Jump to content

Indian Railways

Listen to this article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Okras (talk | contribs) at 17:54, 3 June 2020 (→top: fix). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the organisation. For general information on railways in India, see Rail transport in India.

Indian Railways
Company typeGovernment
ISININE335Y01012
IndustryRail transport
Founded8 May 1845 (179 years ago) (1845-05-08)[1]
Headquarters
New Delhi
,
India
Area served
India
Key people
ServicesPassenger railways
Freight services
Parcel carrier
Catering and tourism services
Parking lot operations
Other related services
RevenueIncrease ₹1.97214 trillion (US$24 billion)[2] (2018–19)
Increase ₹60.14 billion (US$720 million)[2] (2018–19)
OwnerGovernment of India (100%)
Number of employees
1.23 million[3] (2019)
ParentMinistry of Railways
Divisions18 zones
SubsidiariesCRIS, CONCOR, RITES, IRCON, IRCTC, DFCCI, RailTel, MRVC, RVNL, NHSRCL, IRFC
Websitewww.indianrail.gov.in
indianrailways.gov.in
Railway network map of India - schematic
Overview
Reporting markIR
LocaleIndia
Dates of operation8 May 1845 (1845-05-08)[1]–present
Technical
Track gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)
762 mm (2 ft 6 in)
610 mm (2 ft)
Electrification37,359 kilometres (23,214 mi)(as of March 2020 approx.)[4][5]
Length67,368 kilometres (41,861 mi) (route)[4]
93,902 kilometres (58,348 mi) (running track)[4]
121,407 kilometres (75,439 mi) (total track)[6]

Indian Railways (IR) is India's national railway system operated by the Ministry of Railways. It is run by the government as a public good and manages the fourth largest railway network in the world by size, with a route length of 95,981-kilometre (59,640 mi) as of March 2019. About 61.62% of the routes are electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric traction while 33% of them are double or multi-tracked.[7]

In the fiscal year ending March 2018, IR carried 8.26 billion passengers and transported 1.16 billion tonnes of freight.[2] In the fiscal year 2017–18, IR is projected to have revenue of ₹1.874 trillion (US$22 billion), consisting of ₹1.175 trillion (US$14 billion) in freight revenue and ₹501.25 billion (US$6.0 billion) in passenger revenue, with an operating ratio of 96.0 percent.[2]

Indian Railway (IR) runs more than 20,000 passenger trains daily, on both long-distance and suburban routes, from 7,321 stations across India.[7] The trains have a five-digit and four-digit numbering system. Mail or Express trains, the most common types, run at an average speed of 50.6 kilometres per hour (31.4 mph).[8] Most premium passenger trains like Rajdhani Express and Shatabdi Express run at a peak speed of 140–150 km/h (87–93 mph) with Gatiman Express between New Delhi and Jhansi touching a peak speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). Indian railways also runs an indigenously built semi-high speed train called Vande Bharat (also known as Train-18)" between Delhi and Varanasi or Katra which clocks a maximum track speed of 180 km/h (110 mph). In the freight segment, IR runs more than 9,200 trains daily. The average speed of freight trains is around 24 km/h (15 mph).[9] Maximum speed of freight trains varies from 60 to 75 km/h (37 to 47 mph) depending on their axle load with "container special" trains running at a peak speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).

As of March 2019, Indian Railways' rolling stock consisted of 289,185 freight wagons, 55,258 passenger coaches and 12,108 Diesel and Electric locomotives.[7] IR owns locomotive and coach-production facilities at several locations in India. Being the world's eighth-largest employer, it had 1.227 million employees as of March 2019.[7]

The government has committed to electrify its entire rail network by 2023, and become a "net-zero railway" by 2030.[10] So far Indian Railways has electrified 39,866 RKMs which accounts for about 63% of total Route Kilometers on Indian Railways. Presently about 57% of passenger traffic and about 65% of freight traffic is being carried on electric traction. It is planned to electrify all BG routes of IR by 2024.

History

Main article: History of rail transport in India

The first railway proposals for India were made in Madras in 1832.[11] The country's first train, Red Hill Railway (built by Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building), ran from Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837.[11] In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built by Cotton at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River.[11]

India's first passenger train, operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and hauled by three steam locomotives (Sahib, Sindh and Sultan), ran for 34 kilometres (21 mi) with 400 people in 14 carriages on 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track between Bori Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane on 16 April 1853.[12][13] The Thane viaducts, India's first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854.[14] Eastern India's first passenger train ran 39 km (24 mi) from Howrah, near Kolkata, to Hoogly on 15 August 1854.[1] The first passenger train in South India ran 97 km (60 mi) from Royapuram- Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajah Road (Arcot) on 1 July 1856.[15]

On 24 February 1873, a horse-drawn 3.8 km (2.4 mi) tram opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street.[16] On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel.[17] In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies. On 3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria Terminus and Kurla.[18]

The organization of Indian railways into regional zones began in 1951,[19] when the Southern (14 April 1951), Central (5 November 1951), and Western (5 November 1951) zones were created.[20] Fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all passenger classes in 1951, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches. In 1956, the first fully air-conditioned train was introduced between Howrah and Delhi.[21] Ten years later, the first containerized freight service began between Mumbai and Ahmedabad.

In 1974, Indian Railways endured a 20 day strike, which damaged the nation's economy.[22][23]

In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced in New Delhi.[24] In 1988, the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi; it was later extended to Bhopal.[25] Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in New Delhi.[26] In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier coaches and a sleeper class (separate from second class) were introduced on IR. The CONCERT system of computerized reservations was deployed in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in September 1996. In 1998, coupon validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. The nationwide concierge system began operation on 18 April 1999. In February 2000, the Indian Railways website went online.[27] On 3 August 2002, IR began online train reservations and ticketing.[28]

The Railway Budget was presented two days before the Union budget every year till 2016. Modi government on 21 September 2016 approved merger of the Rail and General budgets from next year, ending a 92-year-old practice of a separate budget for the nation's largest transporter. Railways Minister Suresh Prabhu said that his merger proposal was in the long term interest of railways as well as the country's economy.

