'ath is also directly involved in the attack.[493] | |
April 2019 Kalmunai shootout | On 27 April 2019, Sri Lankan security forces and militants from National Thowheeth Jama'ath allegedly linked to IS clashed after the security forces raided a safe house of the militants. Sixteen people, including six children, died during the raid as three cornered suicide bombers blew themselves up.[494][495][496] | 16 | 2 | Groups involved in the attack swore allegiance to IS and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[496] | ||
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August 2019 | 17 August 2019 Kabul bombing | On 17 August 2019, a suicide bomber detonated a bomb in a wedding hall, killing at least 92 people and injuring more than 140.[497][498] | 92 | 142 | IS claimed responsibility.[499] |
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In the night of 24 August 2019 six Iraqi people (five youths and one policeman) were killed and ten others were wounded when Islamic State militants launched a mortar attack on a football pitch in the village of Daquq at the north of Kirkuk[500][501][502] | 6 | 10 | IS claimed responsibility. | ||
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November 2019 | On 6 November 2019, around 20 ISIS militants from Afghanistan conducted an attack on a border post in Rudaki, Tajikistan after crossing into Tajikistan from Afghanistan. The attack resulted in death of a Tajik border guard and a police officer. In the ensuing firefight 15 ISIS militants were killed and five were arrested.[503][504] | 17 (incl. 15 militants) | 0 | Five IS militants were arrested. | |
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December 2019 | On 27 December 2019 it was released a video by Amaq News Agency showing the killing of eleven Christians in Nigeria.[505] ISWAP said it was part of its campaign to avenge the killing of IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in a US military raid in Syria last October.[506] | 11 | 0 | IS |
2020
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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January
2020 |
Battle of Chinagodrar | On 9 January 2020 in a gunfight at a Niger military base, 89 Niger Armed Forces soldiers and 77 IS militants killed during the battle.[507][508] | 166 | Unknown | IS claimed responsibility.[509] |
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February 2020 | 2020 Streatham stabbing | On 2 February 2020 two people were stabbed in Streatham, London, and one more had minor injuries.[510] The perpetrator, Sudesh Amman, who was a fighter of Islamic State and had previously praised it, was shot dead by police.[511] | 1 | 3 | IS claimed responsibility. |
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March 2020 | 6 March 2020 Kabul shooting | On 6 March 2020, ISIL gunmen killed 32 people and injured over 80 people at a ceremony in Kabul.[512][513] | 32 | 80+ | IS claimed responsibility.[514] |
Kabul gurdwara attack | On 25 March 2020, IS killed 25 people in a gurdwara in Kabul. | 25 | 8 | IS claimed responsibility | ||
May 2020 | Kabul hospital shooting & Kuz Kunar funeral bombing | On 12 May 2020, gunmen executed a mass shooting at a hospital's maternity ward. 80 patients were evacuated, 24 victims, including newborn babies, mothers, and nurses, killed by the gunmen and all three attackers killed by the army; An hour after the Kabul attack, a suicide bombing took place in Kuz Kunar, Nangarhar Province at the funeral of a police commander, killing 32 mourners and injuring 133 others.[515] | 218 | 133 | IS thought to be responsible for the Kabul shooting although the Afghan government blamed the Taliban for it; IS claimed responsibility for the Kuz Kunar bombing.[516][517] | |
August 2020 | Jalalabad prison attack | On August 3, 2020, IS launched an attack on an Afghan prison that left at least 29 dead.[518][519] | 29 | Unknown | IS claimed responsibility.[520] | |
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2020 Jolo bombings | The bombings occurred on August 24, 2020, when insurgents alleged to be jihadists from the Abu Sayyaf group detonated two bombs in Jolo, Sulu, Philippines, killing 14 people and wounding 75 others.[521] The first occurred as Philippine Army personnel were assisting in carrying out COVID-19 humanitarian efforts.[522] The second, a suicide bombing, was carried out near the Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral.[523] | 14 | 80 | Perpetrator killed in the bombing. | |
