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New York Metropolitan Area

New York-Newark-Bridgeport
New York-New
Jersey-Connecticut-Pennsylvania
Combined Statistical Area (CSA)
New York City
New York City
CountryUnited States of America
States New York,  New Jersey,  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania
Largest cityNew York City
Other CitiesNewark
Jersey City
Yonkers
Paterson
Bridgeport
Elizabeth
Stamford
New Haven
Waterbury
Clifton
Norwalk
Danbury
New Rochelle
Passaic
Area
 • Total11,842 sq mi (30,670 km2)
Elevation
509−0 ft (509 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total22,085,649
 • Density1,900/sq mi (720/km2)
 Ranked 1st in the US
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Area code(s)212, 646 917, 718, 347, 917, 860, 929, 516, 631, 914, 845, 570, 203, 201, 551, 862, 973, 908, 609, 732,
Map of the Metropolitan Area
Part of the Palisades Interstate Park, the cliffs of the New Jersey Palisades of Bergen County overlook the Hudson River as well as The Bronx and Upper Manhattan in New York City.

The New York metropolitan area includes the largest city in the United States (New York City); counties comprising Long Island and the lower Hudson Valley in New York State; the five largest cities in New Jersey (Newark, Jersey City, Elizabeth, Paterson, and Trenton) and their vicinities; six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut (Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, and Danbury), as well as their vicinities.

As per the 2010 Census, the New York City metropolitan area continues to be the most populous in the United States, by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) definition (18.9 million)[1] and the Combined Statistical Area (CSA) definition (22.1 million);[2] it is also one of the most populous in the world.[3][4][5] The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi (17,405 km2), while the CSA area is 11,842 sq mi (30,671 km2), encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. As a center of many industries including finance, international trade, media and entertainment, tourism, biotechnology, and manufacturing, it is one of the most important economic regions in the world.

Definitions

Metropolitan Statistical Area

New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area
New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division
Nassau-Suffolk, NY Metropolitan Division
Newark-Union, NJ-PA Metropolitan Division
Edison-New Brunswick, NJ Metropolitan Division
Rest of the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget has two definitions of the area: the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Combined Statistical Area (CSA). The MSA definition is called the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, New York-New Jersey-Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area, and includes a population of 18,897,109 as of the 2010 census[6] (roughly 1 in 16 Americans). The MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 23-county metropolitan area includes ten counties in New York State (coinciding with the five boroughs of New York City, the two counties of Long Island, and three counties in the lower Hudson Valley); 12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey; and one county in northeastern Pennsylvania. The largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area (estimated to have a population of 18,319,939 as of 2008 and an area of 6,720 square miles).

The counties and county groupings constituting the New York metropolitan area are listed below with 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimates of their populations.

New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area (19,069,796)

Combined Statistical Area

Enveloped by the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, New York City and Long Island alone are home to approximately 11 million residents conjointly.

The Combined Statistical Area definition consists of the original MSA plus a wider region consisting of five adjacent metropolitan areas. The area is known as the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, New York-New Jersey-Connecticut-Pennsylvania Combined Statistical Area, with an estimated population of 22,085,649[7] as of 2009. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven additional counties in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, and is often referred to as the Tri-State Area and less commonly the Tri-State Region (but leaving out Pennsylvania). However, the New York City television designated market area (DMA) includes Pike County, Pennsylvania,[8] which is also included in the CSA.

In addition to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the following Metropolitan Statistical Areas are also included in the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area (total pop. 22,232,494):

Geography

Westhampton, Suffolk County, New York, on eastern Long Island.
High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point, Sussex County, the highest elevation in New Jersey at 1803 feet above sea level.[9]
The Great Falls of the Passaic River in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, dedicated as a U.S. National Park in November 2011, incorporates one of the largest waterfalls in the eastern United States.[10]
Downtown Trenton in Mercer County, including the New Jersey State House topped by its golden dome, alongside the Delaware River.