On 31 March 2017, Indian Railways announced that the country's entire rail network would be electrified by 2022 or 2023, and become a net-zero railway by 2030.[29][10]

  • A stone bridge
    The smaller railway viaduct near Thane in 1855
  • Train on a stone bridge with girder
    The longer railway viaduct near Thane in 1855
  • Railway map
    Railway map of India in 1871
  • Railway map
    Railway map of India in 1909

On 22 March 2020, Indian Railways announced a nationwide shutdown of passenger rail service to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in India. This became part of a nationwide lockdown to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus.[30] The railway shutdown was initially scheduled to last from 23 to 31 March,[31] but the nationwide lockdown, as announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 March, was to last 21 days.[32] The national rail network is maintaining its freight operations during the lockdown, to transport essential goods.[33] On 29 March, Indian Railways announced that it would start service for special parcel trains to transport essential goods, in addition to regular freight service.[34] The national rail operator has also announced plans to convert coaches into isolation wards for patients of COVID-19.[35]

Organization

Structure

Main articles: Indian Railways organisational structure and Zones and divisions of Indian Railways

Indian Railways is headed by a seven-member Railway Board whose chairman reports to the Ministry of Railways. Railway Board also acts as the Ministry of Railways. The officers manning the office of Railway Board are mostly from organised Group A Railway Services and Railway Board Secretariat Service. IR is divided into 18 zones, headed by general managers who report to the Railway Board.[36][37] The zones are further subdivided into 68 operating divisions, headed by divisional railway managers (DRM).[38][39][40] The divisional officers of the engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommunication, stores, accounts, personnel, operating, commercial, security and safety branches report to their respective DRMs and are tasked with the operation and maintenance of assets. Station masters control individual stations and train movements through their stations' territory. In addition, there are a number of production units, training establishments, public sector enterprises and other offices working under the control of the Railway Board.[41]

Subsidiaries and undertakings

IR is a major shareholder in 16 public sector undertakings (PSU) and other organizations that are related to rail transport in India. Notable among this list include:[42]

Financing, construction and project implementation: IRFC, RITES, IRCON, MRVC, RVNL

Land and station development: RLDA, IRSDC

Rail infrastructure: DFCCIL, PRCL[43]

Passenger and freight train operations: KRCL, CONCOR

IT and communications: CRIS, RCIL

Catering and tourism: IRCTC

Human resources

Main article: Centralised Training Institutes of the Indian Railways

Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C and D) employees.[44] Gazetted employees carry out executive / managerial / officer level tasks. As of March 2017, the number of personnel (Groups A & B) constitutes 1.2% of the total strength, while Group C & D account for 92.6% and 6.2% respectively.[45]

There is no direct recruitment of Group B employees in Indian Railways and they are recruited by departmental promotional exams of Group C employees. Recruitment of Group A employees is carried out by the Union Public Service Commission Civil Service exam.[46] Recruitment of Group C junior engineers and depot material superintendents is conducted by the Railway Recruitment Board. Group C employees are recruited by 21 Railway Recruitment Board or RRB, which are controlled by the Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRB).[47][48] Group D staffs are recruited by 16 Railway Recruitment Cells or RRCs.

The training of all groups is shared among seven centralized zonal training institutes and 295 training centers all over India.

IR offers housing and runs its own hospitals, schools and sports facilities for the welfare of its staff.[45]

Rolling stock

Locomotives

Main article: Locomotives of India
A WAP 7 class AC electric locomotive
A WDP-4D class diesel locomotive

From 1985, steam locomotives were phased out and electric and diesel locomotives, along with a few CNG (compressed natural gas) locomotives are used.[49] Steam locomotives are used only in heritage trains. Locomotives in India are classified by gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for, and their power or model number. Their four- or five-letter class name includes this information. The first letter denotes the track gauge, the second their motive power (diesel or electric), and the third their suitable traffic (goods, passenger, multi or shunting). The fourth letter denoted the locomotive's chronological model number, but in 2002, a new classification was adopted in which the fourth letter in newer diesel locomotives indicate horsepower range.

A locomotive may have a fifth letter in its name, denoting a technical variant, subclass, or sub-type (a variation in the basic model (or series) or a different motor or manufacturer). In the new diesel-locomotive classification, the fifth letter refines the horsepower in 100-hp increments: A for 100 hp, B for 200 hp, C for 300 hp and so on. In this classification, a WDM-3A is a 3100 hp, a WDM-3D a 3400 hp and a WDM-3F a 3600 hp locomotive.[a] Diesel locomotives are fitted with auxiliary power units, which save almost 88 percent of fuel during idle time when a train is not running.[50]

Goods wagons

A covered wagon
See also: Wagon numbering system in India

As of March 2017, IR fleet consisted of 277,987 goods wagons. They carried 1,110 million tonnes of freight in Fiscal Year 2016–17.[4] Wagon types used by IR include BCACBM, BCCN, BCNA, BCNHL, BOBRN, BOBYN, BOXN (BOXN-HL, BOXN-HS, BOXN-HL, BOXN-CR, BOXN-LW, BOXN-AL, BOXN-EL), BRH, BTPGLN, BTPN and VVN.

IR's bulk requirement of wagons is met by wagon manufacturing units both in public and private sectors as well as other Public Sector Units under the administrative control of Ministry of Railways.[51]

Passenger coaches

Red-and-silver passenger train
An air-conditioned 2-tier coach

On long-distance routes and also on some shorter routes, IR uses 2 primary types of coach design types. ICF coaches, in production from 1955 until Jan 2018,[52] constitute the bulk of the current stock. These coaches, considered to be having inadequate safety features, are slowly being phased out. As of September 2017, around 40,000 coaches are still in operation.[53] The older coaches are being replaced with LHB coaches. Introduced in mid '90s, these coaches are lighter, safer and are capable of speeds up to 160 km/h (99 mph).[54]

IR has announced that two new self-propelled train set designs will be introduced starting from mid 2018. These two train types, termed as Train-18 and Train-20, are expected to replace locomotive-hauled trains on long-distance routes.[55]

On regional short-distance routes, IR runs Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit (MEMU) or Diesel Electrical Multiple Unit (DEMU) trains, depending on the traction available. These train sets are self-propelled with capability for faster acceleration or deceleration and are expected to reduce congestion on dense routes. Passenger locomotive-hauled trains, having frequent stops, are slowly being replaced with train sets across India.[56]

On suburban commuter routes around the large urban centers, IR runs trains with Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) coaches. As of March 2017, about 9100 coaches are in operation.[57]

Manufacturing

Indian Railways is a vertically-integrated organization that produces majority of its locomotives & rolling stock at in-house production units, with a few recent exceptions.

Locomotives:

Rolling Stock:

Wheel & Axle:

The repair and maintenance of this vast fleet of rolling stock is carried out at 44 loco sheds, 212 carriage & wagon repair units and 45 periodic overhaul workshops across various zones of IR.[57]

Network

Tracks

Comparison of gauges in India with the standard gauge
See also: Project Unigauge

As of March 2017, IR network spans 121,407 km (75,439 mi) of track length, while the route length is 67,368 km (41,861 mi).[6] The Indian Railways, as of 1 April 2019, had a broad-gauge network of 64,298 km (39,953 mi). Of this, 35,488 km (22,051 mi) was electrified. Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 80 to 200 km/h (50 to 124 mph), though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is 180 km/h (110 mph) during trial runs. As of March 2017, most of the broad-gauge network is equipped with long-welded, high-tensile strength 52kg/60kg 90 UTS rails and pre-stressed concrete (PSC) sleepers with elastic fastenings.[6]

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge is the predominant gauge used by IR and spans 61,680 km (38,330 mi) of route (92% of total route network). It is among the broadest gauge in use across the world for passenger movement.[6] Broad gauge generated 100% of the freight output (Net tonne-Kilometres) and more than 99% of the passenger output (Passenger Kilometres) in the fiscal year 2016–17.[6]

