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[[Kisspeptin|Kisspeptins]] are neuropeptides synthesized in the hypothalamus and encoded by the [[KISS1 (gene)|KISS1 gene]]. The KISS1 gene encodes the [[G protein-coupled receptor]] 54 (known as KISS1R or GPR54) and plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction, pubertal maturation, and metabolic function <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roseweir |first=A.K. |last2=Millar |first2=R.P. |date=2008-11-05 |title=The role of kisspeptin in the control of gonadotrophin secretion |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmn058 |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=203–212 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmn058 |issn=1355-4786}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Song |first=Woo-Jin |last2=Mondal |first2=Prosenjit |last3=Wolfe |first3=Andrew |last4=Alonso |first4=Laura C. |last5=Stamateris |first5=Rachel |last6=Ong |first6=Benny W.T. |last7=Lim |first7=Owen C. |last8=Yang |first8=Kil S. |last9=Radovick |first9=Sally |last10=Novaira |first10=Horacio J. |last11=Farber |first11=Emily A. |last12=Farber |first12=Charles R. |last13=Turner |first13=Stephen D. |last14=Hussain |first14=Mehboob A. |date=2014-04 |title=Glucagon Regulates Hepatic Kisspeptin to Impair Insulin Secretion |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.005 |journal=Cell Metabolism |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=667–681 |doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.005 |issn=1550-4131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tolson |first=Kristen P. |last2=Garcia |first2=Christian |last3=Yen |first3=Stephanie |last4=Simonds |first4=Stephanie |last5=Stefanidis |first5=Aneta |last6=Lawrence |first6=Alison |last7=Smith |first7=Jeremy T. |last8=Kauffman |first8=Alexander S. |date=2014-06-17 |title=Impaired kisspeptin signaling decreases metabolism and promotes glucose intolerance and obesity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci71075 |journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=124 |issue=7 |pages=3075–3079 |doi=10.1172/jci71075 |issn=0021-9738}}</ref>. KISS1 neurons located in the [[arcuate nucleus]] (ARC) of the [[mediobasal hypothalamus]] (MBH) project to [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone|GnRH]] neurons in the median eminence, which expresses KISS1R, to stimulate [[Luteinizing hormone|LH]] secretions in a pulsatile manner from the anterior pituitary to initiate ovulation/ pubertal maturation <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Yeo |first=Shel-Hwa |last2=Colledge |first2=William H. |date=2018-04-26 |title=The Role of Kiss1 Neurons As Integrators of Endocrine, Metabolic, and Environmental Factors in the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00188 |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2018.00188 |issn=1664-2392}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Navarro |first=V. M. |last2=Castellano |first2=J. M. |last3=Fernández-Fernández |first3=R. |last4=Barreiro |first4=M. L. |last5=Roa |first5=J. |last6=Sanchez-Criado |first6=J. E. |last7=Aguilar |first7=E. |last8=Dieguez |first8=C. |last9=Pinilla |first9=L. |last10=Tena-Sempere |first10=M. |date=2004-10-01 |title=Developmental and Hormonally Regulated Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of KiSS-1 and Its Putative Receptor, GPR54, in Rat Hypothalamus and Potent Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Activity of KiSS-1 Peptide |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0413 |journal=Endocrinology |volume=145 |issue=10 |pages=4565–4574 |doi=10.1210/en.2004-0413 |issn=0013-7227}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Bond |first=Julie‐Ann P. |last2=Tolson |first2=Kristen P. |last3=Nasamran |first3=Chanond |last4=Kauffman |first4=Alexander S. |last5=Smith |first5=Jeremy T. |date=2016-10 |title=Unaltered Hypothalamic Metabolic Gene Expression in
{{Short description|Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens}}
<i>Kiss1r</i>
<scp>Knockout</scp>
Mice Despite Obesity and Reduced Energy Expenditure |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jne.12430 |journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology |volume=28 |issue=10 |doi=10.1111/jne.12430 |issn=0953-8194}}</ref>. The KISS1 and KISS1R/GPR54 genes have been detected in the brain, pituitary, placenta, pancreas, liver, and small intestine <ref name=":0" />.