The area is frequently divided into the following regions:[11][12]

  • New York City (Center of the region)
  • Long Island (Nassau & Suffolk Counties, NY – separated by water from the rest of the region except New York City; not including Queens County or Kings County (Brooklyn), which coincide with two of New York City's Five Boroughs)
  • North Jersey (Northern portion of New Jersey)
  • Central Jersey (Middle portion of New Jersey)
  • Hudson Valley (Lower Hudson Valley suburbs of Westchester, Putnam and Rockland Counties; and Mid-Hudson exurbs of Dutchess, Orange and Ulster Counties)
  • Western Connecticut (Only Fairfield, New Haven and Litchfield Counties are part of the region and separated by the state line)

All five areas can be (and often are) further divided. For instance, Long Island can be divided into the South and North Shores (usually when speaking about Nassau County), Western Suffolk, and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, largely because of the shared usage of Metro-North Railroad.[13]

Subregions

New York City

Main article: New York City

Long Island

Main article: Long Island

Long Island is home to two of New York City's boroughs: Brooklyn and Queens, as well as the more suburban Nassau and Suffolk counties, all within New York State.

It has a population of 7,568,304 as of the United States Census 2010 and is the most populated island in the United States and the 17th most populous island in the world. For transportation, it is served by the Long Island Expressway and the Long Island Railroad. It is also home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airport hubs in the area.

Northern New Jersey

Main article: Northern New Jersey

Northern New Jersey is typically defined as the following counties:

The New Jersey State Department of Tourism splits North Jersey into the urban Gateway Region and the more rural Skylands Region.

Northern New Jersey is home to four of the largest cities of New Jersey: Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, and Elizabeth.

The region is geographically diverse with wetlands, mountains, and valleys scattered throughout the area. It has a large network of expressways and public transportation rail services which are mostly operated by New Jersey Transit. It is also home to the second largest airport in the area, Newark Liberty International Airport.

Central Jersey

Main article: Central Jersey

Central Jersey is the middle portion of the state of New Jersey. It is home to both New York City and Philadelphia commuters. Due to this fact, it is loosely associated with the Delaware Valley and is considered to be part of both regions. Important towns such as Trenton (State capital of New Jersey) and Princeton (home to Princeton University) are located in this subregion, as is a significant portion of the Jersey Shore.

Belmar, Monmouth County, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore.
The Lake Mohonk Mountain House, Ulster County, New York, in the Hudson Valley, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.[14]

Lower Hudson Valley

Main article: Hudson Valley

The lower Hudson Valley is centered around the Hudson River north of New York City and lies within New York State. It is mostly suburban and contains fewer job centers than the rest of the region. It is one the fastest growing areas in the metropolitan area, because of high housing costs in New York City and the inner suburbs. Historically, the valley was home to many factories, but a significant number have closed. Cleanup efforts to improve the Hudson River water quality after years of pollution are currently planned and will be supervised by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[15]

The Bear Mountain Bridge connecting Westchester and Rockland Counties, New York across the Hudson River as seen from Bear Mountain.
Downtown Stamford in Fairfield County, Connecticut.
The New Haven Green Historic District in Connecticut was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970.[16]

Connecticut

Main articles: Fairfield County, Connecticut; New Haven County, Connecticut; and Litchfield County, Connecticut

Fairfield, New Haven, and Litchfield Counties are located in the western portion of Connecticut with large business and industrial parks scattered throughout the area although mostly contained within Fairfield County. The three counties (and Connecticut in general) have had a long-standing reputation for affluence. Geographically, the areas are flat along the coast with low hills eventually giving way to large mountain ranges such as The Berkshires further inland. Most of the largest cities in the state are located within New Haven and Fairfield Counties.

Urban areas of the region

Skyline of New York City and Jersey City from Newark, New Jersey, seen without the new One World Trade Center under construction in Lower Manhattan.

The combined statistical area is a multicore metropolitan region containing several urban areas.

Aerial view of Newark, Essex County, New Jersey.
Public Library in Yonkers, Westchester County, New York.
Barnum Museum in Bridgeport, Fairfield County, Connecticut.
View of downtown Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, known as the "Silk City", from Garret Mountain Reservation.
Population
rank 		Urbanized area State(s) 2000
population
1 New York—Newark NY—NJ—CT 17,799,861
42 Bridgeport—Stamford CT—NY 888,890
70 New Haven CT 531,314
90 Poughkeepsie—Newburgh NY 351,982
122 Trenton NJ 268,472
163 Waterbury CT 189,026
190 Danbury CT—NY 154,455
350 Hightstown NJ 69,977
435 Kingston NY 53,458
452 Middletown NY 50,071

Principal cities

The following is a list of "principal cities" and their respective population estimates from the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau publication. Principal cities are generally those where there is a greater number of jobs than employed residents.[17][18][19][20]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City; western Long Island; the eastern shore of Westchester County, New York; the southwestern coastline of Connecticut; and a sliver of the Jersey Shore experience a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).[21][22] Using the 0 °C (32 °F) threshold, New York City is the northernmost metropolis on the North American continent with the humid subtropical categorization.

