Jump to content

Citizenship Amendment Act protests

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Tariquehasan17 (talk | contribs) at 14:43, 14 January 2020 (→Reactions: change in title). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Citizenship Amendment Act
Part of the Protests of 2019
Jamia Milia Islamia students protesting, protests in Guwahati, Meghalaya, Kerela and Shaheen Bagh (New Delhi), protesters stopping traffic.
Date4 December 2019 (2019-12-04) – present
Location
India
Caused by
Goals
MethodsProtesters: Civil disobedience, demonstrations, Dharna, Gherao, hunger strikes, Satyagraha, Hartal, vandalism, arsons, stone pelting, hashtag activism, general strike (Bandh)
Government: Mass Shooting by police, Riot police, stone pelting, vandalism, lathi charge, Mass arrest, Internet shutdown, curfew, transport restrictions, water cannon, imposing ban on assembly (Section 144)
StatusOngoing
Parties
  • Multiple groups of citizens throughout India

Students Organisations

Other Organisations

Supported by:

Lead figures
Casualties
Death(s)27[50](including 3 minors)[51][52]
Injuries175[53] (reported as of 16 December)
Arrested3000+[54] (reported as of 17 December)

The Citizenship Amendment Act protests, also known as the CAA and NRC protests, the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill and National Register of Citizens protests, or the CAB and NRC protests, are a series of ongoing protests in India, against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), which was enacted into law on 12 December 2019, and against proposals to enact a nationwide National Register of Citizens (NRC).[55] The protests began in Assam,[56] Delhi,[57] Meghalaya,[58] Arunachal Pradesh, and Tripura on 4 December 2019.[36] In a few days, the protests spread across India, though the concerns of the protesters vary.[3][59]

The Amendment benefits Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist, Christian and Parsi refugees[60] from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh who sought refuge in India before 2015; the Amendment leaves out Muslims and others from these countries, as well as Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka, Rohingyas from Myanmar, and Buddhist refugees from Tibet.[61][62] The proposed National Register of Citizens (NRC) will be an official record of all legal citizens of India where individuals would have to provide a prescribed set of documents issued before a specified cutoff date for inclusion in the register. The exercise of the NRC has already been carried out in the state of Assam.[63] Those who fail to qualify for the NRC will be able to avail the benefits of the CAA if they claim to be religious minorities fleeing persecution from the listed countries.[64]

Protesters in Assam and other northeastern states do not want Indian citizenship to be granted to any refugee or immigrant, regardless of their religion, as they fear it would alter the region's demographic balance, resulting in a loss of their political rights, culture, and land.[65][66][67] They are concerned that it will motivate further migration from Bangladesh as well as violate the Assam Accord, which was a prior agreement reached with the central government on migrants and refugees.[65][66][67]

In other parts of India, protesters see the new law as discriminating against Muslims and as unconstitutional; they believe the amendment should be scrapped.[68][69] They are concerned Muslim citizens of India will be targeted by officials, and many will be rendered stateless by the CAA in combination with the proposed nationwide NRC.[70][71][72] Students have also protested against authoritarianism, the police crackdown in other universities and suppression of protests.[3][73]

The protests started in Assam on 4 December 2019, after the bill was introduced in parliament. Later on, protests erupted in Northeast India, and subsequently spread to the major cities of India. On 15 December, major protests took place near Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi and Aligarh Muslim University. As the protests spread, private and public property was burnt and destroyed by mobs, and some railway stations were vandalized.[74][75][76] Police forcibly entered the campus of Jamia, used batons and tear gas on the students, and more than 200 students were injured and around 100 were detained overnight in the police station. The police action was widely criticized and resulted in students across the country protesting in solidarity.[77][78]

The protests have resulted in thousands of arrests and 27 deaths as of 27 December 2019.[79][80][50] Two 17-year old minors were among those reported to have been killed due to police firing live ammunition on protesters in Assam.[81] On 19 December, the police issued a complete ban on protests in several parts of India. As a result of defying the ban, thousands of protesters were detained. So far, at least eight states have announced that they will not implement the Act or the National Register of Citizens (NRC). While one state and two union territories[82] have refused to implement the CAA, three other states[83][84] have only declined the implementation of the NRC. However the Union Home Ministry said that states lack the legal power to stop the implementation of Citizenship Amendment Act.

Background

A child taking part in an anti-CAB NRC protest with Jamia Millia Islamia students and locals.

Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019

The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA) is an act, passed by the Parliament of India, which amends the Citizenship Act of 1955 to grant a swifter path to Indian citizenship under the assumption of religious persecution to any individual belonging to the specific minorities of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who entered India on or before 31 December 2014.[85] However, the Act does not mention Muslims and does not offer the same eligibility benefits to Muslim immigrants or immigrants belonging to other religions. The Act also does not mention any benefits for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees who are living in India, having fled persecution during the Sri Lankan Civil War.[86][87]

The Amendment only benefits Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist, Christian and Parsi refugees from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh who sought refuge in India before 2015,[88] but leaves out Muslims and others from these countries, and refugees from other countries, who will remain illegal foreigners.[89][90] Among the excluded refugees are Tamil Hindu refugees from Sri Lanka, Rohingya Muslim and Hindu refugees from Myanmar, and Buddhist refugees from Tibet.[91]

The Act also seeks to relax the requirement of residence in India for citizenship by naturalization from 11 years to 5 years for migrants covered under the Act.[92][93][94] According to the Intelligence Bureau, the immediate beneficiaries of the new law will be 25,447 Hindus, 5,807 Sikhs, 55 Christians, 2 Buddhists and 2 Parsis.[95]

Response

The passage of the Act sparked massive protests in India.[93] Protesters in Assam and other northeastern states oppose the grant of Indian citizenship to any refugee or immigrant, regardless of their religion, because they fear it would alter the region's demographic balance. They have campaigned since the 1970s against all refugees, and they fear that the new law will cause a loss of their political rights, culture and land.[65][66][67] They are also concerned that it will trigger more migration from Bangladesh as well as violate the Assam Accord, which was a prior agreement reached with the central government on migrants and refugees.[65][66][67] After the act was passed, protests in the northeastern region turned violent. Authorities had arrested over 3000 protesters as of 17 December 2019,[54] and some news outlets have described these protests as riots.[96] Protesters say that the Act violates Clause 5 and Clause 6 of the 1985 Assam Accord.[97]

Critics have stated that the Amended Act is unconstitutional.[98][99][100] The major opposition political parties state that it violates Constitution's Article 14, one that guarantees equality to all. They allege that the new law seeks to make Muslims second-class citizens of India, while preferential treating non-Muslims in India.[101]

Critics of the Act have stated that due to the National Register of Citizens (NRC), Muslims could be made stateless, while the Citizenship Amendment Act would be able to shield people with Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian identity as a means of providing them with Indian citizenship even if they failed to prove that they were citizens of India under the stringent requirements of the NRC. Some critics allege that it is a deliberate attempt at disenfranchising and segregating Muslims in line with the ethnonationalist Hindutva ideology of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).[102][61][103] The home minister Amit Shah had previously set a deadline for the implementation of a countrywide NRC by stating that the register would be rolled out before the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.[104]

The Act was criticized by various NGOs, students bodies and liberal, progressive, and socialist organizations across the country, with the Indian National Congress and other major political parties announcing their staunch opposition. Protests led by these groups are concerned that the new law discriminates against Muslims, and believe that Indian citizenship should also be granted to Muslim refugees and immigrants. The states of Rajasthan, West Bengal, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand[105] and Chhattisgarh – all ruled by non-BJP political parties – have announced that they will not implement either the National Register of Citizens (NRC) or the Citizenship Amendment Act. The states of Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha have however refused to only implement the NRC, while the state of Punjab and the union territories of Delhi and Puducherry have refused to implement the Act while only expressing disapproval of the NRC.[106][107][108]

The states of West Bengal and Kerala have also put a hold on all activities relating to the preparation and update of the National Population Register which is necessary for the Census as well as the implementation of the National Register of Citizens.[109] Although some of the states have opposed the Act, the Union Home Ministry clarified that states lack the legal power to stop the implementation of CAA. The Ministry stated that "The new legislation has been enacted under the Union List of the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. The states have no power to reject it."[110] The Indian Union Muslim League and various other bodies have also petitioned the Supreme Court of India to strike down the Act as illegal and unconstitutional.[111]

Timeline of the protests

  • 4 December
  • The Union Cabinet clears the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 for introduction in the parliament.[112]
  • After the bill is cleared, violent protests erupt in Assam, especially in Guwahati, and other areas in the state.[113]
  • In Dispur, several thousands of protesters break down police barricades to protest in front of the Assam Legislative Assembly building.[114][115]
  • Demonstrations are held in Agartala.[116] Six people died and fifty people injured in the protests against the Act.[117][118]
  • 9 December
  • 10 December
  • The Bill is passed with 311 members voting in favour and 80 against the Bill.[120][121]
  • 11 December
  • 12 December
  • After receiving assent from the President of India, the bill assumes the status of an act.[123] The act would come into force on 10 January, chosen by the Government of India, and would be notified as such.[124][125]
  • Dipanjal Das and Sam Stafford die due to police firing during a protest in Guwahati.[126]
  • Akhil Gogoi is taken in preventive custody.[127]
  • 13 December
  • The UK, USA, France, Israel and Canada issue travel warnings for people visiting India's north-east region, asking their citizens to "exercise caution".[128]
  • The Chief Ministers of the Indian states of West Bengal, Punjab, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh state that they will not implement the law.[129]
  • 14 December
  • Ishwar Nayak dies in Assam due to police firing on the protesters.[130]
  • Thousands of people protest against the law at the Jantar Mantar in New Delhi.[131][132]
  • 15 December
  • In Assam, Abdul Alim dies due to police firing.[130]
  • In Jamia Nagar, Delhi, three Delhi Transport Corporation buses are torched as protests turn violent.[133]
  • A group of artists in Guwahati stage a concert in protest against the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019.[134]
  • Police forcefully enter the campus of Jamia Milia Islamia university and detain students. According to video footage, the police used batons and tear gas on the students. More than two hundred students were injured and a hundred were detained. The police action was widely criticized, and resulted in protests across the country.[135] There are also allegations that the police attacked students who were not part of the protests.[136]
  • Protests are held outside the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University. In the evening, police officers forcefully enter the campus and attack students. At least 80 students were injured.[137][138]
  • In West Bengal, violent protests occur and five trains are set on fire by the protesters in Lalgola and Krishnapur railway stations in Murshidabad district.[139]
  • 16 December
  • 17 December
  • Violent clashes occur in Delhi's Seelampur area. Police retaliates with tear gas and batons against the stone throwing protesters. Several protesters and officers are injured. A police station is set on fire and buses are vandalized in the area.[144]
  • 18 December
  • The Supreme Court of India hears 60 petitions challenging the Act and declined to stay implementation of CAA. 22 January 2020 is set as the next date of hearing on the constitutional validity of the act.[145]
  • A statement "condemning the recent police action and brutalization of students at Jamia Millia University and Aligarh Muslim University" was signed by signatories people from more than 1,100 academic institutions across the world.[73]
  • 19 December
  • 3 protesters (2 in Mangalore and 1 in Lucknow) died in police firing.[146]
  • Various administrative authorities impose bans against public gatherings, especially in BJP ruled states such as Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and parts of Delhi, where the police comes under the BJP-ruled central government.[147][148] Access to mobile-based internet is shut down in certain places in Delhi and Bangalore.[147]
  • Internet is suspended in certain regions of Uttar Pradesh including the state capital, Lucknow where data and text services are restricted till noon of 21 December 2019. Internet services are also suspended in Sambhal, Aligarh, Mau, Ghaziabad, and Azamgarh districts.[149]
  • Protest meetings are held defying bans in Delhi's Red Fort and Bengaluru.[147] Tens of thousands of people protest in Hyderabad, Patna, Chandigarh, Mumbai and other cities. Calls are made on social media platforms asking people to turn up and protest peacefully.[150]
  • In Delhi, politicians Yogendra Yadav and Sitaram Yechury along with around 1,200 protesters are detained by the police.[147][151]
  • In Delhi, at least 700 flights are delayed and more than 20 cancelled due to traffic jams caused by police closing the roads to stop protests.[152]
  • In Bengaluru, historian Ramchandra Guha along with several other professors are detained by the police. According to the police around 200 protesters have been detained in Bengaluru.[147]
  • Curfew is imposed in Mangaluru until 20 December, after violent clashes and the death of 2 people due to police firing.[148][80] The police later allegedly forced its way into the hospital where the 2 victims were brought.[153][154]
  • UNICEF issues a statement asking the government to respect children's right of freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and protest as per the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[148]
  • In Ahmedabad, during a violent clash in the Shah-e-Alam's Roza area police uses tear gas to counter stone pelting while trying to disperse a crowd of around 2000 protesters.[155]
  • 90 protesters including 50 students of the Hyderabad university are detained by Hyderabad police.[148]
  • A crowd consisting of thousands of protesters gathers at Moulali in central Kolkata to peacefully protest against CAA and NRC.[148]
  • Protests involving 20,000 protesters conclude peacefully at the August Kranti Maidan at Mumbai.[156]
  • 20 December
  • 21 December
  • Chandrashekhar Azad is arrested along with 27 people and three FIRs were registered for certain violent incidents on 20 December at Delhi Gate and Seemapuri.[159]
  • 1100 academics and academia staff from around the world issue a joint statement supporting the Act.[160]
  • Peaceful protests are conducted in West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Maharashtra and Delhi.[159] An all-woman protest was organized across Assam.[161]
  • A spontaneous protest march, approximately 1.5 km long occurs in Kolkata.[162]
  • Clashes were reported during the protest near Chennai Central railway station.[159]
  • 1 protester dies and several are injured in clashes at multiple locations in Uttar Pradesh. Access to internet is still restricted at many places.[159]
  • In Patna and other towns of Bihar, supporters of Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) protest at bus and train stations and block roads.[159]
  • An 18-year-old protester, Amir Hanzla is beaten to death by Hindu extremists for his role in the protests.[163][164]
  • 22 December
  • Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Ashok Gehlot holds a protest march termed the "Samvidhan Bachao rally" which was attended by around 300,000 people.[165]
  • The Karnataka government announces an ex-gratia compensation of ₹10 lakh (US$12,000) each to the families of the two men killed in violent protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act in Mangaluru on 19 December.[166] However, the compensation was withheld on 26 December, impending an enquiry on the killed men.[167]
  • The UP government creates a panel to assess the damage to the property and to recover the losses by seizing the property of the alleged protesters.[168]
  • 23 December
  • Protests involving 80,000 protesters conclude peacefully in Bangalore.[169]
  • Dibrugarh police arrests 55 people for involvement in acts of violence in the district during protests against the Amendment.[170]
  • Unidentified people assault three migrant labourers from West Bengal for allegedly taking part in anti-CAA protests.[171]
  • An FIR is registered against AAP MLA Amanatullah Khan over charges of "sharing an objectionable post" on the social media against the Amendment.[172]
  • 31 people are arrested for violence during an anti-CAA protest in Rampur, Uttar Pradesh.[173]
  • 24 December
  • Despite widespread ongoing protests the central government approves the updation of the National Population Register (NPR) and allocates ₹3,941.35 crore (US$470 million) for it.[174]
  • A German exchange student at IIT Madras is deported by the Indian authorities for participating in the CAA protests.[175][176]
  • Reports of police vandalising homes, shops and cars and accusing, and arresting protesters of taking part in vandalism emerge from various parts of the state of Uttar Pradesh.[177][178][179]
  • 1,000-1,200 protesters are booked for organising a candle march inside Aligarh Muslim University for violating section 144.[180]
  • 26 December
  • In Sambhal, UP, the government sends notices to 26 people for their alleged involvement in damaging properties during protests and asked them to explain their position or pay for the loss due to damage of property. The losses to the property are assessed to be ₹11.66 lakh (US$14,000).[181]
  • 27 December
  • 357 people including 75 women, protesting against CAA and police atrocities are detained by the Delhi police near the U.P. Bhawan.[182]
  • 28 December
  • The Indian National Congress, on its foundation day, undertakes a flag march in Mumbai and coins the slogan "Save Bharat-Save Constitution".[183] Similar marches are held in many parts of the country.[184]
  • In Meerut, U.P. government demands ₹25,000 (US$300) each from more than 140 people, a total of ₹40 lakh (US$48,000) as penalty for damages caused during the protest on 20 December.[185]
  • 29 December
  • Shaheen Bagh protest, which started on 15 December and participated mainly by house wives and old women with their children,[186][187][188] gathered main stream media attention on 29 December. Despite Delhi experiencing the second coldest night in the last 100 years[189][190] the women protesters sit on an indefinite protest at Shahinbagh, .[191][192][193]
Shaheen Bagh protests on 4 January 2020. Protesters are still gathered blocking a major New Delhi road for over three weeks.[194] (Bottom) Huge anti-CAA NRC banners across a footbridge at Shaheen Bagh.
  • 30 December
  • Delhi Police arrests street vendors, accusing them of of stone pelting and inciting violence during the Jamia Milia Islamia attacks.[197][198]
  • 31 December
  • 1 January
  • About 50,000-170,000[206] people participate in an anti-CAA rally organized by Muslim organizations[207] in Kochi.[208][209] The unusually large size of the protest causes a complete standstill of traffic throughout the city.[210]
  • 3 January
  • UP Police admits that it had wrongfully accused and arrested poor innocent people; and releases four minors from jail due to lack of evidence.[211][212]
  • 4 January
  • More than 100,000 protesters attend a protest march named "Million March" against the Citizenship Amendment Bill held in Hyderabad.[213]
  • In Bangalore hundreds of protesters participate in a rally and accuse Modi government of attempts to divide India on the basis of religion, and distracting people from the issues of economic slowdown and job losses in the country.[213]
  • 5 January
  • 8 January
  • PM Modi, cancels his visit to Assam, while the CAA protests continue. AASU had planned huge protests during Modi's visit.[216][217]
  • Thousands of people join the anti CAA protests at Dibrugarh, Guwahati and other parts of Assam.[218][219]
  • 9 January
  • Students of JNU tried to march towards Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India while blocking the Janpath. Police detained around 100 students when the march was blocking the Janpath.[220]
  • The Chief Justice of India (CJI) during a petition hearing, explained the lawyer who had filed the petition, "Country is going through difficult times. Endeavour should be for peace. Such petitions don’t help". The petition wanted the court to declare the CAA constitutionally valid and sought legal action against whoever protesting against the Act. He also explained the petitioner, "[...]There is anyway a presumption of constitutionality. You have been a student of law, you would know[...]”.[221]
  • Asom Jatiyatabadi Yuba Chatra Parishad (AJYCP) along with All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), the Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) along with 30 other organisations and artist communities organised protests against CAA in Guwahati. They demanded "corruption-free, foreigner-free, terrorism-free and pollution-free Assam" from the Chief Minister of Assam, Sarbananda Sonowal rather then implementation CAA-NRC.[218]
  • 10 January
  • 11 January
  • PM Modi visited Kolkata on a two day official visit. Hundreds of people protested against CAA at the Kolkata airport.[223]
  • Several parties and student unions launched a protest at the Dorina Crossing at Esplanade in Kolkata. SFI leader stated that the protests would continue till Sunday, until PM Modi (who had been visiting the city) was in Kolkata.[224]
  • A "Tiranga Rally" against the CAA was held in Hyderabad, with thousands[225] of people displaying the national flag.[226] Police officers were seen caning peaceful protesters.[227]
  • Pradyot Manikya Debbarma, the royal scion, led the largest protest in Tripura so far consisting of thousands of people.[228] Debbarma stated that beneficiaries of CAA will not be allowed to settle in Tripura. He added that the state has already accommodated many migrants from East Pakistan and further immigration due to CAA will endanger the threatened indigenous residents of Tripura.[228]
  • 12 January
  • In Kolkata, the protesters outside the venue of PM Modi's speech were detained by the police.[229]
  • Thousands of people join the anti CAA protests at Jogeshwari in Mumbai. Slogans such as "I Am From Gujarat, My Documents Burned in 2002", "No CAA, Boycott NRC, Stop Dividing India, Don't Divide us", "Save Constitution", were displayed on the banners.[230]
  • The congress party demanded the withdrawal of CAA, and stopping of the process to update NPR. It called NPR as a 'disguised NRC'.[230]
  • 13 January
  • Parliamentary panel on Home Affairs criticized the Delhi Police for the violent crackdown on Jamia and JNU and asked them not to be harsh.[231]
  • A meeting of 20 opposition parties in Delhi released a statement demanding a revocation of the CAA and asked all the Chief Ministers who have refused to implement the NRC in their states to stop the work of updating the National Population Register, as it is the foundation of NRC.[232][230]
  • At Jamia Millia Islamia, several student groups protested outside the office of Vice-Chancellor Najma Akhtar asking to reschedule the exam dates, filing a case against Delhi Police and ensuring the safety of students. The VC announced in the afternoon, that a case will be filed against police on 14 January.[230]

