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==Tissue distribution==
==Tissue distribution==
Cells expressing CD34 (CD34+ cell) are normally found in the [[umbilical cord]] and [[bone marrow]] as hematopoietic cells, a subset of [[mesenchymal stem cell]]s, [[endothelial progenitor cell]]s, [[endothelial cell]]s of blood vessels but not [[lymphatics]] (except pleural lymphatics), [[mast cells]], a sub-population [[dendritic cell]]s (which are [[factor XIII]]a-negative) in the interstitium and around the [[Skin appendage|adnexa]] of [[dermis]] of skin, as well as cells in soft tissue tumors like [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans|DFSP]], [[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor|GIST]], [[Solitary fibrous tumour|SFT]], [[Hemangiopericytoma|HPC]], and to some degree in [[Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor|MPNST]]s, etc. The presence of CD34 on non-hematopoietic cells has been linked to progenitor and adult stem cell phenotypes [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.1661/abstract]
Cells expressing CD34 (CD34+ cell) are normally found in the [[umbilical cord]] and [[bone marrow]] as hematopoietic cells, a subset of [[mesenchymal stem cell]]s, [[endothelial progenitor cell]]s, [[endothelial cell]]s of blood vessels but not [[lymphatics]] (except pleural lymphatics), [[mast cells]], a sub-population [[dendritic cell]]s (which are [[factor XIII]]a-negative) in the interstitium and around the [[Skin appendage|adnexa]] of [[dermis]] of skin, as well as cells in soft tissue tumors like [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans|DFSP]], [[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor|GIST]], [[Solitary fibrous tumour|SFT]], [[Hemangiopericytoma|HPC]], and to some degree in [[Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor|MPNST]]s, etc. The presence of CD34 on non-hematopoietic cells has been linked to progenitor and adult stem cell phenotypes <sup>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.1661/abstract]</sup>.
It is important to mention that Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells [LT-HSCs] in mice and humans are the hematopoietic cells with the greatest self-renewal capacity. Human HSCs express CD34 marker but mice HSCs do not express CD34 marker.
It is important to mention that Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells [LT-HSCs] in mice and humans are the hematopoietic cells with the greatest self-renewal capacity. Human HSCs express CD34 marker but mice HSCs do not express CD34 marker.


Revision as of 10:32, 20 February 2014

Template:PBB CD34 molecule is a cluster of differentiation molecule present on certain cells within the human body. It is a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor. It may also mediate the attachment of stem cells to bone marrow extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells. CD34 is also the name for the human gene that encodes the protein.[1][2][3]

Function

The CD34 protein is a member of a family of single-pass transmembrane sialomucin proteins that show expression on early hematopoietic and vascular-associated tissue.[4] However, little is known about its exact function.[5]

CD34 is also an important adhesion molecule and is required for T cells to enter lymph nodes. It is expressed on lymph node endothelia, whereas the L-selectin to which it binds is on the T cell.[6][7] Conversely, under other circumstances CD34 has been shown to act as molecular "Teflon" and block mast cell adhesion, or to facilitate opening of vascular lumens.[8][9] Regardless of their mode of action, under all circumstances CD34 and its relatives, podocalyxin and endoglycan, have been shown to facilitate cell migration.[10][11]

Tissue distribution

Cells expressing CD34 (CD34+ cell) are normally found in the umbilical cord and bone marrow as hematopoietic cells, a subset of mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells of blood vessels but not lymphatics (except pleural lymphatics), mast cells, a sub-population dendritic cells (which are factor XIIIa-negative) in the interstitium and around the adnexa of dermis of skin, as well as cells in soft tissue tumors like DFSP, GIST, SFT, HPC, and to some degree in MPNSTs, etc. The presence of CD34 on non-hematopoietic cells has been linked to progenitor and adult stem cell phenotypes [1]. It is important to mention that Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells [LT-HSCs] in mice and humans are the hematopoietic cells with the greatest self-renewal capacity. Human HSCs express CD34 marker but mice HSCs do not express CD34 marker.

Clinical applications

CD34+ cells may be isolated from blood samples using immunomagnetic or immunofluorescent methods.

Antibodies are used to quantify and purify hematopoietic progenitor stem cells for research and for clinical bone marrow transplantation. However, counting CD34+ mononuclear cells may overestimate myeloid blasts in bone marrow smears due to hematogones (B lymphocyte precursors) and CD34+ megakaryocytes.

Cells observed as CD34+ and CD38- are of an undifferentiated, primitive form; i.e., they are multipotential hemopoietic stem cells. Thus, because of their CD34+ expression, such undifferentiated cells can be sorted out.

In tumors, CD34 is found in alveolar soft part sarcoma, preB-ALL (positive in 75%), AML (40%), AML-M7 (most), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, giant cell fibroblastoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, mengingeal hemangiopericytomas, meningiomas, neurofibromas, schwannomas, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

A negative CD34 may exclude Ewing's sarcoma/PNET, myofibrosarcoma of the breast, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the stomach.