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November 2020 | 2020 Vienna attack | Between November 2–3, five were killed in Stadttempel, Vienna, including the perpetrator.[524] The Vienna Police Department confirmed that the attacker was an Islamic State sympathizer, and that the attack was motivated by Islamic extremism.[525] | 4 | 22 | Perpetrator pledged allegiance to IS.[526] |
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December 2020 | On 30 December 2020, an assault targeted a convoy of Syrian regime soldiers and militiamen of Bashar al-Assad's elite Fourth Brigade returning from their posts in Deir Ez-Zor. The bus was ambushed in a well-planned operation near the village of Shula by jihadists who set up a false checkpoint to stop the convoy and detonated bombs before opening fire.[527] | 40 | - | IS claimed responsibility.[528] |
2021
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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January 2021 | Machh attack | IS claims responsibility for killing 11 miners in Balochistan, Pakistan. They kidnapped the workers on 2 or 3 January and took them to the mountains. The victims' hands were tied and their dismembered bodies were on the floor of a cottage. Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan condemned the attacks, calling them "terrorist".[529][530][531][532][533] | 11 | - | IS claimed responsibility. |
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Baghdad bombings | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant targeted Shia Muslims on 21 January 2021 in a clothing market in Tayaran Square, Baghdad. US, UN, EU and the Pope condemn the attack calling it a senseless act of violence.[534][535][536] | 32 | 110 | IS claimed responsibility. | |
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March 2021 | 2021 Afghanistan attacks | Three female media workers are shot dead in Jalalabad, Nangarhar. A fourth woman is wounded. The Islamic State claims responsibility for the attack.[537] | 3 | 1 | IS claimed responsibility. |
2021 Afghanistan attacks | A female doctor is killed and a child is wounded in Jalalabad, Nangarhar, after a bomb attached to her rickshaw explodes. Seven workers at a Hazara plaster factory are shot dead in Surkh-Rōd District, Nangarhar. ISIL is suspected to be behind the attacks.[538] | 8 | 1 | IS believed to be perpetrators. | ||
May 2021 | 2021 Kabul school bombing | A car bombing, followed by two more improvised explosive device (IED) blasts, occurred in front of Sayed al-Shuhada school in Dashte Barchi, a predominantly Shia Hazara area in western Kabul, Afghanistan, leaving at least 85 people dead and 147 injured. The majority of the casualties were girls between 11 and 15 years old. The attack took place in a neighborhood that has frequently been attacked by militants belonging to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant over the years.[539] | 85 | 147 | Afghan Government blame the Taliban. However the Taliban deny they carried out the attack. IS-K is blamed for the attack. | |
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July 2021 | In the evening of Monday, 19 July 2021, an IS suicide bomber detonated his vest in a crowded market in the densely populated neighbourhood of Baghdad's Sadr City killing at least 30 people, the event happened near the eve of Eid al-Adha Islamic festival. Women and children were among the dead and wounded and some shops burned down as a result of the explosion.[540] | 30 | 50 | IS claims responsibility for the attack.[541] | |
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August 2021 | 2021 Kabul airport attack | On 26 August 2021, at 17:50 local time (13:20 UTC),[542] a suicide bombing occurred near Abbey Gate at Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, Afghanistan. Another blast occurred after the bombing.[543][544][545][546] These attacks came hours after the United States State Department told Americans outside the airport to leave due to a terrorist threat.[547] At least 183 people were killed in the attacks, including 13 US service members.[548] | 182 | 200 | IS claims responsibility for the attack.[549] |
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3 September | 2021 Auckland Countdown stabbing | An IS supporter stabbed six people before being shot by police on 3 September in Auckland, New Zealand. The attacker came to New Zealand in 2011 and became a person of interest in October 2016, authorities said.[550] | 1 | 6 | IS claims responsibility for the attack. |
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18 September | At least 7 people were killed and at least 30 were wounded during four explosions which occurred in Nangarhar's capital Jalalabad which targeted a Taliban patrol vehicle and another explosion which occurred in Kabul's Dasht-e-Barchi neighbourhood.[551] | 7 | 30 | IS claimed responsibility for the attack.[552] | |