The 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge tracks and 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauge tracks are present on fewer routes. All of these routes, except the heritage routes, are being converted to broad gauge. The metre gauge tracks were 3,479 kilometres (2,162 mi) (5% of total route network) and narrow gauges tracks were 2,208 km (1,372 mi) (3% of total route network) as of 31 March 2017.[6]

Electrification

Total Route Kilometers Covered in the State as on 2018 (In Percentage)
Railway electrification rate for leading and laggard states of India
Railway electrification trend and road map for India until FY 2022
Main article: Central Organisation for Railway Electrification

As of 31 March 2019, IR has electrified 50% or 35,442 km (22,023 mi) of the route kilometers and 46% or 55,240 km (34,320 mi) of the total running track. India uses 25 kV 50 Hz AC traction on all its electrified tracks.[4]

Railway electrification in India began with the first electric train, between Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Kurla on the Harbour Line, on 3 February 1925 on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) at 1500 V DC. Heavy gradients in the Western Ghats necessitated the introduction of electric traction on the GIPR to Igatpuri on the North East line and Pune on the South East line. On 5 January 1928 1500 V DC traction was introduced on the suburban section of the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway between Colaba and Borivili, and between Madras Beach and Tambaram of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway on 11 May 1931, to meet growing traffic needs.[58] The 3000 V DC electrification of the Howrah-Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway was completed in 1958. The first 3000 V DC EMU service began on the Howrah-Sheoraphuli section on 14 December 1957.[58]

Research and trials in Europe, particularly on French Railways (SNCF), indicated that 25 kV AC was an economical electrification system. Indian Railways decided in 1957 to adopt 25 kV AC as its standard, with SNCF their consultant in the early stages. The first 25 kV AC section was Raj Kharswan–Dongoaposi on the South Eastern Railway in 1960. The first 25 kV AC EMUs, for Kolkata suburban service, began service in September 1962. For continuity, the Howrah–Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway and the Madras Beach–Tambaram section of the Southern Railway were converted to 25 kV AC by 1968. Because of limitations in the DC traction system, a decision was made to convert the electric traction system of the Mumbai suburban rail network of WR and CR from 1.5kV DC to 25 kV AC in 1996–97. The conversion from DC to AC traction was completed in 2012 by Western Railway, and in 2016 by Central Railway. Since then, the entire electrified mainline rail network in India uses 25 kV AC, and DC traction is used only for metros and trams.[58]

Indian Railways announced on 31 March 2017 that the country's entire rail network would be electrified by 2022.[29][59]

Though not a nascent concept, the electrification in India now has been committed with a fresh investment of ₹35,000 crore (US$4.2 billion) to electrify the entire network and eliminate the cost of fuel under transportation which will amount to a massive savings of ₹10,500 crore (US$1.3 billion) overall. This will be a boon for savings for the Government to channelize the investments in modernization of the railway infrastructure.[60]

Close to 30 billion units of electricity will be required for railway electrification on an annual basis by 2022, leading to excellent opportunities for IPPs of conventional power.[59]

Signaling and telecommunication

See also: Railway signal and Railway signalling
A railway signal

IR uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic density and safety requirements.

As of March 2017, around 2,850 km (1,770 mi) of the route uses automatic block signalling for train operations – concentrated in high density routes, large cities and junctions.[61] Remaining routes are based on absolute block signalling with trains manually controlled by signal men from the signal boxes typically located at stations. Few low density routes still use manual block signalling methods with communication on track clearance based on physical exchange of tokens.[62] In a few sections, intermediate block signalling is provided to further enhance line capacity with minimal investment. As of March 2017, 501 block sections have intermediate block signals on IR.[61]

IR primarily uses coloured signal lights, which replaced semaphores and disc-based signalling (dependent on position or colour).[63] IR uses two-aspect, three-aspect and four (or multiple) aspect color signalling across its network.[64]

Signals at most stations are interlocked using panel interlocking, route-relay interlocking or electronic interlocking methods that eliminate scope for human signalling errors. IR uses track circuiting, and block proving axle counters for train detection.

As of March 2017, 5584 stations across IR have interlocked stations and multi-aspect signalling. Around 99% of key routes (A, B, C and D) have track circuitry or block proving axle counters for automated train detection. Also, IR has about 51,000 route kilometers of optical fiber cable network across India, that is used for train control, voice and data communication. Around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) of the route is covered by GSM-R based Mobile Train Radio Communication.[61]

In December 2017, IR announced that it will implement ETCS Level 2 system for signalling and control on key routes with an investment of ₹12,000 crore (US$1.4 billion).[65] Currently IR uses Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) on the busy Ghaziabad – Kanpur route and real-time train monitoring systems on Mumbai and Kolkata suburban routes.[61]

Rail links between India and neighboring countries are not well developed.

Two trains operate to Pakistan: the Samjhauta Express between Delhi and Lahore and the Thar Express between Jodhpur and Karachi. However, as of August 2019, they have been cancelled due to the tension over Kashmir. Bangladesh is connected by the four times a week Maitree Express that runs from Kolkata to Dhaka and weekly Bandhan Express which began running commercial trips between Kolkata and Khulna in November 2017.[66][67]

Two rail links to Nepal exist: passenger service between Jainagar and Bijalpura and freight services between Raxaul and Birganj.[citation needed]

Indian and Bangladeshi governments has started work on a new rail link to ease surface transport.[68] India will build a 13 km (8.1 mi) railway linking Tripura's capital Agartala with Bangladesh's southeastern city of Akhaura, an important railway junction connected to Chittagong port, resource-rich Sylhet and Dhaka.[69] An agreement to implement the railway project was signed between the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Bangladesh Premier Sheikh Hasina during the latter's visit to India in January 2010.[70] Total cost of the proposed project is estimated at ₹252 crore (US$30 million). The Indian Railway Construction Company (IRCON) is constructing the new railway tracks on both sides of the border. Of the 13 km (8.1 mi) rail line, 5 km (3.1 mi) of tracks fall in Indian territory.[71][72] The Northeast Frontier Railways (NFR) is laying the connecting tracks for the new rail link on the Indian side, up to Tripura's southern-most border town, Sabroom – 135 km (84 mi) south of Agartala. From Sabroom, the Chittagong international sea port is 72 km (45 mi) away.[73]

No rail link currently exist with Myanmar, but a railway line is to be built from Jiribam (in Manipur) to Tamu through Imphal and Moreh.[74] The construction of this missing link, as per the feasibility study conducted by the Ministry of External Affairs through RITES Ltd, is estimated to cost ₹29.41 billion (US$350 million).[75]

An 18 km (11 mi) railway link with Bhutan is being constructed from Hashimara in West Bengal to Toribari in Bhutan.