Protests

After the bill was approved on 4 December 2019, violent protests erupted in Assam, especially in Guwahati, and other areas in the state.[233] Reactionary protests were held as well in several metropolitan cities across India, including Delhi,[234] Bangalore,[235] Ahmedabad, Hyderabad,[236] Jaipur, Kolkata and Mumbai.[237][238]

Reactionary protests were also held at universities across the country including Cotton University,[239] Gauhati University,[240] IIT Bombay,[237] Madras University,[241] Presidency University,[242] Jamia Millia Islamia,[243][244] Osmania University,[245] University of Hyderabad, University of Delhi,[246] Panjab University[247] and Aligarh Muslim University.[248] By 16 December, the protests had spread across India with demonstrations occurring in at least 17 cities including Chennai, Jaipur, Bhopal, Lucknow and Puducherry.[249][250][251]

Between 16 to 18 December, a statement of solidarity “condemning the recent police action and brutalization of students at Jamia Millia University and Aligarh Muslim University” had acquired 10,293 signatories from over 1,100 universities, colleges and academic institutions across the world. Scholars from major academic institutions in India, including JNU, Delhi University, all the Indian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, among many others had signed the solidarity statement.[73] On 16 December, professors and students of IIM-Ahmedabad were detained by police citing demonstrating protest against the Act is illegal.[252]

On 19 December police banned protests in several parts of India with the imposition of Section 144 which prohibits the gathering of more than 4 individuals in a public space as being unlawful, namely, parts of the capital New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka, including Bangalore. As Section 144 was imposed, the students of IIM-Bangalore demonstrate their protest peacefully by laying shoes and placards infront of the institute gate, which they called the Shoe Satyagraha.[253] Following IIM-Ahmedabad and Bangalore, IIM-Calcutta raised their voice peacefully in solidarity against the Act and the brutal misconduct by police against the students who were protesting all over the country.[254] Several institutes in Kozhikode including IIM-Kozhikode, NIT-Calicut, Government Medical College, Kozhikode and Farook College expressed their protest from 19 to 20 December.[255] Police in Chennai denied permission for marches, rallies or any other demonstration.[256][257] Internet services were also shutdown in some parts of Delhi. As a result of defying the ban, thousands of protesters were detained, primarily in Delhi, including several opposition leaders and activists such as Ramachandra Guha, Sitaram Yechury, Yogendra Yadav, Umar Khalid, Sandeep Dikshit, and D Raja.[258][259][260] Despite the fear of being detained, tens of thousands of people protested in Hyderabad, Patna, Chandigarh, Mumbai and other cities. Civil society groups, political parties, students, activists and ordinary citizens used social medial platforms to ask people to turn up and protest peacefully.[150] The protests involving 20,000 protesters concluded peacefully at the August Kranti Maidan at Mumbai.[156]

Assam

Protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 had been started by students of Cotton University a few days before the controversial bill was produced on the floor of the Lok Sabha. On 29 November, the students staged a silent protest outside the university campus.[261][262] After the bill was cleared on 4 December 2019, violent protests erupted in Assam, especially in Guwahati, and other areas in the state.[113] Reuters reported that the protests in the state were the most violent in the recent days, and added that at least two people were killed till 16 December. Buildings and railway stations were set on fire.

The Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 made 2014 as the cut-off date to determine illegal foreigners but according to people opposing the act, Assam bore the brunt of immigrants from 1951 to 1971, while other states did not.[263][264][265] The protesters were angry that the new law would allow thousands of Bengali speaking non-muslim immigrants from Bangladesh to become legal citizens of India,[135][111] thereby influencing the political and cultural environment of Assam.[266] Thousands of members and workers of All Assam Students Union (AASU) and 30 other indigenous organizations, artists, cultural activists of the state had gathered at Latasil ground in the capital city of Assam to stage Satyagraha against the Act on 16, 17 and 18 December.[267][142] Assam police subsequently detained the general secretary, the adviser to the AASU and over 2,000 protesters in Guwahati during a protest rally on 18 December.[268][269]

On 12 December, security personnel, including CRPF jawans with batons and shields barged into the office of a private TV channel of Assam, Prag News in Guwahati and attacked its staffers with batons during protests against the amended Citizenship Act.[270] On 20 December, Assamese language newspapers reported about violent incidents occurring during the protests across the state. Use of excessive force by the police was also reported. [271] In Dibrugarh, the All Assam Student's Union members vandalised the district office of the Asom Gana Parishad which had voted in favor of the act as part of the ruling Coalition.[272][273]

Peasant leader, Akhil Gogoi, was arrested in Jorhat on 12 December as a preventive measure by authorities to prevent him from organizing any protests. A special court of National Investigation Agency (NIA) in Guwahati on Tuesday charged him under sedition for "maoist links" and sent him to 10-day NIA custody. The Assam Human Rights Commission has decided to take suo moto cognizance of reports of alleged torture upon Akhil Gogoi.[274][275] According to the Assam government, people have been arrested by the Assam Police for their alleged involvement in the violent incidents during the anti-CAA protests across the state, as of 17 December.[127][276]

In Dispur, several thousands of protesters broke down police barricades to protest in front of the Assam Legislative Assembly building.[277][278] Demonstrations were also held in Agartala.[279] On 15 December 2019, a concert was staged by artistes of Assam as a protest against the CAA. The concert was themed as 'No CAA, Concert for peace and harmony'. Along with music, paintings were also demonstrated in the event.[280][281]

Access to the internet was restricted in Assam by the administrative authorities.[79] A curfew was also declared in Assam and Tripura due to the protests,[111] leading to army deployment as protesters defied the curfews. Railway services were suspended and some airlines started to waive rescheduling or cancellation fees in those areas.[65] Officials reported that at least four people died after clashes with police in Guwahati, Assam.[282][65] Dipanjal Das and Sam Stafford died due to police firing on 12 December.[126][283] On 15 December, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital official stated that Ishwar Nayak died on the night of 14 December and Abdul Alim died on 15 December morning. Both of them had been admitted to the hospital after suffering gunshot wounds.[130] As of 15 December, it was reported that at least 6 people had died due to police firing during the protests.[284] After ten days of restriction, mobile internet services in the state was restored from 20 December although the Gauhati High Court had ordered the government of Assam to restore the service by 5 pm on 19 December.[285] By 22 December, the number of arrested people rose to 393 with 28 cases being registered for making offensive and provocative posts on social media.[286][286]

On 21 December, an all-woman protest was demonstrated across Assam.[161] Senior citizens across the state staged protests against the Citizenship Act on 23 December.[287] At Chowkidinghee playground, Dibrugarh, 24 December saw one of the largest mass gatherings of CAA protests in Assam organised by All Assam Students' Union.[288]

On 8 January, PM Modi, had to cancel his visit to Assam, while the CAA protests continue in the state. AASU had planned huge protests during Modi's visit.[216][217] Thousands of people joined the anti CAA protests at Dibrugarh, Guwahati and other parts of Assam.[218] The protesters dressed up in traditional dress of the region and sang devotional songs during the protest. The protesters also demanded the release of Akhil Gogoi and called the Modi government, a dictatorship.[219] On 9 January, Musical protests against CAA were planned at Gauhati Club in Assam by AASU, along with 30 other organisations and artist communities.[218]

Tripura

Several protests marches with thousands of protesters were held in Tripura. On 12 December BBC reported that army was deployed in the state of Tripura and around 1800 people were arrested.[65] On 11 December, Pradyot Manikya Debbarma, the royal scion, led the largest protest in Tripura so far consisting of thousands of people.[228] Debbarma stated that beneficiaries of CAA will not be allowed to settle in Tripura. He added that the state has already accommodated many migrants from East Pakistan and further immigration due to CAA will endanger the threatened indigenous residents of Tripura.[228]

Crackdown on Universities

Jamia Millia Islamia

On 13 December 2019, the students of Jamia Millia Islamia University undertook a march to the Parliament protesting against the CAA. They were prevented from going ahead by the police who used batons and tear gas to disperse the protesters leading to clashes with them. Fifty students were detained by the police after the clash. According to the students, police attacked the peaceful protestors with stones and sticks, in which several students were injured. The students then retaliated with the stones and clash ensued. Police denied the allegations claiming that after the protestors were prevented from taking their march onwards they attacked the policemen with stones first. Police then used tear gas to disperse them.[289] On the morning of 15 December 2019, more than two thousand students of Jamia joined the protests against CAA in Delhi.[290] Jamia Millia Student Body and Jamia Millia Islamia Teacher’s Association (JTA) condemned the violence that happened on the same day in Delhi and stated that no student or teacher was involved in the violence.[130]

At 6:46 pm on 15 December 2019, hundreds of police officers forcefully entered the campus of Jamia, without the permission of college authority.[130] The police used batons and tear gas on the protesting students.[251] Nearly a hundred students were detained by the Delhi police and released at 3:30 am next morning.[291] The visuals of students being dragged and assaulted by the police was telecast by news channels. Students from all across Delhi joined the agitation.[292] About two hundred people were injured[251] and were admitted to AIIMS and the Holy Family Hospital.[293]

Anti-CAA Banner demonstrated at Cultural Protest organised by Artistes of Assam at AEI ground, Chandmari, Guwahati.

On 16 December 2019, two students of Jamia were admitted to the Safdarjung Hospital with bullet injuries received during the protests on 15 December.[251] One of the victims, M. Tamin stated that he was not participating in the protest and was passing through the area on a motorcycle, when police suddenly started caning the protesters and he was shot in the leg by police from point blank range.[294] The doctors treating him stated that the wounds were gunshot wounds.[295][296] The police stated that they were investigating the allegations of gunshot.[293] The vice chancellor stated that they will file a court case against the police, demanding an investigation on how police entered the university premises and assaulted the students.[59][135]

The university has been shut until 5 January 2020 and the residents were asked to leave the campus.[297]

Response

The police violence was heavily criticized by filmmaker Anurag Kashyap, actor John Cusack and Rajkummar Rao condemned the police violence, with Cusack referring it to fascism and Kashyap calling the government to be "clearly fascist".[298][299] Actor Swara Bhaskar, praised the students protests for raising their voice against communalism and called the police action as dictatorial, brutal, shocking and shameful. She also questioned if it was the police and not the protesters who vandalized the property in Delhi and Aligarh.[300]

Amnesty International India criticized the police for the violence against the students of Jamia and Aligarh University and stated that the allegations of police brutality and sexual harassment against the students should be investigated and culprits be punished. Defending the right of the students to protest, its director stated that the arrest of protesters violate India's obligations under the Article 19 and Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to respect and protect the right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.[297]

No to police brutality graffiti on a metro wall in New Delhi

In response to the police crackdown in Jamia Millia Islamia University and Aligarh Muslim University, protests were also joined by the students of the educational institutions of IIT Kanpur, IIT Madras, Jadavpur University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, IISc, Pondicherry University, IIM Ahmedabad,[301] as well as organisations such as Pinjra Tod and the Students' Federation of India.[302] The students of Jadavpur University, West Bengal, called a protest gathering on 16 December, to "condemn the brutal state terror on the students of Jamia Millia Islamia University".[303] At the event of IIT Kanpur, communal slogans were also raised by the protesters.[304]

A placard on the 23rd day of protests at Shaheen Bagh; in solidarity with AMU JMI JNU, 8 January 2020 in New Delhi .
Aftermath

On 17 December, police arrested ten people (some of them having criminal history) in the case of the violent clashes in Jamia. None of the arrested were students of Jamia.[305] On 13 January, several student groups protested outside the office of Vice-Chancellor asking to reschedule the exam dates, filing a case against Delhi Police and ensuring the safety of students. The VC announced in the afternoon, that a case will be filed against police on 14 January.[230]

Aligarh Muslim University

On 15 December, protests against CAA were held outside the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University. On the evening of 15 December, police officers forcefully entered the campus of the University and assaulted the students. At least 60 students were injured including the president of the students Union. The access to the internet was restricted in the area by the district administration. The university was closed from 15 December till 5 January 2020.[137] A report by three activist-lawyers alleged that the police had resorted to “deceptive shelling”, firing explosives camouflaged as tear gas shells during the crackdown.[306] On the evening of 17 December, police released 26 people (including 8 students) on personal bonds. They had been arrested on charges of violence.[307]

On 19 December, People's Union for Democratic Rights' fact-finding team consisting of activists Yogendra Yadav, Harsh Mander and Kavita Krishnan released a report on police crackdown at the Aligarh Muslim University. The report alleged that the police had called the students as terrorists and had used religiously charged slogans such as "Jai Shri Ram". The report also accused the police of breaking the protocols of the campus. It added that no bullet injury was reported. The report was prepared after visiting the campus, based on the video and audio clips of the incident, statements of the injured students and witnesses. [308]

After a lull of four days, on 20 December, AMU campus again witnessed protests on Saturday with hundreds of AMU non-teaching staff joining hands with AMU teachers' association, protesting against the CAA and "police atrocities" against the agitators in various parts of the state.[309] On 24 December 1000-1200 protesters were booked after organising a candle march inside Aligarh Muslim University for violating section 144.[180]

Nadwa University

On 16 December, around 300 students of Nadwa University, in Lucknow had planned a peaceful protest march against CAA and in solidarity with the students of AMU. The police prevented students from holding the march and forced them to return back into the campus premises. The police locked the gates of the campus from outside and guarded it with a heavy deployment of police to prevent the students from coming out of the campus and undertaking the planned march.[140] A clash between the police and the students locked inside the campus ensued and involved stone pelting from both sides.[310][311] The police officers were seen hitting the students with sticks as in the video footage of the incident telecast on news channels.[59][312]

Around 15 to 20 students were injured. 30 students were charged by the police for attempt to murder, rioting etc. The police accused the students of blocking the road and engaging in violence by throwing stones.[141] While the students claimed that the police had attacked the unarmed students who were holding a peaceful protest. The student stated that they were neither involved in any violence, nor did they block any roads and yet they were charged with batons. After the incident the college was shut down until 5 January, and the students were asked to leave the campus.[141]

Jawaharlal Nehru University

Main article: 2020 JNU Attack

On 5 January, at 6:30pm, a masked mob consisting of more than 60-100 people armed with rods and sticks attacked the campus of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi.[214][313] The assault and vandalism lasted for 3 hours, where the mob chanted slogans exclaiming the victims to be "naxalites" and "anti-national". The mob assaulted journalists and social activist, Yogendra Yadav in the presence of media and police, who attempted to enter the campus on receiving news of the incident.[314] The mob also punctured the tires of ambulances attending to the victims of the assault which had left more than 42 students and teachers as severely injured. Street lights were shut off by authorities during the incident. Students of the campus including the JNUSU president, Aishe Ghosh who was brutally attacked on head and was hospitalised, alleged the police of intentional inaction as police were informed before the assualt about unknown groups entering in the campus.[315][316] Around 30 students who were members of the left wing groups were injured along with 12 teachers. Visually impaired students were also not spared from assault.[317] The students and left wing organisations accused the members of the BJP's student wing, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad of orchestrating the attacks, while ABVP accused the left wing organisations.[214] Professors who tried to intervene and save the students were also attacked. The policemen inside the campus allegedly did nothing to stop the mob.[214][318] The assault was orchestrated through a Whatsapp group called "Unity against Left" which were traced through messages from members of the ABVP in the group.[319][320] Students in Mumbai, launched a protest called "Occupy Gateway" late at night to protest against the assault.[321] As a reaction to the assault, protests occurred across the country and in several cities.[322]

Delhi

File:Protests at shaheen bagh blocking a road in new delhi.jpg
A major road in New Delhi has been blocked by anti CAA protests for over three weeks. Artwork and graffiti are visible everywhere (7 January 2020).[323]

On 14 December 2019, thousands of agitators packed into Jantar Mantar Road, filling up a space estimated to be half the size of a football ground, as multiple demonstrations occurred against the CAA in Delhi.[131][132] The next day in Delhi near New Friends Colony, three Delhi Transport Corporation buses were torched.[133][130] On 16 December, Priyanka Gandhi led a silent protest at the India Gate along with about three hundred congress workers to show solidarity with the students of Jamia Millia Islamia.[39] On 17 December 2019, Delhi's Seelampur area had stone-throwing crowds face off against the police. The police retaliated with tear gas and batons, in which, according to local reports, several protesters and officers were injured. There were also reports of a police station being set on fire. According to police, buses were vandalized in the area.[144]

On 19 December 2019, the administrative authorities imposed a ban against public gatherings in parts of Delhi.[147] 20 metro stations were closed to prevent the movement for protests.[146] At least 700 flights were delayed and more than 20 cancelled due to traffic jams caused by police closing the roads to stifle protests.[152] Protest meetings were held defying the ban in Red Fort and Mandi House.[147] Access to mobile internet was restricted in certain places in Delhi.[147] Digital rights activists, who accessed and studied the order suspending internet in several areas in Delhi on 19 December, stated that it was not issued from the "right channels" and, therefore, was "illegal".[324] Politicians Yogendra Yadav, Sitaram Yechury, Nilotpal Basu, Brinda Karat, Ajay Maken, Brinda Karat, Prakash Karat, Sandeep Dikshit, Umar Khalid and D. Raja along with around 1,200 protesters were detained by the police.[147][146][325]

On 20 December 2019, two Delhi Metro stations - Jamia Millia Islamia and Jasola Vihar Shaheen Bagh were closed. Amid nationwide crackdown because of CAA, Bhim Army Chief Chandrashekhar Azad's permission for the march from Jama Masjid to Jantar Mantar had been denied by Delhi Police. In spite of the denial of permission and the imposition of Section 144, a protest march was held where Azad was able to escape after being detained by the police.[158][326] The protests were peaceful throughout the day, but in the evening a car was torched in Daryaganj after which the police attacked the protesters with water cannons and lathi charge.[327] On the aftermath, Chandrashekhar Azad accused the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh of being responsible for the violence and sought for the resignation of the Union Home Minister, Amit Shah.[328] On 21 December, Chandrashekhar Azad was arrested along with 27 people and three FIRs were registered for the violent incidents on 20 December at Delhi Gate and Seemapuri.[159] On 10 January 12 of those arrested were released on bail.[329]

Protests were conducted by the journalists against the police brutality on the journalists covering the Anti-CAA protests especially in the states of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. In the protests, Sitaram Yechury stated that only the states ruled by the Bharatiya Janata Party were experiencing violence. He further added that the other states were peaceful and hinted that the differences between the situation in the states show the who were encouraging violence.[330]

On 23 December 2019, protests were held at multiple locations. 93 other students protesting outside Assam Bhawan and demanding the release of RTI activist Akhil Gogoi were detained by the police. The students alleged that the police used violence on the protesters. [331][331][332]

On 24 December 2019, Police imposed a ban on gatherings in central Delhi's Mandi House near the Lutyens' Zone to prevent the protest march of students from multiple universities. The anti CAA-NRC protest march was to start from Mandi House to Jantar Mantar.[333][334]

On 27 December, the Delhi Police used Facial recognition software by recording a video of the protester and checking it with the database of criminals maintained by them.[335]

On 14 January, Supreme Court lawyers conducted a protest march from the Supreme Court to Jantar Mantar to protest against the CAA, NRC and NRP.[336]

Shaheen Bagh

Main article: Shaheen Bagh protests
Shaheen Bagh on New Year's Eve.

