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{{Conservatism US}}
'''Black conservatism in the United States''' is a political and social movement rooted in [[African American|communities of African descent]] that aligns largely with the [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservative]] movement. Since the [[Civil Rights Movement]], the black community has generally fallen to the [[Left-wing politics|left]] of the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] conservative movement, and has predominantly favored itself on the side of [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberalism]] and [[Progressivism in the United States|civil rights progressives]]. Black conservatism, in contrast, emphasizes [[traditionalist conservatism|traditionalism]], strong [[patriotism]], [[capitalism]], [[free market]]s, and sometimes strong [[social conservatism]].

== Overview ==
[[File:Booker T Washington retouched flattened-crop.jpg|thumb|140px|Booker T. Washington]]

=== Beliefs ===

One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above [[socioeconomic status]] and [[institutional racism]]. In the tradition of African American politics and intellectual life, black conservatives tend to side with [[Booker T. Washington]] as contrasted with [[W. E. B. Du Bois]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright Rigueur |first=Leah |date=15 February 2015 |title=The Forgotten History of Black Republicans |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/02/12/the-forgotten-history-of-black-republicans.html |work=The Daily Beast |location=New York City |access-date=30 March 2017 }}</ref> For many black conservatives, the key mission is to bring repair and success to the Black community by applying the following fundamental principles:
* The pursuit of educational and professional excellence as a means of advancement within the society;
* Policies that promote safety and security in the community beyond the typical casting of a criminal as a "victim" of societal racism;
* Local economic development through free enterprise rather than looking to the federal government for assistance;
* Empowerment of the individual via self-improvement (virtue), conscience, and supernatural grace.<ref>For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., ''Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America'', (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997)</ref>

Black conservatives may find common ground with black nationalists through their common belief in black empowerment and the theory that black people have been duped by the [[welfare state]].

On the other hand, some of the policies advocated by Black conservatives are in conflict with some of the key points in the common social, economic, and political positions that a high percentage of African-Americans favor. For example, black conservatives typically oppose affirmative action, which is supported by the vast majority of African American communities. They tend to argue that efforts to obtain [[Reparations for slavery debate in the United States|reparations for slavery]] are either misguided or counter-productive. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of [[African-American culture]] which has created poverty and dependency.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Brian Greenberg|author2=Linda S. Watts|author3=Richard A. Greenwald|author4=Gordon Reavley|author5=Alice L. George|author6=Scott Beekman|author7=Cecelia Bucki|author8=Mark Ciabattari|author9=John C. Stoner|author10=Troy D. Paino|author11=Laurie Mercier|author12=Andrew Hunt|author13=Peter C. Holloran|author14=Nancy Cohen|title=Social History of the United States &#91;10 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xypn4djxVD4C&pg=RA8-PA360|date=23 October 2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-128-2|page=360}}</ref> Moreover, black conservatives – especially black Republicans – are often accused of being [[Uncle Tom]]s. ''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'' in their May 2001 "100+ Most Influential Black Americans" issue, did not include a number of influential African Americans such as [[Thomas Sowell]], [[Shelby Steele]], [[Armstrong Williams]], [[Walter E. Williams|Walter Williams]] and, most notably, Supreme Court Justice [[Clarence Thomas]]. ''[[The Economist]]'' described the exclusion of Justice Thomas from the list as spiteful.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9905608 |title=Lexington: The school of very hard knocks |publisher=The Economist |date=2007-10-04 |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref> Black conservatives favor integration of African Americans into mainstream America and, consequently, disagree with black nationalism and separatism. Black conservatives are more inclined to support economic policies promoting [[globalization]], [[free trade]] and tax cuts.

According to a 2004 study, 13.7% of blacks identified as "Conservative" or "Extremely Conservative"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sda.berkeley.edu:8080/quicktables/quicksetoptions.do;jsessionid=48747F5A3D62CEF9C818628F101394D8?reportKey=gss04%3A0 |title=Quick Tables |publisher=Sda.berkeley.edu:8080 |date= |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref><!--Check political orientation and party by race with the year specified as 2004--> with another 14.4% identifying as slightly conservative. However, the same study indicated less than ten percent identified as Republican or Republican leaning in any fashion. Likewise, a recent{{when|date=September 2012}} [[Pew Research Center]] survey showed that 19% of blacks identify as [[Christian right|Religious Right]].<ref>[http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php?DocID=153#2 Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060002/http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php?DocID=153#2 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> In 2004, the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of blacks identify as Republican.<ref>[http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=750 Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411030528/http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=750 |date=April 11, 2008 }}</ref>