The remainder of the New York metropolitan area is classified as experiencing a humid continental climate.[23][24] However, the area covered by this humid continental categorization is itself split into two realms, Dfa (hot summer subtype) versus Dfb (warm summer subtype); the Dfb region generally lies further north and inland,[25] at a higher elevation, and receives greater snowfall[26] than the Dfa region.

Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding of the Appalachians keep the New York area warmer in the winter than inland North American metropolitan areas located at similar or lesser latitudes including Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 39.1 °F (3.9 °C). However, temperatures in winter can for a few days be as low as 10 °F (−12 °C) and as high as 50 °F (10 °C).[27] Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers in New York City are typically hot and humid with a July average of 84.9 °F (29.4 °C). Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, and temperatures exceed 90 °F (32.2 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and can exceed 100 °F (38 °C).[28]

New York City receives 49.7 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall for 1981 to 2010 has been 26.7 inches (68 cm), but this usually varies considerably from year to year.[29] Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area.[30] Extreme temperatures in New York City have ranged from −15 °F (−26 °C), recorded in February 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) in July 1936.[31]

The New York metropolitan area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 58% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine per annum.[32]

Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1869–present[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		78
(26) 		86
(30) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		101
(38) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		94
(34) 		84
(29) 		75
(24) 		106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.4
(15.8) 		60.7
(15.9) 		70.3
(21.3) 		82.9
(28.3) 		88.5
(31.4) 		92.1
(33.4) 		95.7
(35.4) 		93.4
(34.1) 		89.0
(31.7) 		79.7
(26.5) 		70.7
(21.5) 		62.9
(17.2) 		97.0
(36.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.5
(4.2) 		42.2
(5.7) 		49.9
(9.9) 		61.8
(16.6) 		71.4
(21.9) 		79.7
(26.5) 		84.9
(29.4) 		83.3
(28.5) 		76.2
(24.6) 		64.5
(18.1) 		54.0
(12.2) 		44.3
(6.8) 		62.6
(17.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 33.7
(0.9) 		35.9
(2.2) 		42.8
(6.0) 		53.7
(12.1) 		63.2
(17.3) 		72.0
(22.2) 		77.5
(25.3) 		76.1
(24.5) 		69.2
(20.7) 		57.9
(14.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		39.1
(3.9) 		55.8
(13.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 27.9
(−2.3) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		35.8
(2.1) 		45.5
(7.5) 		55.0
(12.8) 		64.4
(18.0) 		70.1
(21.2) 		68.9
(20.5) 		62.3
(16.8) 		51.4
(10.8) 		42.0
(5.6) 		33.8
(1.0) 		48.9
(9.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 9.8
(−12.3) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		19.7
(−6.8) 		32.8
(0.4) 		43.9
(6.6) 		52.7
(11.5) 		61.8
(16.6) 		60.3
(15.7) 		50.2
(10.1) 		38.4
(3.6) 		27.7
(−2.4) 		18.0
(−7.8) 		7.7
(−13.5)
Record low °F (°C) −6
(−21) 		−15
(−26) 		3
(−16) 		12
(−11) 		32
(0) 		44
(7) 		52
(11) 		50
(10) 		39
(4) 		28
(−2) 		5
(−15) 		−13
(−25) 		−15
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.64
(92) 		3.19
(81) 		4.29
(109) 		4.09
(104) 		3.96
(101) 		4.54
(115) 		4.60
(117) 		4.56
(116) 		4.31
(109) 		4.38
(111) 		3.58
(91) 		4.38
(111) 		49.52
(1,258)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8
(22) 		10.1
(26) 		5.0
(13) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.5
(1.3) 		4.9
(12) 		29.8
(76)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 5.8
(15) 		7.9
(20) 		4.4
(11) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.4
(1.0) 		3.7
(9.4) 		12.3
(31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.8 10.0 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.0 8.8 9.5 9.2 11.4 125.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.7 3.2 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 11.4
Average relative humidity (%) 61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 18.0
(−7.8) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		34.0
(1.1) 		47.3
(8.5) 		57.4
(14.1) 		61.9
(16.6) 		62.1
(16.7) 		55.6
(13.1) 		44.1
(6.7) 		34.0
(1.1) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		40.3
(4.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7
Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)[34][35][36]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[37].
Sea temperature data for New York[37]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea
temperature °F (°C) 		41.7
(5.4) 		39.7
(4.3) 		40.2
(4.5) 		45.1
(7.3) 		52.5
(11.4) 		64.5
(18.1) 		72.1
(22.3) 		74.1
(23.4) 		70.1
(21.2) 		63.0
(17.2) 		54.3
(12.4) 		47.2
(8.4) 		55.4
(13.0)