Since 14 December, a continuous 24/7 sit in protest is being conducted. The protest began in the afternoon of 14 December with just 15 local women, and went on to gather thousands of protesters with crowds reaching as high as 100,000 on Sundays.[337][338] On New Year's Eve, thousands of protesters camping at the site sung the Indian National Anthem.[339] They were joined in by celebrities and activists on 31 December.[340] The day also recorded the coldest day in Delhi in the last 100 years.[341] On 10 January, the Delhi High Court rejected a plea to shift the Shaheen Bagh protesters.[342] The area has been covered with protest artwork.[343]

West Bengal

On Saturday, 14 December 2019, violent protests occurred in West Bengal as the protesters attacked railway stations and public buses. Five trains were set on fire by the protesters in Lalgola and Krishnapur railway stations in Murshidabad district; railway tracks were also damaged in Suti.[139]

On Monday, 16 December 2019, tens of thousands of people joined a protest march led by Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee and her ruling Trinamool Congress party.[59] Mamata Banerjee stated that the NRC and CAA would not be implemented in West Bengal state as long as she was alive. She appealed people not to resort to violence, while accusing people from outside the state and members of the BJP of engaging in arson.[344][345]

On Tuesday, 17 December 2019, protests that included road and rail blockades continued in parts of West Bengal including the districts of South 24 Parganas, North 24 Parganas and Nadia.[346]

On 19 December 2019, a crowd with thousands of protesters gathered at Moulali in central Kolkata to peacefully object CAA and NRC.[148] Mamata Banerjee held a second rally in Kolkata and stated that the Central Government was trying to project the CAA Protests as though it was a Hindu vs Muslim fight.[146] She also stated that "BJP is buying skull caps for its cadres who are wearing them while vandalising properties to malign a particular community,".[347] Earlier, on 18 December, a young BJP workers along with five associates, wearing lungi and skullcap were seen by the local residents throwing stones on a train engine. The arsonists were caught by the locals who handed them to the Murshidabad police.[348][349][350]

On 21 December 2019, a protest march that the police estimated to be of 10,000 people was held in Kolkata from Shahid Minar till Mahajati Sadan.[162]

Between 13 and 17 December 2019, multiple incidents of violence were reported during the protests. According to the police, as of 21 December, more than 600 people had been arrested for allegedly being involved in the violence.[159]

On 23 December 2019, Governor Jagdeep Dhankhar was stopped by the students at Jadavpur University, from attending the university convocation ceremony. The vice president of the BJP West Bengal unit raised questions that why the Muslims were excluded from the amendment if it was not about religion.[351]

On 24 December 2019, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee lead a protest march in Kolkata from Swami Vivekananda statue at Bidhan Sarani. She accused PM Narendra Modi and Union Home Minister Amit Shah of making contradictory statements. She stated "The prime minister is saying there has been no discussion or proposal on NRC. But a few days ago, BJP president and Union Home Minister Amit Shah had said NRC exercise would be carried out across the country. Both the statements are contradictory. We wonder who is speaking the truth. They are trying to create confusion,".[352]

On 3 January, the radical Islamic organisation Popular Front of India (PFI) had planned an anti CAA protest for 5 January, but the West Bengal police denied permission for it.[353]

On 11 January, PM Modi visited Kolkata on a two day official visit. Hundreds of people protested against CAA at the Kolkata airport.[223] Several parties and student unions launched a protest at the Dorina Crossing at Esplanade in Kolkata. SFI leader stated that the protests would continue till Sunday, until PM Modi (who had been visiting the city) was in Kolkata.[224]

Punjab

Protests begun in Malerkotta, Patiala and Ludhiana with the support of Khalsa Aid, Alliance of Sikh Organizations and various Dalit organisations.[354] By 17 December, protests were being held in Amritsar, Malerkotla, Machhiwara, Bathinda and Ludhiana. Students of Panjab University, Punjabi University and Central University of Punjab took a leading role in the protests backed by the Association of Democratic Rights. Razia Sultana, the only muslim MLA and a Minister of the Punjab Cabinet organized a large protest in Malerkotla.[355]

Uttar Pradesh

Protests were held in Aligarh, Kanpur, Bareilly, Varanasi and Lucknow.[356] Banaras Hindu University students also protested in support of AMU and Jamia students.[357] On 19 December, the administration banned public assembly all over the state to prevent further protests in the state. Access to the internet was restricted in Azamgarh district for 2 days, after protest continued for 2 days in the area.[148] In Lucknow, several buses, cars, media vans and motorbikes were torched. A protester named Mohammad Vakil died due to gunshot injuries in the stomach.[146] Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath stated that the authorities would seize the properties of those who indulge in violence in the state.[358]

On 20 December 2019, six protesters are killed in police firing in UP.[157] Arif (25), Zaheer (40), and Moshin (25) from Meerut, while Anas (22) and Sulaiman (26) from Nehtaur area, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh.[327] Rights activists in Uttar Pradesh, said local policemen were conducting raids on their houses and offices to prevent them from planning fresh demonstrations. According to the Press Trust of India, the death toll from Friday's protests in Uttar Pradesh's 13 districts has risen to 11.[52] Amid police crackdown across Uttar Pradesh over the protests, families in Bijnor's Nehtaur alleged that vandalism by the state police has forced them to flee their homes.[359]

On 21 December 2019, violent protests along with alleged police brutality were reported from several districts across the state. Access to the internet was restricted. The number of fatalities in the state increased to 16.[309] In Rampur, the protesters held a general strike (bandh) while a ban on public assembly was in force in the state. Multiple clashes causing injuries to several people were reported. According to the Police, 263 policemen were injured, of which 57 were firearm injuries. NDTV later reported that they could only find one policeman with bullet wound and the Police did not share the list of 57 policemen with bullet injuries.[360] Private property such as two-wheelers and a car were set ablaze. In Kanpur, a police post was burned during the clashes. Police arrested 705 people in the state, with 102 arrested for making allegedly objectionable remarks or social media posts.[361][309] According to the UP Police, as of 21 December a total of 218 people have been arrested in the city of Lucknow.[159]

On 22 December 2019, large number of police personnel were deployed in several districts in Uttar Pradesh, including Lucknow, Meerut, Aligarh, Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar.[362] Police cases were registered against 31 leaders of the Samajwadi Party and 150 party workers in Banda, Uttar Pradesh for violating the ban on public assembly.[363] The United States warned its citizens to be cautious if they were travelling in the state.[364] Disciplinary actions were reported from educational institutions, the actions included suspension and expulsion of teachers and students participating in protests.[365]

On 24 December, Uttar Pradesh Police stated that 21,500 people were charged in 15 FIRs for violent incidents in Kanpur.[366] In Muzaffarnagar the government, sealed 67 shops. Chief Minister, Adityanath had threatened the protesters that his government would auction the properties of the rioters to recover the losses due to the damage made to the property.[177] Several CCTV videos were released from the public in Muzaffarnagar that showed Police personnel vandalizing property, damaging cars and shops, even though the government blamed the protesters for the damage.[178][367][179]

On 26 December, In Sambhal, UP, the government sent notices to 26 people for their alleged involvement in damaging properties during protests and asked them to explain their position or pay for the loss due to damage of property. The losses to the property were assessed to be ₹11.66 lakh (US$14,000).[181] Earlier, on 22 December, the UP government had created a panel to assess the damage to the property and to recover the losses by seizing the property of the alleged protesters.[168] The social activists accused the government of intimidating the protesters.[368]

On 28 December, Indian Express reported that with 19 killed and 1,246 people arrested based on 372 FIRs lodged in the state, UP was the worst affected state with the biggest police crackdown in India.[183] UP Police and paramilitary forces also used security drones to monitor people and to prevent people from gathering to protest.[369] In Meerut, a police officer was seen on video telling Muslim protesters to "Go to Pakistan".[370]

The UP government asked the Union Home Minister, to ban the radical Islamic organisation Popular Front of India (PFI) alleging that it was involved in violence during the protests in the state.[353]

Mau

On 16 December, in response to the police crackdown at Jamia Millia University in Delhi and Aligarh Muslim University over the Citizenship Amendment Act, clashes between the police and protesters occurred in Dakshintola area of Mau, Uttar Pradesh in which stone pelting happened and at least fifteen vehicles (including police vehicles) were torched.[371] Police resorted to firing in the air and using tear gas to disperse the protesters.[371] A portion of the police station at Mirza Hadipura area of Mau district was set on fire. According to the District magistrate, the protesters were upset with the police action in Jamia University.[291]

IIT Kanpur

On 17 December, students of IIT Kanpur assembled in a peaceful protest against the CAA and to express solidarity with the students of Jamia Millia Islamia.[372] During the protest, the students sung a popular Urdu nazm by revolutionary poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Hum Dekhenge,[373] a song of resistance and defiance and against state oppression.[374] A temporary faculty made a complaint to the Deputy Director of IIT Kanpur against the song alleged the poem provokes anti-Hindu sentiments whereas Faiz himself was an atheist and the poem was wriiten as metaphors of traditional Islamic imagery to subvert and challenge oppressive regime.[373][375][376] A commission was subsequently set up[377][378]; however, the student media body rejected the charges as misinformed and communal, which divorced the poem out of its societal context.[379][380] Later the administration clarified that it was not going to probe whether the recital of Hum Dekhenge is anti-Hindu or not.[381][382]

Karnataka

On 16 December, protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) were held in various parts of Karnataka. In Mysore, hundreds of protestors marched on the street, raising slogans and took out bike rallies. The police imposed a ban on public assembly in Mysore.

In Bangalore, the IISc students organised silent protest in the campus in solidarity with the students of Delhi and other parts of India.[357]

In Shimoga, former MLA K B Prasanna Kumar was leading the protests near Gandhi Park in the city. The police detained him alleging that the protests were turning violent. Protests also occurred in Bellary, Bidar, Gulbarga, Kodagu and Udupi.[357][383] In Raichur protests were held after the announcement of the CAA, as the protestors had concerns that approximately 5,000 of the 20,000 Bangladeshi immigrants in the Sindhanur camp would get Indian citizenship.[383][384]

On 19 December, hundreds of protesters including historian Ramachandra Guha were detained by the Bangalore Police from Town Hall.[385][386] On 20 December, Karnataka High Court asked the state government to explain the prohibitions on the assembly in the sate.[387] On 23 December, over 100,000 protesters gathered around the town hall in Bangalore.[388]

On 4 January in Bangalore hundreds of protesters participated in a rally and accused Modi government of attempts to divide India on the basis of religion, and distracting people from the issues of economic slowdown and job losses in the country.[213]

Mangalore

According to India Today, on 19 December seven CCTV recorded the arrival of a mob near a Mangalore police station along with a tempo carrying gunny bags full of stones. They then made an organized attempt to attack a police station, block all roads to the station, stone the police personnel and steal firearms.[389] This was followed by the police firing on the mob, killing two people.[389] The family of the deceased stated that the police used excessive force and should have tried to disperse the crowd instead.[389]

In Mangalore 38 protesters from Campus Front of India who were marching towards the Deputy Commissioner residence were arrested by the police arrested on charges of blocking traffic on Balmatta Road.[390] On 19 December, a curfew was imposed in Mangalore until 20 December, while protesters marched on the streets defying prohibitory orders. Two people died with gunshot wounds after police fired on the crowd.[148][80] The police in riot gear then entered the Highland Hospital where the two people with gunshot wounds were brought. The police were accused of beating up patients and their relatives. The incident was caught on CCTV Cameras, in which the policemen were seen banging on the Hospital's ICU doors.[154][153]

Home Minister of Karnataka Basavaraj Bommai accused the people from Kerala for the violence in Mangalore.[391] Karnataka Police restricted the entry of people from Kerala to Mangalore at the Thalappady state border and detained more than 50 people without identity cards.[392] On 20 December, the mobile phones of several journalists in Mangalore (many from Kerala) were confiscated and the journalists were detained.[393][394][395] The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan who condemned the action as an attack on media freedom and intervened after which the journalists were released.[396]

On 22 December, the Karnataka government announced a compensation of ₹10 lakh (US$12,000) each to the families of the two men killed in violent protests in Mangalore on 19 December.[166] The compensation was later withheld and an enquiry was initiated on the killed men.[167]

Tamil Nadu

On 16 December, protests against CAA were organised by Muslim organisations and political parties in Tirupathur district of Tamil Nadu. Effigies of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Home Minister Amit Shah were burnt, after which more than a hundred people were detained by the police.[397] Demonstrations protesting against the CAA and the attack on students in Delhi were also held by the students of Government Law College at Katpadi and Government Arts College in Tiruvannamalai.[397]

On 20 December, Kollywood actors Siddharth, Singer TM Krishna and 600 others were detained for anti-CAA protests in Valluvar Kottam In Chennai.[398] On 23 December Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam along with allied parties held a "mega rally" as an anti-CAA protest in Chennai.[399][400] Protests were also continued to be held in various parts of Tamil Nadu including Salem and Krishnagiri.[401]

In Chennai, eight anti-CAA activists, including five women, drew kolams criticising the CAA and NRC.[402] Following their arrest by the Chennai police, the opposition DMK officially supported the kolam protest, and anti-CAA and anti-NRC kolams were drawn outside the houses of its leaders and members.[403]

Gujarat

On 16 December, around 50 people protesting outside the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and CEPT University were detained by the Gujarat Police.[404][405]

On 17 December, five students were arrested by the Gujarat police for allegedly creating a graffiti against Citizenship Act. According to the police, the students (all in their early twenties) of the Maharaja Sayajirao University's Fine Arts department had made a graffiti that said "no CAB Modi", but instead of the letter 'o' in the phrase the students made a 'swastika' sign. The graffiti was made at locations that included police headquarters, Kala Ghoda Circle, the Fatehgunj pavilion wall and the wall of a hostel near Rosary School. A police complaint was registered on 16 December for "using provocative and humiliating words to hurt sentiments of the people from one community and cause violence, and also damaging public property". The Police alleged that "They used slogans with certain symbols in their graffiti to intentionally hurt religious sentiments of a particular community and affect public peace and cause riots against members of a community. They also damaged public property." The police has already arrested five and two students who were absconding were being searched.[307]

On 19 December 2019, peaceful protest march were carried out in several parts of Ahmedabad. The peaceful protest march in Shah-e-Alam's Roza area turned violent after police intervened to disperse the crowd. Police used tear gas to counter stone pelting while trying to disperse a crowd of 2000 protesters.[155] Protest rallies and strikes were also organised in several cities of Gujarat.[406]

On 19 December 2019, videos surfaced allegedly showing protestors attacking policemen in Ahmedabad and Banaskantha.[407][408]

Kerala

Protests at Ernakulam, c. 23 December 2019.

On 16 December, the ruling coalition, the Left Democratic Front (LDF), and the opposition coalition, the United Democratric Front (UDF), organized a joint hunger strike in the Thiruvananthapuram Martyr's Square. Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan stated that Kerala will "stand together to fight against the evil designs of the Modi government undermining the secular credentials of India", terming the Citizens Amendment Act "anti-constitutional and anti-people". Leader of the Opposition Ramesh Chennithala observed that another struggle for Independence is required to save the constitution from "fascist forces".[409] On 28 December, several delegates attending the Indian History Congress held at Kannur University protested during Kerala Governor Arif Mohammad Khan's speech. Some of them were detained by police, but were later released following an intervention by Kannur University.[410]

On 31 December, Kerala Legislative Assembly passed a resolution demanding scrapping of the Act.[411] On 1 January 2020 in Kochi, around half a million assembled in peaceful rally to protest against the CAA-NRC, held between Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and Marine Drive.[412][413]

Telangana

Millineum March, Hyderabad

On 16 December, protests consisting of thousands of students from major institutes such as University of Hyderabad, Osmania University and MANU University demanding a rollback of the CAA occurred in Hyderabad.[414] On 21 December, numerous protests occurred across the Hyderabad organised by students, NGOs and various political parties. The Hyderabad Police stated that the protests remained peaceful. Demands calling for the end of the silence of the Chief Minister, K. Chandrashekar Rao were also raised, whose party, Telangana Rashtra Samithi had voted against the bill in parliament.[415] By 23 December, it was reported that protests had spread to smaller towns as well including the town of Nizamabad.[416]

On 4 January more than 100,000 protesters attend the protest march named "Million March" against the Citizenship Amendment Bill held in Hyderabad.[213] The protesters displayed placards with slogans saying "Withdraw CAA immediately," and "India’s only religion in Secularism".[213]

Bihar

On 17 December, posters describing Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar as "missing" were erected as a form of protest in Patna. Nitish Kumar had been criticised for his silence over the CAA. while his party, Janata Dal (United), had supported the bill in both the Houses of Parliament as part of the alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party. The JD(U) party strategist Prashant Kishor, party spokesperson Pavan Verma and MLC Gulam Rasool Balyawi had voiced dissatisfaction over the party's stance on CAA.[417][418] On 19 December, Nitish Kumar declared that the NRC will not be implemented in the state, becoming the first major Bharatiya Janata Party ally to reject the controversial measure.[419]

On 19 December, a bandh was called by communist parties in Bihar, supported by a number of small parties, where protesters blocked rail and road traffic in protest against CAA and the proposed countrywide implementation of NRC.[420][273]

On Saturday, 21 December, a "Bihar bandh" was called by the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), where bandh supporters reportedly blocked railway tracks in Araria and East Champaran districts. In Nawada, bandh supporters demonstrated on National Highway 31 where wheels were burned on the road and the movement of vehicles was disrupted, while in Vaishali, the highway was blocked with the help of buffaloes. In Patna, hundreds of party supporters with lathis entered the railway stations and bus stations with party flags, but were repulsed by policemen. At Darbhanga, RJD workers and supporters protested bare chest, sloganeering against Bihar chief minister Nitish Kumar and central government.[421][422]

Maharashtra

File:Citizenship Amendment Act protests Protest in Mumbai.jpg
Protests in Mumbai

On 19 December, different NGOs and college students, backed by Congress, Nationalist Congress Party and Left Democratic Front parties jointly formed a front with the name "Hum Bharat Ke Log" and held a protest at the August Kranti Maidan.[423][148] In Mumbai, several actors including Farhan Akhtar, Swara Bhaskar, Huma Qureshi, Raj Babbar, Sushant Singh, Javed Jaffrey, Aditi Rao Hydari, Parvathy Thiruvothu, Konkona Sen Sharma, Nandita Das, Arjun Mathur and filmmakers Anurag Kashyap, Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, and Saeed Mirza joined in the protest venue.[146][424][425] Mumbai police had deployed more than 2,500 policemen to monitor and control around 20,000 protesters.[156] The peaceful protest concluded without any violent incidents. Mumbai police was applauded by prominent artists including Farhan Akhtar, Swara Bhaskar, Kunal Kamra, politician Milind Deora and citizens for its professional conduct in maintaining law and order.[426] Protests were held in other cities in the state as similar demonstrations held in cities such as Pune, Nashik, Malegaon, Kolhapur and Nagpur.[427][428]

On 28 December, the foundation day of the party, the state unit of the Congress party in Mumbai undertook a flag march and used the slogan "Save Bharat-Save Constitution". The march started from the August Kranti Maidan and ended at the statue of Lokmanya Tilak near Girgaum Chowpatty. It was attended by office bearers and workers of the party.[183] Similar marches were held in many parts of the country.[184]

On 12 January, thousands of people join the anti CAA protests at Jogeshwari in Mumbai. Slogans such as "I Am From Gujarat, My Documents Burned in 2002", "No CAA, Boycott NRC, Stop Dividing India, Don't Divide us", "Save Constitution", were displayed on the banners. Large number of policemen were also deputed for security.[230]

Other states and UTs

  • Chhattisgarh: On 15 December, a protest march was held under the banner of the "Anti-CAB Agitation Forum" from Marine Drive area to Ambedkar Chowk in Raipur in the evening.[430]
  • Odisha: On 16 December, thousands of protesters including farmer leaders, student activists, Dalit leaders and people with disability hit the road in Odisha against the CAA, NRC and the attack on Jamia students. They marched from Satyanagar Mosquee towards the residence of Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik in Bhubaneswar. They also submitted a memorandum to Chief Minister and Governor Ganeshi Lal.[431][432]
  • Uttarakhand: On 16 December, protest marches were organised in Dehradun, Kashipur, Haridwar, Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar, Haldwani, districts opposing the law terming it discriminatory and unconstitutional.[433][434]
  • Chandigarh: On 19 December, over 700 students from Punjab University accompanied by students, activists and residents of surrounding districts like Ambala and Patiala conducted a protest march in city.[435]
  • Madhya Pradesh: On 20 December, protests reportedly turned violent in Jabalpur, leading to a curfew being imposed in four police station limits.[436]
  • Rajasthan: On 22 December, Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot led a protest march of nearly 300,000 people christened "Samvidhan Bachao rally" against CAA. The protestors stated that CAA was against the constitution and is an attempt to divide the people based on their religion. They demanded that the new law be repealed. The protest march was supported by several political parties including Congress, Aam Aadmi Party, Rashtriya Lok Dal and Janata Dal (Secular).[165][437] On 24 December, a protest attended by 200,000 people was held in Kota.[438]

Foreign Nationals in India

On 23 December, Jakob Lindenthal, a student of Technical University of Dresden from Germany, as part of an exchange programme at IIT-Madras, was asked by the Immigration Office in Chennai to leave the country due to a violation of visa regulations.[439][440]

Tourist Janne-Mette Johansson from Norway was asked to leave India by the Foreigners' Regional Registration Officer (FRRC) at Kochi International Airport because of visa violations after participating in an anti-CAA protest.[441][442]

Overseas

Protest at the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial in Washington D.C., c. 19 December 2019.