=== Historical basis ===

From [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] up until the [[New Deal]], the black population tended to vote Republican as the Republican Party, particularly in the [[Southern United States]], was seen as more racially liberal than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of [[racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] and the Republican Party's roots in the [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] movement (see [[Dixiecrat]]s). Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/fdroosevelt/essays/biography/8 |title=American President: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The American Franchine |publisher=Millercenter.org |date= |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref> whose [[New Deal]] particularly benefited economically disadvantaged minority communities and helped forge the [[New Deal coalition]] which dominated American politics for the next 30 years, and continued with the election of [[John F. Kennedy]]. This shift was also influenced by Herbert Hoover's practice of firing loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to Southern white voters.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMvf7LuEFBIC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=herbert+hoover+fired+black+republicans&source=bl&ots=KjBgBZzh0-&sig=fmKhcY3CFALD2gXkriZlZP2topk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fST_Uo7hOsbtoATpjIDwBw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=herbert%20hoover%20fired%20black%20republicans&f=false|title=Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics}}</ref> This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the [[Southern Strategy]].

=== Religion ===

Another case study of differences between Black conservatives and Black Republicans is an emphasis on personal empowerment versus theological perspectives. Black Republicans like [[Colin Powell]] hold to the social ideas articulated by the early Radical Republicans like [[Frederick Douglass]] while at the same time supporting the self-empowerment message of Booker T. Washington. Many social conservatives who are black and Republican hold to a biblically based empowerment although they also appreciate Booker's emphasis on personal accomplishment. Conservatives like the Texas minister [[T. D. Jakes]] are evangelical African Americans who support policies more in common but not totally in line with many white Evangelicals.

The African-American church has traditionally been an important element of social and political movements in the Black community. These generally have been identified with persons of the Left or liberalism, like [[Jesse Jackson]], but this is not always true. On issues concerning [[homosexuality]], Black Protestants are more socially conservative than other groups, excepting White [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=757|title=Part 8: Religion in American Life: The 2004 Political Landscape|last=|first=|date=|website=The Pew Research Center|publisher=|accessdate=December 14, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517083240/http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=757|archivedate=May 17, 2008}}</ref> Their view on the issue of homosexual teachers changed less than any other segment based on religion or race.

==Timeline of events==
[[File:Tim Scott, official portrait, 112th Congress crop.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Tim Scott]]
[[File:Condoleezza Rice cropped.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Condoleezza Rice]]
[[File:Colin Powell official Secretary of State photo.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Colin Powell]]
[[File:Alphonso Jackson official portrait.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Alphonso Jackson]]
[[File:Rod Paige.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Rod Paige]]
[[File:Clarence Thomas official SCOTUS portrait.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Clarence Thomas]]
[[File:Mia Love official congressional photo.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Mia Love]]
[[File:Allen West, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Allen West]]
[[File:Herman Cain by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Herman Cain]]
This is a timeline of significant events in African American history which have shaped the conservative movement in the United States.