Demographics

Koreatown in Fort Lee, Bergen County, New Jersey.[38]
Spanish Harlem in Upper Manhattan.
Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East Side, Manhattan, circa 1900.
The Manhattan Chinatown.
India Square in Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey.

2010 Census

As of the 2010 Census, the metropolitan area had a population of 22,085,649. The population density was 1,865 per square mile. The racial markup was that 61.6% or 13,595,960 were White, 16.9% or 3,727,105 were African Americans, 0.5% or 102,349 were American Indian and Alaskan Native, Asians were 9.1% or 2,008,906 overall, Pacific Islanders were less than 1% with a population of 9,971, 8.8% or 1,944,165 listed themselves as "some other race", while 3.2% (697,193) were of two or more races. Hispanics were 21.7% of any race or 4,790,542.[citation needed]

The median age was 37.9. 25.5% were under 18, 9.5% were 18 to 24 years, 28% were 25 to 44 years of age, 26.6% were 45 to 64 years old, and 13.2% were over the age of 65. Males composed 48.3% of the population while females were 51.7% of the population.[citation needed]

97.7% of the population were in households, 2.3% were in group quarters, and 1% were institutionalized. There were 8,103,731 of which 30.2% or 2,449,343 had children. 46.1% or 3,736,165 were composted of opposite sex and married couples. Male households with no wife composed 4.9% or 400,534. 15.0% or 1,212,436 were female households, with no husbands. 34% or 2,754,596 were non-family households. The household density were 684 per square mile. 91.9% of housing units were occupied with a 3.8% vacancy rate. The average household size was 2.65 per household. The average income for non-family households was $90,335, and the average income for families was $104,715. 13.3% or 2,888,493 of the population were below the poverty line.[citation needed]

26.7% or 5,911,993 of the population were born outside the United States. Out of this, 17.4% or 1,028,506 were born in Europe, 27.0% or 1,595,523 were born in Asia, 3.8% or 224,109 were born in Africa, 0.2% or 11,957 were born in Oceania, 50.6% or 2,992,639 were born in Latin America.[citation needed]

Population estimates

As of July 1, 2011, the United States Census Bureau estimated the population of the metropolitan area at 22,214,083, an increase of 128,434 (0.6%) from the previous year.[39]

The New York City metropolitan area is ethnically diverse. It is home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel.[40] The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and 15% of all Korean Americans[41][42] and the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Italian American and African American populations and the second-largest Hispanic community in the United States; and including 6 Chinatowns in New York City,[43] as well as one each in Edison, New Jersey and Nassau County, Long Island,[44] comprised as of 2010 a population of 682,265 overseas Chinese,[45] the largest outside of Asia. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States.[46]

The metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States.[47] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[48]

Economy

Main article: Economy of New York City
The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, the world's largest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies.[49]

The regional economy is a center in international banking and commerce. It is the largest in the United States and one of the most important in the world. New York is considered a global city. Finance, international trade, media, real estate, manufacturing, tourism, biotechnology, and education are the leading industries in the area. Other industries include entertainment and news media. In 2010, the gross metropolitan product was $1.28 trillion dollars,[50] second only to Tokyo, and is larger than all but 14 countries.[51]

Along with its wealth, the area has a cost of living that is among the highest in the United States.[52] Changes in house prices for the area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market.

Education

The metropolitan area has numerous higher education institutions. Prestigious colleges such as Columbia University and New York University in Manhattan, Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, and Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut are located in the region. The New York City Department of Education is the largest school district in the United States serving over 1.2 million students.[53] Public high schools such as High Technology High School in Monmouth County, New Jersey, Newcomers High School in Long Island City, Queens, and Stuyvesant High School are some of the most prestigious in the country.[54]

Attainment

According to the 2010 American Community Survey, of the 14,973,063 persons in this area over 25 years of age, 14.8% (2,216,578) had a graduate or professional degree, 21.1% (3,166,037) had a bachelor's degree, 6.4% (962,007) had an associate degree, 16.0% (2,393,990) had some college education but no degree, 26.8% (4,009,901) had a high school diploma or equivalent, 14.8% (2,224,557) had less than a high school education.[55] In 2010, CNN Money ranked the area as one of the top 10 smartest regions in the United States.[56]

Transportation

The depth and intricacy of the transportation network in the New York City region parallel the size and complexity of the metropolis itself.

