Adenosine receptor: Difference between revisions
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The '''adenosine receptors''' (or '''P1 receptors'''<ref name="pmid9133776">{{cite journal | author = Fredholm BB, Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Dubyak GR, Harden TK, Jacobson KA, Schwabe U, Williams M | title = Towards a revised nomenclature for P1 and P2 receptors | journal = Trends Pharmacol. Sci. | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 79–82 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9133776 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-6147(96)01038-3 }}</ref>) are a class of [[purinergic receptors]], [[G-protein coupled receptor]]s with [[adenosine]] as [[endogenous]] [[ligand]].<ref name="pmid11734617">{{cite journal | author = Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J | title = International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors | journal = Pharmacol. Rev. | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 527–52 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11734617 | doi = | issn = | url = http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/4/527 }}</ref> |
The '''adenosine receptors''' (or '''P1 receptors'''<ref name="pmid9133776">{{cite journal | author = Fredholm BB, Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Dubyak GR, Harden TK, Jacobson KA, Schwabe U, Williams M | title = Towards a revised nomenclature for P1 and P2 receptors | journal = Trends Pharmacol. Sci. | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 79–82 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9133776 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-6147(96)01038-3 }}</ref>) are a class of [[purinergic receptors]], [[G-protein coupled receptor]]s with [[adenosine]] as [[endogenous]] [[ligand]].<ref name="pmid11734617">{{cite journal | author = Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J | title = International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors | journal = Pharmacol. Rev. | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 527–52 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11734617 | doi = | issn = | url = http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/4/527 }}</ref> |
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==Pharmacology== |
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In humans, there are four adenosine receptors. Each is encoded by a separate gene and has different functions, although with some overlapping. For instance, both A<sub>1</sub> receptors and A<sub>2A</sub> play roles in the heart, regulating [[myocardial]] oxygen consumption and [[coronary]] blood flow. These two receptors also have important roles in the brain, regulating the release of other [[neurotransmitter]]s such as [[dopamine]] and [[glutamate]], while the A<sub>2B</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> receptors are located mainly peripherally and are involved in processes such as inflammation and immune responses. |
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In humans, there are four adenosine receptors. Each is encoded by a separate gene and has different functions, although with some overlapping. For instance, both A<sub>1</sub> receptors and A<sub>2A</sub> play roles in the heart, regulating [[myocardial]] oxygen consumption and [[coronary]] blood flow, while the A<sub>2A</sub> receptor also has broader antiinflammatory effects throghout the body.<ref name="pmid18160539">{{cite journal | author = Haskó G, Pacher P | title = A2A receptors in inflammation and injury: lessons learned from transgenic animals | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 83 | issue = 3 | pages = 447–55 | year = 2008 | month = March | pmid = 18160539 | pmc = 2268631 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.0607359 | url = | issn = }}</ref> These two receptors also have important roles in the brain,<ref name="pmid16806272">{{cite journal | author = Kalda A, Yu L, Oztas E, Chen JF | title = Novel neuroprotection by caffeine and adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in animal models of Parkinson's disease | journal = Journal of the Neurological Sciences | volume = 248 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 9–15 | year = 2006 | month = October | pmid = 16806272 | doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.003 | url = | issn = }}</ref> regulating the release of other [[neurotransmitter]]s such as [[dopamine]] and [[glutamate]],<ref name="pmid17572452">{{cite journal | author = Fuxe K, Ferré S, Genedani S, Franco R, Agnati LF | title = Adenosine receptor-dopamine receptor interactions in the basal ganglia and their relevance for brain function | journal = Physiology & Behavior | volume = 92 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 210–7 | year = 2007 | month = September | pmid = 17572452 | doi = 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.034 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid17646043">{{cite journal | author = Schiffmann SN, Fisone G, Moresco R, Cunha RA, Ferré S | title = Adenosine A2A receptors and basal ganglia physiology | journal = Progress in Neurobiology | volume = 83 | issue = 5 | pages = 277–92 | year = 2007 | month = December | pmid = 17646043 | pmc = 2148496 | doi = 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.05.001 | url = | issn = }}</ref> while the A<sub>2B</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> receptors are located mainly peripherally and are involved in processes such as inflammation and immune responses. |
