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Vegaphobia

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Vegaphobia or vegephobia is an aversion to, or dislike of, vegetarians and vegans.[1][2][3][4][5] The term first appeared in the 2010s, coinciding with the rise in veganism in the late 2010s.[6][7] Several studies have found an incidence of vegaphobic sentiments in the general population.[7][8][9][10] Positive feelings regarding vegetarians and vegans also exist. Because of their diet, they may be rated as more virtuous; they may get rated less masculine but more principled.[11]

Terminology

Sociologists Matthew Cole and Karen Morgan used the term vegaphobia and the derived adjective vegaphobic in a 2011 study, meaning prejudice against vegans specifically.[1][12] Later authors used the term veganphobia (vegan-) in this sense.[13][14]

Subsequent studies defined vegaphobia as the dual aversion to vegans and vegetarians together.[9][15][16] A 2019 study of vegaphobia in this sense added the term vegaphobe for a person with vegaphobia.[10] Actor and producer Jola Cora also used the dual aversion concept but called it vegephobia (with an 'e'), in a 2013 conference talk titled "Vegephobia, what is it?"[17]

Attitudes in the general population

"In the media, in pop culture and even in progressive, enlightened polite society it is still widely acceptable to make fun of vegans", writes Farhad Manjoo in a 2019 New York Times opinion piece against mocking vegans.[18] Manjoo cites findings from a 2015 study by Canadian psychologists, that the general population rates vegans more negatively than atheists and immigrants, and tolerates vegans only slightly better than drug addicts. Vegans get more negative ratings than vegetarians, and vegan men receive more negative ratings than women. Vegans are rated better if they're motivated by health reasons than if their veganism is driven by ethical or animal rights concerns.[8][12][18][19][20]

Among around a thousand Belgian Flemish meat eaters surveyed in 2016, vegaphobia against vegetarians was more common among men than among women, among older more than younger people, among people with a firmer intention to keep consuming meat, and among less educated people.[10]

A survey of 300 US residents observed meat eaters' reactions to being reminded that meat comes from animals. The study showed that this increased discomfort while eating meat and also led to a less negative judgement of vegans.[9]

These findings are consistent with vegans who feel discriminated against by people who eat meat.[15] In 2018, a survey of over 1,000 British and American vegans from the weight-loss application Lifesum found that 80% of respondents to have experienced some form of anti-vegan prejudice.[21] There are also meat-eaters who do not transition to a vegan diet because they fear being stigmatized when becoming a vegan.[22]

The British chocolate company Cadbury in 2022 drew attention to thousands of "mean tweets" against vegan chocolate.[23][24]

Attitudes of the media

Academic Laura Wright stated in 2015 that media organizations and wider discourse routinely mischaracterize vegan diets, highlighting situations where media outlets reported the death of children as being from a "vegan diet" rather than the parental neglect that was the actual cause.[25]

In 2011, a media analysis found that veganism and vegans are discredited in British media through ridicule, or as being difficult or impossible to maintain in practice.[1] Negative items were (in order of frequency) ridiculing veganism, erroneously equating veganism with asceticism, perpetuating the myth that veganism is difficult or impossible to sustain, describing veganism as a fashion trend, portraying vegans as sentimentalists, and defining vegans as hostile.[1] The study found that of 397 articles, 20% were neutral, approximately 5% were positive and 75% were negative.[1] In 2018, a British food editor quit his job after a message from him showed him talking about "killing vegans one by one".[20][26]

On social media, some vegans are also attacked for their choice to have only sexual relations with other vegans.[27]

Causes of vegaphobia

There are many theories to explain negative attitudes towards vegans.[20] Negative attitudes against vegans and vegetarians are most commonly found in people with conservative or right-wing beliefs,[15][28][29] being often most pronounced in far-right groups.[30] For right-wing adherents, eating meat is not only a delight, but also a part of their attitude towards life. Thus, those who advocate against meat consumption can be perceived a threat to their way of life.[16] A survey of about 1,000 participants showed that vegans are perceived as a threat mainly by older and lower-educated people and convinced meat eaters.[29] A 2019 study found a positive correlation between world-views rooted in social dominance and a negative perception of vegans.[28]