Rail

About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.[57][58]

New York City Subway

Main article: New York City Subway
The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of stations.

The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. It is the third largest when measured by annual ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006).[59] New York's subway is also notable because nearly the entire system remains open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,[60][61] London, Paris, Seoul,[62][63] and Tokyo.

Commuter rail

The metropolitan area is also fundamentally defined by the areas from which people commute into New York City. The city is served by three primary commuter rail systems plus Amtrak.

An Acela Express train going to New York City. The Acela Express, operated by Amtrak through the Northeast Corridor, is the sole high-speed rail service in the country.
The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) rapid transit rail system connects Manhattan and metropolitan northern New Jersey beneath the Hudson River.

Metro-North Railroad (MNRR), the busiest commuter railroad in the United States (as of 2012),[64] is operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) (an agency of New York state that focuses on New York City-area transit), in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit. Its major terminal is Grand Central Terminal. Trains on the Port Jervis Line and Pascack Valley Line terminate at Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey; commuters may transfer at either Secaucus Junction for New Jersey Transit trains to New York Pennsylvania Station or at Hoboken Terminal for PATH trains into Manhattan.

The Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), the second busiest commuter railroad in the United States,[64] is also operated by the MTA. It has two major terminals at Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan and Atlantic Terminal in Downtown Brooklyn, with a minor terminal at the Long Island City station and a major transfer point at the Jamaica station in Queens.

New Jersey Transit (NJT), the third busiest commuter railroad in the United States by passenger miles and also third in trips (when direct operated and purchased transportation services are both included—fourth if only direct operated are included),[64] is operated by the New Jersey Transit Corporation, an agency of the state of New Jersey, in conjunction with Metro-North Railroad and Amtrak. A map of the system can be found here. It has major terminals at Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan, Hoboken Terminal, and Newark Pennsylvania Station, with a major transfer point at Secaucus Junction in Hudson County, New Jersey. New Jersey Transit also operates the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail through Hudson County, the Newark City Subway, and the River Line that runs along tracks shared with Conrail Shared Assets Operations from Trenton to Camden in southern New Jersey. NJ Transit also has commuter buses operating in and out of Manhattan.

Amtrak's Northeast Corridor offers service to Philadelphia, New Haven, and other points between and including Boston and Washington, D.C.

Major stations in the metropolitan area are:

Station Railroad(s) State County Type
Pennsylvania Station (New York City) Amtrak, LIRR, NJT NY New York Terminal and Transfer
Grand Central Terminal MNRR NY New York Terminal
Pennsylvania Station (Newark) Amtrak, NJT, PATH NJ Essex Terminal and Transfer
Hoboken Terminal NJT, MNRR, PATH NJ Hudson Terminal
Atlantic Terminal LIRR NY Kings Terminal
Hunterspoint Avenue LIRR NY Queens Terminal
Jamaica Station LIRR NY Queens Terminal and Transfer
Secaucus Junction NJT, MNRR NJ Hudson Transfer
New Haven Union Station Amtrak, MNRR, Shore Line East CT New Haven Terminal and Transfer
Trenton Station Amtrak, NJT, SEPTA NJ Mercer Terminal and Transfer

The following table shows all train lines operated by these commuter railroads in the New York metropolitan area. New Jersey Transit operates an additional train line in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. (Shown counterclockwise from the Atlantic Ocean):

