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| similar_dish = [[Doner kebab]], [[al pastor]], [[gyros]]
| similar_dish = [[Doner kebab]], [[al pastor]], [[gyros]]
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}}
'''Shawarma''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|w|ɑːr|m|ə}}; {{lang-ar|شاورما}}) is a popular [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]] dish that originated in the [[Ottoman Empire]],<ref name="Marks 2010" /><ref name="Prichep 2015" /><ref name="Salloum 2012" /><ref name="Mattar2004">{{cite book|author=Philip Mattar|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqgUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Shawarma+is+a+popular+Levantine+Arab+specialty.%22|year=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=978-0-02-865771-4|pages=840}}</ref> consisting of meat cut into thin slices, stacked in a cone-like shape, and roasted on a slowly-turning [[Rotisserie#Vertical rotisserie|vertical rotisserie or spit]]. Traditionally made with lamb or mutton, it may also be made with chicken, turkey, beef, or veal.<ref name="Albala 2011">{{cite book|editor-first=Ken|editor-last=Albala|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&q=shawarma|pages=197, 225, 250, 260–261, 269|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|date=2011 |isbn=9780313376269|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Davidson 2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|last=Davidson|first=Alan|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=9780191040726|editor-last=Jaine|editor-first=Tom|series=Oxford Companions|location=Oxford|pages=259|oclc=1119636257|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Marks 2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&pg=PT1682|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|last=Marks|first=Gil|publisher=Wiley|year=2010|isbn=9780544186316|location=Hoboken, N.J.|oclc=849738985|via=Google Books}}</ref> Thin slices are shaved off the cooked surface as it continuously rotates.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqgUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Shawarma+is+a+popular+Levantine+Arab+specialty.%22|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K|last=Mattar|first=Philip|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference|year=2004|isbn=9780028657714|edition=Hardcover|series=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa|volume=2|pages=840|oclc=469317304|quote=''Shawarma is a popular Levantine Arab specialty.''}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ier6CmQ-e-kC&q=Shawarma+arab&pg=PA115|title=Around the World of Food: Adventures in Culinary History|last=La Boone, III|first=John A.|publisher=iUniverse, Inc|year=2006|isbn=0595389686|edition=Paperback|page=115|oclc=70144831|quote=''Shawarma - An Arab sandwich similar to the gyro.''}}</ref> Shawarma is a popular street food in the greater [[Middle East]], including [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]], [[Levant|the Levant]], and as well in the [[Caucasus]], [[India]] and [[Russia]].<ref name="Street Food">{{Cite book|title=Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|last1=Kraig|first1=Bruce|last2=Sen|first2=Colleen Taylor|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2013|isbn=978-1598849554|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=xxv, 18–19, 127–129, 339|oclc=864676073}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
'''Shawarma''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|w|ɑːr|m|ə}}; {{lang-ar|شاورما}}) is a popular [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]] dish that originated in the [[Ottoman Empire]],<ref name="Marks 2010" /><ref name="Prichep 2015" /><ref name="Salloum 2012" /><ref name="Mattar2004">{{cite book|author=Philip Mattar|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqgUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Shawarma+is+a+popular+Levantine+Arab+specialty.%22|year=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=978-0-02-865771-4|pages=840}}</ref> consisting of meat cut into thin slices, stacked in a cone-like shape, and roasted on a slowly-turning [[Rotisserie#Vertical rotisserie|vertical rotisserie or spit]]. Traditionally made with lamb or mutton, it may also be made with chicken, turkey, beef, or veal.<ref name="Albala 2011">{{cite book|editor-first=Ken|editor-last=Albala|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&q=shawarma|pages=197, 225, 250, 260–261, 269|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|date=2011 |isbn=9780313376269|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Davidson 2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|last=Davidson|first=Alan|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=9780191040726|editor-last=Jaine|editor-first=Tom|series=Oxford Companions|location=Oxford|pages=259|oclc=1119636257|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Marks 2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&pg=PT1682|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|last=Marks|first=Gil|publisher=Wiley|year=2010|isbn=9780544186316|location=Hoboken, N.J.|oclc=849738985|via=Google Books}}</ref> Thin slices are shaved off the cooked surface as it continuously rotates.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqgUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Shawarma+is+a+popular+Levantine+Arab+specialty.%22|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K|last=Mattar|first=Philip|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference|year=2004|isbn=9780028657714|edition=Hardcover|series=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East &India North Africa|volume=2|pages=840|oclc=469317304|quote=''Shawarma is a popular Levantine Arab specialty.''}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ier6CmQ-e-kC&q=Shawarma+arab&pg=PA115|title=Around the World of Food: Adventures in Culinary History|last=La Boone, III|first=John A.|publisher=iUniverse, Inc|year=2006|isbn=0595389686|edition=Paperback|page=115|oclc=70144831|quote=''Shawarma - An Arab sandwich similar to the gyro.''}}</ref> Shawarma is a popular street food in the greater [[Middle East]], including [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]], [[Levant|the Levant]], and as well in the [[Caucasus]], [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Russia]].<ref name="Street Food">{{Cite book|title=Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|last1=Kraig|first1=Bruce|last2=Sen|first2=Colleen Taylor|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2013|isbn=978-1598849554|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=xxv, 18–19, 127–129, 339|oclc=864676073}}</ref><ref name=":0" />