8 October | 2021 Kunduz mosque bombing | IS Sunni extremist terrorists attacked, and killed many Shia Muslim worshipers in the mosque during their Friday prayer time.[553] | 50+ | 100+ | IS claimed responsibility for the attack.[554] | |
15 October | 2021 Kandahar bombing | IS Sunni extremist terrorists attacked, and killed many Shia Muslim worshipers in the mosque during their Friday prayer time.[555][556] | 65 | 70+ | IS claimed responsibility for the attack.[557] | |
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2 November | 2021 Adab-Dab attack | Gunmen ambushed a delegation held by the mayor of Bani-Bangou. | 69 | ISGS accused.[558] |
2022
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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4 March 2022 | 2022 Peshawar mosque bombing | The Islamic State attacked a Shiite mosque in Peshawar, the capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. | 63 | 196 | IS-KP claimed responsibility |
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22 March 2022 | 2022 Beersheba attack | 1 Arab-Israeli Bedouin men affiliated with IS were responsible for a stabbing in Beersheba. | 4 | 2 | IS claimed responsibility |
27 March 2022 | 2022 Hadera shooting | 2 Arab-Israeli men affiliated with IS were responsible for a shooting in Hadera. | 2 | 12 | IS claimed responsibility | |
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21 April 2022 | 2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing | A bomb exploded at a Shiite mosque in Mazar-i-Sharif during Friday prayers, killing 31 people and wounding 87. | 31 | 87 | |
29 April 2022 | April 2022 Kabul mosque bombing | The bombing occurred around 2:00 pm at the Khalifa Aga Gul Jan Mosque in Kabul, where hundreds of congregants were gathered for prayers.[559] Interior ministry spokesman Mohammad Nafi Takor confirmed ten fatalities. Sayed Fazil Agha, the mosque's leader, said more than 50 died.[560] Police chief spokesman Khalid Zadran said as many as 30 people were wounded.[561] | 50 | 30 | IS claimed responsibility for the attack.[562] | |
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1 July 2022 | Multiple IS militants ambushed and killed 4 Beninese soldiers near the town of Alfa Kawoura [563] | 4 | 0 | IS claimed responsibility | |
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3 August 2022 | Two Taliban police officers were killed and four were wounded during a gunbattle with Islamic State gunmen at a hideout in Kabul. Three Islamic State militants were also killed.[564] | 5 | 4 | ||
5 August 2022 | On 5 August 2022, eight people were killed and 18 others were injured when a bomb hidden in a cart exploded near a Shiite mosque in Kabul.[565] | 8 | 18 | Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack. | ||
30 September 2022 | September 2022 Kabul school bombing | A suicide bomber blew himself up at the Kaaj education center in Dashte Barchi, a Hazara neighborhood in Kabul, Afghanistan, killing at least 52 people.[566] | 52+ | 110 | ||
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20 October 2022 | Many IS militants attacked an Indian-owned Ruby Mine in Montepuez, which is considered the world's largest ruby mine.[567] | IS claimed responsibility[568] | |||
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26 October 2022 | 2022 Shiraz massacre | An IS terrorist led a massacre at the Shah Cheragh Shia mosque in Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. At least 15 people have been killed due to this event, 2 have been arrested while 1 is still at large. IS has claimed responsibility for the attack on its telegram channel.[569] | 15 | 40 | IS claimed responsibility for the massacre. |
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13 November 2022 at 4:20 pm | 2022 Istanbul bombing | On 13 November 2022, a bomb exploded on İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Turkey, at 4:20 pm local time. Six people were killed and 81 others were injured. The bombing is regarded as a terrorist attack. No group has claimed responsibility, but Turkish authorities announced that Kurdish separatists were behind the attack, implicating the PKK and the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD). Turkey's interior minister, Süleyman Soylu, announced the arrest of the bomber and forty-six others. | 6 | 81 | KPP claimed responsibility.[570] |
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December 2022 | 2022 Kabul hotel attack | 2 IS militants set off explosives and set fire to the Longan Hotel in Kabul due to its ties to the Chinese government. 6 people were killed, including one of the attackers, and another 18 were injured, including foreign and Afghan civilians and Taliban soldiers.[571] | 3 | 18 | One IS perpetrator killed in the bombing. |