Injection of CD34+ hematopoietic Stem Cells has been clinically applied to treat various diseases including Spinal Cord Injury,[12] Liver Cirrhosis[13] and Peripheral Vascular disease.[14] Research has shown that CD34+ cells are relatively more in men than in women in the reproductive age among Spinal Cord Injury victims.[15]

Interactions

CD34 has been shown to interact with CRKL.[16] It also interacts with L-selectin, important in inflammation.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Entrez Gene: CD34 CD34 molecule".
  2. ^ Simmons DL, Satterthwaite AB, Tenen DG, Seed B (1 January 1992). "Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding CD34, a sialomucin of human hematopoietic stem cells". J. Immunol. 148 (1): 267–71. PMID 1370171.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Satterthwaite AB, Burn TC, Le Beau MM, Tenen DG (April 1992). "Structure of the gene encoding CD34, a human hematopoietic stem cell antigen". Genomics. 12 (4): 788–94. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90310-O. PMID 1374051.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Nielsen JS, McNagny KM (2008). "Novel functions of the CD34 family". J of Cell Science. 121 (Pt 22): 3682–3692. doi:10.1242/jcs.037507. PMID 18987355.
  5. ^ Furness SG, McNagny K (2006). "Beyond mere markers: functions for CD34 family of sialomucins in hematopoiesis". Immunol. Res. 34 (1): 13–32. doi:10.1385/IR:34:1:13. PMID 16720896.
  6. ^ Berg EL, Mullowney AT, Andrew DP, Goldberg JE, Butcher EC (February 1998). "Complexity and differential expression of carbohydrate epitopes associated with L-selectin recognition of high endothelial venules". Am. J. Pathol. 152 (2): 469–77. PMC 1857953. PMID 9466573.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ SSuzawa K, Kobayashi M, Sakai Y, Hoshino H, Watanabe M, Harada O, Ohtani H, Fukuda M, Nakayama J (July 2007). "Preferential induction of peripheral lymph node addressin on high endothelial venule-like vessels in the active phase of ulcerative colitis". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102 (7): 1499–509. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01189.x. PMID 17459027.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Drew E, Merzaban JS, Seo W, Ziltener HJ, McNagny KM (2005). "CD34 and CD43 inhibit mast cell adhesion and are required for optimal mast cell reconstitution". Immunity. 22 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.11.014. PMID 15664158.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Strilić B, Kucera T, Eglinger J, Hughes MR, McNagny KM, Tsukita S, Dejana E, Ferrara N, Lammert E (2009). "The molecular basis of vascular lumen formation in the developing mouse aorta". Dev Cell. 17 (4): 505–15. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.08.011. PMID 19853564.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Blanchet MR, Maltby S, Haddon DJ, Merkens H, Zbytnuik L, McNagny KM (2007). "CD34 facilitates the development of allergic asthma". Blood. 110 (6): 2005–12. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-12-062448. PMID 17557898.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Maltby S, Wohlfarth C, Gold M, Zbytnuik L, Hughes MR, McNagny KM (2010). "CD34 Is Required for Infiltration of Eosinophils into the Colon and Pathology Associated with DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis". Am J Path. 177 (3): 1244–54. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.100191. PMC 2928958. PMID 20696776.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Srivastava A, Bapat M, Ranade S, Srinivasan V, Murugan P, Manjunath S, Thamaraikannan P, Abraham S (2010). "Autologous Multiple Injections of in Vitro Expanded Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells For Cervical Level Spinal Cord Injury - A Case Report". Journal of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Terai S, Ishikawa T, Omori K, Aoyama K, Marumoto Y, Urata Y, Yokoyama Y,Uchida K, Yamasaki T, Fujii Y, Okita K, Sakaida I (2006). "Improved liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis after autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy". Stem Cells. 24 (10): 2292–8. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0542. PMID 16778155.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Subrammaniyan R, Amalorpavanathan J, Shankar R, Rajkumar M, Baskar S, Manjunath SR, Senthilkumar R, Murugan P, Srinivasan VR, Abraham S (September 2011). "Application of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in six patients with advanced chronic critical limb ischemia as a result of diabetes: our experience". Cytotherapy. 13 (8): 993–9. doi:10.3109/14653249.2011.579961. PMID 21671823.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Dedeepiya V, Rao Y Y, Jayakrishnan G, Parthiban JKBC, Baskar S, Manjunath S, Senthilkumar R and Abraham S (2012). "Index of CD34+ cells and mononuclear cells in the bone marrow of Spinal cord Injury patients of different age groups- A comparative analysis". Bone Marrow Research.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Felschow, D M (Jun 2001). "The adapter protein CrkL associates with CD34". Blood. 97 (12). United States: 3768–75. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.12.3768. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 11389015. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Bellini A, Mattoli S (September 2007). "The role of the fibrocyte, a bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor, in reactive and reparative fibroses". Lab. Invest. 87 (9): 858–70. doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700654. PMID 17607298.

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