Explanations are founded on what is sometimes called the meat paradox: many people who eat meat do not like harming animals. Vegans can remind meat eaters of this cognitive dissonance, and one way to resolve this inner conflict and reduce dissonance is to maintain prejudice against vegans.[15][31][32][33]

Another proposed reason for negative attitudes against vegans is that meat eaters may feel judged by vegans and vegetarians for eating meat. Discrediting ethical vegans as do-gooders is then a way to invalidate the judgement of oneself. These negative attitudes against vegans are higher when vegans are thought to think of themselves as morally superior.[34][35]

While there may be an inner conflict in meat eaters when it comes to the killing and eating of animals, this theory may not hold up to environmental reasons for not eating meat. Environmentalists may not see a conflict in eating meat because they see their individual environmental impact of meat consumption as low.[36]

Vegans are not always discredited for ideological reasons. Sometimes the reason may be that the person cannot share their food with them.[37] According to an analysis of one survey that found 30% of single meat-eaters would prefer not to date a vegetarian or vegan, not being able to share food as often and perceiving vegetarians/vegans as being too “picky” seemed to be common reasons for meat-eaters preferring to avoid courting vegetarians/vegans for relationships.[38] Individuals who avoid romantic relationships with vegetarians for these motives also extend their behaviors towards avoiding relationships even with non-vegetarians; 66% of respondents found “picky eating” to be a turn off and around 40% of respondents in another study said they’d be reluctant to date someone who is gluten-free.[38][39]

Vegaphobic acts

Against vegetarians

In the early 1990s, McDonald's started describing its French fries as vegetarian when they, in fact, contained beef-derived flavouring, leading to a ten million US dollar settlement in 2002 for misleading Hindus and other vegetarians into eating food against their conscience.[40]

In 2020, a parliamentary employee of the nationalist Alternative for Germany called someone who ordered vegetarian food in the canteen of the German parliament a pejorative term, saying "we are going to get you".[41]

Against vegans

Philosopher Oscar Horta links vegaphobia to discrimination against vegans, which he observes, among other instances, at the workplace.[42]

Vegans have in individual instances been terminated from jobs or excluded from the applicant pool for their veganism.[43][44] A survey by the law firm Crossland Solicitors found that among "over 1,000" UK-based vegan employees, nearly a third felt discriminated against at their workplace.[45] A London NHS trust (a unit of the UK's National Health Service) in 2017 put up a discriminatory job advert for an occupational therapist saying, "Unfortunately, OTs with vegan diets cannot be considered", and that "Veganism or other highly restrictive eating practices cannot be accommodated." When challenged by the Vegan Society, the trust changed the advert and apologized.[46][47][48]

A vegan was denied a Swiss passport by local voters,[49] and people have thrown KFC chicken at vegans in England,[50] in both cases as a reaction to their lawful animal rights protest. In 2018, William Sitwell, then editor of the Waitrose Food magazine, responded to a request for a vegan column by proposing "a series on killing vegans, one by one".[51]

A vegan college student from Bristol was told to watch bull castration and visit an abattoir or fail her course in animal management. The university reconsidered after support from the Vegan Society.[52]

A primary school in Solihull forbade that a five-year old bring soya milk to school. It took three months and the help of the Vegan Society for the father of the child to change the school's mind.[53]

When learning about a vegan person's diet, many nonvegans list all the animal-based foods that they like, without consideration for how this can make vegans feel uncomfortable ("I just love bacon").[54]:363

Some vegans use the term veganphobia (with an 'n') when discussing prejudice and discrimination against vegans specifically.[13][14][55]

Criticism

The application of the term "vegaphobia"—and the extent to which it can be compared to other forms of discrimination—is a somewhat divisive issue.[7][56][57] Sophie Wilkinson of Grazia opined in 2018 that "discrimination is about being treated differently for who you are, not for what you choose to do."[58] Wilkinson also wrote that discrimination against vegans (unlike sexism, racism, homophobia, and the like) does not go beyond the level of microaggressions.[58] Others have distinguished between two kinds of veganism, lifestyle and ethical.[56] The latter was ruled to be a protected belief in the United Kingdom under the Equality Act after an unfair dismissal lawsuit in 2020.[59][60]