Various cities around the world, including New York, Washington D. C.[443], Paris, Berlin[444], Geneva, Barcelona, San Francisco, Tokyo, Helsinki[445], and Amsterdam had witnessed protests against the Act and the police brutality faced by Indian protesters.[446][447]

North America

Protests were held in solidarity with Indian protesters outside the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial in Washington D. C.[443] Protests were also held at Harvard University[448] and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States of America, where the students held demonstrations against the violent police crackdown in Jamia Milia Islamia.[130] Around 100 students and faculty members of Columbia University tore up copies of the CAA and 150 others marched to the Indian consulate in Chicago to condemn the repressive behaviour of police against the students.[446]

On 19 December, around 400 present students along with former students of Harvard University, Columbia University, Yale University, Stanford University, Brown University, Johns Hopkins University, Cornell University, Carnegie Mellon University, Purdue University, University of California and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology condemned the arbitrary use of power of policing and asked the Home Minister of India, Amit Shah to curb the brutality.[449]

Europe

The first anti-CAA protests in Europe were held outside the High Commission of India in London,[450] on 14 December 2019. On 16 December, students at University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom demonstrated their protest against the Act.[451] The University and College Union, Edinburgh had released a statement in solidarity condemning the brutal inflictions exercised by state police on the students of various universities in the country who were protesting against the Act.[452]

On 20 December 2019, students from various universities in the Netherlands protested against the Act and the National Register of Citizens in front of the Indian Embassy at The Hague. Around 300 students from University of Leiden, University of Groningen, and Erasmus University assembled in a peaceful protest by reading the Preamble to the Constitution of India and anti-CAA slogans.[451] Till date, four protests were held in front of the embassy by the Indian diaspora living in the Netherlands.[453]

Protests were also held in Berlin, Germany[444] and Zurich, Switzerland with Berlin even seeing a protest march from the Brandenburg Gate till the Indian embassy.[454][455]

On 21 December 2019, around a hundred students and professionals of Indian origin living in Munich, Germany gathered at the memorial to the White Rose Movement outside the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) and protested against the CAA, NRC, and the police action against the students of Jamia Millia Islamia and Aligarh Muslim University.[456][better source needed]

Diverse voices from France too, joined in for anti-CAA, anti-NRC protests. A letter of solidarity with protests in India and condemning the citizenship legislation, signed by hundreds of students and other professionals including eminent writers like Shumona Sinha, Amit Chaudhuri, musicians- Jean-Philippe Rykiel, Prabhu Edouard et. al preceded a planned mass protest gathering [457]. On 4 January 2020, peaceful and song-filled protests by students, educationists and others from the Indian and foreign diaspora were held at Parvis du Trocadéro in Paris and also in front of the Indian Embassy, Paris despite facing the irk of some local BJP supporters. [458] [459]

Asia and Oceania

Several silent protests were made in December by students in Israel.[460] On the same day, students of University of Dhaka assembled in solidarity for the student protesters who were beaten by police and also condemned the CAA.[461]

On 22 December, members of the Indian community in Australia gathered at the Parliament of Victoria in Melbourne in huge numbers and protested against the new Act and police brutality through sloganeering.[462][463]

Singapore police on 24 December investigated a 32-year-old Indian national for participating in the anti-CAA protest, which authorities termed an unauthorised protest over foreign politics in the seaside financial and tourist district of Marina Bay.[464]

Methods

The protesters used various methods including demonstrations, civil disobedience, Dharna, Gherao, hunger strikes, Satyagraha, Hartal, vandalism, arsons, stone pelting, hashtag activism, general strike and (Bandh).

Slogans and poems

"Tanashah aakar jayenge,
hum kagaz nahi dikhayenge;
Tum aansu gas ucchaaloge,
tum zeher ke chai ubaaloge;
Hum pyaar ki shakkar gholke usko,
gat gat gat peejaayenge;
Hum kagaz nahi dikhaayenge"
(first stanza)
(Dictators will come and go but we'll not show our documents for NRC; You'll blind us with tear gas, you'll poison our waters; But our love will sweeten it and we'll drink it all in a go; We'll not show our documents (for NRC))

— Poem penned by lyricist and writer Varun Grover, in the context of the protest used during the demonstrations.[465][466]

Protesters used several slogans and poems during the protests. Lyricist and Urdu poet Rahat Indori's famous ghazal "Sabhi ka khoon hai shaamil yahan ki mitti mein; kisi ke baap ka Hindustan thodi hai" (This land has seen sacrifices from everyone; Hindustan is not anyone’s property) resonates throughout the protest.[467] Revolutionary poems by Pash like "Main Ghas Hoon; Main aapke Kiye Dhare Par Ugh Ayunga" (I am grass, I will rise everywhere),[468] lyricist and writer Varun Grover's poem like "Tanashah aakar jayenge, hum kagaz nahi dikhayenge" (Dictators will come and go but we will not show our documents),[465][469] "Main Inkaar Karta Hoon" (I refuse) penned by singer Aamir Aziz[470] and the popular poem "Main Hindustani Musalmaan Hoon" (I am an Indian Muslim) by Indian spoken word poet Hussain Haidry has been used during the protests.[471] Along with poems, the famous revolutionary "Aazadi!" slogan by JNU students has been used extensively throughout the protest in all over the country and abroad.[472][473][474]

Slogans, poems and songs used during Indian independence movement like "Inquilab Zindabad" (Long live the revolution) coined by Indian freedom fighter Hasrat Mohani, "Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna aab haamare dill mein hai; Dekhna hai zor kitna baazu-e-qatil mein hai" (The desire for revolution is in our hearts; Let's see how much strength the enemy has) written by Bismil Azimabadi which were later popularised by martyr Bhagat Singh, Ashfaqullah Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad and Ram Prasad Bismil were used as main vocal resistance during the protest.[475][476] Protesters used the poetry written by revolutionary poets such as Faiz Ahmad Faiz and Habib Jalib, both considered symbols of resistance against military dictatorships and state oppression in Pakistan. Poems such as "Hum Dekhenge" (We will witness) penned by Faiz and "Main nahin janta, main nahin manta" (I refuse to acknowledge, I refuse to accept) penned by Jalib inspired large scale protests in form of banners and recitations. "Saare Jahan Se Achcha Hindustan Haamara" (Better than the entire world, is our Hindustan) by Urdu poet Muhammad Iqbal was recited in the protests.[477] Singer and lyricist Aamir Aziz wrote Main Inkaar Karta Hoon as a Hindustani protest poem. Aziz's work was political poetry which was used during the protests and also to protest against the police brutality on the student protesters who were demonstrating against the Act.[478][479][480][481]

File:Anti CAA painting.jpg
Art work created by various artists as a demonstration against the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 at AEI ground, Chandmari, Guwahati, Assam.

Along with Hindi and Urdu literature, English poems and slogans were also used for the protests. Among those one such dramatic monologue by a teacher named Ajmal Khan, "Write me down!, I am an Indian; This is my land, If I have born here, I will die here; There for, Write it down! Clearly In bold and capital letters, On the top of your NRC, that I am an Indian!",[482] improvised from Mahmoud Darwish's song Write Down!, questions the Act's secularism and the Government. The poem strongly urged not to question the identity and patroitism of the Indian muslims, the tribals, the poor, the landless, the Dalits and questioned the various actions of right wing organisations in the country.[483] English placards like "Modi-Shah, You Gave Me Depression", "Rise Against Fascism", "Don’t Be Dead Inside For Democracy", "Fascism, Down Down", "I'll show you my documents, if you show your degree!" were used against the CAA-NRC and the Government, and placards like "Delhi Police: Shanti (Peace), Sewa (Service), Nyaya (Justice)?" and "Make Tea Not War" questions the Delhi Police's brutal actions against student protesters.[484]

Art

Various artists created comics, illustrations, and posters against the CAA and NRC.[485][486] Several political cartoonists created pieces covering the protests.[487]

No NPR CAA NRC graffiti on a public toilet at Shaheen Bagh protests, New Delhi, 8 January 2020

A group of activists in Chennai drew kolams (geometrical patterns drawn on the ground with rice flour or chalk) criticising the CAA and NRC.[403][402]This novel protest was then officially supported by the opposition DMK party.[403] Following the kolam protests in Tamil Nadu, anti-CAA protestors in West Bengal also started drawing kolams, known as alpana or rangoli in Bengal.[402] In New Delhi, artists from the Progressive Artists' League drew murals on roads criticising the CAA, NRC and overall fascist nature of BJP Government.[488][489][better source needed]

Methods used by Government

The Government used various methods to stop the protests including Mass Shooting by police, Riot police, stone pelting,[311][310] vandalism, lathi charge, Mass arrest, Internet shutdown, curfew, transport restrictions, water cannon, and imposing ban on assembly (Section 144).[490][491]

Participants

The law was considered controversial since the time when it was proposed. It led to protests from students, political organizations and citizen groups. On 4 December, the draft legislation was shared and the students organisation,  All Assam Students' Union (AASU) objected to the proposal. AASU had participated in the Assam Movement in the 1970s and 1980s against the illegal Bangladeshi immigrants.[492]

The protests started in Assam in early December. By 12 December, students in at least 50 colleges and universities nationwide had joined the protests.[493] The student protests subsequently grew and spread all over the country and several political and citizen groups joined it.[492]

Student organisations

Protesting

Pro-government

Casualties

As of 4 January 21 people were killed by Police firing guns during the CAA protests in Uttar Pradesh,[360][51][159] 3 killed in Karnataka[159] and 5 in Assam. All the three states were ruled by BJP. Overall 27 people were killed by Police firing guns in the whole of India.[50][517] With 19 killed and 1,246 people arrested based on 372 FIRs lodged in the state, UP was the worst affected state with the biggest police crackdown in India.[183]

"Police have used excessive force only against demonstrators protesting the law, including many students. All the deaths have occurred in states governed by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)."

-- Human Rights Watch, December 2019. [518]

Names of those killed in anti-caa protests on a miniature India Gate artwork at Shaheen Bagh on 11 January 2020.

19 December

20 December

  • Mohammad Sageer (8), Varanasi Uttar Pradesh[517]
  • Mohammad Wakeel, 25, Uttar Pradesh[521]
  • Aftab Alam (22) and Mohammad Saif (25) in Kanpur[517]
  • Asif (20) , Arif (25), Zaheer (40), and Moshin (25) from Meerut, Uttar Pradesh[327]
  • Nabi Jahan (24) in Firozabad Uttar Pradesh[517]
  • Faiz Khan (24) in Rampur[517]
  • Anas (22) and Sulaiman (26) from Nehtaur area, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh[327]
  • Noor-e-Alam in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh[327]

21 December

  • Mohammad Bilal, 27, and Shehroz, 22, Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh.[522]

Impact

As the ongoing protest against the Citizenship Act turned violent, authorities of Gauhati University, Dibrugarh University and Cotton University postponed all semester exams scheduled up-to 16 December 2019.[523] No play was possible on the fourth day of the cricket match between Assam and Services in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy because of the protests.[524] BCCI shifted two fixtures featuring three northeastern teams to other venues.[525] The protests also affected the football matches of NorthEast United, with their fixture against Chennaiyin getting postponed.[526] The India-Japan summit in Guwahati, which was supposed to be attended by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was also cancelled.[527][528]

Economy

The Indian Express reported that during the second half of December there had been a decline in the sales of showrooms selling cars, watches, restaurants etc due to the ongoing protests.[529]

Transport

Several trains and at least 700 flights were delayed and more than 20 cancelled as a result of the protests.[530][152] Train services were completely suspended in parts of Assam after two railway stations in the state were set on fire. It was reported that the Indian Railways suffered losses worth ₹90 crore (US$11 million) in property damage due to the protests, including losses worth over ₹72 crore (US$8.6 million) in West Bengal alone.[531] On 20 December, the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation suspended all bus services to Mangalore, while many Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation buses were blocked in Kerala.[532]

On 19 and 20 December, several stations of the Delhi Metro were closed as a precautionary measure.[533][534] On 19 December, the Delhi-Gurgaon highway was closed in view of the protests scheduled in Delhi.[535]

Communication

The government imposed internet shutdowns in the states of Assam and Tripura, five districts in West Bengal, Bhopal, Dakshina Kannada and parts of Delhi.[536][13][537][324] Mobile internet and SMS services were suspended in several places in Uttar Pradesh such as Lucknow, Ghaziabad, Bareilly, Meerut and Prayagraj.[538][539]

Tourism

Canada, France, Israel, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, the U.S. and the U.K. have issued travel advisories for nationals travelling to northeast India.[540][541][542] The protests reportedly resulted in a 60% decline in tourists visiting the Taj Mahal in Agra for the month of December. The number of visitors went down by at least 90% in the state of Assam, according to the head of Assam Tourism Development Corporation.[542]

Reactions

Domestic

Return of Awards and Honours

International

  •  Pakistan: Prime minister of Pakistan Imran Khan said "Modi government's policies can cause a big refugee crisis".[554]
  •  Malaysia: Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad said "Already people are dying because of this law, so why is there a necessity to do this thing?".[555] In response, the Government of India summoned the Chargé d’Affaires of the Malaysian Embassy over the matter.[556]
  •  Kuwait: In a statement issued during National Assembly session in Kuwait group of lawmakers expressed their concern regarding "abusive legislative and repressive security measures" taken by the Government of India.[558]

Pro-CAA demonstrations

Rallies and demonstrations in support of Citizenship Amendment Bill were held in New Delhi,[560] Mumbai,[561] Nagpur,[562] Bangalore,[563] Dehradun[564] etc.[565] A rally in Kolkata was headed by Jagat Prakash Nadda, working national president of BJP, and was attended by Hindu refugees from Pakistan and Bangladesh.[566][567] Protests against CAA were condemned in these rallies and hailed Narendra Modi for taking a decision on CAA.[568][569] Nine Jain organisations came out in support of CAA on 20 December 2019 and thanked a BJP politician and BJP for the Amendment.[498]

File:Placards at Pro-CAA rally, Ahmedabad.jpg
People protesting in favour of Citizenship Amendment Act at Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Over 1,000 academicians released statements in support of CAA.[570] Signatories included Swapan Dasgupta, Shishir Bajoria, journalist Kanchan Gupta and JNU faculty and administration including professor Ainul Hasan, JNU dean of students Umesh Ashok Kadam and JNU registrar Pramod Kumar.[571]

President of Delhi University Students' Union released a statement in support of the CAA which was condemned by other student unions of colleges under Delhi University and also a group of Delhi University students condemned by releasing another statement.[572][573]

A pro-CAA rally named Jana Jagarana Rally, was organized at Tirupati and attended by BJP national vice-president and former Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan and mostly BJP workers. The participants raised slogans in support of CAA and carried placards with slogans such as ‘We support CAA’, ‘India supports CAA’, ‘CAA a punishment to intruders and traitors’ and ‘CAA protects refugees’. The participants also carried a 500-metre-long Indian national flag.[574]

Assam

A rally was organised by BJP to support the Citizenship Amendment Act in Assam's Morigaon[575] on 27 December in which over 50,000 civilians, including BJP workers, Asom Gana Parishad and Bodoland People's Front leaders took part.[576] The 4-km long rally was led by Assam Chief Minister of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal and state Finance Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma.[577]

West Bengal

Thousands of BJP workers took out a massive rally named Abhinandan Yatra or Thanks-giving rally in North Kolkata in support of CAA on 30 December.[578][579] It was led by the party's Working President J P Nadda to thank Prime Minister Narendra Modi for enacting the Citizenship Amendment Act..[580][578] Road traffic in many parts of central and north Kolkata was paralysed in the afternoon.[578] Numerous people who migrated to West Bengal from East Pakistan and later Bangladesh as refugees were present in the rally, besides Sikhs and Muslims.[581]

Gujarat

File:Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani at pro-CAA rally.jpg
Vijay Rupani waiving Indian flag at pro-CAA rally at Sabarmati Ashram

On 24 December, a large gathering was organised at Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad. [582] Vijay Rupani, Chief Minister of Gujarat was present at the event, said that Gujarat will definitely implement CAA.[583][584] He also stated that "Muslims have 150 countries to go while Hindus have only one."[585][586] BJP leaders and ministers took parts in the different rallies organised across all 33 districts of Gujarat.[587][588][589]

Maharashtra

Maharashtra witnessed pro-CAA demonstrations in cities including Nagpur, Mumbai, Yavatmal, Wardha and Pune.[590] On 23 December 2019, RSS linked organisations carried out rally in Nagpur which was attended by Nitin Gadkari and Devendra Fadnavis along with 25,000 people.[591][592]

Devendra Fadnavis, former chief minister of Maharashtra, targeted Shiv Sena at the event organised by BJP’s Samvidhan Sanman Manch also organised pro-CAA rally in Mumbai.[593]

Fake phone call campaign

Several BJP leaders including Home Minister Amit Shah had publicized a phone number, asking people to call the number as a way to express their support for the CAA. Many accounts on social media pretending to be of lonely and bored women, were seen sharing the same number and asking people to call, with an intention to inflate the number of supporters of CAA.[594] The number was also shared offering six month subscription to streaming site Netflix for free. Netflix called the offer as fake.[595]