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26 December 2022 | A lone IS suicide bomber detonated a suicide vest in an attack on an SDF security centre in the former ISIS capital, Raqqa. The bomber and at least 6 SDF were killed in the attack.[572] | 7 | - | IS claimed responsibility.[573] |
2023
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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1 January 2023 | 2023 Kabul airport bombing | An attacker detonated a bomb outside the entrance to the military portion of Kabul International Airport.[574] | 20 (claimed) | 30 (claimed) | Islamic State claimed responsibility |
11 January 2023 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing | A suicide bomber detonated outside the Taliban foreign ministry office in Kabul, reportedly during the visit of a Chinese delegation.[575] | 20+ | Perpetrator killed in the bombing. Islamic State claimed responsibility. | ||
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16 January 2023 | Kasindi church bombing | An Islamic State affiliated group planted a bomb in a Pentecostal Church, and blew it up[576] | 17 | 39 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[577] |
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23 March 2023 | Islamic State militants attacked a unit of Burkina Faso soldiers that was patrolling the area[578] | 15 | 0 | Islamic State claimed responsibility | |
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8 April 2023 | The Islamic State - Central Africa Province cell claimed responsibility for the attack after raiding a farm in the village of Enebula in North Kivu province[579] | 21 | ~30 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[580] | |
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16 April 2023 | The Islamic State claimed responsibility for attacking and killing a group of around 10 militants and 16 civilians near the capital of Damascus[581] | 26 | Unknown | Islamic State claimed responsibility[582] | |
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30 July 2023 | 2023 Khar bombing | A suicide bomb at a Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) rally in Khar, Bajaur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, killed at least 63 people[34] and injured nearly 200 others.[583] | 63 (+1) | 200+ | Islamic State claimed responsibility [583] |
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13 October 2023 | 2023 Pul-i-Khumri bombing | The Islamic State claimed responsibility for attack on Shia Mosque in Baghlan[584] | 7 (+1) | 17 | Islamic State claimed responsibility [584] |
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13 October 2023 | Arras school stabbing | An IS-pledged lone wolf murdered a teacher and wounded 3 others at his former school in Arras[585] | 1 | 3 | The perpetrator pledged allegiance to the Islamic State[586] |
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16 October 2023 | 2023 Brussels terrorist attack | An IS-pledged lone wolf shot dead 2 Swedish nationals and wounded a third person in Brussels[587] | 3 (1) | 1 | The perpetrator pledged allegiance to the Islamic State[588] Islamic State claimed responsibility[589] |
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3 December 2023 | Mindanao State University bombing | A bombing occurred at a Roman Catholic Mass in Mindanao State University, Marawi | 4 | 72 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[590] Involvement of local IS affiliate, Maute group, being considered.[591] |
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19 December 2023 | Kyabandara parish attack | ADF rebels attacked a Kyabandara parish in Kamwenge district in Western Uganda and killed at least 5 people. [592] | 5 | 0 | Allied Democratic forces (ADF) who pledged allegiance to ISIS |
2024
Country | Date | Article | Description | Dead | Injured | Status |
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3 January 2024 | Kerman bombings | Two bombings occurred during a ceremony commemorating the assassination of Qasem Soleimani in Kerman. | 103 (+2) | 284 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[593] |
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6 January 2024 | Explosives planted in a bus in the Dasht-e-Barchi neighborhood of Kabul detonated, killing five people. | 5 | 15 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[594][595] | |
9 January 2024 | An explosive was detonated in a minivan in Kabul, killing three people. | 3 | 4 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[596] | ||