No rail link currently exist with either China or Sri Lanka.[76]

Services

Passenger service

Station categories

From December 2017, stations are categorised into the Non-Suburban Groups NSG1 to NSG6, the Suburban Groups SG1 to SG3, and the Halt Groups HG1 to HG3 based on the earnings, passenger footfall, and strategic importance.[77]

Before December 2017, stations were classified into A1, A, B, C, D, E, and F categories, based only on the passenger earnings from the sales of platform tickets, thus limiting the ability of IR to better focus its investments in passenger amenities.[77]

Travel classes

Interior of an AC First Class (1A) coach in the Rajdhani Express
Interior of an AC three tier (3A) coach in the Dakshin Express
Interior of an AC Chair Car (CC) coach in the Jan Shatabdi Express
Interior of a Sleeper (SL) coach
Interior of a Second seater (2S) coach
Main article: Indian Railways coaching stock

IR has several classes of travel, with or without air-conditioning. A train may have one or several classes. Slow passenger trains have only unreserved seating, and the Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, Garib Rath Express, Double Decker Express, Tejas Express, Humsafar Express , Duronto Express , Yuva Express, and Vande Bharat Express have only air-conditioned classes. Fares for all classes differ, and unreserved seating is the least expensive. Fares for the Rajdhani, Duronto Shatabdi and Vande Bharat Express trains include food. In September 2016, IR introduced dynamic fares for the Rajdhani, Duronto and Shatabdi trains (except 1AC and EC classes) to increase revenue.[78] Long-distance trains usually include a pantry car, and food is served at the passengers' berth or seat. Luxury trains (such as Palace on Wheels) have separate dining cars, but these trains cost as much as—or more than—a five-star hotel room.[79]

A standard passenger rake has four unreserved (general) compartments, two at the front and two at the rear (one of which may be for women). The number of other coaches varies by demand and route. A luggage compartment may be at the front or the rear. On some mail trains, a separate mail coach is attached. Lavatories are communal, and Indian- and Western-style. The classes in operation are (although a train may not have all these classes):

Class[80] Description[81][82]
Saloon IR has started to operate saloon coaches to give hotel ambience on trains. These coaches operate on charter basis i.e. booking is required. These have a master bedroom, one normal bedroom, one kitchen and window trailing. Four to six extra beds are given to accommodate more people.[83] First of these coach was attached to Jammu Mail.[84]
1A AC first class: The most luxurious and expensive class of Indian Railways, with fares almost at par with airfares. There are eight cabins (including two coupes) in a full AC first class coach and three cabins (including one coupe) in a half AC first class coach. The coach has a dedicated attendant and bedding is included in the fare. This air-conditioned coach, present only on popular routes, can carry 18 (full coach) or 10 passengers (half coach).
2A AC two tier: These air-conditioned coaches have sleeping berths across eight bays (full coach). Berths are usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six: four across the width of the coach and two lengthwise across the corridor, with curtains along the corridor. Bedding is included in the fare. A coach can carry 48 (full coach) or 20 passengers (half coach).
3A AC three tier: Air-conditioned coaches with 64 sleeping berths. Berths are similar to 2A, but with three tiers across the width and two lengthwise for eight bays of eight. They are slightly less well-appointed, usually with no reading lights or curtains. Bedding is included in the fare.
3E AC three tier (economy): Air-conditioned coaches with 81 sleeping berths on the Garib Rath Express. Berths are usually arranged as in 3A, but with three tiers across the width and three lengthwise. Appointments are similar to 3A, but bedding is not included. These coaches are also present in some Duronto Express trains as well.
Vistadome IR operates Vistadome glass roof coaches on some tourist routes. These include Araku Valley, Konkan Railway, Kalka-Shimla Railway, Kashmir Valley, Kangra Valley and Neral-Matheran Route. These coaches' fares are equivalent to AC Executive Chair Car. IR also has plans to start Vistadome on Nilgiri Mountain Railway.[85]
EA Anubhuti: Air-conditioned top-end class of Shatabdi Express. These coaches were introduced in January 2018. The first train to get these coaches was the Chennai Central–Mysuru Shatabdi Express.
EC Executive chair car: An air-conditioned coach with spacious seats and legroom. With four seats in a row, it is used for intercity day travel and is available on the Tejas , Shatabdi Express and Vande Bharat Express.
CC AC chair car: An air-conditioned coach with five seats in a row, used for intercity day travel. Air-conditioned double-deck coaches are used on the Double Decker Express, Shatabdi Express, Vande Bharat Express, and Intercity services.
SL Sleeper class: The sleeper class is the most common coach on IR, with ten or more SL coaches attached to a train rake. They are sleeping coaches with three berths across the width and two lengthwise, without air-conditioning. They carry 72 passengers per coach.
2S Second seater: similar to CC, but without air-conditioning. Double-deck second seaters are used on the Flying Ranee.
UR/GEN Unreserved/General: The least-expensive accommodation, with a seat not guaranteed. Tickets are valid on any train on a route if used within 24 hours of purchase.

At the rear of the train is the guard's cabin. It contains a transceiver, and is where the guard usually gives the all-clear signal before the train departs.

Train types

Main articles: Train numbering, Named passenger trains, Longest train services, and Longest non-stop run

Trains are sorted into categories which dictate the number of stops on a route, their priority on the network, and their fare structure. Each express train is identified by a five-digit number. If the first digit in the train number is 1 or 2, they are long-distance express trains. If the first digit is 0, the train is a special train which will operate for a limited period of time with a different fare structure. A first digit of 5 denotes a passenger train.

The second digit indicates the zone operating the train. However, for high-speed trains, the second digit is either 0 or 2 (the first remains 1 or 2).[86] The third digit denotes the division within the zone which is responsible for maintenance and cleanliness, and the last two digits are the train's serial number.[86] The train numbering system was changed from four digits from December 2010,[87] to accommodate the increasing number of trains.

Trains traveling in opposite directions along the same route are usually labelled with consecutive numbers.[86] However, there is considerable variation in train numbers; some zones, such as Central Railway, have a less-systematic method of numbering trains.[86]

Trains are classified by average speed.[88] A faster train has fewer stops (halts) than a slower one, and is usually used for long-distance travel. Most express trains have special names to identify them easily. The names of the trains usually denote the regions they connect, the routes they traverse, or a famous person or tourist spot connected with the train.[89][90]