Alterations in the KISS1/KISS1R signaling pathway have been linked to multiple physiological conditions, including metabolic and reproductive abnormalities <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Funes |first=Sandrine |last2=Hedrick |first2=Joseph A |last3=Vassileva |first3=Galya |last4=Markowitz |first4=Lisa |last5=Abbondanzo |first5=Susan |last6=Golovko |first6=Andrei |last7=Yang |first7=Shijun |last8=Monsma |first8=Frederick J |last9=Gustafson |first9=Eric L |date=2003-12 |title=The KiSS-1 receptor GPR54 is essential for the development of the murine reproductive system |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.066 |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=312 |issue=4 |pages=1357–1363 |doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.066 |issn=0006-291X}}</ref>. A knockout model of GPR54/KISS1R in mice showed hypogonadism, and the mice failed to reach puberty <ref name=":1" />. The KISS1 gene has been stated to suppress the metastasis of malignant melanomas <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martins |first=C M O |last2=Fernandes |first2=B F |last3=Antecka |first3=E |last4=Di Cesare |first4=S |last5=Mansure |first5=J J C |last6=Marshall |first6=J-C |last7=Burnier |first7=M N |date=2008-01-25 |title=Expression of the metastasis suppressor gene KISS1 in uveal melanoma |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6703090 |journal=Eye |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=707–711 |doi=10.1038/sj.eye.6703090 |issn=0950-222X}}</ref>. KISS1R signaling pathway has been characterized in the suppression of tumors and has anti-metastatic effects in several cancers, including breast cancer <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cvetković |first=Donna |last2=Babwah |first2=Andy V. |last3=Bhattacharya |first3=Moshmi |date=2013 |title=Kisspeptin/KISS1R System in Breast Cancer |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jca.7626 |journal=Journal of Cancer |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=653–661 |doi=10.7150/jca.7626 |issn=1837-9664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guzman |first=Stephania |last2=Brackstone |first2=Muriel |last3=Wondisford |first3=Frederic |last4=Babwah |first4=Andy V. |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Moshmi |date=2019-07 |title=KISS1/KISS1R and Breast Cancer: Metastasis Promoter |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400968 |journal=Seminars in Reproductive Medicine |volume=37 |issue=04 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1055/s-0039-3400968 |issn=1526-8004}}</ref>.

Activation of KISS1R elicits a neuroendocrine response leading to pubertal maturation. This is indicated by intermittent kisspeptin-10 administration to pre-pubertal animals resulting in activation of the [[hypothalamic-pituitary axis]] and subsequent [[precocious puberty]] in rats and primates <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Navarro |first=V. M. |last2=Fernández-Fernández |first2=R. |last3=Castellano |first3=J. M. |last4=Roa |first4=J. |last5=Mayen |first5=A. |last6=Barreiro |first6=M. L. |last7=Gaytan |first7=F. |last8=Aguilar |first8=E. |last9=Pinilla |first9=L. |last10=Dieguez |first10=C. |last11=Tena-Sempere |first11=M. |date=2004-11-26 |title=Advanced vaginal opening and precocious activation of the reproductive axis by KiSS-1 peptide, the endogenous ligand of GPR54 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.072298 |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=561 |issue=2 |pages=379–386 |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2004.072298 |issn=0022-3751}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plant |first=Tony M. |last2=Ramaswamy |first2=Suresh |last3=DiPietro |first3=Meloni J. |date=2006-02-01 |title=Repetitive Activation of Hypothalamic G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54 with Intravenous Pulses of Kisspeptin in the Juvenile Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Elicits a Sustained Train of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Discharges |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-1261 |journal=Endocrinology |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=1007–1013 |doi=10.1210/en.2005-1261 |issn=0013-7227}}</ref>. Mutations in the kisspeptin receptor KISS1R have resulted in [[isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] (IHH), characterized by delayed or absence of puberty <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silveira |first=L. G. |last2=Noel |first2=S. D. |last3=Silveira-Neto |first3=A. P. |last4=Abreu |first4=A. P. |last5=Brito |first5=V. N. |last6=Santos |first6=M. G. |last7=Bianco |first7=S. D. C. |last8=Kuohung |first8=W. |last9=Xu |first9=S. |last10=Gryngarten |first10=M. |last11=Escobar |first11=M. E. |last12=Arnhold |first12=I. J. P. |last13=Mendonca |first13=B. B. |last14=Kaiser |first14=U. B. |last15=Latronico |first15=A. C. |date=2010-05-01 |title=Mutations of the KISS1 Gene in Disorders of Puberty |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2421 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=2276–2280 |doi=10.1210/jc.2009-2421 |issn=0021-972X}}</ref>.{{Short description|Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}


Revision as of 02:41, 14 April 2023

Kisspeptins are neuropeptides synthesized in the hypothalamus and encoded by the KISS1 gene. The KISS1 gene encodes the G protein-coupled receptor 54 (known as KISS1R or GPR54) and plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction, pubertal maturation, and metabolic function [1][2][3]. KISS1 neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) project to GnRH neurons in the median eminence, which expresses KISS1R, to stimulate LH secretions in a pulsatile manner from the anterior pituitary to initiate ovulation/ pubertal maturation [4][5][6]. The KISS1 and KISS1R/GPR54 genes have been detected in the brain, pituitary, placenta, pancreas, liver, and small intestine [4].