Vegaphobia has been framed as an intersectional problem connected to masculinity, gender, race and gender identity issues.[61][62]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Cole, Matthew; Morgan, Karen (1 March 2011). "Vegaphobia: derogatory discourses of veganism and the reproduction of speciesism in UK national newspapers". The British Journal of Sociology. 62 (1): 134–153. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01348.x. PMID 21361905.
  2. ^ "Vegephobia, what is it? Why is it important to fight it? (Jola Cora) [IARC2013]". ar-conference.org.
  3. ^ Griffin, Nathan Stephens (20 July 2017). Understanding Veganism: Biography and Identity. Springer. pp. 24, 47, 120. ISBN 9783319521022.
  4. ^ Jones, R. C: (2016) Veganisms. In Castricano, J. & Simonsen, R. R. Critical Perspectives on Veganism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25
  5. ^ Bendl, Regine; Delmestri, Giuseppe; Kudelka, Petr (2019). "Vegaphobie: Ein Hindernis auf dem Weg zur Nachhaltigkeit". Chancen und Grenzen der Nachhaltigkeitstransformation. pp. 201–229. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-22438-7_12. ISBN 978-3-658-22437-0. S2CID 189439770.
  6. ^ Khara, Tani (7 November 2018). "Why do vegans have such bad reputations?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  7. ^ a b c Krishnan, Manisha (26 November 2018). "There's a Term For Hating On Vegans And It's Vegaphobia". Vice Media. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  8. ^ a b MacInnis, Cara C.; Hodson, Gordon (1 November 2017). "It ain't easy eating greens: Evidence of bias toward vegetarians and vegans from both source and target". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 20 (6): 721–744. doi:10.1177/1368430215618253. ISSN 1368-4302. S2CID 147065882.
  9. ^ a b c Earle, Megan; Hodson, Gordon; Dhont, Kristof; MacInnis, Cara (24 June 2019). "Eating with our eyes (closed): Effects of visually associating animals with meat on antivegan/vegetarian attitudes and meat consumption willingness" (PDF). Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 22 (6): 818–835. doi:10.1177/1368430219861848. S2CID 164266896.
  10. ^ a b c Vandermoere, Frédéric; Geerts, Robbe; De Backer, Charlotte; Erreygers, Sara; Van Doorslaer, Els (19 July 2019). "Meat Consumption and Vegaphobia: An Exploration of the Characteristics of Meat Eaters, Vegaphobes, and Their Social Environment". Sustainability. 11 (14): 3936. doi:10.3390/su11143936. ISSN 2071-1050.
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  16. ^ a b Dhont, Kristof; Hodson, Gordon (July 2014). "Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption?". Personality and Individual Differences. 64: 12–17. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.002. hdl:1854/LU-5030419.
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  19. ^ "为何人们讨厌纯素食主义者？". 澎湃新闻 (The Paper). Retrieved 15 July 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  23. ^ Momodu, Derek (23 March 2022). "World's first 'Mean Tweetshop' opens in London to challenge scepticism towards plant-based chocolate". mirror. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
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  50. ^ Parker, Hayley (17 September 2020). "Drivers lob chicken legs at vegan activists protesting outside Wayne Walker's". StokeonTrentLive. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
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  52. ^ "Bristol vegan student 'told to visit farm or fail course'". BBC News. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  53. ^ Hockaday, James (24 June 2021). "Vegan dad couldn't sleep because daughter couldn't take soya milk to school". Metro. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  54. ^ Greenebaum, Jessica Beth (August 2017). "Questioning the Concept of Vegan Privilege: A Commentary". Humanity & Society. 41 (3): 355–372. doi:10.1177/0160597616640308. ISSN 0160-5976. S2CID 148375150.
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  61. ^ Oliver, Catherine (24 October 2021). "Mock meat, masculinity, and redemption narratives: vegan men's negotiations and performances of gender and eating". Social Movement Studies: 1–18. doi:10.1080/14742837.2021.1989293. ISSN 1474-2837. S2CID 239837115.
  62. ^ Delmestri, Giuseppe (1 August 2018). "Vegaphobia. Emancipation and institutional change for an overlooked diversity dimension". Academy of Management Proceedings. 2018 (1): 17488. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2018.17488abstract. ISSN 0065-0668. S2CID 150031743.

Further reading

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