Line or Branch Railroad Counties
Far Rockaway LIRR Kings, Queens, Nassau
Long Beach LIRR Nassau
Montauk LIRR Suffolk
Babylon LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
West Hempstead LIRR Kings (weekdays), Queens, Nassau
Hempstead LIRR Kings, Queens, Nassau
Ronkonkoma (Main Line) LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
Port Jefferson LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
Oyster Bay LIRR Nassau
Port Washington LIRR Queens, Nassau
New Haven MNRR, Shore Line East, Amtrak Westchester, Fairfield, New Haven
Harlem MNRR New York, Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess
Hudson MNRR, Amtrak Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess
Pascack Valley MNRR, NJT Hudson, Bergen, Passaic, Rockland, Orange
Port Jervis / Main Line / Bergen County MNRR, NJT Hudson, Bergen, Passaic, Rockland, Orange
Montclair-Boonton NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Passaic, Morris, Warren
Morris & Essex (Morristown Line and Gladstone Branch) NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Morris, Somerset, Warren
Raritan Valley NJT Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Somerset, Hunterdon
Northeast Corridor and Princeton Branch NJT, Amtrak New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Mercer
North Jersey Coast NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean

Additionally, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, an agency of the states of New York and New Jersey, operates the PATH system. This heavy rail transportation service serves the counties of New York, Hudson, and Essex. A map can be found here.

Major highways

The following highways serve the region:

The George Washington Bridge, connecting Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan across the Hudson River to Fort Lee in Bergen County, New Jersey, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[65] Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 cross the river via the bridge, while U.S. Route 46, which is entirely in New Jersey, ends halfway across the bridge at the state border with New York.

Interstates

The Long Island Expressway (I-495), viewing eastbound in Corona, Queens.

U.S. Routes

State Routes

Other limited-access roads

Heavy traffic on the Garden State Parkway in Wall Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Some of these roads have a numerical designation assigned to it:

Named bridges and tunnels

The Brooklyn Bridge.
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, one of the world's longest suspension bridges,[66][67] connects Brooklyn and Staten Island across The Narrows.

Commuter bus

New Jersey Transit, Academy Bus, Coach USA, Spanish Transportation, and several other companies operate commuter coaches into the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan, and many other bus services in New Jersey. Bus services also operate in other nearby counties in the states of New York and Connecticut, but most terminate at a subway terminal or other rail station.

Major airports

The AirTrain at JFK International Airport in Jamaica, Queens.

The New York metropolitan area handles the busiest urban airspace in the United States - carrying over 100 million passengers annually,[76] and is served by three major airports.

Airport IATA code ICAO code County State
John F. Kennedy International Airport JFK KJFK Queens New York
Newark Liberty International Airport EWR KEWR Essex/Union New Jersey
LaGuardia Airport LGA KLGA Queens New York

The following smaller airports are also in the metro area and provide daily commercial service:

Airport IATA code ICAO code County State
Long Island MacArthur Airport ISP KISP Suffolk New York
Stewart International Airport SWF KSWF Orange New York
Tweed New Haven Regional Airport HVN KHVN New Haven Connecticut
Westchester County Airport HPN KHPN Westchester New York

Commuter usage

According to the 2010 American Community Survey, 54.3% (5,476,169) of commuters used a car or other private vehicle alone, 7.0% (708,788) used a carpool, 27.0% (2,721,372) used public transportation, 5.5% (558,434) walked to work, 2.0% (200,448) used some other means of transportation such as a bicycle to get to work.[77]

History

Main article: History of New York City
The United Nations Headquarters in Midtown Manhattan.
The Statue of Liberty, on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, is a globally recognized symbol of both the United States and ideals such as freedom, democracy, and opportunity.[78]

During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the region was at the edge of a large ice sheet that was over 1000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving bedrock. Later on, the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island.

The Unisphere in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park, iconic of Queens, the most ethnically diverse U.S. county and a borough of New York City.[79][80]

The region was inhabited by Native American tribes such as the Lenape[81] and others. The tribes used the abundant waterways in the area for many purposes such as fishing and trade routes. Later, when Henry Hudson visited the area, he built a settlement called New Amsterdam on Lower Manhattan Island. In 1664, the English conquered Dutch land holdings that included New Amsterdam. The English renamed it New Amsterdam New York, for the Duke of York. As the fur trade expanded north, New York became a trade hub. The trading bought in a diverse set of ethnic groups including Africans, Jews, and the Portuguese. The island of Manhattan had an extraordinary natural harbor formed by New York Bay (actually the drowned lower river valley of the Hudson River, enclosed by glacial moraines), the East River (actually a tidal strait), and the Hudson River, all of which are confluent at the southern tip, from which all later development spread.