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Most older compounds acting on adenosine receptors are nonselective, with the endogenous agonist [[adenosine]] being used in hospitals as treatment for severe [[tachycardia]] (rapid heart beat),<ref name="pmid17408751">{{cite journal | author = Peart JN, Headrick JP | title = Adenosinergic cardioprotection: multiple receptors, multiple pathways | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 114 | issue = 2 | pages = 208–21 | year = 2007 | month = May | pmid = 17408751 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.004 | url = | issn = }}</ref> and acting directly to slow the heart through action on all four adenosine recpetors in heart tissue,<ref name="pmid17999026">{{cite journal | author = Cohen MV, Downey JM | title = Adenosine: trigger and mediator of cardioprotection | journal = Basic Research in Cardiology | volume = 103 | issue = 3 | pages = 203–15 | year = 2008 | month = May | pmid = 17999026 | doi = 10.1007/s00395-007-0687-7 | url = | issn = }}</ref> as well as producing a [[sedative]] effect through action on A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2A</sub> receptors in the brain. [[Xanthine]] derivatives such as [[caffeine]] and [[theophylline]] act as non-selective [[antagonist (pharmacology|antagonists]] at A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2A</sub> receptors in both heart and brain and so have the opposite effect to adenosine, producing a [[stimulant]] effect and rapid heart rate. These compounds also act as [[phosphodiesterase inhibitor]]s which produces additional [[antiinflammatory]] effects, which makes them medically useful for the treatment of conditions such as [[asthma]], but makes them less suitable for use in scientific research.<ref name="pmid17373584">{{cite journal | author = Osadchii OE | title = Myocardial phosphodiesterases and regulation of cardiac contractility in health and cardiac disease | journal = Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 171–94 | year = 2007 | month = June | pmid = 17373584 | doi = 10.1007/s10557-007-6014-6 | url = | issn = }}</ref> |
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Newer adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists are much more potent and subtype-selective, and have allowed extensive research into the effects of blocking or stimulating the individual adenosine receptor subtypes, which is now resulting in a new generation of more selective drugs with many potential medical uses. Some of these compounds are still derived from adenosine or from the xanthine family, but researchers in this area have also discovered many selective adenosine recpeotr ligands which are entirely structurally distinct, giving a wide range of possible directions for future research.<ref name="pmid18181659">{{cite journal | author = Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Gessi S, Borea PA | title = Adenosine receptor antagonists: translating medicinal chemistry and pharmacology into clinical utility | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 238–63 | year = 2008 | month = January | pmid = 18181659 | doi = 10.1021/cr0682195 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid18537675">{{cite journal | author = Cristalli G, Lambertucci C, Marucci G, Volpini R, Dal Ben D | title = A2A adenosine receptor and its modulators: overview on a druggable GPCR and on structure-activity relationship analysis and binding requirements of agonists and antagonists | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Design | volume = 14 | issue = 15 | pages = 1525–52 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18537675 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> |
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==Comparison of subtypes== |
==Comparison of subtypes== |
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Revision as of 02:28, 21 April 2009
The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors[1]) are a class of purinergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.[2]
Pharmacology
In humans, there are four adenosine receptors. Each is encoded by a separate gene and has different functions, although with some overlapping. For instance, both A1 receptors and A2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A2A receptor also has broader antiinflammatory effects throghout the body.[3] These two receptors also have important roles in the brain,[4] regulating the release of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate,[5][6] while the A2B and A3 receptors are located mainly peripherally and are involved in processes such as inflammation and immune responses.
Most older compounds acting on adenosine receptors are nonselective, with the endogenous agonist adenosine being used in hospitals as treatment for severe tachycardia (rapid heart beat),[7] and acting directly to slow the heart through action on all four adenosine recpetors in heart tissue,[8] as well as producing a sedative effect through action on A1 and A2A receptors in the brain. Xanthine derivatives such as caffeine and theophylline act as non-selective antagonists at A1 and A2A receptors in both heart and brain and so have the opposite effect to adenosine, producing a stimulant effect and rapid heart rate. These compounds also act as phosphodiesterase inhibitors which produces additional antiinflammatory effects, which makes them medically useful for the treatment of conditions such as asthma, but makes them less suitable for use in scientific research.[9]
Newer adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists are much more potent and subtype-selective, and have allowed extensive research into the effects of blocking or stimulating the individual adenosine receptor subtypes, which is now resulting in a new generation of more selective drugs with many potential medical uses. Some of these compounds are still derived from adenosine or from the xanthine family, but researchers in this area have also discovered many selective adenosine recpeotr ligands which are entirely structurally distinct, giving a wide range of possible directions for future research.[10][11]
Comparison of subtypes
| Receptor | Gene | Mechanism [12] | Effects | Agonists | Antagonists |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | ADORA1 | Gi/o --> cAMP↑/↓
|
|
|
|
| A2A | ADORA2A | Gs --> cAMP↑ |
|
| |
| A2B | ADORA2B | Gs --> cAMP↑ |
|
|
|
| A3 | ADORA3 | Gi/o --> |
|
|
|
A1 adenosine receptor
The adenosine A1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body.
Mechanism
This receptor has an inhibitory function on most of the tissues in which it rests. In the brain, it slows metabolic activity by a combination of actions. Presynaptically, it reduces synaptic vesicle release while post synaptically it has been found to stabilize the magnesium on the NMDA receptor.
Antagonism and agonism
Specific A1 antagonists include 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), and Cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT) or 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX), while specific agonists include 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA).