Fake videos

Videos of Naga Sadhus celebrating at Kumbh Mela at Allahabad in March 2019 was shared and made viral in the social media,[596] falsely claiming that this was video of Hindus in the rally supporting CAA.[597][598]

Overseas

Members of the Indian-American community held a pro-CAA rally in front of the Indian Consulate in Houston on 20 December 2019.[599] They also held other rallies at Victor Steinbrueck Park, Seattle and Texas State Capitol building in Austin on 22 December 2019.[600] Rallies were also held at Ted Kaltenbach Park, Dublin, Ohio and at Nash Square Park, Raleigh, North Carolina.[600]

See also

References

  1. ^ "After Aligarh, protests in Hyderabad, Varanasi, Kolkata over Jamia clashes". Hindustan Times. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  2. ^ "After Jamia Protest, Students Across India Agitate Against Citizenship Act, Police Brutality". HuffPost India. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Serhan, Yasmeen (18 December 2019). "When Is a Protest Too Late?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 21 December 2019., Quote: "Though the protesters in India share a common opposition to the new citizenship law, their reasons for rejecting the legislation vary."
  4. ^ "Jamia vice chancellor demands high level inquiry in police action". The Economic Times. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  5. ^ "CAA protest: Two killed in police firing in Mangaluru, Congress demands judicial probe". The Economic Times. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  6. ^ "'UP CM must resign, give Rs 1 crore to kin of deceased': Jamia Coordination Committee". Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  7. ^ "CAA protests: Students demanding Yogi Adityanath's resignation over UP crackdown detained". The Statesman. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  8. ^ "'UP in retaliatory mode to clamp down on CAA protests'". Deccan Herald. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  9. ^ Desk, India com News (27 December 2019). "People Stage Protest in Jor Bagh, Demand Immediate Release of Bhim Army Chief Chandrashekhar Azad". India.com. Retrieved 14 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ Dec 24, Kangkan Kalita | TNN |; 2019; Ist, 14:16. "Akhil Gogoi: Chorus grows for Akhil Gogoi's unconditional release | Guwahati News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ MS, Nileena. "Police is operating at the behest of its political masters: Mehmood Pracha, Chandrashekhar Azad's lawyer". The Caravan. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  12. ^ Singh, Bikash (12 December 2019). "Assam burns over CAB, curfew in Guwahati, Army deployed" – via The Economic Times.
  13. ^ a b "Anti-Citizenship Bill protests: Army deployed in Assam, Tripura; Internet suspended". The Hindu. 11 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  14. ^ "8 columns of the Army, Assam Rifles deployed in Assam". Deccan Herald. 13 December 2019.
  15. ^ "Centre starts withdrawing paramilitary forces from J&K, troops moved to Assam: Report". India Today. Asian News International New. 11 December 2019.
  16. ^ a b "Citizenship Bill: 5,000 paramilitary personnel being sent to Northeast in wake of protests, say officials". thehindu.com. 11 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Delhi Police enters Jamia Millia campus, students allege excessive force". DNA India. 15 December 2019.
  18. ^ Gaur, Vatsala (15 December 2019). "After Jamia, Police uses brute force to quell protests at AMU" – via The Economic Times.
  19. ^ Dec 2019, ANI | 22; Ist, 03:11 Pm. "Nagpur: BJP, RSS organise rally in support of Citizenship Amendment Act" – via economictimes.indiatimes.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ a b 7 Dec, TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 11:59. "VHP, Bajrang Dal to hold large-scale events across Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand to honour "kar sevaks" | Agra News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Dec 17, PTI. "BJP takes out rallies in West Bengal in support of citizenship law | Kolkata News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 December 2019. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ a b c "Chandigarh: Organisations to protest against CAA, NPR and NRC on January 1". The Indian Express. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  23. ^ "Bantwal: CAA is fight between 'Indianness' and 'Brahminism' - Former IAS officer Sasikanth Senthil". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  24. ^ JaipurJanuary 14, Dev Ankur Wadhawan; January 14, 2020UPDATED:; Ist, 2020 00:14. "UP Police electrocuted, arrested me for giving legal aid to anti-CAA protestors: Kota lawyer". India Today. Retrieved 14 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Anti-CAA Protests Continue as Protesters Descend on Assam Streets, Govt Employees Observe Cease Work". news18. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  26. ^ "Massive protest against Citizenship Amendment Act at Fallangani". sentinelassam. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  27. ^ "UP Seeks Ban On Popular Front Of India Over Anti-Citizenship Act Violence". NDTV. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  28. ^ Das, Shaswati (2 January 2020). "Why the Popular Front of India may soon be a proscribed outfit". LiveMint. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  29. ^ "Those indulging in arson 'can be identified by their clothes': Narendra Modi on anti-CAA protest". Economic Times. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  30. ^ "Amit Shah at IEC: CAA, NRC not communal, opposition misleading people". Economic Times. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  31. ^ NagpurDecember 22, Press Trust of India; December 22, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 15:40. "CAA not against Muslim community of India: Nitin Gadkari". India Today. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ "JP Nadda takes out BJP rally in Kolkata in support of CAA | India News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  33. ^ "Maximum 5.42 lakh people will benefit by amended Citizenship Act: Himanta Biswa Sarma". 16 December 2019 – via The Economic Times.
  34. ^ "Citizenship Bill Not Only for Assam But for Entire Country, Says Assam CM Sarbananda Sonowal". News18.
  35. ^ "Will implement CAA in Karnataka, says CM Yediyurappa". India Today.
  36. ^ a b "Protests and strikes hit Assam, Manipur, Tripura against CAB". 9 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  37. ^ "Kanhaiya Kumar holds anti-CAA protest in Patna, slams BJP". news.abplive.com. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  38. ^ Web Desk New, India Today (16 December 2019). "Gandhi wali azaadi: Kanhaiya Kumar brings back azaadi slogan to protest against Jamia violence". India Today. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  39. ^ a b c "Priyanka Gandhi Leads Protest At India Gate Against Crackdown On Students". NDTV.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  40. ^ B., Nitin (22 December 2019). "At mammoth protest against CAA in Hyderabad, Owaisi says it's a fight to save India". The News Minute. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  41. ^ Osborne, Zoe; Petersen, Hannah (21 December 2019). "Gandhi's great-grandson joins wave of protest at law isolating India's Muslims". The Gaurdian. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  42. ^ Rana, Chahat (6 January 2020). "Chandigarh: CAA is essentially anti-poor, says former IAS officer Kannan Gopinathan". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  43. ^ Pinto, Nolan (19 December 2019). "Historian Ramachandra Guha detained at anti-CAA protest in Bengaluru, says feel sorry for cops". India Today. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  44. ^ DelhiDecember 25, India Today Web Desk New; December 25, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 20:57. "CAA protests: Arundhati Roy asks people to give false names like Ranga-Billa for NPR". India Today. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ Reporter, Staff (26 December 2019). "Anti-CAA protests: Reign of terror in Uttar Pradesh, assert activists". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  46. ^ "Music, Art Tie Them as Zubeen Garg and a Host of Assamese Artistes Lead Anti-CAA Stir from the Front". news18. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  47. ^ Radhakrishnan, Manjusha (31 December 2019). "Swara Bhaskar slams CAA as 'anti-India' and 'sinister'". Gulf News. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  48. ^ "Everyone knows about it, says Zeeshan Ayyub on CAA". The Asian Age. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  49. ^ Joshi, Namrata (12 January 2020). "CAA: There is nobody to have a dialogue with, says Anurag Kashyap". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  50. ^ a b c "Internet banned in India's Uttar Pradesh amid anger over killings". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  51. ^ a b "Uttar Pradesh CAA protests in numbers: 19 dead, over 1,100 arrested for violence". India Today. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  52. ^ a b "8-year-old boy among people killed as protests continue in India". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  53. ^ Pandey, Munish Chandra (16 December 2019). "Assam CAA protest: 4 dead in police firing, 175 arrested, more than 1400 detained". Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  54. ^ a b "Assam violence: Congress worker, 190 more arrested". India Today. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  55. ^ India, The Hans (16 December 2019). "Student unions back anti Citizenship Amendment Act protests". thehansindia.com. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  56. ^ Deka, Kaushik (12 December 2019). "Citizenship Amendment Bill protests: Here's why Assam is burning". India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  57. ^ "Citizenship Amendment Bill 2019: Anti-citizenship law protests: Latest developments and reactions | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  58. ^ "Violence Grips Assam, Meghalaya, Bengal & Delhi as Protests Escalate Across India; Oppn Plans Mega Rally". News18. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  59. ^ a b c d e "India PM plea for calm as citizenship unrest rages". 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  60. ^ DelhiDecember 18, India Today Web Desk New; December 18, 2019UPDATED:; Ist, 2019 11:13. "What is NRC: All you need to know about National Register of Citizens". India Today. Retrieved 7 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ a b "Citizenship law, proposed nation-wide NRC will revise conception of group rights in India". The Indian Express. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  62. ^ A dark day for the country, says Jamaat-e-Islami chief, The Hindu (16 December 2019), Quote: "He said Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka had been persecuted and questioned why they had not been brought under the ambit of the CAA"
  63. ^ "Understanding NRC: What it is and if it can be implemented across the country". The Economic Times. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  64. ^ DelhiDecember 18, India Today Web Desk New; December 18, 2019UPDATED:; Ist, 2019 11:13. "What is NRC: All you need to know about National Register of Citizens". India Today. Retrieved 7 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  65. ^ a b c d e f g "Two dead as Indian police clash with protesters". BBC. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  66. ^ a b c d Saha, Abhishek (20 January 2019). "Explained: Why Assam, Northeast are angry". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 January 2019., Quote: "Protesters have expressed fears that the prospect of citizenship will encourage migration from Bangladesh. They have cited several grounds for opposing this. Demography: This will change across Northeastern states, protesters say, as has already been happening in Assam and Tripura over decades of migration (see graphs). "Assamese could become the second language. Then there is also the question of loss of political rights and culture of the indigenous people,” said former Chief Minister Prafulla Mahanta, who was the face of the Assam Movement (1979-85) against illegal immigration, and one of the signatories to the Assam Accord at the culmination of the movement. (...) Protesters say the Bill goes against the Assam Accord and negates the ongoing update of the National Register of Citizens (NRC)."
  67. ^ a b c d India's parliament passes citizenship law, protests flare, Reuters (11 December 2019), Quote: "'The bill will take away our rights, language and culture with millions of Bangladeshis getting citizenship' (...) 'people in Assam and surrounding states fear that arriving settlers could increase competition for land and upset the region’s demographic balance'"
  68. ^ India Citizenship Protests Spread to Muslim Area of Capital, Krishna Pokharel, The Wall Street Journal (17 December 2019), Quote: "Protests against a new citizenship law favoring non-Muslim immigrants erupted in violence in a Muslim-dominated part of the Indian capital [...] "People are opposing this law because it discriminates against Muslims [...]"
  69. ^ Sigal Samuel, "India just redefined its citizenship criteria to exclude Muslims, "Vox, 12 December 2019.
  70. ^ 23 December, Kaushik Deka; December 23, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 15:04. "Everything you wanted to know about the CAA and NRC". India Today. Retrieved 23 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  71. ^ "Know the difference between NRC and CAA Bill 2019". The Economic Times. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  72. ^ It’s Not Just About Muslims, All Indians Will Have to Queue Up to Prove They are Indians: Owaisi, News18 (22 December 2019), Quote: "Why are we protesting? We are protesting because, in the country, in the name of religion, preparation is being made to make us not just second-class citizens but stateless," [Owaisi] claimed, adding it is a loss for everyone.
  73. ^ a b c Singh, Amrita. "Not just CAA, it's a struggle against authoritarianism: Academics unite against police brutality". The Caravan. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  74. ^ CAA: Violence, arson in south Delhi as protesters torch four buses; two injured, The Mint (15 December 2019), Quote: "Four buses were set ablaze by a mob and two fire officials were injured in stone pelting as the protests against the newly enacted Citizenship Act" (...) "The situation turned critical when a bus was burned by the protestors and police got into action."
  75. ^ Violent protests over citizenship law continue in India, The Week (14 December 2019), Quote: "Protesters set fire to buses and vandalized railroad stations."
  76. ^ Delhi cops didn't fire during Citizenship Act protests at Jamia: Officials, Business Standard (17 December 2019), "Several vehicles, including buses, were burnt down and public properties destroyed during the protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act, which was passed by Parliament last week."
  77. ^ High courts can inquire, says Supreme Court on plea over police action against protesters, The Hindustan Times (17 December 2019)
  78. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (17 December 2019). "India protests: students condemn 'barbaric' police". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  79. ^ a b Nath, Hemanta Kumar (12 November 2019). "1,000 detained as anti-Citizenship Amendment Bill protests intensify in Assam".
  80. ^ a b c Mangaluru, Nolan Pinto (19 December 2019). "Anti-CAA protests: 2 protesters killed in police firing in Mangaluru". India Today. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  81. ^ Guwahati, Hemanta Kumar Nath (13 December 2019). "2 minor boys killed in police firing during anti-CAB protests in Guwahati". India Today. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  82. ^ "Puducherry CM slammed for opposing Citizenship Amendment Act". The Hindu. Puducherry. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  83. ^ "'Why NRC?', asks Nitish Kumar". The Hindu. Patna. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  84. ^ "Uddhav, Jagan rule out NRC exercise in their States". The Hindu. Mumbai / Vijayawada. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  85. ^ "Parliament passes the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2019". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  86. ^ Shaji, K.A (23 December 2019). "CAA: Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees Say The New Law Has Killed Their Hopes Of Citizenship". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  87. ^ "Missing from India's citizenship law: 100,000 Sri Lankan refugees". Malay Mail. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  88. ^ The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019. The Gazette of India. (2019)
  89. ^ "Citizenship law, proposed nation-wide NRC will revise conception of group rights in India". The Indian Express. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019., Quote: "Indeed, the CAB would only apply to undocumented Hindus, Sikhs, [...] would become “refugees” whereas Muslims [...] would remain illegal."
  90. ^ "Rajya Sabha passes Citizenship Amendment Bill: What is a Hindu and why are Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka left out of CAB?". .msn.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  91. ^ Chaudhry, Suparna (13 December 2019). "India's new law may leave millions of Muslims without citizenship". Washington Post. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  92. ^ Sam Gringlas, "India Passes Controversial Citizenship Bill That Would Exclude Muslims", NPR
  93. ^ a b Sigal Samuel, "India just redefined its citizenship criteria to exclude Muslims, "Vox.
  94. ^ Helen Regan, Swati Gupta and Omar Khan, "India passes controversial citizenship bill that excludes Muslims," CNN News.
  95. ^ Saha, Abhishek (20 January 2019). "Explained: Why Assam, Northeast are angry". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. From its records, the IB gave a count of 31,313 (25,447 Hindus, 5,807 Sikhs, 55 Christians, 2 Buddhists and 2 Parsis) who have been given Long Term Visas on their claim of religious persecution in the three countries.
  96. ^ "Assam's 'sons of the soil' cherish new protest symbol". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  97. ^ Dutta, Prabhash K. (13 December 2019). "What is the Assam Accord of 1985 and how the amended citizenship law challenges it?". India Today. India Today. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  98. ^ Hannah Jackson, "Here’s why people are protesting India’s citizenship bill," Global News
  99. ^ "Indian citizenship law discriminatory to Muslims passed". theguardian.com. 11 December 2019.
  100. ^ "India's Parliament passes contentious citizenship bill excluding Muslims". The Japan Times Online. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  101. ^ "Citizenship (Amendment) Bill: What does it do, why is it seen as a problem". The Economic Times. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  102. ^ Prabhash K. Dutta (16 December 2019). "Jamia violence, amended Citizenship Act and speculation over nationwide NRC". India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  103. ^ Sreenivasa, Baawa Prasad Kunale and Vinay Korragayala (16 December 2019). "Orwellian nightmare: How CAB uses the law to discriminate". The Asian Age. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  104. ^ Das, Shaswati (2 December 2019). "NRC will be rolled out across the country before 2024 polls: Amit Shah". livemint.com. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  105. ^ Barik, Satyasundar (16 December 2019). "Won't implement CAA, NRC in Jharkhand: Hemant Soren". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  106. ^ Varma, Anuja and Gyan (14 December 2019). "President gives assent to CAB, 5 states refuse to implement it". livemint.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  107. ^ GuwahatiDecember 20, Hemanta Kumar Nath; December 20, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 22:40. "Cong govts in Punjab, MP, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Puducherry won't implement CAA: Harish Rawat". India Today. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  108. ^ "From Bengal to Punjab: 10 states which have refuses to implement CAA-NRC". Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  109. ^ ThiruvananthapuramDecember 20, Press Trust of India; December 20, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 23:25. "After West Bengal, Kerala too puts on hold NPR work". India Today. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  110. ^ "Sporadic protests in MP against CAA". outlookindia.com. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  111. ^ a b c "'Anti-Muslim' citizenship law challenged in Indian court". BBC. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  112. ^ "Controversial Citizenship (Amendment) Bill to Be Tabled in Lok Sabha on Monday". The Wire. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  113. ^ a b "Anti-CAB stir: People defy curfew, police open fire as Assam". 12 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  114. ^ "In India's northeast, protesters rally against citizenship bill". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  115. ^ Reuters (9 December 2019). "Protests Erupt as India Pushes for Religion-Based Citizenship Bill". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 December 2019. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  116. ^ 11 Dec, Biswendu Bhattacharjee | TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 14:52. "Anti-CAB protests turn violent in Tripura | Agartala News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  117. ^ "Assam: Death toll rises to 5 in protests against citizenship act". 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  118. ^ a b "India PM plea for calm as citizenship unrest rages". 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  119. ^ "Citizenship Bill gets Lok Sabha nod, Rajya Sabha test next". Hindustan Times. 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  120. ^ "Citizenship Bill has smooth sail in Lok Sabha, will Amit Shah clear Rajya Sabha test?". India Today. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  121. ^ Das, Shaswati (9 December 2019). "Amit Shah to table Citizenship Amendment Bill in Lok Sabha today". Livemint. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  122. ^ Nath, Damini; Singh, Vijaita (11 December 2019). "After a heated debate, Rajya Sabha clears Citizenship (Amendment) Bill". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  123. ^ "Citizenship (Amendment) ll gets President's assent, becomes act". Press Trust of India. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019 – via The Economic Times.