Alterations in the KISS1/KISS1R signaling pathway have been linked to multiple physiological conditions, including metabolic and reproductive abnormalities [7]. A knockout model of GPR54/KISS1R in mice showed hypogonadism, and the mice failed to reach puberty [7]. The KISS1 gene has been stated to suppress the metastasis of malignant melanomas [8]. KISS1R signaling pathway has been characterized in the suppression of tumors and has anti-metastatic effects in several cancers, including breast cancer [9][10].

Activation of KISS1R elicits a neuroendocrine response leading to pubertal maturation. This is indicated by intermittent kisspeptin-10 administration to pre-pubertal animals resulting in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and subsequent precocious puberty in rats and primates [11][12]. Mutations in the kisspeptin receptor KISS1R have resulted in isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), characterized by delayed or absence of puberty [13].

KISS1R
Identifiers
AliasesKISS1R, AXOR12, CPPB1, GPR54, HH8, HOT7T175, KISS-1R, KiSS1-derived peptide receptor, KISS1 receptor
External IDsOMIM: 604161; MGI: 2148793; HomoloGene: 11411; GeneCards: KISS1R; OMA:KISS1R - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

84634

114229

Ensembl

ENSG00000116014

ENSMUSG00000035773

UniProt

Q969F8

Q91V45

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_032551

NM_053244
NM_001359010

RefSeq (protein)

NP_115940

NP_444474
NP_001345939

Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 0.92 – 0.92 MbChr 10: 79.75 – 79.76 Mb
PubMed search[16][17]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

The KiSS1-derived peptide receptor (also known as GPR54 or the Kisspeptin receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor[18] which binds the peptide hormone kisspeptin (metastin).[19][20][21] Kisspeptin is encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS1, which is expressed in a variety of endocrine and gonadal tissues.[22] Activation of the kisspeptin receptor is linked to the phospholipase C and inositol trisphosphate second messenger cascades inside the cell.[23]

Function

Kisspeptin is involved in the regulation of endocrine function and the onset of puberty, with activation of the kisspeptin receptor triggering release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),[24][25] and release of kisspeptin itself being inhibited by oestradiol but enhanced by GnRH.[26] Reductions in kisspeptin levels with age may conversely be one of the reasons behind age-related declines in levels of other endocrine hormones such as luteinizing hormone.[27]

Ligands

No non-peptide ligands for this receptor have yet been discovered, but as of 2009 both selective agonist and antagonist peptides are known.