==Etymology==
==Etymology==

Revision as of 23:12, 11 August 2022

Shawarma
A shawarma
Alternative nameschawarma, shaurma, showarma,[1] other variations
TypeMeat
Place of originOttoman Empire[1][2][3]
Associated cuisineTurkey, Levant, Middle East
Serving temperatureHot
Main ingredientsMeat: lamb, chicken, turkey, beef
Sandwich: Shawarma meat, pita or wrap bread, chopped or shredded vegetables, pickles and assorted condiments
Similar dishesDoner kebab, al pastor, gyros

Shawarma (/ʃəˈwɑːrmə/; Arabic: شاورما) is a popular Middle Eastern dish that originated in the Ottoman Empire,[1][2][3][4] consisting of meat cut into thin slices, stacked in a cone-like shape, and roasted on a slowly-turning vertical rotisserie or spit. Traditionally made with lamb or mutton, it may also be made with chicken, turkey, beef, or veal.[5][6][1] Thin slices are shaved off the cooked surface as it continuously rotates.[7][8] Shawarma is a popular street food in the greater Middle East, including Egypt, Iraq, the Levant, and as well in the Caucasus, Indian subcontinent and Russia.[9][10]

Etymology

Shawarma is an Arabic rendering of Turkish çevirme [tʃeviɾˈme] 'turning', referring to the turning rotisserie.[10]

History

Shawarma in Lebanon, 1950

Although the roasting of meat on horizontal spits has an ancient history, the shawarma technique—grilling a vertical stack of meat slices and cutting it off as it cooks—first appeared in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire, in what is now Turkey, in the form of doner kebab.[1][11][12] Both the Greek gyros and shawarma are derived from this.[1][2][13] Shawarma, in turn, led to the development during the early 20th century of the contemporary Mexican dish tacos al pastor when it was brought there by Lebanese immigrants.[2][14]

Preparations

Shawarma is prepared from thin cuts of seasoned and marinated lamb, mutton, veal, beef, chicken, or turkey. The slices are stacked on a skewer about 60 cm (20 in) high. Pieces of fat may be added to the stack to provide extra juiciness and flavor. A motorized spit slowly turns the stack of meat in front of an electric or gas-fired heating element, continuously roasting the outer layer. Shavings are cut off the rotating stack for serving, customarily with a long flat knife.[1]

Spices may include cumin, cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric and paprika, and in some areas baharat.[14][3] Shawarma is commonly served as a sandwich or wrap, in a flatbread such as pita or laffa.[1][15] In the Middle East, chicken shawarma is typically served with garlic sauce, fries, and pickles. the garlic sauce that is served with the sandwich depends on the meat. Toum or Toumie sauce is made from garlic, vegetable oil, lemon, and egg white or starch, and is usually served with chicken shawarma. Tarator sauce is made from garlic, tahini sauce, lemon, and water, and is served with beef shawarma.