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14 January 2024 | Militants in two vehicles opened fire on Iraqi soldiers stationed near Haditha with snipers and semi-automatic weapons, killing three. | 3 | 1 | Islamic State suspected[597] | |
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28 January 2024 | 2024 Istanbul church shooting | Two gunmen entered the Church of Santa Maria in Istanbul during Sunday mass and shot and killed a man before leaving. | 1 | 1 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[598] |
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30 January | 2024 Sibi bombing | A bombing targeting an election rally for the Tehreek-e-Insaf party in the Sibi region killed at least four people. ISIS claimed ten people were killed or injured. | 4 | 5 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[599] |
7 February | 2024 Balochistan bombings | Twin bombings occurred at two political offices in Balochistan province a day before the Pakistani general election | 28-30 | 40 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[600][601][602] | |
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9 February | Mucojo attack | In Mucojo, ISIS militants attacked Mozambician soldiers, killing at least 25. Militants also shot at a passenger bus in Meluco, killing the driver. The attackers left notes for the passengers, which announced a declaration of war on Christians and said that non-Muslims would have to pay a jizyah if they did not convert to Islam, and would be killed if they refused. | 26+ | Islamic State claimed responsibility[603][604] | |
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19–20 February | Rebels killed two dozen people with machetes and guns in Ituri and North Kivu Provinces in separate attacks. | 24+ | ADF accused[605] | ||
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25 February | 13 people were killed by a landmine left by ISIS while they were hunting for truffles in Raqqa Governorate. | 13 | Islamic State accused[606] | ||
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3 March | Zürich stabbing attack | A 50-year-old Jewish man was stabbed by a 15-year-old boy in the city of Zürich. The boy had pledged allegiance to the leader of the Islamic State in a video before the attack. | 1 | Perpetrator pledged allegiance to the Islamic State[607][608] | |
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20 March | 2024 Tillabéri attack | A Nigerien Army unit was ambushed near Teguey, Tillabéri Region. The Islamic State said that 30 soldiers were killed, while the Nigerien Defense Ministry said there were 23 deaths. Around 30 attackers were allegedly killed during the ambush. | 53+ | 17+ | Islamic State claimed responsibility[609] |
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21 March | 2024 Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing | A suicide bombing at a branch of the New Kabul Bank in Kandahar occurred people as they were attempting to collect their monthly salaries. ISIS said it was targeting the Taliban, but the Taliban said the attack targeted civilians. The Taliban said that three people were killed and 12 were injured, while the Mirwais Hospital said 21 were killed and over 50 were injured.[610][611] | 21 (+1) | 50 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[612] |
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22–23 March | Crocus City Hall attack | Four gunmen carried out a mass shooting, stabbing, and arson attack at the Crocus City Hall in Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. Gunmen used incendiary devices to ignite a fire, which caused extensive damage, including the collapse of the concert hall's roof.[613][614][615] | 145 | 551+ | Islamic State claimed responsibility[616][617][618][619][620] |
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29 April | A gunman attacked a Shiite mosque in Guzara, Herat Province with machine-gun fire, killing six people before fleeing the scene. | 6 | 1 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[621] | |
17 May | 2024 Bamyan shooting | Gunman attacked a group of Western tourists (Spaniards, Lithuanians, Norwegians, and Australians), alongside their Afghan guides, in the city of Bamyan, Bamyan Province with machine-gun fire, killing six people (including 3 tourists), and wounding 8 others (including 4 tourists) before fleeing the scene. | 6 | 8 | Islamic State claimed responsibility[622] | |
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5 June | 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting | A Syrian national opened fire at the U.S. embassy in Beirut, wounding a security guard. The Lebanese Armed Forces responded to the attack, shooting the gunman twice and capturing him. | 0 | 1 (+1) | Local media reported that the perpetrator wore a vest with the words "Islamic State" in Arabic and the initials IS in English, suggesting that he may have been involved with the group.[623] |