Train types Description
Vande Bharat Express A semi-high-speed, air-conditioned day time journey train with facilities such as Wi-Fi, snack tables, CCTV cameras, hydraulic-pressure doors, and a fire and smoke detection and extinguishing system. It can run at a speed of 200 km/h. It is the first hi-tech locomotive-less (EMU) train set made in India. It was flagged off on 15 February 2019 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The model number for this particular train set is Train 18.
Tejas Express A semi-high-speed, air-conditioned train which had its inaugural run on 24 May 2017, covering 551.7 km (343 mi) in 8 hours 30 minutes. Coaches have bio-vacuum toilets, water-level indicators, tap sensors, hand dryers, integrated Braille displays, an LED TV for each passenger with a phone jack, local cuisine, Wi-Fi, tea and coffee vending machines, magazines, snack tables, CCTV cameras, and a fire and smoke detection and extinguishing system. It can run at a speed of 200 km/h but it is restricted to 130 km/h due to some technical reasons.
Gatimaan Express The first semi-high-speed, air-conditioned train running between Delhi and Jhansi with a top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph)
Shatabdi Express Air-conditioned, intercity trains for daytime travel. Unlike the Rajdhani or Duronto Expresses, the Shatabdi expresses make a round trip on the same day. The Bhopal Shatabdi Express (train number 12001/12002) is India's second-fastest train between New Delhi and Agra, with an average speed of 90 km/h (56 mph) and a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph). The limited-stop trains have Wi-Fi.
Rajdhani Express Limited-stop, air-conditioned trains linking state capitals to the national capital, New Delhi, with a top speed of 130–140 km/h (81–87 mph). The 2014 railway budget proposed increasing the numbers of Rajdhani and Shatabdi Expresses to 180 km/h (110 mph).
Duronto Express Non-stop (except for technical halts) service introduced in 2009. In January 2016, it became possible to book tickets from those technical stops. They connect India's metros and major state capitals, and were introduced to equal (or exceed) the speed of the Rajdhani Express. With air-conditioned one-, two-, or three-tier seating, some have non-air-conditioned sleeper-class accommodations.
Humsafar Express Air-conditioned, three-tier coach trains with LED screens displaying information about stations and train speed, a PA system, vending machines for tea and coffee, charging ports for electronic devices, bio-toilets, smoke alarms, CCTV cameras, curtains, and heating and refrigeration facilities for food. Its inaugural run was between Gorakhpur to Anand Vihar Terminal.
AC Express Air-conditioned, limited-stop trains linking major cities, with a speed of about 130 km/h (81 mph).
Double Decker Express Air-conditioned, limited-stop, two-tier express trains for daytime travel
Uday Express Air-conditioned double decker train for overnight travel.
Garib Rath Express Air-conditioned, economy, three-tier trains with a top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph).
Yuva Express Introduced with the Duronto Express to provide air-conditioned travel to young Indians, 60 percent of its seats were reserved for passengers between 18 and 45 years of age. The trains were unsuccessful, and operate only on the Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes.
Jan Shatabdi Express A more-economical version of the Shatabdi Express, with air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned classes and a top speed of 110 km/h (68 mph)
Sampark Kranti Express Express service to New Delhi.
Kavi Guru Express Introduced in honor of Rabindranath Tagore, four pairs of the trains operate on the network.
Vivek Express Introduced to commemorate the 150th birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda in 2013, four pairs of Vivek Expresses run in the country.
Rajya Rani Express Introduced to connect state capitals to major cities in that state.
Mahamana Express Superfast train with Indian Railways' model rake coaches.
Intercity Express Introduced to connect major cities on short routes with high and semi-high speeds. Trains include the Deccan Queen, Flying Ranee and Bilaspur Nagpur Intercity Express.
Antyodaya Express Non-reserved, high-speed LHB coaches on peak routes to ease congestion.
Jan Sadharan Express Non-reserved express trains on peak routes to ease congestion.
Suvidha Express High priority trains with dynamic pricing on high demand routes.
Superfast Express Trains with a max speed greater than 100–110 km/h (62–68 mph) and an average speed greater than 55 km/h (34 mph). With stops at very few stations, the tickets for these trains have a superfast surcharge.
Express Trains with a max speed greater than 100 km/h (62 mph) and an average speed greater than 36 km/h (22 mph), with stops at few stations.
Mail These trains earlier had separate mail coaches. Nowadays, mail is carried in the luggage coach like all other trains.
Passenger Slow, economical trains which stop at every (or almost every) station on a route. With generally-unreserved seating, these trains travel at about 40–80 km/h (25–50 mph).
Suburban These trains operate in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Bengaluru, Pune and between Kanpur and Lucknow, usually stop at every station, and have unreserved seating.
Metro Designed for urban transport, the first metro was the Kolkata Metro in 1984.[91]
Mountain Railways Three of the lines were declared a World Heritage Site as "Mountain Railways of India" by UNESCO.[92]

Tourism

Indian Railway operates tourist train or coach services on popular tourist circuits in different regions of the country. The service offers tour packages inclusive of rail travel, local transportation, accommodation, food and guided tours. IR offers various tourist services in this segment including Luxury tourist trains, Semi luxury trains, Buddhist special trains, Bharat Darshan trains, Aastha Circuit trains, and Steam trains.[93]

The Palace on Wheels is a luxury-train service, frequently hauled by a steam locomotive, to promote tourism in Rajasthan.[94] The train has a seven-night, eight-day itinerary on a round trip from New Delhi via Jaipur, Sawai Madhopur and Chittaurgarh, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bharatpur and Agra.

Royal Rajasthan on Wheels covers a number of tourist destinations in Rajasthan. The seven-day, eight-night tour is a round trip from New Delhi's Safdarjung station via Jodhpur, Udaipur and Chittaurgarh, Ranthambore National Park and Jaipur, Khajuraho, Varanasi and Sarnath, and Agra.[95]

Maharajas' Express, a luxury train operated by the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), runs on five routes[96] to about 12 destinations across northwest and central India (centered around Rajasthan) from October to April.

The Deccan Odyssey covers tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa. Its seven-night, eight-day tour begins in Mumbai and stops at Jaigad Fort, Ganapatipule and Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Tarkarli and Sawantwadi, Goa, Kolhapur and Pune (Day 5), Aurangabad and Ellora Caves, and Ajanta Caves and Nashik.[97]

The Golden Chariot is a luxury train service running on two tours: Pride of the South[98] and Splendor of the South.[99]

The Mahaparinirvan Express, an air-conditioned service also known as the Buddhist Circuit Train, is run by the IRCTC for Buddhist pilgrims. Its seven-night, eight-day tour begins in New Delhi and visits Bodh Gaya, Rajgir and Nalanda, Varanasi and Sarnath, Kushinagar and Lumbini, Sravasti, and the Taj Mahal.[100]

The Fairy Queen, a tourist attraction also known as the world's oldest operating steam engine, hauls a luxury train from Delhi to Alwar.

Ticketing

See also: Tatkal scheme
An Indian Railway ticket from Bangalore to Pune on Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Coimbatore Express

Until the late 1980s, Indian Railways ticket reservations were made manually. In late 1987, IR began using a computerized ticketing system. The system went online in 1995 to provide current information on status and availability. The ticketing network at stations is computerized with the exception of remote areas. As of March 2017, close to 6000 stations are networked with reserved or unreserved ticketing systems across India.[93] IR now provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets between any two train stations in the country.

Reserved tickets may be booked up to 120 days in advance on the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation website, smartphone apps, SMS, rail reservation counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. A Tatkal train ticket can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice with a reserved seat or berth, but such tickets are sold at higher fares than regular advance reservation tickets.[101]

Confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket. If the reservation is not available on a particular train, the ticket has a wait-list number. A person with a wait-listed ticket must wait for enough cancellations to obtain a confirmed ticket. If their ticket is not confirmed on the day of departure, they cannot board the train. Reservation against cancellation tickets, between the waiting and confirmed lists, allow a ticket holder to board the train and obtain a seat chosen by a ticket collector after the collector has found a vacant seat.[81]

Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at stations at any time before departure. Holders of such tickets may only board the general compartments. Suburban networks issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time or season passes with unlimited travel between two stops for a period of time. Commuters can purchase tickets and season passes at stations or through UTS mobile apps.[102]

A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train.