  124. ^ "The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  125. ^ a b Singh, Vijaita (10 January 2020). "Citizenship Amendment Act comes into effect from Jan. 10". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  126. ^ a b "Anti-CAA stir: Violent protests rock Jamia, AMU; Bengal boils, uneasy calm in Assam". The Economic Times. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  127. ^ a b "Peasant leader Akhil Gogoi arrested in Assam's Jorhat". India Today. Press Trust of India. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  128. ^ "Travel Alert for U.S. Citizens: Protests in Northeastern States". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  129. ^ "Anti-Citizenship Act protests: U.S., U.K., France, Israel issue travel advisories". The Hindu. 14 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  130. ^ a b c d e f g "CAA Unrest: Dozens of Jamia Students Held, No Internet in Aligarh". The Quint. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  131. ^ a b "Different protest voices at Jantar Mantar". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  132. ^ a b "Massive protests at Delhi's Jantar Mantar over Citizenship Act". The Hindu. PTI. 14 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  133. ^ a b Dec 2019, Mirror Now | 15; Ist, 07:09 Pm, Delhi: Anti-CAA protest turns violent as 3 buses burnt in Jamia Nagar, retrieved 15 December 2019{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  134. ^ "Assamese artists hold concert against CAA". ANI News. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  135. ^ a b c "India citizenship law protests spread across campuses". Reuters. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  136. ^ DelhiDecember 18, Reuters New; December 18, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 14:47. "Night of horrors, death on other side: Inside Jamia Millia when it was stormed by police". India Today. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help); |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  137. ^ a b "At least 60 injured in police crackdown at Aligarh Muslim University". The Hindu. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  138. ^ Singh, Mausami (17 December 2019). "80 students undergo treatment at Delhi hospital after violence at Jamia". India Today. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  139. ^ a b "Anti-Citizenship Act protests turn violent in West Bengal, Assam situation eases". The Hindu. 14 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  140. ^ a b "After Jamia and AMU, Nadwa in Lucknow erupts in protest over citizenship law". Hindustan Times. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  141. ^ a b c "New citizenship law: Lucknow's Nadwa College students forced to retreat protest march, 2 FIRs filed". The Indian Express. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  142. ^ a b GuwahatiDecember 16, Hemanta Kumar Nath; December 16, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 20:55. "AASU stages Satyagraha against CAA, over 1000 protesters detained in Guwahati". India Today. Retrieved 22 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  143. ^ Modi, Narendra (16 December 2019). "I want to unequivocally assure my fellow Indians that CAA does not affect any citizen of India of any religion. No Indian has anything to worry regarding this Act. This Act is only for those who have faced years of persecution outside and have no other place to go except India". @narendramodi. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  144. ^ a b "Fresh violence in Delhi over citizenship law". 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  145. ^ Bagriya, Ashok (18 December 2019). "Supreme Court refuses stay on Citizenship Amendment Act, issues notice to Centre". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  146. ^ a b c d e f "Violent CAA protests take 3 lives in 2 states, Internet shutdown, restrictions send ripples in Delhi: Highlights". India Today. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  147. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Amit Shah To Chair Meeting On Nationwide Protests Against Citizenship Act". NDTV.com. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  148. ^ a b c d e f g h i Net Desk, The Hindu (19 December 2019). "Anti-Citizenship Act protests live | One dies of alleged firearm injury in Lucknow". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  149. ^ "Internet Shutdown: Lucknow Till December 21, Dakshina Kannada for 48 Hours". The Wire. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  150. ^ a b "Thousands held in banned India citizenship protest". 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  151. ^ "Anti-CAA Protests Live Updates: 1,200 people detained by Delhi Police today; 13,000 officials patrolled sensitive areas". businesstoday.in. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  152. ^ a b c Reporter, Staff (19 December 2019). "Anti-CAA protests: 700 flights delayed, 20 cancelled at Delhi's IGI Airport". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  153. ^ a b "Mangaluru: Police barge into hospital, kick in ICU doors in pursuit of 'stone-pelters'". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  154. ^ a b "Mangaluru police used teargas inside hospital, damaged ICU doors". The Week. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  155. ^ a b Web Desk, India Today. "Gujarat CAA protesters corner policemen, rain stones as locals rescue struggling cops | Watch". India Today. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  156. ^ a b c "Around 20,000 join anti-CAA protest march at August Kranti Maidan, no untoward incident reported: Mumbai Police". Mumbai Mirror. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  157. ^ a b "Citizenship Act Protests LIVE: 7 Dead in 24 Hours in UP as Western Region Sees Violence; Protesters Surround Daryaganj Police Station to Demand Release of Detainees". News18. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  158. ^ a b "Bhim Army's Chandrashekhar Gives Cops The Slip At Delhi's Jama Masjid". NDTV.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  159. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Dealth toll touches 16 in U.P. as protests continue". The Hindu. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  160. ^ IANS (21 December 2019). "Academics, intellects issue joint statement supporting CAA". Outlook India. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  161. ^ a b Nigam Prusty, Shilpa Jamkhandikar (21 December 2019). "Hundreds arrested in India during days of protests over citizenship law". Reuters India. Retrieved 21 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  162. ^ a b "Protest floodgates open, in a flash". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  163. ^ "Bihar Police Arrest Hindutva Activists for Killing Teenager Who Joined Anti-CAA Protest". The Wire. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  164. ^ Staff, Scroll. "Bihar: Two Hindutva fringe outfit members charged for murder of teenager during CAA protests". Scroll.in. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  165. ^ a b JaipurDecember 22, Press Trust of India; December 22, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 17:41. "CAA, NRC protests in Rajasthan: Nearly 3 lakh carry out peaceful march". India Today. Retrieved 22 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  166. ^ a b "Karnataka Govt Announces ex-Gratia of Rs 10 Lakh to Next of Kin of 2 Killed in Mangaluru". News18. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  167. ^ a b "Karnataka CM puts on hold compensation to family of those killed in Mangaluru police firing". The Indian Express. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  168. ^ a b Abhishek, Kumar (22 December 2019). "CAA protests: UP government starts process to seize property of protesters involved in violence". India Today. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  169. ^ "In one voice, 80,000 Bengaluru citizens reject CAA - Bengaluru News". The Times of India. TNN. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  170. ^ ANI (23 December 2019). "Anti-CAA protests: Dibrugarh police arrests 55 people". Business Standard India. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  171. ^ India, Press Trust of (23 December 2019). "Three labourers attacked for taking part in anti-CAA protests". Business Standard India. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  172. ^ "AAP's Amanatullah Khan booked for sharing objectionable posts against CAA". www.aninews.in. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  173. ^ "31 arrested for violence during anti-CAA stir in U.P.'s Rampur". The Hindu. PTI. 23 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  174. ^ "Citizenship Act Protests LIVE: Complaint Against Sonia Gandhi, Priyanka & Owaisi for 'Provocative' Speeches Against CAA". News18. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  175. ^ "India's ruling party loses key state election amid protests". AP NEWS. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  176. ^ "Told to exit India for protesting against CAA: German student at IIT Madras". The Indian Express. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  177. ^ a b "Cops Barged Into Our Homes at Night, Smashed Everything, Snatched Cash and Jewellery, Say Muzaffarnagar's Muslim Families". www.news18.com. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  178. ^ a b "'Rakshak bane bhakshak' Army of UP police vandalize properties". The Siasat Daily. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  179. ^ a b "Video Shows Cops Vandalising Shops, Vehicles In UP's Kanpur Amid Protests". NDTV.com. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  180. ^ a b "UP: FIR against 1000-1200 AMU students for candle light protest on campus". The Indian Wire. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  181. ^ a b "Explain or pay for damage: UP administration sends notice to 26 people in Sambhal for CAA violence". India Today. Press Trust of India. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  182. ^ Trivedi, Saurabh (28 December 2019). "Over 300 detained for protesting outside U.P. Bhawan against CAA". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  183. ^ a b c d "CAA Protests LIVE Updates: Spirit of Assam Accord should not be broken, says Rahul Gandhi in Guwahati". The Indian Express. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  184. ^ a b "Congress Marks 135th Foundation Day with 'Save Constitution-Save India' Flag March Across Country". News18. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  185. ^ "Property damage: 140 get notices for Rs 40 lakh in Meerut". The Indian Express. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  186. ^ Malhotra, Ashis (31 December 2019). "'Won't leave': Women lead protest in India capital's Muslim area". Aljazeera. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  187. ^ Chakrabarti, Samrat (31 December 2019). "Shaheen Bagh Heralds a New Year With Songs of Azaadi". Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  188. ^ "'Kuch Toh Kha Lijiye': How Women Protesters At Shaheen Bagh Are Serving A Lesson In Humanity". Scoop Whoop. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  189. ^ "Second coldest December in Delhi in last 100 years". India Today. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  190. ^ Kundu, Rhik (30 December 2019). "Delhi sees coldest December day in over 100 years, fog disrupts flight operations". The Live Mint. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  191. ^ "We stand like mountains: Women show courage to lead anti-CAA protest in Delhi's bitter cold". India Today. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  192. ^ Sarfaraz, Kainat (29 December 2019). "At Shaheen Bagh anti-CAA stir, protesters brave biting cold 24x7". The Hundustan Times. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  193. ^ "CAA protest: Days on, Shaheen Bagh voices strong". The Indian Express. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  194. ^ Sarfaraz, Kainat (2 January 2020). "Shaheen Bagh protest organiser calls it off, can't get people to vacate". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  195. ^ "At Kolkata's Rainbow pride walk, CAA and NRC take the frontline". Business Insider. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  196. ^ 30 Dec, TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 13:48. "Protest against citizenship act finds a voice in Kolkata's Rainbow Pride Walk | Kolkata News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  197. ^ "CAA protests: Delhi Police arrests street vendor for Jamia violence". The India Today. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  198. ^ "Delhi Police arrests 11th person in connection with 15 Dec Jamia violence; accused was previously involved in Arms Act case". The First Post. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  199. ^ "Kerala Assembly Passes Resolution Against Citizenship Act". NDTV. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  200. ^ "The PMK passed a resolution at its general body meeting urging the Central and State governments to not extend the National Register of Citizens to Tamil Nadu". The Hindu. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  201. ^ Reporter, Staff (1 January 2020). "Delhi's Shaheen Bagh rings in new year with anti-Citizenship Act slogans". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  202. ^ "Flash protest in Hyderabad again CAA, NRC on New Year's eve: Six detained". www.thenewsminute.com. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  203. ^ BhubaneswarJanuary 1, Mohammad Suffian (1 January 2020). "Anti-CAA protesters in Odisha brave chilling cold, read Constitution as world celebrates New Year". India Today. Retrieved 1 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  204. ^ DelhiDecember 31, Reuters New; December 31, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 17:03. "India prepares for New Year's Eve with fresh protests against citizenship law". India Today. Retrieved 1 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help); |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  205. ^ "India celebrates New Year's Eve with protests against citizenship law". Reuters. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  206. ^ 2 Jan, TNN |; 2020; Ist, 13:10. "Muslims unite for huge anti-CAA rally | Kochi News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  207. ^ "Kochi sees massive rally by Islamic organisations against CAA-NRC". The News Minute. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  208. ^ "'Lived In India, Will Die In India': Massive Anti-CAA Protest In Kochi On New Year Day". HuffPost India. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  209. ^ "Born in India, will die in India". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  210. ^ "Anti-CAA protest: Kochi comes to standstill; commuters stranded". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  211. ^ Deshmane, Akshay (8 January 2020). "UP Police Admits It Wrongly Accused Innocent Muslims Of Violence During Anti-CAA Protest". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  212. ^ "Uttar Pradesh: Yogi govt to review anti-CAA arrests; admits innocents were arrested". The National Herald. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  213. ^ a b c d e "Tens of thousands march in southern India to protest citizenship law". Reuters. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  214. ^ a b c d "Masked Mob Attacks JNU; Around 40 Including Students, Teachers Injured". NDTV.com. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  215. ^ "Indian students rally after campus attack". 6 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  216. ^ a b "Amidst anti-CAA protests, Narendra Modi's Assam visit cancelled". The New Indian Express. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  217. ^ a b "Amid Anti-CAA Protests, PM Modi To Skip Khelo India Youth Games in Assam". outlookindia.com. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  218. ^ a b c d "Protests unabated across Assam". telegraphindia.com. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  219. ^ a b "Assam: Thousands join anti-CAA protest rally in Dibrugarh". NORTHEAST NOW. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  220. ^ "JNU students stopped by police from marching towards Rashtrapati Bhavan, detained". The Hindu. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  221. ^ "Chief Justice Sharad Bobde scoffs at plea to declare CAA 'constitutional'". The Hindu. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  222. ^ "Delhi HC dismisses plea seeking removal of anti-CAA protesters at Shaheen Bagh". The Hindu. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  223. ^ a b "Modi welcomed to Kolkata with anti-CAA protests". Rediff. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  224. ^ a b "Left-leaning Students Protest Against Mamata for Meeting PM, Say it Will 'Dilute Fight' Against CAA". News18. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  225. ^ AuthorTelanganaToday. "Watch: Thousands participate in Tiranga Rally against CAA in Hyderabad". Telangana Today. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  226. ^ Mohammed, Syed (10 January 2020). "Hyderabad turns into a sea of Tricolour". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  227. ^ "Hyderabad police caned protesters at 8 places during Tiranga rally". Deccan Chronicle. 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  228. ^ a b c d ""No Space To Accommodate Any More": Tripura Royal Scion On Citizenship". NDTV.com. 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  229. ^ Bagchi, Suvojit (12 January 2020). "Citizenship Amendment Act: Narendra Modi's remarks upset Ramakrishna Mission members". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  230. ^ a b c d e f "CAA live news updates : PM doing biggest disservice to nation by distracting and dividing people of India, says Rahul". The Times of India. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  231. ^ "CAA protests LIVE Updates: Parliamentary panel comes down hard on Delhi Police over Jamia, JNU crackdown". India Today. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  232. ^ "Stop NPR: Opposition's Message To Chief Ministers Against Citizens' List". NDTV.com. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  233. ^ "Anti-CAB stir: People defy curfew, police open fire as Assam". 12 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  234. ^ Ravi, Sidharth (11 December 2019). "Protests against CAB spill on to Delhi streets". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  235. ^ "Bengaluru: Citizens protest against Citizenship Amendment Bill". Deccan Chronicle. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  236. ^ Moin, Ather (11 December 2019). "CAB triggers protests in Hyderabad". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  237. ^ a b "Students of IIT-Bombay protest passage of CAB". The Indian Express. 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  238. ^ Hemanta Kumar; Nath Ashutosh Mishra (11 December 2019). "Shutdown in Northeast, furore across nation as Citizenship Amendment Bill set for Rajya Sabha test today". India Today. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  239. ^ ANI (10 December 2019). "Guwahati: Cotton University students hold protest against CAB". Business Standard India. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  240. ^ "PHOTOS: Massive Protest Against Citizenship Amendment Bill Across India". News18. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  241. ^ ChennaiDecember 19, Akshaya Nath; December 19, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 21:22. "Madras University students protest against CAA for third consecutive day". India Today. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  242. ^ 12 Dec, PTI |; 2019; Ist, 19:12. "Presidency University students protest against citizenship bill | Kolkata News - Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  243. ^ "Delhi: 50 Jamia students detained after clash with cops during Citizenship Bill protests". The Indian Express. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  244. ^ Ibrar, Mohammad (13 December 2019). "Citizenship Amendment Act protests in Delhi: 50 Jamia Millia Islamia students detained after clash with cops". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  245. ^ 14 Dec, TNN |; 2019; Ist, 7:04. "Hyderabad feels CAB protest heat, cops in full gear stand guard | Hyderabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  246. ^ India, Press Trust of (12 December 2019). "Citizenship bill: DU students hold protest, call legislation 'communal'". Business Standard India. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  247. ^ "Panjab University students protest, burn copies of citizenship bill". The Times of India. 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  248. ^ "FIR against Aligarh Muslim University students for protesting against Citizenship (Amendment) Bill". The Hindu. 11 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  249. ^ "CAA Protests: Chennai students stage protests, express solidarity with students in Delhi". The Hindu. 16 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  250. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (16 December 2019). "Protests Spread Across India Over Divisive Citizenship Law". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  251. ^ a b c d Slater, Joanna. "Protests erupt across India against new citizenship law after police storm university campus". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  252. ^ Jha, Satish (16 December 2019). "CAA protest: IIM-Ahmedabad prof roughed up by police". The Deccan Herald. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  253. ^ "Shoe Satyagraha: IIM Bengaluru students use footwear to register CAA protest; defy Sec 144, admin orders". India Today. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  254. ^ Mathur, Nandita (22 December 2019). "IIM-C holds its peace, but other Kolkata campuses join CAA protests". Live Mint. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  255. ^ "NIT-C, IIM-K students join mass agitation against CAA". 19 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  256. ^ "India police ban protests against citizenship law". 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  257. ^ "Section 144 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973". indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  258. ^ "Hundreds detained in India over citizenship protest". 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  259. ^ "Anti-CAA Protests Live Updates: 19 Delhi Metro stations shut; scores detained in multiple cities". businesstoday.in. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  260. ^ Team, BS Web. "CAA protest LIVE: 18 Delhi metro stations shut, protestors defy Section 144". business-standard.com. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  261. ^ "Cotton University students stage silent protest against CAB". The Sentinel. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  262. ^ "TIME8 | Cotton University Students Stage Silent Protest Against Citizenship Bill". TIME8. 29 November 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  263. ^ Singh, Bikash (17 December 2019). "Citizenship Amendment Bill: Why Assam is protesting?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  264. ^ Bhattacharya, D. P. (17 December 2019). "CAA protests in Assam: Why it is different from the rest of the country". The Economic Times. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  265. ^ 15 December, Tania Midha; December 15, 1986 ISSUE DATE; February 20, 1986UPDATED; Ist, 2014 11:16. "Citizenship Act: Govt changes criteria qualifying a person as a citizen of India". India Today. Retrieved 22 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first4= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  266. ^ Singh, Bikash (12 December 2019). "Citizenship Amendment Bill 2019: Why is Assam protesting?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  267. ^ "'Anything for Motherland': Thousands Held during Day 1 of AASU's Satyagraha, Assam Govt Defiant". News18. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  268. ^ Hemanta Kumar Nath (16 December 2019). "AASU stages Satyagraha against CAA, over 1000 protesters detained in Guwahati". India Today. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  269. ^ "Union leaders rally protesters". Nursing Standard. 26 (28): 5. 14 March 2012. doi:10.7748/ns.26.28.5.s2. ISSN 0029-6570.
  270. ^ GuwahatiDecember 13, Press Trust of India; December 13, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 19:12. "CAB protest: Security forces entered office, beat up staffers, claims Assam TV channel official". India Today. Retrieved 22 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  271. ^ "'Assamese have come out trampling death': How Assam's local dailies covered protests against Citizenship Amendment Act". Firstpost. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  272. ^ "All Assam Students' Union members ransack AGP office". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  273. ^ a b PTI. "Protests against Citizenship (Amendment) Act: Rail, road services affected in Bihar; Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya peaceful". @businessline. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  274. ^ "AHRC takes note of Akhil 'torture'". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  275. ^ "Akhil Gogoi rules out 'Maoist' links, calls arrest 'ploy to delegitimise movement' against citizenship law". The Indian Express. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  276. ^ Hemanta Kumar Nath (17 December 2019). "Special NIA court sends Akhil Gogoi to 10-day custody amid anti-Citizenship Amendment Act protests". India Today. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  277. ^ "In India's northeast, protesters rally against citizenship bill". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  278. ^ Reuters (9 December 2019). "Protests Erupt as India Pushes for Religion-Based Citizenship Bill". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 December 2019. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  279. ^ Biswendu Bhattacharjee (11 December 2019). "Anti-CAB protests turn violent in Tripura". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  280. ^ "Music, Art Tie Them as Zubeen Garg and a Host of Assamese Artistes Lead Anti-CAA Stir from the Front". News18. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  281. ^ "Artistes to stage musical protest". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  282. ^ Ch, Munish; P, ra; GuwahatiDecember 16, ey; December 16, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 10:05. "Assam CAA protest: 4 dead in police firing, 175 arrested, more than 1400 detained". India Today. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first5= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  283. ^ "CAB protest: 1 martyred in CRPF firing at Guwahati". NORTHEAST NOW. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  284. ^ "Anti-Citizenship Act protests: Toll rises to six in Assam; protesters block roads, railway tracks, torch vehicles in West Bengal". Firstpost. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  285. ^ "Mobile internet ban lifted in Assam". The Hindu. PTI. 20 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  286. ^ a b GuwahatiDecember 23, Hemanta Kumar Nath; December 23, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 23:05. "Anti-CAA protests: 393 people arrested, 244 cases registered in Assam violence". India Today. Retrieved 24 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  287. ^ Kalita, Kangkan; Dec 24, Anup Dutta | TNN |; 2019; Ist, 14:19. "CAA Latest News: From Guwahati to Jorhat, state rocked by stir against new law | Guwahati News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  288. ^ 24 Dec, PTI | Updated; 2019; Ist, 21:57. "Protests against CAA across Assam | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  289. ^ "50 Jamia students detained after clash with cops during CAB protest". The Hindu. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  290. ^ "Protests spread across India over new citizenship law which excludes Muslims". CNN. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  291. ^ a b "UP Police Station Set On Fire, Citizenship Law Protesters Tear-Gassed". NDTV.com. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  292. ^ "Protesting Against Jamia Crackdown, JNU Students Call for Overnight Stir; Thousands Gather at Delhi Police HQ". News18. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  293. ^ a b "Jamia protest: Two men admitted to Safdarjung Hospital with 'gunshot injury', say sources". The New Indian Express. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  294. ^ P, Tanushree (16 December 2019). "Jamia protest aftermath: Passerby shot in leg, claims police took shot without cause". India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  295. ^ "Near Jamia Protest Site, 2 Men Get 'Gunshot Injury'; Police Say Wounds Could be Due to Tear Gas Shells". News18.