Agonists

Antagonists

References

  1. ^ Roseweir, A.K.; Millar, R.P. (2008-11-05). "The role of kisspeptin in the control of gonadotrophin secretion". Human Reproduction Update. 15 (2): 203–212. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn058. ISSN 1355-4786.
  2. ^ Song, Woo-Jin; Mondal, Prosenjit; Wolfe, Andrew; Alonso, Laura C.; Stamateris, Rachel; Ong, Benny W.T.; Lim, Owen C.; Yang, Kil S.; Radovick, Sally; Novaira, Horacio J.; Farber, Emily A.; Farber, Charles R.; Turner, Stephen D.; Hussain, Mehboob A. (2014-04). "Glucagon Regulates Hepatic Kisspeptin to Impair Insulin Secretion". Cell Metabolism. 19 (4): 667–681. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.005. ISSN 1550-4131. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |first10= at position 8 (help); no-break space character in |first11= at position 6 (help); no-break space character in |first12= at position 8 (help); no-break space character in |first13= at position 8 (help); no-break space character in |first14= at position 8 (help); no-break space character in |first4= at position 6 (help); no-break space character in |first6= at position 6 (help); no-break space character in |first7= at position 5 (help); no-break space character in |first8= at position 4 (help)
  3. ^ Tolson, Kristen P.; Garcia, Christian; Yen, Stephanie; Simonds, Stephanie; Stefanidis, Aneta; Lawrence, Alison; Smith, Jeremy T.; Kauffman, Alexander S. (2014-06-17). "Impaired kisspeptin signaling decreases metabolism and promotes glucose intolerance and obesity". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (7): 3075–3079. doi:10.1172/jci71075. ISSN 0021-9738.
  4. ^ a b Yeo, Shel-Hwa; Colledge, William H. (2018-04-26). "The Role of Kiss1 Neurons As Integrators of Endocrine, Metabolic, and Environmental Factors in the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 9. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00188. ISSN 1664-2392.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Navarro, V. M.; Castellano, J. M.; Fernández-Fernández, R.; Barreiro, M. L.; Roa, J.; Sanchez-Criado, J. E.; Aguilar, E.; Dieguez, C.; Pinilla, L.; Tena-Sempere, M. (2004-10-01). "Developmental and Hormonally Regulated Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of KiSS-1 and Its Putative Receptor, GPR54, in Rat Hypothalamus and Potent Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Activity of KiSS-1 Peptide". Endocrinology. 145 (10): 4565–4574. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0413. ISSN 0013-7227.
  6. ^ De Bond, Julie‐Ann P.; Tolson, Kristen P.; Nasamran, Chanond; Kauffman, Alexander S.; Smith, Jeremy T. (2016-10). "Unaltered Hypothalamic Metabolic Gene Expression in Kiss1r <scp>Knockout</scp> Mice Despite Obesity and Reduced Energy Expenditure". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 28 (10). doi:10.1111/jne.12430. ISSN 0953-8194. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 52 (help)
  7. ^ a b Funes, Sandrine; Hedrick, Joseph A; Vassileva, Galya; Markowitz, Lisa; Abbondanzo, Susan; Golovko, Andrei; Yang, Shijun; Monsma, Frederick J; Gustafson, Eric L (2003-12). "The KiSS-1 receptor GPR54 is essential for the development of the murine reproductive system". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 312 (4): 1357–1363. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.066. ISSN 0006-291X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Martins, C M O; Fernandes, B F; Antecka, E; Di Cesare, S; Mansure, J J C; Marshall, J-C; Burnier, M N (2008-01-25). "Expression of the metastasis suppressor gene KISS1 in uveal melanoma". Eye. 22 (5): 707–711. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6703090. ISSN 0950-222X.
  9. ^ Cvetković, Donna; Babwah, Andy V.; Bhattacharya, Moshmi (2013). "Kisspeptin/KISS1R System in Breast Cancer". Journal of Cancer. 4 (8): 653–661. doi:10.7150/jca.7626. ISSN 1837-9664.
  10. ^ Guzman, Stephania; Brackstone, Muriel; Wondisford, Frederic; Babwah, Andy V.; Bhattacharya, Moshmi (2019-07). "KISS1/KISS1R and Breast Cancer: Metastasis Promoter". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 37 (04): 197–206. doi:10.1055/s-0039-3400968. ISSN 1526-8004. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Navarro, V. M.; Fernández-Fernández, R.; Castellano, J. M.; Roa, J.; Mayen, A.; Barreiro, M. L.; Gaytan, F.; Aguilar, E.; Pinilla, L.; Dieguez, C.; Tena-Sempere, M. (2004-11-26). "Advanced vaginal opening and precocious activation of the reproductive axis by KiSS-1 peptide, the endogenous ligand of GPR54". The Journal of Physiology. 561 (2): 379–386. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.072298. ISSN 0022-3751.
  12. ^ Plant, Tony M.; Ramaswamy, Suresh; DiPietro, Meloni J. (2006-02-01). "Repetitive Activation of Hypothalamic G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54 with Intravenous Pulses of Kisspeptin in the Juvenile Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Elicits a Sustained Train of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Discharges". Endocrinology. 147 (2): 1007–1013. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1261. ISSN 0013-7227.