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16 June | Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis | 6 ISIS detainees, armed with knives, escaped their cells and took two Russian detention center employees/police officers hostage at a detention center in the city of Rostov-on-Don in Russia, and demanded a vehicle, weapons, and free passage. Russian security forces raided the center, killing 5 of them and capturing and wounding the sixth, and freeing the hostages. | 0 (+5) | 0 (+ 1) | All 6 of the detainees had previously been arrested for being Islamic State members and plotting attacks for the group. Videos recorded by the attackers during the incident also showed at least 2 of them wearing Islamic State-style headbands, one of them holding an Islamic State flag, and they proclaimed their allegiance to the group.[624] |
23 June | 2024 Dagestan attack | Militants opened at a church and a synagogue in Derbent and another synagogue and a police station in Makhachkala. Six police officers and two militants were killed, while a priest in Derbent was also killed when his throat was slit.[625] | 22 (+5) | 45 | Islamic State claimed responsibility via Al Naba, an ISIL-affiliated newspaper. Likely Islamic State – Caucasus Province.[626][627] | |
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29 June | 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade | A Serbia Muslim convert opened fire with a crossbow at the Israeli embassy in Belgrade, wounding a security guard. The guard responded to the attack, shooting the gunman and killing him. | 0 (+1) | 1 | The perpetrator pledged allegiance to the Islamic State and its leader Abu Hafs. Police also found IS-linked items at the attacker's home, including an IS flag.[628][629] |
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15 July | 2024 Muscat mosque shooting | 9 people (including the 3 attackers) were killed in a mass shooting at Imam Ali Mosque in Wadi Kabir, Muscat. | 6 (+3) | 30-50 | Islamic State claimed responsibility. [630] |
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11 August | 2024 Kabul bus bombing | An explosive was detonated on a bus carrying Hazaras in the commune of Dashte Barchi, Kabul, killing 1 civilian and injuring 13 others.[631] | 1 | 13 | Islamic State – Khorasan Province claims responsibility[632] |
See also
- List of Islamist terrorist attacks
- List of terrorists incidents linked to ISIS-K
- List of terrorist incidents, 2014
- List of terrorist incidents, 2015
- List of wars and battles involving ISIL
- List of the terrorist actions against the Mourning of Muharram
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The executions are particularly poignant after the appearance Friday of the Islamic State's leader, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, leading prayers in Mosul's Great Nurridin Mosque. One of the first clerics executed in Mosul, according to the United Nations, was the imam of that very mosque, Muhammad al Mansuri. Mansuri was killed June 12, the U.N. said, for failing to pledge allegiance to the Islamic State. A 21-minute video the Islamic State released Saturday showed Baghdadi preaching from the same minbar, or pulpit, that Mansuri once occupied. Twelve other Sunni clerics were executed June 14, the U.N. says.
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- ^ "29 killed, 40 injured after 2 attacks hit Balochistan before Pakistan election". South China Morning Post. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Islamic State Group Claims Bombing In Pakistan's Pishin District". Barron's. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Islamic State Mozambique Province (ISMP) Reportedly Urges Christians To Convert, Pay Jizyah, Or Be Killed, Calls On Muslims To Help Group 'Defend Islam'". MEMRI. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "Islamic State Raids Mozambique Town as Total Plans LNG Return". Bloomberg. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "Rebels linked to the Islamic State group kill at least two dozen civilians in eastern Congo". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- ^ "13 truffle hunters killed in Syrian desert in Islamic State landmine blast". WION. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ "In Video Uploaded To Internet, Teenage Stabber Of Jew In Zürich Swears Allegiance To Islamic State (ISIS), Calls On Muslims To Target Jews And Christians Everywhere". MEMRI.