India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and passenger traffic is subsidised by higher-class fares.[103] Discounted tickets are available for senior citizens (over age 60), the differently-abled, students, athletes, and those taking competitive examinations. One compartment of the lowest class of accommodation is earmarked for women on every passenger train. Some berths or seats are also reserved for women or senior citizens.[104]

Freight services

See also: Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India

In the freight segment, IR ferries various commodities and fuels in industrial, consumer, and agricultural segments across the length and breadth of India. IR has historically subsidised the passenger segment with income from the freight business. As a result, freight services are unable to compete with other modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share.[105] To counter this downward trend, IR has started new initiatives in freight segments including upgrading of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build multi-commodity multi-modal logistics terminals, changing container sizes, operating time-tabled freight trains, and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix.[106] Also, end-to-end integrated transport solutions such as roll-on, roll-off (RORO) service, a road-rail system pioneered by Konkan Railway Corporation in 1999 to carry trucks on flatbed trailers,[107] is now being extended to other routes across India.

Perhaps the game changer for IR in the freight segment are the new dedicated freight corridors that are expected to be completed by 2020. When fully implemented, the new corridors, spanning around 3300 km, could support hauling of trains up to 1.5 km in length with 32.5 ton axle-load at speeds of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). Also, they will free-up capacity on dense passenger routes and will allow IR to run more trains at higher speeds. Additional corridors are being planned to augment the freight infrastructure in the country.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

IR has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Mumbai,[108] and the "Mountain Railways of India".[109] The latter are three rail lines in different parts of India: the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a 610 mm (2 ft) narrow-gauge railway in the Lesser Himalayas of West Bengal; the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, and the Kalka-Shimla Railway, a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh.[109]

Issues

IR carries an annual debt of over ₹200 billion (US$2.4 billion). The passenger division lost ₹300 billion (US$3.6 billion) in FY 2013–2014, leading to a 23 paise (0.28¢ US) loss per passenger-km and a cash surplus of ₹6.9 billion (US$83 million).[110] Its operating ratio was 109 percent from April to December 2016.[111] It's accounting systems are allegedly outdated.[112]

Between 2004 and 2014, 99 new rail projects were announced in the annual Rail Budgets without additional funding. One project has been completed; the remaining 98 will require ₹5 trillion (US$60 billion), including four projects which were 30 years old in 2014.[110] IR is losing passenger and freight market share to other modes of transport.[113]

According to the Report of High Level Safety Review Committee of 2012, from 2007–08 to October 2011, casualties in train accidents accounted for 1,019 deaths and 2,118 injuries. In the same period, 1,600 railway staff were killed and 8,700 were injured. The committee estimated that almost 15,000 people are killed each year by what is called unlawful trespassing.[114] A Daily Telegraph article[115] stated that IR officials believe that a large proportion of bodies found dead on railways died elsewhere and were put on the railway in dishonest attempts to get compensation from the railway authorities and companies.

IR carries out various activities that are essentially uneconomic in nature, where it is either not able to recover the costs (capital investments/operating costs) it incurs to deliver such services, or ends up foregoing revenues. Such activities, termed by IR as Social Service Obligations, include concessional tariffs for a few passenger segments or essential commodities and services in uneconomical train routes.[116] While the assessment of actual losses to meet social service obligations requires a scientific study, the estimation of such losses from IR for the fiscal year 2016–17 is ₹296.3 billion (US$3.6 billion).[117]

Future

Main article: Future of rail transport in India

IR's Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) undertakes research, design and standardisation. The railway has undertaken several initiatives to upgrade its ageing infrastructure and improve its quality of service. The Indian government plans to invest ₹9.05 trillion (US$110 billion) to upgrade IR by 2020.[118]

Infrastructure

Infrastructure modernisation projects include high-speed rail, with the first Ahmedabad-Mumbai train in operation in 2022;[119][120][121] redevelopment of 400 stations by monetizing 2,700 acres (11 km2) of spare railway land under a ₹1,070,000 crore (US$128 billion) plan;[122] doubling tracks to reduce congestion and delays while improving safety (15,000 km of double track existed in 2016, and funding for 12,500 km more was approved that year);[123] the refurbishing of 12- to 15-year-old coaches at the Carriage Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire safety;[124][125] Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled tracking of trains to improve safety and service;[126] Digital India-driven ₹3,500,000 million (equivalent to ₹4.9 trillion or US$59 billion in 2023) digitalisation of the railway to improve efficiency and reduce cost;[123] rainwater harvesting, with 1885 systems installed by December 2016;[127] and reforestation of railway land and along the tracks.[128]

Electrification and power

All routes will be electrified to save on imported-fuel costs. 57.91 percent of the network was electrified as of November 2019, with full electrification planned by March 2021.[123] Off-the-grid solar-powered trains are planned with the installation of one gigawatt of solar and 130 megawatts of wind power between 2017 and 2022; India introduced the world's first solar-powered train and 50 coaches with rooftop solar farms in June 2017.[129][130][131] Initial assessments of this experiment has been positive.[132]Rooftop solar electricity is planned at stations to reduce long-term fuel costs and protect the environment,[133] and sustainable LED lighting at all stations is planned by March 2018 to cut electricity costs.[134] Locomotive factories have been modernised, including two new factories in Bihar: an electric locomotive factory in Madhepura and a diesel locomotive factory in Marhaura, and 2,285 bio-toilets were introduced from April to July 2014.[135][136][137] A ₹200 billion (US$2.4 billion) partnership with Alstom to supply 800 electric locomotives from 2018 to 2028 was announced.[118]

Safety

Safety projects include the elimination of an average of 1,217 unguarded level crossings per year by building an average of 1,066 overpasses and underpasses per year;[138][123] the extension of an automated fire alarm system, first introduced on Rajdhani Express trains in 2013, to all air-conditioned coaches;[139] and 6,095 GPS-enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System railway signalling devices (replacing the practice of placing firecrackers on tracks to alert train drivers) installed in 2017 in four zones: Northern, North Central, North Eastern and North Western; and replacing ICF coaches with LHB coaches.

Effects of COVID-19

In an unprecedented move, the railways had suspended the services of 13,523 trains for 48 days after the lockdown was announced by the PM on March 24, 2020.

Its freight trains however continued to run during this period.[140] This was the first time in its 167 year history the lifeline of the nation was stopped.

On May 12, 2020, in first phase, Railways started the Rajdhani Express for 15 cities and began the reservation for the same via IRCTC website a evening before.[141]

Trivia

See also

Notes

  1. ^ This classification system does not apply to steam locomotives, which retained their original class names (such as M class or WP class).

