Lefetamine
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| Routes of administration | Oral |
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| Formula | C16H19N |
| Molar mass | 225.335 g·mol−1 |
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Lefetamine (Santenol) is a drug which is a stimulant and also an analgesic with effects comparable to codeine.
Discovery
Lefetamine-related 1,2-diphenylethylamines were invented in the 1940s and showed weak analgesic activity.[1]
It was investigated in Japan in 1950s.[2] The l-isomer showed weak analgesic action comparable to codeine and antitussive action far weaker than codeine. The d-isomer showed no such activity but caused seizures in rats.[3][4]
Society and culture
It was abused in Japan during the 1950s. In a small study in 1989 it showed some effect against opioid withdrawal symptoms without causing withdrawal symptoms itself. It was concluded that it may be an opioid partial agonist.[5]
It has been abused in Europe, in 1989 a small study of 15 abusers and some volunteers found, that it had some partial similarity to opioids, that it produced withdrawal symptoms and had dependence and abuse potential to a certain degree.[6]
In a small study in 1994, it was compared to clonidine and buprenorphine in the detoxification of methadone patients and found to be inferior to both of them.[7]
Regulation may vary; it does not appear as either a Narcotic or Non-Narcotic under the US Controlled Substances Act 1970 [8]
The Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was amended in 2016 to include the substance as a Schedule III substance. Possession without legal authority can result in maximum 3 years imprisonment. Further, Health Canada amended the Food and Drug Regulations in May, 2016 to classify Lefetamine as a controlled drug.[9]
Research
Some related pyrrylphenylethanones had analgetic activity comparable to morphine.[10] Some pyrrole analogues were reported to have analgesic effects comparable to lefetamine and being devoid of neurotoxic properties.[11]
See also
References
- ^ Dodds EC, Lawson W, Simpson SA, Williams PC (June 1945). "Testing diphenylethylamine compounds for analgesic action". The Journal of Physiology. 104 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1945.sp004105. PMC 1393527. PMID 16991666.
- ^ DE patent 1159958, Ogyu K, Fujimura H, Yamakawa Y, Mita I, "Verfahren zur Herstellung von antitussiv wirksamem l-1,2-Diphenyl-1-dimethylaminoaethan und dessen Salzen", issued 1963-12-27, assigned to Institut Seikatsu Kagaku Kenkyusho (Scientific Research Institute for Practical Life, Kyoto)
- ^ Fujimura H, Kawai K (1961). "Pharmacological Studies on Diphenylalkylamine Derivatives. (I)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University. 39 (1): 67–77.
- ^ Fujimura H, Kawai K, Ohata K, Shibata S (1961). "Pharmacological Studies on Diphenylalkylamine Derivatives. (II): On the Actions of l-1,2-Diphenyl-1-dimethylaminoethane Hydrochloride (SPA)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University. 39 (1): 78–94.
- ^ Mannelli P, Janiri L, De Marinis M, Tempesta E (October 1989). "Lefetamine: new abuse of an old drug--clinical evaluation of opioid activity". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 24 (2): 95–101. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(89)90071-9. PMID 2571492.
- ^ Janiri L, Mannelli P, Pirrongelli C, Lo Monaco M, Tempesta E (January 1989). "Lephetamine abuse and dependence: clinical effects and withdrawal syndrome". British Journal of Addiction. 84 (1): 89–95. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00555.x. PMID 2917208.
- ^ Janiri L, Mannelli P, Persico AM, Serretti A, Tempesta E (October 1994). "Opiate detoxification of methadone maintenance patients using lefetamine, clonidine and buprenorphine". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 36 (2): 139–45. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(94)90096-5. PMID 7851281.
- ^ "DEA Diversion Control Division".
- ^ Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Parts G and J — Lefetamine, AH-7921, MT-45 and W-18)
- ^ Massa S, Di Santo R, Mai A, Artico M, Pantaleoni GC, Giorgi R, Coppolino MF (July 1992). "Pyrrylphenylethanones related to cathinone and lefetamine: synthesis and pharmacological activities". Archiv der Pharmazie. 325 (7): 403–9. doi:10.1002/ardp.19923250707. PMID 1417455. S2CID 22300931.
- ^ Massa S, Stefancich G, Artico M, Corelli F, Silvestri R, Pantaleoni GC, et al. (September 1989). "Synthesis, neuropsychopharmacological effects and analgesic-antiinflammatory activities of pyrrole analogues of lefetamine". Farmaco. 44 (9). Societa Chimica Italiana: 763–77. PMID 2604832.