  296. ^ Pandey, Tanushree (16 December 2019). "#EXCLUSIVE Medical report of Mohd Tamin,passer-by who was allegedly shot by Delhi Police during #JamiaProtests reads GUN SHOT INJURY ON LEFT LEG. Tamin told me "I was crossing the area,when chaos broke out. Told police I'm not a protestor, but they took a straight shot at my leg"". @TanushreePande. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  297. ^ a b Desk, The Hindu Net (16 December 2019). "Citizenship Act protests live updates | Opposition spreading 'falsehood' about Citizenship Act: Shah". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 December 2019. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  298. ^ "Anurag Kashyap, John Cusack and others condemn violence on Jamia students, call government 'fascist'". The Hindu. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  299. ^ "Jamia: Anurag Kashyap calls govt fascist, Rajkummar Rao condemns police violence". India Today. India Today Web Desk News. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  300. ^ ""Police Brutality Shameful": Actor Swara Bhaskar On University Crackdown". NDTV. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  301. ^ India, Press Trust of (16 December 2019). "IIM Ahmedabad students join protests against police crackdown at Jamia, AMU". Business Standard India. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  302. ^ a b India, Press Trust of (17 December 2019). "Delhi University students come out in support of Jamia, condemn CAA". Business Standard India. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  303. ^ "IIT-M to Jadavpur Uni: Students protest across India after police crackdown in Jamia". thenewsminute.com. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  304. ^ "IIT-Kanpur panel to probe 'communal statements' by students protesting CAA". The Indian Express. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  305. ^ "10 Arrested For Jamia Violence, None Are Students". NDTV.com. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  306. ^ "Bared: Police 'brutality' on AMU students". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  307. ^ a b Net Desk, The Hindu (17 December 2019). "CAA protests live updates | 21 people injured in Seelampur violence: police". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  308. ^ "Police violated protocols: Report of fact-finding team on AMU clash". Hindustan Times. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  309. ^ a b c "16 Killed, 263 Cops Injured in Uttar Pradesh in Protests against Citizenship Amendment Act". News18. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  310. ^ a b "Violence at Lucknow University, Stone-Pelting Reported". NDTV. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  311. ^ a b Husain (16 December 2019). "Lucknow: Nadwa students protest in solidarity with Jamia and AMU, college shut | Lucknow News - Times of India". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  312. ^ "Protests At University In Lucknow, Cops Ask Students To Remain Inside". NDTV.com. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  313. ^ Hakim, Sharmeen; Hakim, Aftab ShaikhSharmeen; Shaikh, Aftab; Jan 6, Mumbai Mirror | Updated:; 2020; Ist, 08:30. "JNU attack: Over 200 people gather at Gateway of India to protest against brutal attack on students". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 6 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last5= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  314. ^ Varma, Shylaja (5 December 2020). ""Fell On My Back On Road Divider, Police Watched," Says Yogendra Yadav After JNU Violence". NDTV. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  315. ^ "JNU violence: Delhi Police watch as ambulances smashed, leaders heckled". The Indian Express. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  316. ^ "JNU violence: Masked men run riot inside campus for 3 hours, 26 injured". The Indian Express. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  317. ^ "JNU violence: Never in 50 years has the campus seen such violence, says JNU Teachers' Association". The Hindu. 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  318. ^ "Live updates - Masked goons strike terror in JNU". The Hindu. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  319. ^ Staff, Scroll. "JNU: WhatsApp messages planning attack traced to ABVP activists". Scroll.in. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  320. ^ "JNU violence: Before mayhem, WhatsApp chatter suggests planning". The Indian Express. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  321. ^ "Mumbai Students "Occupy Gateway" To Protest Against JNU Mob Attack". NDTV.com. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  322. ^ "Indian students rally after campus attack". 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  323. ^ Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan (1 January 2020). "The Art of Resistance: Ringing in the new year with CAA protesters at Delhi's Shaheen Bagh". Scroll.in. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  324. ^ a b 20 Dec, Anam Ajmal | TNN |; 2019; Ist, 10:53. "Delhi internet shutdown did not come via right channel: Digital right activists | Delhi News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  325. ^ ThiruvananthapuramDecember 19, Press Trust of India; December 19, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 18:48. "Anti-Citizenship Amendment Act stir continues in Kerala". India Today. Retrieved 22 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  326. ^ "Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad escapes from police after being caught". The Economic Times. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  327. ^ a b c d e "6 killed as U.P. protests against citizenship law turn violent". The Hindu. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  328. ^ "Chandrashekhar Azad seeks Amit Shah's resignation, holds RSS responsible for violence at CAA protests". caravanmagazine.in. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  329. ^ "Anti-CAA protests: Delhi court grants bail to 12 people in Seemapuri violence case". The Hindu. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  330. ^ "CAA Protests: Journalists Take Out Rally Against Mistreatment by Law Enforcement". The Wire. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  331. ^ a b "Students, activists hit the streets". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  332. ^ "Students Demanding Yogi Adityanath's Resignation Over UP Crackdown Detained". NDTV.com. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  333. ^ "Large Gatherings Banned Near Delhi's Mandi House Amid Protest". NDTV.com. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  334. ^ "Anti-CAA protest: Students from various universities across Delhi join march". The Economic Times. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  335. ^ "Delhi Police film protests, run its images through face recognition software to screen crowd". The Indian Express. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  336. ^ Taneja, Nidhi (14 January 2020). "SC to Jantar Mantar: Supreme Court lawyers hold protest march against CAA, NRC, NPR". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  337. ^ DelhiDecember 26, Press Trust of India New; December 26, 2019UPDATED:; Ist, 2019 23:45. "Unfazed by cold, 200 women stage sit-in at Shaheen Bagh, police seek to end protest". India Today. Retrieved 14 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  338. ^ "Watch | Women, Homemakers Lead Protests Against CAA at Delhi's Shaheen Bagh". The Wire. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  339. ^ "Protesters Usher In New Year At Delhi's Shaheen Bagh With National Anthem". NDTV.com. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  340. ^ Abbas, Zafar (31 December 2019). "Celebrities, activists join protesters at Shaheen Bagh to celebrate New Year". www.millenniumpost.in. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  341. ^ "Organiser 'Calls Off' Shaheen Bagh Anti-CAA Protest, Locals Continue Dharna". The Wire. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  342. ^ DelhiJanuary 10, Indo-Asian News Service New; January 10, 2020UPDATED:; Ist, 2020 13:46. "HC turns down plea on shifting protesters from Shaheen Bagh". India Today. Retrieved 14 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  343. ^ Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan. "The Art of Resistance: Ringing in the new year with CAA protesters at Delhi's Shaheen Bagh". Scroll.in. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  344. ^ "CAA, NRC over 'my Dead Body': Mamata Banerjee; LDF and UDF on one platform". The Economic Times. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  345. ^ "Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee warns of strict action amid violent protests over citizenship law". Hindustan Times. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  346. ^ "Govt firm on CAA, protests continue, opposition petitions President: Top developments and reactions". The Times of India. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  347. ^ "Anti-CAA rally in Kolkata: BJP buying skull caps to disturb peace, says Mamata Banerjee". India Today. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  348. ^ "Stone gang in fake skullcap held by Murshidabad police". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  349. ^ "BJP Worker, Supporters 'in Skullcaps' Held for Pelting Stones on Train, Says Report". The Wire. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  350. ^ "Identify them by their clothes? 'BJP worker' dons skull cap before throwing stones in Bengal". The Free Press Journal. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  351. ^ 24 Dec, TIMESOFINDIA COM | Updated; 2019; Ist, 15:17. "Protests in West Bengal against Citizenship Act | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  352. ^ "Citizenship Act protests LIVE updates: CM's who opposed NRC should stop NPR process as well, says CPI(M)". The Indian Express. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  353. ^ a b "Popular Front of India rally denied permission by West Bengal Police". The Hindu. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  354. ^ khanna, rajeev. "Punjab Protests CAB, Big Rallies Across the State". The Citizen. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  355. ^ Dec 17, Neel Kamal | TNN | Updated:; 2019; Ist, 10:43. "Students take charge as CAA protests spread across Punjab | Amritsar News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  356. ^ "Protests against Citizenship Amendment Act continue in UP". Hindustan Times. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  357. ^ a b c "UP to Kerala, Bengal to Gujarat: How India Vented Out Anger Against Police Crackdown in Jamia, AMU". News18. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  358. ^ DelhiDecember 19, India Today Web Desk New; December 19, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 18:34. "CAA protests: Will seize properties of those who indulge in violence, says Yogi Adityanath". India Today. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  359. ^ Ch, Munish; P, ra; BijnorDecember 24, ey; December 24, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 11:10. "Bijnor Ground Report: Muslim families flee as UP Police vandalise homes, harass women after clashes over CAA". India Today. Retrieved 24 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first5= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  360. ^ a b "UP Police Say 57 Cops Had Bullet Injuries In Clashes. We Found Only One". NDTV.com. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  361. ^ 21 Dec, Pathikrit Chakraborty | TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 18:37. "UP News: CAA protests in Uttar Pradesh; 15 killed in UP, 705 arrested | Lucknow News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  362. ^ Singh, Sanjay (22 December 2019). "Heavy police, CPMF presence in 'sensitive' districts of Uttar Pradesh". The Economic Times. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  363. ^ B, Press Trust of India; aDecember 23; December 23, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 18:47. "CAA protests: FIR against 31 Samajwadi Party leaders including RS MP, 150 party workers". India Today. Retrieved 24 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first4= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  364. ^ ""Exercise Caution" While Travelling To Uttar Pradesh: US Asks Citizens". NDTV.com. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  365. ^ 24 Dec, Shailvee Sharda | TNN |; 2019; Ist, 21:15. "Anti-CAA protest in Lucknow: Teacher suspended, student expelled | Lucknow News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  366. ^ "21,500 booked for violence in Kanpur". India Today. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  367. ^ "Shocking! UP Police caught vandalising property in Muzaffarnagar during anti-CAA protests [WATCH]". www.timesnownews.com. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  368. ^ Reporter, Staff (26 December 2019). "Anti-CAA protests: Reign of terror in Uttar Pradesh, assert activists". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  369. ^ "Drones to bandobast to peace meetings: UP has a quiet Friday". The Indian Express. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  370. ^ "'Go to Pakistan', says India officer as leader praises crackdown". www.aljazeera.com.
  371. ^ a b "Anti-CAA protest: Police fire in air, 15 vehicles torched by protesters in UP's Mau". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  372. ^ "IIT Kanpur constitutes panel to decide if Faiz's poem hurts Hindu sentiment". The Economic Times. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  373. ^ a b "Hum Dekhenge: What will you see, IIT Kanpur?". The Telegraph. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  374. ^ Korpe, Marie; Reitov, Ole (September 2010). "Banned: a Rough Guide". Index on Censorship. 39 (3): 36. doi:10.1177/0306422010381043. ISSN 0306-4220.
  375. ^ "CAA Protests: Javed Akhtar's Take On The IIT-Kanpur "Faiz Is Anti-Hindu" Row". NDTV. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  376. ^ Katju, Markandey (3 January 2020). "Why the Controversy Around Faiz's 'Hum Dekhenge' Is So Fatuous". The Wire. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  377. ^ "IIT Kanpur students respond to professor who accused them of chanting anti-India slogans".{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  378. ^ Service, Tribune News. "IIT Kanpur panel to decide if Faiz poem is anti-Hindu". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  379. ^ "Don't communalise the peaceful gathering at IIT Kanpur". Vox Populi. 21 December 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019.
  380. ^ "RJ Sayema Explains and Sings Faiz's Hum Dekhenge". The Wire. YouTube. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  381. ^ Pandey, Alok (3 January 2020). "The Latest On IIT-Kanpur's Faiz Shocker: Top Official Walks Back A Claim". NDTV. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  382. ^ "We will not determine if Faiz's poem 'Hum Dekhenge' is anti-Hindu, clarifies IIT-Kanpur". The Scroll. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  383. ^ a b "Protests erupt across Karnataka against Citizenship Amendment Act". The News Minute. 14 December 2019.
  384. ^ Srivatsa, Sharath S. (13 December 2019). "Bangla camp in Raichur district celebrates Citizenship Act". The Hindu.
  385. ^ M, Akshatha (19 December 2019). "CAA protests: Police detain hundreds of protesters in Bengaluru". The Economic Times. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  386. ^ "Section 144 to be imposed in Bengaluru and other parts of Karnataka from Thursday". thenewsminute.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  387. ^ "'Are you going to ban each and every protest?': Karnataka HC raps govt over Bengaluru detentions". The Indian Express. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  388. ^ Poovanna, Sharan (23 December 2019). "Over 1 lakh people gather in Bengaluru to protest CAA,NRC". Livemint. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  389. ^ a b c CAA protest: Was Mangaluru violence pre-planned? CCTV footage reveal how events unfolded on Dec 19, India Today (24 December 2019)
  390. ^ "CAA: Protesters block road; 38 arrested". The Hindu. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  391. ^ "People from Kerala behind Mangaluru violence: Karnataka Home Minister".
  392. ^ "Aftermath of anti-CAA deaths, entry clampdown at Kerala-Mangalore border - OrissaPOST". 20 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  393. ^ "Kerala CM condemns detention of journalists in M'luru". Deccan Herald. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  394. ^ "Police claim Malayalee journalists arrested in Mangaluru were fake". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  395. ^ "Mangaluru: Journalists arrested; BJP leader says 50 goondas came from Kerala". The Week. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  396. ^ 21 Dec, TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 7:47. "Kerala CM, leaders protest Karnataka police action against scribes | Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  397. ^ a b "Citizenship Act stir: 100 protesters in Tamil Nadu held after burning effigies of Modi, Shah". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  398. ^ "Photos of actors Parvathy and Sidharth taking part in CAA protests goes viral". Mathrubhumi. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  399. ^ Sivakumar, B.; Dec 18, Shanmughasundaram J. | TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 15:47. "CAA Protest Chennai: DMK, allies to take out rally in Chennai; BJP leader appeals to students not to fall prey to 'deceitful words' of oppn parties | Chennai News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  400. ^ "Opposition steps up protests against CAA: DMK leads massive rally in Chennai, Congress holds 'satyagraha' at Rajghat; Uttar Pradesh PFI chief arrested". Firstpost. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  401. ^ 24 Dec, TIMESOFINDIA COM | Updated; 2019; Ist, 18:39. "Citizenship Amendment Act protests: Top developments | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  402. ^ a b c Khanna, Rohit (2 January 2020). "Bengal finds new protest in Kolam". Times of India. Kolkata. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  403. ^ a b c Shivakumar, B (30 December 2019). "Kolam protest against CAA and NRC spreads in Tamil Nadu". Times of India. Chennai. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  404. ^ "Protest outside IIM-A in support of Jamia students; 50 held". The Hindu. PTI. 16 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  405. ^ "CAA protest: IIM-Ahmedabad prof roughed up by police". Deccan Herald. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  406. ^ "NRC અને CAAના વિરોધમાં ગુજરાતમાં ઠેર ઠેર રેલી- પ્રદર્શનો" [Rallies and protests in several places in Gujarat against CAA and NRC]. Gujarat Samachar (in Gujarati). 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  407. ^ "Mob launches murderous attack on cops in Ahmedabad, locals rescue them". India Today. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  408. ^ "Gujarat: Anti-CAA protestors attack police jeep in Banaskantha". Economic Times. Gujarat. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  409. ^ Jacob, Jeemon; Thiruvananthapuram (16 December 2019). "Kerala's ruling Left and Congress-led Opposition stage joint protest against CAA". India Today. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  410. ^ Staff Reporter (28 December 2019). "Students stage protest during Kerala Governor's speech at Indian History Congress". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  411. ^ "Kerala Assembly Passes Resolution Against Citizenship Act". NDTV.com.
  412. ^ Rakesh, K.M (2 January 2020). "Born in India, will die in India". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  413. ^ "Kochi sees massive rally by Islamic organisations against CAA-NRC". The News Minute. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  414. ^ 17 Dec, Nirupa Vatyam | TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 7:12. "CAA Protest: Major protests across universities in Hyderabad too | Hyderabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  415. ^ 21 Dec, PTI |; 2019; Ist, 19:48. "Protests continue against CAA in Hyderabad | Hyderabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  416. ^ Pavan, P. PavanP; Dec 23, Mumbai Mirror | Updated; 2019; Ist, 22:01. "Hyderabad: CAA, NRC protests spreads to small towns in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  417. ^ "Anti-CAA protests: Posters hunt for missing Nitish Kumar in Patna". India Today. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  418. ^ PatnaDecember 10, Rohit Kumar Singh; December 10, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 09:26. "Disappointed to see JDU supporting CAB, says leader Prashant Kishor". India Today. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  419. ^ "NRC will not be implemented in Bihar: NDA ally Nitish". Deccan Herald. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  420. ^ "Train services disrupted, roads blocked, ambulance vandalised as anti-CAA protests turn violent in Bihar's Patna, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur". Firstpost. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  421. ^ "RJD Supporters Block Highways In Bihar Amid Citizenship Law Protest". NDTVIndia. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  422. ^ 21 Dec, ANI |; 2019; Ist, 9:39. "Bihar bandh: RJD supporters use buffaloes to block highway in Vaishali, protest at railway line in Darbhanga | Patna News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  423. ^ "All-India protests against Citizenship Act". The Economic Times. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  424. ^ "Celebrities join CAA protest at Mumbai's August Kranti Maidan". The Indian Express. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  425. ^ "CAA protests: B-town roars at demonstrations, Farhan Akhtar bats for democracy; stars thank Mumbai Police for cooperation". The Economic Times. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  426. ^ Gajara, Dhairya (20 December 2019). "Anti-CAA protests: Mumbai Police set an example, win hearts". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  427. ^ 19 Dec, PTI |; 2019; Ist, 19:16. "Anti-CAA protests in Mumbai's August Kranti Maidan, Nagpur | Mumbai News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  428. ^ 20 Dec, Ardhra Nair | TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 7:06. "Maharashtra: Anti-CAA protests swell as citizens join hands with students in cities | Pune News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  429. ^ PanajiDecember 13, Press Trust of India; December 13, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 22:53. "Goa: GFP joins in protests against amended Citizenship Act". India Today. Retrieved 26 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  430. ^ India, Press Trust of (15 December 2019). "Protest march held in Raipur against CAA, NRC". Business Standard India. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  431. ^ "'Don't implement CAA in Odisha'". The Hindu. 18 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  432. ^ BhubaneswarDecember 17, Mohammad Suffian; December 17, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 18:44. "Odisha: Thousands hit road against CAA, NRC". India Today. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  433. ^ 24 Dec, Prashant Jha | TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 14:34. "Protest against CAA, NRC reaches Uttarakhand | Dehradun News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  434. ^ 25 Dec, Prashant Jha | TNN |; 2019; Ist, 4:55. "Hundreds hold peaceful march against CAA, NRC in Nainital; protesters sing national anthem and read preamble to show solidarity | Dehradun News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  435. ^ Dec 20, Arvind Bishnoi | TNN | Updated:; 2019; Ist, 5:41. "Chandigarh: March of solidarity against CAA, from Punjab University to Sector 17 | Chandigarh News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  436. ^ "Protest turns violent in Jabalpur, curfew in four police stations". Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  437. ^ "As Politics Heats Up on Citizenship Act, Ashok Gehlot Claims PM Modi is 'Misleading Country' in His Name". News18. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  438. ^ "Kota, Kota City Patrika Epaper : readwhere". epaper.patrika.com. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  439. ^ "German Student Made to Leave India for Protesting Against CAA". The Wire. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  440. ^ Lewis Sanders IV (24 December 2019). "German student asked to leave India after joining student protests". DW.com. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  441. ^ "India ejects second European for joining citizenship law protests". www.aljazeera.com.