References

  1. ^ a b c "[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days – 1". www.irfca.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d "Indian Railways Budget Documents 2019–20" (PDF). Ministry of Railway. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  3. ^ "Indian Railways Year Book 2018-19" (PDF).
  4. ^ a b c d e "Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016–17: Statistical summary – Indian Railways" (PDF). Ministry of Railway. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  5. ^ "Indian Railways plans to end the pain of waitlist tickets". Zee News. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016–17: Statistics for Track and Bridges – Indian Railways" (PDF). Ministry of Railway. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d [indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Year%20Book%202018-19-English.pdf "Indian Railways Year Book 2018-19"] (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016–17: Passenger Business" (PDF). Ministry of Railway. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  9. ^ Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016–17. "extrastats-summary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b "Thumbs up! Indian Railways to go eco-friendly by becoming world's 1st 100% electrified and 'Net-Zero' railway". TheFinancial Express. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  11. ^ a b c "[IRFCA] India's First Railways". www.irfca.org.
  12. ^ "164 Years Ago On This Day, India's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane". Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  13. ^ "India's 1st train: When Sahib, Sindh & Sultan blew steam – Times of India". Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  14. ^ "Extracts from the Railway Times". Railway Times. 1854. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  15. ^ "Legacy of First Railway Station of South India". RailNews Media India Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  16. ^ "Kolkata's trams – A ride through history". 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  17. ^ "The Evolution of Trams in Mumbai". The Urban Imagination – Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  18. ^ "Welcome to Official Website of CORE". www.core.indianrailways.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  19. ^ "History of Railways". www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  20. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ "160 years of Indian Railways: Here's how AC trains were kept cool". 2 April 2013.
  22. ^ "Strike of Indian Rail Workers Begins". The New York Times. 8 May 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  23. ^ "Better jail than rail: George Fernandes' slogan that led to Asia's biggest railway strike in 1974". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  24. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "Shatabdi Express – Shatabdi Express Train, Shatabadi Express Timetable, Shatabadi Express Schedule Booking India". www.iloveindia.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  26. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ "Indian Railway". www.indianrailways.gov.in. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  28. ^ "IRCTC Next Generation eTicketing System". www.irctc.co.in. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  29. ^ a b "48 per cent rail tracks electrified, aim to double it in 5 years: Govt". 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Indian Railways cancels passenger train services". Business Traveller. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  31. ^ HP, Akarsh (22 March 2020). "Indian Railways Suspends All Passenger Trains But There's Some Good News". MetroSaga. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  32. ^ Miller, Adam Jeffery,Hannah (26 March 2020). "Coronavirus puts over 1 billion people in India on 21-day lockdown to combat spread". CNBC. Retrieved 29 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Nandi, Tamal (27 March 2020). "How Indian Railways continuing its freight operations post lockdown". Livemint. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  34. ^ Nandi, Shreya (29 March 2020). "Covid-19: Railways resumes parcel trains to transport essential goods". Livemint. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  35. ^ "Coronavirus Outbreak: Indian Railways converts non-AC train coach into isolation ward on trial basis". Firstpost. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  36. ^ "Organization Structure" (PDF). Indian Railways. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  37. ^ "Indian Railways Report" (PDF). Indian Railways. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  38. ^ Singh, Vijay Pratap (27 February 2010). "SMS complaint system: A Northern Railway brainwave spreads". Indian Express. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  39. ^ Indian Railways Facts and Figures (2011–2012). Ministry of Railways, Government of India. 2012. p. personnel. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  40. ^ "Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways" (PDF). Indian Railways. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  41. ^ Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016–17. "stats-network" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Indian Railways Annual Publication 2016–17 – Undertakings" (PDF). 28 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2018.
  43. ^ "PRCL". Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  44. ^ "Railway Board Directorates". INDIAN RAILWAY ESTABLISHMENT CODE. Indian Railways. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.
  45. ^ a b Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016–17 – Personnel. "stats-personnel" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ "Indian Railways level which constitutes the Governing Council of Association". irts.org.in. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012.
  47. ^ "Indian Railways Establishment Manual". rrcb.gov.in. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
  48. ^ "RRB NTPC exam 2016". indianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2016.
  49. ^ "India's first CNG train flagged off". Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  50. ^ "New Technology allows Railways to save Rs 20 Lakhs Diesel per Engine". Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  51. ^ "Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016–17 : Rolling Stock Summary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  52. ^ Railways, Ministry of (25 January 2018). "End of an Era - The historic last ICF Coach was flagged off by Senior Techcnician Shri Bhaskar P in the presence of Railway Board Chairman Shri @AshwaniLohani. The 1st ICF coach had been flagged by Prime Minister Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri on 2 October, 1955.pic.twitter.com/qCfl8tVrQy". @railminindia. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  53. ^ "After spate of accidents, Indian Railways speeds up safety plan; check out the massive task and big numbers involved". The Financial Express. 7 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  54. ^ "Indian Railways Passenger Coaches: Safety Features and Technologies Adopted" (PDF). International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research. April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  55. ^ "At 176 Kmph, These Two Upcoming Trains May Be India's Fastest Ever!". The Better India. 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  56. ^ "Loco hauled commuter trains to be replaced with DEMU/MEMU – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  57. ^ a b "Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016–17 – Rolling Stock" (PDF). 25 February 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2018.
  58. ^ a b c "Brief on Railway Electrification". Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  59. ^ a b "Railway Electrification Market in India 2018". Enincon. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  60. ^ "Railway Electrification Market in India 2018" (PDF). Enincon. 20 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  61. ^ a b c d "Indian Railways – Statistical Publication 2016–17 – Signalling and Telecom" (PDF). 28 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2018.
  62. ^ "Art of the token exchange". Railscapes. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  63. ^ "Signalling System". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
  64. ^ "[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Signal Aspects and Indications – Principal Running Signals". www.irfca.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  65. ^ "Indian Railways clears proposal to equip electric locomotives with European train protection systems- Technology News, Firstpost". Tech2. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  66. ^ "Bandhan Express, New Train Between Bengal And Bangladesh: 10 Facts". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  67. ^ "Bandhan Express makes its first commercial run between Kolkata and Khulna today". The Indian Express. 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2017. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 16 November 2017 suggested (help)
  68. ^ Das, Koushik. "Construction Work Of New India-Bangladesh Railway Link To Begin In 2015". InSerbia News. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  69. ^ "Work on new India-Bangladesh railway link from 2015-INews – IBNLive Mobile". IBNlive. 18 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  70. ^ "Indian Railway to build a 15-km track linking Agartala with Bangladesh". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  71. ^ "Work on Agartala-Akhaura rail link to commence soon". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  72. ^ "Work on new India-Bangladesh railway link from 2015". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  73. ^ "India, Bangladesh align rail link in Tripura". Meghalaya Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  74. ^ "India's rail-building challenge". By Sudha Ramachandran. Asia Times. 3 January 2007. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  75. ^ "India signs trans-Asian railways pact". Indo-Asian News Service. 2 July 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  76. ^ "IRFCA:Indian Railways FAQ:Geography:International". IRFCA, website of the Indian Railway Fan Club. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  77. ^ a b Railways revise station categories to improve services Archived 17 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Economic Times, 28 December 2017.