- ^ "Teenage Jihadist Behind Zurich Stabbing Pledged to IS "Caliph," Threatened Major Attack on Jews in Switzerland". SITE.
- ^ "Islamic State Claims Attack on Niger Army That Killed Dozens". Voice of America. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "Afghanistan: IS claims responsibility for suicide bomb at Kandahar bank". 21 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ "Islamic State claims responsibility for suicide bombing of Kandahar bank". The Independent. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ "Islamic State group claims responsibility for bombing at Afghan bank and says it targeted Taliban". ABC News. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ Chao-Fong, Léonie; Yang, Maya; Chao-Fong (now), Léonie; Yang (earlier), Maya (22 March 2024). "Moscow concert hall attack: Islamic State claims responsibility for shooting that killed dozens of people – latest updates". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ Kilner, James; Rainey, Venetia; Henderson, Cameron; Sabur, Rozina (22 March 2024). "Ukraine-Russia war live: At least 40 killed as gunmen attack Moscow concert venue". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ "Video shows fire damage in Moscow's Crocus concert hall". BBC. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ York, Christ (23 March 2024). "Islamic State claims responsibility for Moscow terrorist attack". Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ Schmitt, Eric (22 March 2024). "What We Know About ISIS-K, the Group That Claimed Responsibility for the Moscow Attack". New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ Belam, Martin (23 March 2024). "Moscow concert hall attack: death toll rises to 115 as Putin told suspects have been detained – live updates". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ "Moscow attack: Day of mourning after 137 killed at Crocus City Hall concert". 23 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "Three out of four Moscow concert hall attack suspects plead guilty in court". Sky News. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ "The Islamic State group says it was behind a mosque bombing in Afghanistan that killed 6 people". ABC News. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
- ^ "ISIS claims attack in Afghanistan that killed three Spaniards". al-Arabiya.
- ^ "Lebanon arrests gunman following attack on US embassy in Beirut". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "Russian forces kill ISIS-linked hostage takers at detention centre". Reuters. 16 June 2024.
- ^ "Priest and six law enforcement officers killed in attacks on synagogues and church in Russia's Dagestan". CNN. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
- ^ "Saluting Lone Wolves Inspired by its Ideology, IS Says Faith-based Brotherhood Triumphs Over Organizational Ties". SITE. 4 July 2024.
- ^ "Pro-IS Unit Applies "Flames of War" to Russia in Glorifying Attacks in Moscow, Dagestan, and Ingushetia". SITE. 8 July 2024.
- ^ "Akcije širom Srbije: Uhapšen Kemal Begović iz Novog Pazara, priveden i državljanin BiH". Sandzacke.rs (in Bosnian). 30 June 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
- ^ "IS Supporters Distribute Video of Pledge to "Caliph" by Executor of Crossbow Attack Outside Israeli Embassy in Belgrade". SITE. 3 July 2024.
- ^ "Islamic State claims responsibility for rare attack at Shi'ite Muslim mosque in Oman". Reuters. 16 July 2024.
- ^ "Blast In Kabul's Hazara Area Kills At Least 1, Injures 11". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 August 2024.
- ^ "Islamic State claims responsibility for explosion in the Afghan capital Kabul that killed at least 1". ABC News. 12 August 2024.
External links
- Yourish, Karen; Watkins, Derek; Giratikanon, Tom; Lee, Jasmine C. (1 July 2016). "How Many People Have Been Killed in ISIS Attacks Around the World". The New York Times.