In the heart
The A1, together with A2A receptors, of endogenous adenosine are believed to play a role in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. Stimulation of the A1 receptor has a myocardial depressant effect by decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses and suppressing pacemaker cell function, resulting in a decrease in heart rate. This makes adenosine a useful medication for treating and diagnosing tachyarrhythmias, or excessively fast heart rates. This effect on the A1 receptor also explains why there is a brief moment of cardiac standstill when adenosine is administered as a rapid IV push during cardiac resuscitation. The rapid infusion causes a momentary myocardial stunning effect.
In normal physiological states, this serves as protective mechanisms. However, in altered cardiac function, such as hypoperfusion caused by hypotension, heart attack or cardiac arrest caused by nonperfusing bradycardias, adenosine has a negative effect on physiological functioning by preventing necessary compensatory increases in heart rate and blood pressure that attempt to maintain cerebral perfusion.
In neonatal medicine
Adenosine antagonists are widely used in neonatal medicine;
Because a reduction in A1 expression appears to prevent hypoxia-induced ventriculomegaly and loss of white matter and therefore raise the possibility that pharmacological blockade of A1 may have clinical utility.
Theophylline and caffeine are nonselective adenosine antagonists that are used to stimulate respiration in premature infants.
A2A adenosine receptor
As with the A1, the A2A receptors are believed to play a role in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow.
Mechanism
The activity of A2A adenosine receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor family member, is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. It is abundant in basal ganglia, vasculature and platelets and it is a major target of caffeine.[13]
Function
The A2A receptor is responsible for regulating myocardial blood flow by vasodilating the coronary arteries, which increases blood flow to the myocardium, but may lead to hypotension. Just as in A1 receptors, this normally serves as a protective mechanism, but may be destructive in altered cardiac function.
Agonists and antagonists
Specific antagonists include istradefylline (KW-6002) and SCH-58261, while specific agonists include CGS-21680 and ATL-146e.[14]
A2B adenosine receptor
This integral membrane protein stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the presence of adenosine. This protein also interacts with netrin-1, which is involved in axon elongation.
A3 adenosine receptor
It has been shown in studies to inhibit some specific signal pathways of adenosine. It allows for the inhibition of growth in human melanoma cells. Specific antagonists include MRS1191, MRS1523 and MRE3008F20, while specific agonists include Cl-IB-MECA and MRS3558.[14]
References
- ^ Fredholm BB, Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Dubyak GR, Harden TK, Jacobson KA, Schwabe U, Williams M (1997). "Towards a revised nomenclature for P1 and P2 receptors". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 18 (3): 79–82. doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(96)01038-3. PMID 9133776.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J (2001). "International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors". Pharmacol. Rev. 53 (4): 527–52. PMID 11734617.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Haskó G, Pacher P (2008). "A2A receptors in inflammation and injury: lessons learned from transgenic animals". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 83 (3): 447–55. doi:10.1189/jlb.0607359. PMC 2268631. PMID 18160539.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Kalda A, Yu L, Oztas E, Chen JF (2006). "Novel neuroprotection by caffeine and adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in animal models of Parkinson's disease". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 248 (1–2): 9–15. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.003. PMID 16806272.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fuxe K, Ferré S, Genedani S, Franco R, Agnati LF (2007). "Adenosine receptor-dopamine receptor interactions in the basal ganglia and their relevance for brain function". Physiology & Behavior. 92 (1–2): 210–7. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.034. PMID 17572452.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Schiffmann SN, Fisone G, Moresco R, Cunha RA, Ferré S (2007). "Adenosine A2A receptors and basal ganglia physiology". Progress in Neurobiology. 83 (5): 277–92. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.05.001. PMC 2148496. PMID 17646043.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Peart JN, Headrick JP (2007). "Adenosinergic cardioprotection: multiple receptors, multiple pathways". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 114 (2): 208–21. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.004. PMID 17408751.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Cohen MV, Downey JM (2008). "Adenosine: trigger and mediator of cardioprotection". Basic Research in Cardiology. 103 (3): 203–15. doi:10.1007/s00395-007-0687-7. PMID 17999026.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Osadchii OE (2007). "Myocardial phosphodiesterases and regulation of cardiac contractility in health and cardiac disease". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 21 (3): 171–94. doi:10.1007/s10557-007-6014-6. PMID 17373584.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Gessi S, Borea PA (2008). "Adenosine receptor antagonists: translating medicinal chemistry and pharmacology into clinical utility". Chemical Reviews. 108 (1): 238–63. doi:10.1021/cr0682195. PMID 18181659.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cristalli G, Lambertucci C, Marucci G, Volpini R, Dal Ben D (2008). "A2A adenosine receptor and its modulators: overview on a druggable GPCR and on structure-activity relationship analysis and binding requirements of agonists and antagonists". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 14 (15): 1525–52. PMID 18537675.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is:senselab
- ^ "Entrez Gene: ADORA2A adenosine A2A receptor".
- ^ a b Jacobson KA, Gao ZG (2006). "Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets". Nature reviews. Drug discovery. 5 (3): 247–64. doi:10.1038/nrd1983. PMID 16518376.
External links
- "Adenosine Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Adenosine+Receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)