  78. ^ "Premium railway fares hiked up to 50 per cent in new dynamic pricing model". 8 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  79. ^ Eman, Borhan (20 June 2017). "Indian railway ready for 'privatization to run trains'! Meramaal Wiki". Meramaal News. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  80. ^ "Accommodation Classes in Indian Railways". Indian Railways. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  81. ^ a b "General Information on travelling by IR". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
  82. ^ "Class of Travel". indiarail.co.uk. S.D. Enterprises Ltd. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
  83. ^ "Home on Wheels - Luxury Train Travel in an Exclusive Railway Saloon". www.indianluxurytrains.com.
  84. ^ "Ready to shell out more! Now you can travel in Railways' luxury saloons - Jammu Mail". The Economic Times.
  85. ^ "ICF to design air-conditioned coach for Nilgiri Mountain Railway | Chennai NYOOOZ". NYOOOZ.
  86. ^ a b c d "The system of train numbers". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
  87. ^ "New Train Number Enquiry". Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Inquiry. Centre For Railway Information Systems. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  88. ^ "railway operations — I". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 11 June 2007.
  89. ^ "Train names". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
  90. ^ Sekhsaria, Pankaj (24 June 2005). "What's in a Train Name?". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
  91. ^ "India's first underwater metro nears completion after costs double". The Economic Times. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  92. ^ "Toy Trains of India". Our Trips – Royal Train Tours. India Calling Tours (P) Limited. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  93. ^ a b "Indian Railways Statistical Publications – Passenger Business" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2018.
  94. ^ "NPalace on wheels – Exclusive Indian train was originally used by royalty". Times of India. 13 October 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012.
  95. ^ "Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Itinerary | Tour Program for 2014–15". Royalsrajasthanonwheels.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  96. ^ "The Maharajas' Express Train Journeys Season 2014–2015". The-maharajas.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  97. ^ "Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  98. ^ "Tour Itinerary – Tour Itinerary of Golden Chariot Train, Itinerary of Golden Chariot Train". Goldenchariottrain.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  99. ^ "Southern Splendour Tour – South India Tour and South India Tour Package". Goldenchariottrain.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  100. ^ "Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)". Indianrailways.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  101. ^ "Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  102. ^ "UTS Mobile Ticketing". www.utsonmobile.indianrail.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  103. ^ Joshi, V; I. M. D. Little (17 October 1996). "Industrial Policy and Factor Markets". India's Economic Reforms, 1991–2001. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-19-829078-0. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
  104. ^ "Reservation Rules". Indian Railways. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
  105. ^ "Indian Railways White Paper 2016" (PDF). 25 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2018.
  106. ^ "INDIAN RAILWAYS 2017–2019 VISION & PLANS" (PDF). 25 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2017.
  107. ^ "Road-Rail Synergy System". Press release, Press Information Bureau, dated 2004-20-05. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  108. ^ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)". World Heritage List. World Heritage Committee. 2004. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  109. ^ a b "Mountain Railways of India". World Heritage List. World Heritage Committee. 1999. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  110. ^ a b "Railway Budget 2014–15" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  111. ^ Sood, Jyotika (16 February 2017). "Railways' operating ratio touches a record 109% in April–December". Livemint. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  112. ^ Lohumi, Manasi (20 December 2016). "Railways moves towards accounting reforms". livemint.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  113. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  114. ^ Report of High Level Safety Review Committee Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Railway Ministry, February 2012
  115. ^ Daily Telegraph, Wednesday 18 April 2012 issue, page 14, rightmost column)
  116. ^ Bibek Debroy and Kishore Desai (25 February 2018). "Reviewing the Impact of Social Service Obligations by Indian Railways" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017.
  117. ^ "Indian Railways Year Book 2016–17, Social Service Obligations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2018.
  118. ^ a b "GE, Alstom land $5.6-billion deals to supply locomotives for railways". Economic Times. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  119. ^ "Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains – A Dastidar, Indian Express, 10 June 2014". Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  120. ^ "India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train – The Hindu". Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  121. ^ "India Said to Pick Japan for High-Speed Rail Project – WSJ". Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  122. ^ Railways appoints IRSDC as nodal agency for station redevelopment Archived 23 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Livemint, 5 December 2017.
  123. ^ a b c d Indian Railways orders conversion to Broad Gauge Archived 23 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Rail Digest, 12 April 2017.
  124. ^ "Indian Railways gets first model rake of luxury 'Make in India' coaches". The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  125. ^ "Indian Railways unveils 'Make in India' train coaches with new look". The Financial Express. The Indian Express Group. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  126. ^ "Just like your cabs, you can soon track trains in real time via GPS | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". DNA India. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  127. ^ Rain Water Harvesting System In Indian Railway Archived 23 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 7 December 2016.
  128. ^ India Plants 50 Million Trees in One Day, Smashing World Record Archived 23 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, National Geographic, July 2016.
  129. ^ "India's first solar-powered DEMU train launched". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  130. ^ Railways, IIT-Madras tie up to power AC coaches with solar energy. The Times of India (5 August 2013). Retrieved on 17 August 2013.
  131. ^ India’s new solar-powered train is the first in the world Archived 23 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, June 2017
  132. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  133. ^ "NORTHERN RAILWAYS TO INSTALL 5 MW ROOFTOP SOLAR IN FOUR OF ITS STATIONS". Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  134. ^ Indian Railways plans to make all stations 100% LED lit by 31 March 2018 Archived 18 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Times of India, 19 December 2017.
  135. ^ "Locomotive Factories in Bihar: In cold storage for years, two Railway projects to start soon". Indian Express. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  136. ^ "GE Gets $2.6 Billion Indian Railways Contract". Wall Street Journal. 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  137. ^ "Rail ministry awards Rs 14,656-cr Marhowra locomotive project to GE". Business Standard. 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  138. ^ Indian Railways commissions around 4800 kilometer of broad gauge track in last two financial years which is a record performance Archived 11 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 12 May 2016.
  139. ^ "Indian Railways develops Automatic Fire and Smoke Detection System". Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  140. ^ https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-issues-restoration-plan-asks-to-prepare-for-resumption-of-services-11585981517025.html
  141. ^ "Full list of special trains that will run from tomorrow". Indian Express. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.

Further reading

  • Aguiar, Marian. Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility (University of Minnesota Press; 2011) 226 pages; draws on literature, film, and other realms to explore the role of the railway in the Indian imagination. excerpt and text search
  • Bear, Linda. Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Kerr, Ian J. Railways in Modern India (2001) excerpt and text search
  • Kerr, Ian J. Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India (2006)
  • Kumar, Sudhir, and Shagun Mehrotra. Bankruptcy to Billions: How the Indian Railways Transformed Itself (2009)
  • "IRFCA : FAQ - Table of Contents". Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 19 June 2005.
  • "IRCTC". Indian Railways. Retrieved 19 June 2005.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Railways.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Indian Railways.
Listen to this article
(2 parts, 22 minutes)
  2. Part 2
Spoken Wikipedia icon
These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated
Error: no date provided
, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Railways&oldid=960570994"