  442. ^ "CAA Protests in India: Norwegian woman Janne, who took part in anti-CAA protest in Kochi, asked to leave India | India News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  443. ^ a b "Indian-Americans protest against CAA, NRC in front of Gandhi statue in Washington". The Hindu. PTI. 23 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  444. ^ a b "Anti-CAA Protests Go Global: Chants of 'Azaadi' Echo In Berlin". The Quint. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  445. ^ TNM Staff (22 December 2019). "Indians in Finland raise slogans, read Preamble at anti-CAA protest in Helsinki". The News Minute. Retrieved 5 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  446. ^ a b "Citizenship Act: Indian diaspora organises protests at several universities in US, UK, France". The Scroll. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  447. ^ "CAA Protests: Indian Students Worldwide Raise Voices in Solidarity". The Wire. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  448. ^ ""Violent Suppression": Harvard Students Back Jamia, Aligarh Muslim University Protests". NDTV.com. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  449. ^ "US to France to Oxford: Cry against police brutality". The Telegraph (UK). 18 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  450. ^ "People of Assamese community protest in London against citizenship law". India Today. Press Trust of India. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  451. ^ a b "Students organising anti-CAA protests overseas". The Hindu. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  452. ^ "Statement of Solidarity with students in universities across India protesting the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 (CAA) and the introduction of the National Register of Citizens (NRC)". University and College Union. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  453. ^ Pragati, K.B (31 December 2019). "Indians hold fourth anti-CAA protest in the Netherlands". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  454. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPZXweMDdnc
  455. ^ "From Oxford to Harvard, universities abroad see protests against police crackdown in Jamia, AMU". The Economic Times. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  456. ^ "Statement about the Munich protest from the local organizers". Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  457. ^ "Letter of Solidarity 1 from France". L'Humanité. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  458. ^ "Indian Students Residing in France Raised Voice Against CAA". Ananadabazar Patrika. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  459. ^ "Letter of Solidarity 2 from France". L'Humanité. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  460. ^ India, Press Trust of (27 December 2019). "Dozens of Indian students in Israel staged silent protest against CAA, NRC in front of Indian embassy in Tel Aviv: says statement by students".
  461. ^ Hasnet, Saif (19 December 2019). "Students In Bangladesh Protest In Solidarity With Jamia Millia Islamia And AMU Students". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  462. ^ "Members of the Indian community staged a protest against the police brutality on protesting students in India and against the Citizenship Amendment Act and the National Register of Citizens on Sunday". SBS Hindi. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  463. ^ "CAA-NRC protest: 'Aazaadi' slogan resonates in Australia too". The Siasat Daily. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  464. ^ Aradhana Aravindan (26 December 2019). "Singapore police probe Indian for alleged Modi citizenship law protest". Reuters. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  465. ^ a b "Kagaz nahi dikhayenge echoes through anti-CAA, NRC protest in Mumbai's Azad Maidan". India Today. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  466. ^ "Ham Kagaz Nahin Dikhaenge" Varun Grover's Viral Cry Against The CAA-NRC". The Wire. You Tube. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  467. ^ Onial, Divyani (25 December 2019). "'Kisi ke baap ka Hindustan thodi hai': Rahat Indori's line from three decades ago is rallying call". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  468. ^ "Bollywood actors on NRC protest". You Tube. Bahujan TV. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  469. ^ "Kagaz Nahi Dikhayenge': Varun Grover's Anti-NRC Poem Is Viral". The Outlook India. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  470. ^ "How these poems have defined anti-CAA protests". The Week. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  471. ^ "CAA protest watch: When Hussain Haidry's 'Hindustani Musalmaan' rang out at Mumbai's Azaad Maidan". The Scroll. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  472. ^ Kapoor, Manavi (20 December 2019). "Once "azadi" got students arrested—now all Indians are raising the slogan". Quartz India. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  473. ^ "Gandhi wali azaadi: Kanhaiya Kumar brings back azaadi slogan to protest against Jamia violence". India Today. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  474. ^ "Kerala CAA protests: Football stadium chants 'Azaadi,' church choir sings in skullcaps and hijabs". The Scroll. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  475. ^ Mukherjee, Jashodhara (16 December 2019). "'Azadi', 'Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna': What the Nationwide Student Protests in Solidarity with Jamia Milia Looked Like". News 18. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  476. ^ "Religion as criterion for citizenship wrong, says a US citizen at Delhi Gate protest against CAA". India Today. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  477. ^ "Poets celebrated in Pakistan inspire India's protesters". www.aljazeera.com.
  478. ^ Katariya, Meenu (23 December 2019). "This Powerful Poem From Anti-CAA Protests Hints At The Revolution The Indian Youth Is Capable Of". Scoop Whoop. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  479. ^ Bhuyan, Avantika (27 December 2019). "The fine art of staging a protest". The Live Mint. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  480. ^ "The smiles amidst the violence". The Hindu. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  481. ^ "Political Landscape". The Times of India. Press Reader. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  482. ^ "Write me down, I am an Indian, my name is Ajmal: A poem of protest for these troubled times". The First Post. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  483. ^ "CAA protests: The poems, songs and slogans that marked citizens' dissent across the country". The First Post. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  484. ^ Roy, Pragya (20 December 2019). "10 Posters At The CAA Protests In Delhi That Scream Resistance". Feminism in India (FII). Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  485. ^ Majumdar, Meghna (23 December 2019). "How art on social media became the face of anti-CAA protests". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  486. ^ Khemani, Tanvi (28 December 2019). "Amid anti-CAA, NRC protests, artists in India are creating — and sharing — a portrait of dissent". Firstpost. Retrieved 30 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  487. ^ Staff, Scroll. "'One nation' versus 'One forty four': Indian cartoonists on Citizenship Act protests". Scroll.in. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  488. ^ "अपनी कला के ज़रिए शिक्षा के निजीकरण का विरोध करते प्रोग्रेसिव आर्टिस्ट लीग के साथी। नागरिक मार्च, जंतर-मंतर!". Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  489. ^ "#Downwithpolicebrutality..." Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  490. ^ "CAA protests: Video shows police firing at protesters, contrary to UP DGP claims". gulfnews.com. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  491. ^ "CAA: UP Police Shot And Killed Muslims Who Weren't Even Protesting, Says Activist Kavita Krishnan". HuffPost India. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  492. ^ a b "In-Depth | Dislodging govts, shaking foundations and offering resistance — a short history of India's student protests". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  493. ^ "How a New Law in India Sparked Mass Protests and a Brutal Police Clampdown". Time. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  494. ^ "Show of solidarity". Telegraph India. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  495. ^ "FIR heat on protesters". telegraphindia.com. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  496. ^ "AISF stops train in Patna to protest against CAA, NRC | Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com". DNA India. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  497. ^ "Maharashtra students support Jamia, AMU colleagues". www.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  498. ^ a b c "Students, Chandigarh residents join forces against Citizenship Act". Hindustan Times. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  499. ^ Reporter, Staff (14 December 2019). "SFI march against CAA tomorrow". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  500. ^ "DYFI organises protest against police action on Jamia". Deccan Herald. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  501. ^ a b "CAB protests: NSUI burns Amit Shah effigy, ABVP takes out support rally". Hindustan Times. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  502. ^ "AISA condemns FIR against 3 Jamia students". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  503. ^ Correspondentbengaluru, Special (18 December 2019). "Nod denied for protests in State; ban orders imposed". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 December 2019. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  504. ^ "Protests against CAA continue in Delhi for 11th day". Hindustan Times. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  505. ^ "#CAB2019: Why students across the country are coming together to oppose the Citizenship Amendment Bill". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  506. ^ Reporter, Staff (19 December 2019). "College students hold protest against CAA". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  507. ^ a b "Marches, slogans in Arunachal Pradesh". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  508. ^ author. "AAPSU condemns attack on JNU students | The Arunachal Times". Retrieved 10 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  509. ^ "Police rain batons on protesting JNU students". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  510. ^ Jan 12, TNN |; 2020; Ist, 4:52. "Students' unions take to Mohali streets in protest against CAA | Chandigarh News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  511. ^ "JNU attack: Pune students, social organisations take to the streets to condemn violence". Hindustan Times. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  512. ^ "CAA: Protesters block road; 38 arrested". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 16 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  513. ^ a b "'CAA not acceptable in Northeast', say student bodies; to hold protest against JNU violence". Hindustan Times. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  514. ^ "CAA, NRC ROW: Ex-JNU leader Umar Khalid to address rally in Malerkotla today". Hindustan Times. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  515. ^ author. "Anti-CA protest march taken out | The Arunachal Times". Retrieved 14 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  516. ^ "Hunger strike on New Year's Day in Assam". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  517. ^ a b c d e f "These Are the 25 People Killed During Anti-Citizenship Amendment Act Protests". The Wire. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  518. ^ "India: Deadly Force Used Against Protesters". Human Rights Watch. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  519. ^ a b c d e "How Five People in Assam Were Killed During Anti-Citizenship Amendment Protests". The Wire. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  520. ^ a b Nolan Pinto (19 December 2019). "Anti-CAA protests: 2 protesters killed in police firing in Mangaluru". India Today. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  521. ^ "Violence in Lucknow, other UP areas over CAA; one dead". The Economic Times. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  522. ^ Staff, Scroll (21 December 2019). "Citizenship Act protests: One person killed in Rampur in fresh violence, toll in UP rises to 16". Scroll.in. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  523. ^ "All University exams postponed till December 16". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  524. ^ "Ranji Trophy 2019-20: Day four game in Assam suspended due to curfew over CAB". Sport Star. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  525. ^ "BCCI shifts two Ranji Trophy ties out of Northeast - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  526. ^ "ISL 2019-20: NorthEast United FC vs Chennaiyin FC in Guwahati Postponed Due to CAB Protests". News18. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  527. ^ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (13 December 2019). "India-Japan Guwahati summit cancelled in view of protests". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  528. ^ "India protests spread over 'anti-Muslim' law". Saudigazette. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  529. ^ "From cars to watches, protests hit India Inc: 'Decline in customers visiting showrooms'". The Indian Express. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  530. ^ "Citizenship Bill protests affect Assam; flights suspended, train services hit". Deccan Chronicle. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  531. ^ "Railways property worth Rs 90 crore damaged in anti-CAA protests". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  532. ^ "Mangaluru firing: North Kerala put on high alert".
  533. ^ "Delhi anti-CAA protests: 18 Delhi metro stations reopened, 2 still shut". The Economic Times. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  534. ^ "17 Delhi Metro Stations Closed Amid Protests Against Citizenship Act". NDTV.com. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  535. ^ "Protests across Delhi, Gurgaon highway sealed". Telegraph India. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  536. ^ India, Press Trust of (15 December 2019). "Citizenship Act: Govt suspends internet in 5 Bengal districts amid protests". Business Standard India. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  537. ^ "Mobile internet services suspended in Mangaluru city and Dakshina Kannada for 48 hours". www.thenewsminute.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  538. ^ "Anti-CAA protests: Mobile internet, SMS remain shut in parts of UP, including Lucknow". The Hindu. PTI. 20 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  539. ^ "As Violence Grips UP, Internet Shut in Ghaziabad, Prayagraj, Bareilly & Meerut; Lko Could be Hit Too". News18. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  540. ^ "Travel Alert for U.S. Citizens: Protests in Northeastern States". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India. 13 December 2019.
  541. ^ "Anti-Citizenship Act protests: U.S., U.K., France, Israel issue travel advisories". The Hindu. 14 December 2019.
  542. ^ a b "CAA protests: Tourism worst hit, 7 countries issue travel warnings". Livemint. 29 December 2019.
  543. ^ "Urdu writer Mujtaba Hussain to return Padma Shri award in protest against CAA". Livemint. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  544. ^ "Urdu satirist Mujtaba Hussain on returning his Padma Shri: Our democracy has been reduced to a joke". Firstpost. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  545. ^ "Malayalam film 'Sudani from Nigeria' crew to boycott national awards function over NRC, CAA". The Hindu. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  546. ^ "'Sudani from Nigeria' director Zakariya to boycott National Awards event over CAB". The News Minute. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  547. ^ "CAB: Two Urdu Writers to Return Awards in Protest". The Wire. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  548. ^ "CAB protests: Two Urdu writers to return awards in protest of Bill passage". The Hindu. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  549. ^ "Jahnu Barua withdraws his film from Assam film awards over Citizenship Bill". Frontline. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  550. ^ "National award-winner Jahnu Barua withdraws 'Bhoga Khirikee' from Assam film festival in protest against CAB". Economic Times. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  551. ^ "UN voices concern over violence in India against CAA, urges respect for freedom of expression". India Today. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  552. ^ Ajmal, Anam (19 December 2019). "China cites India to justify Internet curbs". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  553. ^ Qing, Qiu (17 December 2019). "India's internet shutdown shows normal practice for sovereign countries". People's Daily. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  554. ^ "Imran Khan says Citizenship Act can lead to 'big refugee crisis', India-Pakistan conflict". web.archive.org. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  555. ^ "Malaysia PM Questions CAA, India Asks Him Not to Comment Without Grasping Facts". web.archive.org. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  556. ^ "Top Malaysian diplomat summoned to MEA over Mahathir's comments on India's 'internal affairs'". The Economic Times. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  557. ^ "CAA, NRC 'may affect status' of Muslims in India: US Congressional report". The Business Standard. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  558. ^ "Kuwaiti MPs express 'deep concern' over situation of Muslims in India, China". Gilf Business. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  559. ^ "OIC expresses concern over CAA; says 'closely' following developments". The Economic Times. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  560. ^ PTI (20 December 2019). "Protest in Delhi Today: People gather at Delhi's Central Park, raise slogans in support of CAA". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  561. ^ PTI. "PM Modi hailed at a pro-CAA rally in Mumbai". @businessline. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  562. ^ "Massive rally in support of Citizenship Amendment Act in Nagpur". DD News. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  563. ^ "Pro-CAA rallies in Bengaluru, Nagpur; man returning from event stabbed". The Times of India. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  564. ^ Anab, Mohammad (24 December 2019). "Anti & pro-CAA protests held in city | Dehradun". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  565. ^ "BJP takes out massive rally in support of CAA | DD News". ddnews.gov.in. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  566. ^ 22 Dec, ANI |; 2019; Ist, 15:37. "Hindu refugees from Pakistan honour BJP's JP Nadda at pro-CAA function | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  567. ^ PTI (23 December 2019). "JP Nadda takes out BJP rally in Kolkata in support of CAA". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  568. ^ "At pro-CAA rally in Mumbai, people hail PM Modi". The Times of India. PTI. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  569. ^ "Now, some pro-CAA rallies too in Mumbai". Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  570. ^ Press Trust of India (21 December 2019). "Over 1,000 academicians release statement supporting Citizenship Amendment Act". India Today. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  571. ^ "'Avoid Propaganda Trap': 1,100 Academics, Researchers Issue Statement Supporting CAA". The Wire. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  572. ^ PTI (18 December 2019). "Many DU college unions condemn DUSU stand in favour of CAA". India Today. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  573. ^ "Over 400 students, alumni from US campuses join student groups in India protesting police action". The Scroll. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  574. ^ "BJP leaders take out rally in support of Citizenship Act in Tirupati, target Congress". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  575. ^ Dec 2019, ANI | 28; Ist, 05:27 Pm, Assam BJP holds mega rally in Morigaon supporting Citizenship Amendment Act, retrieved 1 January 2020{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  576. ^ GuwahatiDecember 27, Hemanta Kumar Nath; December 27, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 22:43. "Assam BJP takes out mega peace rally in Guwahati". India Today. Retrieved 1 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  577. ^ "Assam holds pro-CAA rally for peace and harmony amid violent protests nationwide". The Financial Express. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  578. ^ a b c "At pro-CAA rally in Bengal, Nadda says 'huge' turnout signals change". Hindustan Times. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  579. ^ "Nadda leads BJP rally for CAA in Kolkata". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 23 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  580. ^ "J P Nadda takes out BJP rally in Kolkata in support of CAA". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  581. ^ "After Violent Anti-CAA Protests In West Bengal, BJP Organises Massive Rally In State To Support New Citizenship Law". swarajyamag.com. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  582. ^ AhmedabadDecember 24, Press Trust of India; December 24, 2019UPDATED; Ist, 2019 22:57. "Muslims have 150 countries to go to, Hindus have only India: Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani". India Today. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  583. ^ Patadiya, Vishal PatadiyaVishal; Dec 24, Ahmedabad Mirror | Updated; 2019; Ist, 06:00. "CM to join RSS-backed pro-CAA event". Ahmedabad Mirror. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  584. ^ 25 Dec, TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 6:54. "Gujarat implements CAA: CM Vijay Rupani | Ahmedabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  585. ^ "Muslims have 150 countries to go but Hindus only have India, says Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  586. ^ "In support of New citizenship law: CM, BJP leaders power rallies across Gujarat". The Indian Express. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  587. ^ 25 Dec, TNN |; 2019; Ist, 4:36. "CAA rallies held in central Gujarat | Vadodara News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  588. ^ "Gujarat BJP leaders participate in rallies in support of CAA". All India Radio (AIR). Retrieved 25 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  589. ^ "Guj: Pro-CAA rally in Surat, CM to attend Ahmedabad event". in.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  590. ^ 26 Dec, Balwant Dhage | TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 15:06. "Pro-CAA rallies carried out in Yavatmal and Wardha | Nagpur News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  591. ^ "RSS-linked organisation holds pro-CAA rally in Nagpur". The Asian Age. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  592. ^ 23 Dec, Sarfaraz Ahmed | TNN | Updated; 2019; Ist, 14:30. "Nearly 25,000 join pro-CAA rally amid nationwide protests | Nagpur News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 December 2019. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  593. ^ "Pro-CAA rally at Mumbai's Kranti Maidan draws crowds". The Hindu. PTI. 27 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 December 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  594. ^ "BJP Resorts To Fake 'Lonely Woman' On Twitter To Drum Up Support For CAA". HuffPost India. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  595. ^ ""Absolutely Fake": Netflix On Tweet Luring People To Back Citizenship Law". NDTV.com. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  596. ^ Dahiya, Himanshi (8 January 2020). "Video Falsely Shows Kumbh Mela as Pro-CAA Rally in Haridwar". The Quint. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  597. ^ Bajpai, Akshay (8 January 2020). "सीएए के समर्थन के नाम से नागा साधुओं का वीडियो वायरल, पड़ताल में पता चला क्लिप कुंभ की है". Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  598. ^ "FAKE ALERT: Old video from Kumbh Mela shared as naga sadhus". The Times of India. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  599. ^ Press Trust of India. "Indian-Americans hold rallies in support of CAA, NRC". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  600. ^ a b "Indian-Americans hold rallies backing CAA, NRC". news.rediff.com. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citizenship Amendment Act protests.

Template:Ongoing protests

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship_Amendment_Act_protests&oldid=935754307"