In Israel, most shawarma is made with dark meat turkey and is commonly served with tahini sauce because serving yogurt sauce with meat would violate the Jewish dietary restriction of not eating milk and meat together.[14] It is often garnished with diced tomatoes, cucumbers, and onions, pickled vegetables, hummus, tahini sauce or amba mango sauce.[1] Some restaurants may offer additional toppings like grilled peppers, eggplant or french fries.[16]

  • Shawarma in a pita
    Shawarma in a pita
  • Shawarma in "cheese" (top) and "regular" (bottom) lavash
    Shawarma in "cheese" (top) and "regular" (bottom) lavash
  • Mixed shawarma
    Mixed shawarma
  • Slicing and preparation
    Slicing and preparation
  • Shawarma on a plate
    Shawarma on a plate

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Marks, Gil (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9780544186316. OCLC 849738985 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b c d Prichep, Deena; Estrin, Daniel (2015-05-07). "Thank the Ottoman Empire for the taco al pastor". PRI. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Salloum, Habeeb; Lim, Suan L. (2010). The Arabian Nights Cookbook: From Lamb Kebabs to Baba Ghanouj, Delicious Homestyle Arabian Cooking. Tokyo: Tuttle Pub. p. 66. ISBN 9781462905249. OCLC 782879761.
  4. ^ Philip Mattar (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 840. ISBN 978-0-02-865771-4.
  5. ^ Albala, Ken, ed. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 197, 225, 250, 260–261, 269. ISBN 9780313376269 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Davidson, Alan (2014). Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780191040726. OCLC 1119636257 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East &India North Africa. Vol. 2 (Hardcover ed.). Macmillan Library Reference. p. 840. ISBN 9780028657714. OCLC 469317304. Shawarma is a popular Levantine Arab specialty.
  8. ^ La Boone, III, John A. (2006). Around the World of Food: Adventures in Culinary History (Paperback ed.). iUniverse, Inc. p. 115. ISBN 0595389686. OCLC 70144831. Shawarma - An Arab sandwich similar to the gyro.
  9. ^ Kraig, Bruce; Sen, Colleen Taylor (2013). Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. xxv, 18–19, 127–129, 339. ISBN 978-1598849554. OCLC 864676073.
  10. ^ a b Al Khan, Mohammed N. (31 July 2009). "Shawarma: the Arabic fast food". Gulf News.
  11. ^ Eberhard Seidel-Pielen (May 10, 1996). "Döner-Fieber sogar in Hoyerswerda" [Doner fever even in Hoyerswerda]. ZEIT ONLINE (in German). Retrieved May 6, 2016. Neither in the written recipes of the medieval Arab cuisine nor in the Turkish cookbooks from the first half of the 19th century are there any indications. According to research carried out by the Turkish master chef Rennan Yaman, who lives in Berlin, the doner kebab is an amazingly young creation of Ottoman cuisine. (Quote translated from the German)
  12. ^ Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè, eds. (2000). The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 1147. ISBN 9780521402156 – via Google Books. Bursa is the town that gave birth to the world-famous doner kebab, meat roasted on a vertical revolving spit.
  13. ^ Kremezi, Aglaia (2010). "What's in the Name of a Dish?". In Hosking, Richard (ed.). Food and Language: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009. Vol. 28. Totnes: Prospect Books. pp. 203–204. ISBN 9781903018798. OCLC 624419365.
  14. ^ a b c Guttman, Vered (2017-05-01). "How to Make Shawarma Like an Israeli". Haaretz.
  15. ^ Al-Masri, Mohammad. Colloquial Arabic (Levantine): The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge.
  16. ^ Laor, Eran (2019-01-10). "Shawarma, the Iconic Israeli Street Food, Is Slowly Making a Comeback in Tel Aviv". Haaretz.
  • Media related to Shawarma at Wikimedia Commons
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