During the American Revolution, New York was an important region for battle. Many battles such as the Battle of Long Island and the Battle of New York were fought here. However, New York City remained in the hands of the British until the war ended in 1783. After the war, New York was made capital of the United States. After a rather short term the capitol moved to Philadelphia. In 1792, the Buttonwood Agreement, made by a group of merchants, created what is now the New York Stock Exchange. Today, many people in the Tri-State Area work in this important stock exchange. Large-scale immigration into New York was a result of a large demand for manpower. A cosmopolitan attitude in the city created tolerance for various cultures and ethnic groups. German, Irish, and Italian immigrants were among the largest ethnic groups. Today, many of their descendents continue to live in the region. Cultural buildings such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Opera, the American Museum of Natural History were built. New York newspapers were read around the country as media moguls James Gordon Bennett, Sr., Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst battled for readership. In 1884, over 70% of exports passed through ports in New York or in one of the surrounding towns. The five boroughs of New York City — The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island — were consolidated into a single city in 1898.[82][83]

The now-unified New York City encouraged both more physical connections between the boroughs and the growth of bedroom communities. The New York City Subway began operating in 1905 as different private systems that were later taken over by the city. Railroad stations such as Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station helped fuel suburban growth. During the era of the Prohibition, when alcohol was banned nationwide, organized crime grew to supply the high demand for bootleg alcohol. The iconic Broadway Theater District developed with the showing of the musical, Show Boat.

The Great Depression suspended the region's fortunes as a period of widespread unemployment and poverty began. City planner Robert Moses began his automobile-centered career of building bridges, parkways, and later expressways. During World War II, the city economy was hurt by blockades of German U-Boats, which limited of shipping with Europe.

After its population peaked in 1950, much of the city's population began leaving for the suburbs. The effects were a result of white flight. Industry and commerce also declined in this era, with businesses leaving for the suburbs and other cities. Crime affected the city severely. Urban renewal projects alleviated the decay in Midtown Manhattan to a certain extent, but later failed. Blackouts such as the Northeast Blackout of 1965 and the New York City Blackout of 1977 caused massive rioting. A rare highlight was the completion of the former World Trade Center, which once stood as the tallest buildings in the world.

In the 1980s, the city economy was booming. Wall Street was fueling an economic surge in the real estate market. Despite this, crime was still an issue. Beginning in the 1990s, however, crime dropped substantially.

The former World Trade Center burning on September 11, 2001. It would later collapse, killing nearly 3,000 people, many of whom lived in the suburbs surrounding the city.

A major event in the regions history was the September 11th attacks in 2001, killing nearly 3,000 people as two planes crashed into the former World Trade Center, causing them to collapse. Businesses led an exodus from Lower Manhattan because of this. In 2003, another blackout occurred, the 2003 North America blackout, but the city suffered no looting. A building boom in New York City continues to this day although this has been slowed down by the Great Recession.

Statistical history

The U.S. Census Bureau first designated metropolitan areas in 1950 as standard metropolitan areas (SMAs). The "New York-Northeastern NJ SMA" was defined to include 17 counties: 9 in New York (the five boroughs of New York City, Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, and Rockland) and 8 in New Jersey (Bergen, Hudson, Passaic, Essex, Union, Morris, Somerset, and Middlesex). In 1960, the metropolitan area standards were modified and renamed standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs). The new standards resulted in the splitting of the former SMA into several pieces: the nine New York counties became the "New York SMSA"; three of the New Jersey counties (Essex, Union, and Morris) became the "Newark SMSA"; two other New Jersey counties (Bergen and Passaic) became the "Paterson-Passaic-Clifton SMSA"; Hudson County was designated the "Jersey City SMSA"; and Middlesex and Somerset counties lost their metropolitan status. In 1973, a new set of metropolitan area standards resulted in further changes: Nassau and Suffolk counties were split off as their own SMSA ("Nassau-Suffolk SMSA"); Bergen County (originally part of the Paterson-Clifton-Passaic SMSA) was transferred to the New York SMSA; the New York SMSA also received Putnam County (previously non-metropolitan); Somerset County was added to the Newark SMSA; and two new SMSAs, the "New Brunswick-Perth Amboy-Sayreville SMSA" (Middlesex County) and "Long Branch-Asbury Park SMSA" (Monmouth County), were established. In 1983, the concept of a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA) was first implemented. A CMSA consisted of several primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs), which were individual employment centers within a wider labor market area. The "New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island CMSA" consisted of 12 PMSAs. Seven PMSAs were based on the original 1950 New York SMA that were split up: New York, Bergen-Passaic, Jersey City, Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon (Hunterdon added for the first time), Monmouth-Ocean (Ocean added for the first time), Nassau-Suffolk, and Newark (Sussex added for the first time). One additional PMSA was the Orange County PMSA (previously the Newburgh-Middletown SMSA). The other four PMSAs were former SMSAs in Connecticut: Bridgeport, Stamford, Norwalk, and Danbury. In 1993, four PMSAs were added to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island CMSA: Trenton PMSA (Mercer County), Dutchess County PMSA, Waterbury PMSA, and New Haven PMSA. Several new counties were also added to the CMSA: Sussex, Warren, and Pike. The CMSA model was originally utilized for tabulating data from the 2000 census. In 2003, a new set of standards was established using the core-based statistical area (CBSA) model was adopted and remains in use as of 2010. The CBSA model resulted in the splitting up of the old CMSA into several metropolitan statistical areas: New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, Trenton-Ewing, Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk (includes Danbury), and New Haven-Milford (includes Waterbury).