  13. ^ Silveira, L. G.; Noel, S. D.; Silveira-Neto, A. P.; Abreu, A. P.; Brito, V. N.; Santos, M. G.; Bianco, S. D. C.; Kuohung, W.; Xu, S.; Gryngarten, M.; Escobar, M. E.; Arnhold, I. J. P.; Mendonca, B. B.; Kaiser, U. B.; Latronico, A. C. (2010-05-01). "Mutations of the KISS1 Gene in Disorders of Puberty". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 95 (5): 2276–2280. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2421. ISSN 0021-972X.
  14. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000116014 – Ensembl, May 2017
  15. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035773 – Ensembl, May 2017
  16. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  17. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  18. ^ Lee DK, Nguyen T, O'Neill GP, Cheng R, Liu Y, Howard AD, Coulombe N, Tan CP, Tang-Nguyen AT, George SR, O'Dowd BF (Mar 1999). "Discovery of a receptor related to the galanin receptors". FEBS Letters. 446 (1): 103–7. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00009-5. PMID 10100623. S2CID 38910830.
  19. ^ Ohtaki T, Shintani Y, Honda S, Matsumoto H, Hori A, Kanehashi K, Terao Y, Kumano S, Takatsu Y, Masuda Y, Ishibashi Y, Watanabe T, Asada M, Yamada T, Suenaga M, Kitada C, Usuki S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M (May 2001). "Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor". Nature. 411 (6837): 613–7. Bibcode:2001Natur.411..613O. doi:10.1038/35079135. PMID 11385580. S2CID 205017670.
  20. ^ Muir AI, Chamberlain L, Elshourbagy NA, Michalovich D, Moore DJ, Calamari A, Szekeres PG, Sarau HM, Chambers JK, Murdock P, Steplewski K, Shabon U, Miller JE, Middleton SE, Darker JG, Larminie CG, Wilson S, Bergsma DJ, Emson P, Faull R, Philpott KL, Harrison DC (Aug 2001). "AXOR12, a novel human G protein-coupled receptor, activated by the peptide KiSS-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (31): 28969–75. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102743200. PMID 11387329.
  21. ^ Kotani M, Detheux M, Vandenbogaerde A, Communi D, Vanderwinden JM, Le Poul E, Brézillon S, Tyldesley R, Suarez-Huerta N, Vandeput F, Blanpain C, Schiffmann SN, Vassart G, Parmentier M (Sep 2001). "The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (37): 34631–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104847200. PMID 11457843.
  22. ^ Richard N, Corvaisier S, Camacho E, Kottler ML (Jan 2009). "KiSS-1 and GPR54 at the pituitary level: overview and recent insights". Peptides. 30 (1): 123–9. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.09.015. PMID 18948153. S2CID 22875820.
  23. ^ Liu X, Lee K, Herbison AE (Sep 2008). "Kisspeptin excites gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons through a phospholipase C/calcium-dependent pathway regulating multiple ion channels". Endocrinology. 149 (9): 4605–14. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0321. PMC 6116891. PMID 18483150.
  24. ^ Shahab M, Mastronardi C, Seminara SB, Crowley WF, Ojeda SR, Plant TM (Feb 2005). "Increased hypothalamic GPR54 signaling: a potential mechanism for initiation of puberty in primates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (6): 2129–34. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.2129S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409822102. PMC 548549. PMID 15684075.
  25. ^ Plant TM, Ramaswamy S, Dipietro MJ (Feb 2006). "Repetitive activation of hypothalamic G protein-coupled receptor 54 with intravenous pulses of kisspeptin in the juvenile monkey (Macaca mulatta) elicits a sustained train of gonadotropin-releasing hormone discharges". Endocrinology. 147 (2): 1007–13. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1261. PMID 16282350.
  26. ^ Richard N, Galmiche G, Corvaisier S, Caraty A, Kottler ML (Mar 2008). "KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes are co-expressed in rat gonadotrophs and differentially regulated in vivo by oestradiol and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 20 (3): 381–93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01653.x. PMID 18208554. S2CID 205345039.
  27. ^ Neal-Perry G, Lebesgue D, Lederman M, Shu J, Zeevalk GD, Etgen AM (Aug 2009). "The excitatory peptide kisspeptin restores the luteinizing hormone surge and modulates amino acid neurotransmission in the medial preoptic area of middle-aged rats". Endocrinology. 150 (8): 3699–708. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1667. PMC 2717872. PMID 19423763.
  28. ^ Mikkelsen JD, Bentsen AH, Ansel L, Simonneaux V, Juul A (Jan 2009). "Comparison of the effects of peripherally administered kisspeptins". Regulatory Peptides. 152 (1–3): 95–100. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2008.10.001. PMID 18940206. S2CID 6587724.
  29. ^ Roseweir AK, Kauffman AS, Smith JT, Guerriero KA, Morgan K, Pielecka-Fortuna J, Pineda R, Gottsch ML, Tena-Sempere M, Moenter SM, Terasawa E, Clarke IJ, Steiner RA, Millar RP (Mar 2009). "Discovery of potent kisspeptin antagonists delineate physiological mechanisms of gonadotropin regulation". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (12): 3920–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5740-08.2009. PMC 3035813. PMID 19321788.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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