See also
- 2014 American rescue mission in Syria
- 2014 Australian terror raids
- 2014 ISIL beheading incidents
- 2014 Iranian-led intervention in Iraq
- 2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- American-led intervention in Syria
- Siege of Kobanê
- The Beatles, ISIL terrorist cell that has beheaded a number of foreign hostages
- Pakistani Taliban[1]
- Islamist insurgency in Iran
- Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)
- List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
- List of Middle East peace proposals
- List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- Management of Savagery, a book aimed to provide a strategy for al-Qaeda and other jihadists
- Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)
- Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)
- Oil wars
- Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
- Takfiri, a Muslim who accuses another Muslim of apostasy
- Timeline of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant events
- Turkish involvement in the 2014 military intervention against ISIL
- United Kingdom and ISIL
Notes
- ^ The group is widely known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), alternately called the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham[24] (referring to Greater Syria; Arabic: الدولة الاسلامية في العراق والشام ad-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fīl-ʻIrāq wa ash-Shām). The group is also known by the Arabic acronym Daʿish (Arabic: داعش Dāʻish).
- ^ See Anbar Awakening
- ^ "Accordingly, the "Iraq and Shām" in the name of the Islamic State is henceforth removed from all official deliberations and communications, and the official name is the Islamic State from the date of this declaration."[51]
- ^ According to classical Islamic sources, Ḥilf al-Muṭayyabīn was an oath of allegiance taken in pre-Islamic times by several clans of the Quraysh tribe, in which they undertook to protect the oppressed and the wronged. The name "oath of the scented ones" apparently derives from the fact that the participants sealed the oath by dipping their hands in perfume and then rubbing them over the Kaʻbah. This practice was later adopted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad and incorporated into Islam.[62]
- ^ During this ceremony, the participants declared: "We swear by Allah ... that we will strive to free the prisoners of their shackles, to end the oppression to which the Sunnis are being subjected by the malicious Shi'ites and by the occupying Crusaders, to assist the oppressed and restore their rights even at the price of our own lives ... to make Allah's word supreme in the world, and to restore the glory of Islam..."[62]
References
- ^ Jon Boone. "Isis ascent in Syria and Iraq weakening Pakistani Taliban". the Guardian.
Bibliography
- Fishman, Brian (2008). "Using the Mistakes of al Qaeda's Franchises to Undermine Its Strategies". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 618: 46–54. JSTOR 40375774.
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(help) - Kahl, Colin H. (2008). "When to Leave Iraq: Walk Before Running". Foreign Affairs. 87 (4): 151–154. JSTOR 20032727.
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(help) - Phillips, Andrew (2009). "How al Qaeda lost Iraq" (PDF). Australian Journal of International Affairs. 63 (1): 64–84. doi:10.1080/10357710802649840.
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(help) - Simon, Steven (2008). "The Price of the Surge: How U.S. Strategy Is Hastening Iraq's Demise". Foreign Affairs. 87 (3): 57–72, 74–76. JSTOR 20032651.
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(help)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- Iraq updates – Institute for the Study of War
- The New War in Iraq ISIL Overview – Midwest Diplomacy (September 2013)
- "This Is the Promise of Allah" – Declaration of the Islamic State (29 June 2014)
- Report on ISIS Governance in Syria – Institute for the Study of War
- Islamic State – Full-length documentary by VICE News (August 2014)
- From Chechnya To Syria – News & Analysis of Russian-speaking Foreign Fighters In Syria
- 2010s-related lists
- 2020s-related lists
- Lists of terrorist incidents
- ISIL terrorist incidents
- Terrorist incidents by perpetrator
- 2006 establishments in Iraq
- 2014 Iraq conflict
- Anti-government factions of the Syrian Civil War
- Government of Canada designated terrorist organizations
- Iraqi insurgency
- Islamist groups
- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- Islamic terrorism
- Jihadist organizations
- Organisations based in Iraq
- Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States government
- Organizations established in 2013
- Rebel groups in Iraq
- States and territories established in 2014
- Terrorism in Iraq
- Terrorism in Lebanon
- Terrorism in Syria
- Terrorism in Turkey
- United Kingdom Home Office designated terrorist groups
- Unrecognized or largely unrecognized states
- Wahhabi movement