Sports teams

Further information: Sports in New York City

New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League,[84] Major League Baseball,[85] the National Basketball Association,[86] and the National Hockey League.[87] Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area.[88]

MetLife Stadium, in East Rutherford, New Jersey, home to the New York Giants and New York Jets, is the most expensive stadium ever built,[89] at approximately $1.6 billion.[90]
File:Britney Spears MSG.jpg
The New York Knicks, Rangers, and Liberty sports teams play at Madison Square Garden in Midtown Manhattan.

Listing of the professional sports teams in the New York metropolitan area:

According to Travel + Leisure magazine's October 2011 survey, Times Square in Midtown Manhattan, iconified as the "Crossroads of the World",[91][92][93][94][95] is the world's most visited tourist attraction, bringing in over 39 million visitors annually.[96]

Media

Main article: Media in New York City

The New York City metropolitan area is home to the headquarters of several well-known media companies, subsidiaries, and publications, including Thomson Reuters, The New York Times Company, News Corporation, The Wall Street Journal, Fox News, ABC, CBS, and NBC. Local television channels include WCBS-TV 2 (CBS), WNBC 4 (NBC), WNYW 5 (FOX), WABC-TV 7 (ABC), WWOR-TV 9 (MyNetworkTV), WPIX 11 (CW), WNET 13 (PBS), WNYE-TV 25 (NYC Media) and WPXN-TV 31 (Ion). NY1 is a 24/7 local news provider available only to cable subscribers. Radio stations serving the area include: WNYC, WFMU, WABC-AM, and WFAN. Many television and radio stations use the top of the Empire State Building to broadcast their terrestrial television signals, while some media entities broadcast from studios in Times Square.

Theme parks

In New Jersey

Skyline of Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, Ocean County, New Jersey, slated to become the world's largest theme park in 2013.[97] To the far left is Kingda Ka, the world's tallest roller coaster.[98]
Main Park Other Parks Location Year Opened
Six Flags Great Adventure Six Flags Wild Safari, Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Jackson 1974
Mountain Creek Waterpark None Vernon 1998

In New York State

Playland, Rye, Westchester County

Area codes

The area is served by 24 area codes:

  • 212: Serves Manhattan and is overlaid with 646 and 917.
  • 718: Serves all other boroughs of New York City and is overlaid with 347, 917, 929
  • 917: Serves all of New York City
  • 516: Serves Nassau County
  • 631: Serves Suffolk County
  • 914: Serves Westchester County
  • 845: Serves the Hudson Valley counties of Southern New York State.
  • 570: Serves Northeastern Pennsylvania
  • 203: Serves Southwestern Connecticut and is overlaid with 475
  • 860: Serves the rest of Connecticut not served by 203 or 475
  • 201: Serves most of Bergen County, as well as parts of Essex, Hudson and Passaic in Northern New Jersey. and is overlaid with 551.
  • 973: Serves portions of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Sussex and northern portions of Union County in Northern New Jersey, also southern portions of Union County in Central New Jersey and is overlaid with 862.
  • 908: Serves communities in Union County, Somerset County, northern parts of Middlesex County, Hunterdon County, Warren County, and Morris County as well as some cell phones in Monmouth County in New Jersey.
  • 732: Serves Middlesex County, Somerset County, and southern portions of Union County in Central Jersey and northern portions of Union County in North Jersey, and Monmouth and northern Ocean counties on the Jersey Shore and overlaid with 848
  • 609: Serves Mercer County and parts of Middlesex and Monmouth Counties.

See also

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