; 1950s
* 1954 – President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] appoints the following:
** [[Archie Alexander]] as [[Governor of the United States Virgin Islands|Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands]]
** [[E. Frederic Morrow]] as Administrative Officer for Special Projects
; 1960s
* [[Melvin H. Evans]] is elected [[Governor of the United States Virgin Islands|Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands]]
; 1970s
* 1975 – President [[Gerald Ford]] appoints the following:
** [[William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr.|William T. Coleman]] as Secretary of Transportation
** [[James B. Parsons]] is named Chief Judge of the US District Court in Chicago
* 1979 – [[Melvin H. Evans]] is elected to US Congress (Virgin Islands)
** [[Ethel D. Allen]] is appointed [[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]]
; 1980s
* 1980 – NAACP President [[Benjamin Hooks]] is invited to address the Republican National Convention
* 1981 – President [[Ronald Reagan]] appoints the following:
** [[Clarence Pendleton, Jr.]] as Chairman of the US Civil Rights Commission
** [[Samuel Pierce]] as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]
* 1982 – President Reagan appoints [[Clarence Thomas]] as Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
* 1985 – President Reagan appoints [[Alan Keyes]] the [[Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs]].
* 1987 – President Reagan appoints [[Colin L. Powell]] the [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]].
* 1989 – President [[George H. W. Bush]] appoints the following:
** [[Louis Wade Sullivan]] as [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services]]
** [[General (United States)|General]] Colin L. Powell as [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]
** [[Condoleezza Rice]] as Senior Director of the National Security Council for Soviet and East European Affairs
** [[Constance Berry Newman]] as Director of [[United States Office of Personnel Management]]
** [[Vernon Parker]] as Special Assistant to the President on the White House Staff
; 1990s
* 1990 – [[Arthur Fletcher]] is appointed as the Chairman of the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]]
* 1991 – [[Gary Franks]] (CT) is elected to US Congress
* 1991 – President [[George H. W. Bush]] appoints [[Clarence Thomas]] to U.S. Supreme Court
* 1993 – President [[George H. W. Bush]] appoints [[John W. Shannon]] as [[United States Under Secretary of the Army]]
* 1994 – [[Victoria Buckley]] elected as [[Secretary of State of Colorado]]
* 1995 – [[J. C. Watts]] (OK) elected to US Congress
* 1998 – U.S. House of Representatives elects [[J. C. Watts]] (R-OK) to be Chairman of the House Republican Conference.
** [[DeForest Soaries]] appointed as [[Secretary of State of New Jersey]]
* 1999 – [[Ken Blackwell]] elected as the [[Ohio Secretary of State]]
** [[Joe Rogers (politician)|Joe Rogers]] elected as the [[Lieutenant Governor of Colorado]]
; 2000s
* 2001 – President [[George W. Bush]] appoints the following:
** [[General (United States)|General]] [[Colin Powell]] as the [[United States Secretary of State]]
** [[Roderick R. Paige]] as the [[United States Secretary of Education]]
** [[Condoleezza Rice]] as [[National Security Advisor (United States)|Advisor of the National Security Council]]
** [[Alphonso Jackson]] as the Deputy Secretary to Housing and Urban Development
** [[Claude Allen]] as the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services
** [[Leo S. Mackay, Jr.]] as the Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs
** [[Larry D. Thompson]] as the [[United States Deputy Attorney General]]
** [[Michael Powell (attorney)|Michael Powell]] as the [[Federal Communications Commission|Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission]]
** [[Stephen A. Perry]] as Administrator of General Services Administration
** [[Kay Coles James]] as Director of [[United States Office of Personnel Management]]
** [[Charles E. James, Sr.]] as Director of [[Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs|Federal Contract Compliance]]
** [[Ruth A. Davis]] as [[Director General of the Foreign Service]]
** [[Reginald J. Brown]] as [[Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)]]
** [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Francis X. Taylor]] as [[Coordinator for Counterterrorism]]
** [[Eric M. Bost]] as [[Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services]]
** [[Brian C. Roseboro]] as [[Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets]]
** Dr. [[Eric Motley]] as Deputy Associate Director, [[Office of Presidential Personnel]]
** [[Pierre-Richard Prosper]] as [[United States]] [[Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues]]
** [[Andrea Barthwell]] as Deputy Director for Demand Reduction at the [[Office of National Drug Control Policy]]
*** [[Randy Daniels]], [[Secretary of State of New York]] joins the GOP.
* 2002 – President [[George W. Bush]] appoints the following:
** [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Claude M. Bolton, Jr.]] as [[United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology]]
** [[Lynn Swann]] as Chairman of the [[President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports]]
** [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Francis X. Taylor]] as [[Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security]]
** [[Ron Christie]] as Special Assistant to the President
* 2003 – President [[George W. Bush]] appoints the following:
** [[Clark Ervin]] as [[Inspector General]] of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]
** [[Vernon Parker]] as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for Civil Rights
*** [[Michael Steele]] elected as [[Lieutenant Governor of Maryland]]
**** [[Jennette Bradley]] elected as [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio]]
* 2004 – President [[George W. Bush]] appoints the following:
** [[Alphonso Jackson]] as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]
** [[Gerald A. Reynolds]] as Chairman of the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]]
** [[Constance Berry Newman]] as [[Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs]]
** [[Brian C. Roseboro]] as [[Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance]]
* 2005 – President [[George W. Bush]] appoints the following:
** [[Condoleezza Rice]] as [[United States Secretary of State]]
** [[Claude Allen]] as Director of the [[Domestic Policy Council]]
** [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[John O. Agwunobi]] as [[United States Assistant Secretary for Health]]
** [[Jendayi Frazer]] as [[Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs]]
** [[B. J. Penn (U.S. Navy)|B. J. Penn]] as [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installation and Environment)]]
*** [[Randy Brock]] elected as [[Vermont Auditor of Accounts]]
**** [[Jennette Bradley]] is appointed [[Ohio State Treasurer]]
* 2006 – President [[George W. Bush]] appoints the following:
** [[Lurita Doan]] as Administrator of the [[U.S. General Services Administration]]
** [[Ronald J. James]] as [[Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)]]
** [[Naomi C. Earp]] as Chair of the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]
* 2009 – [[Michael Steele]] elected Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]]
; 2010s
* 2010 – [[Tim Scott (politician)|Tim Scott]] (SC) and [[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lt Col.]] [[Allen West (politician)|Allen West]] (FL) elected to US Congress
** [[Jennifer Carroll]] is elected [[Lieutenant Governor of Florida]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flgov.com/meet-the-lt-governor |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-03-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312170453/http://www.flgov.com/meet-the-lt-governor/ |archivedate=2012-03-12 |df= }}</ref>
* 2011 – [[Herman Cain]] sought the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential nomination in [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]]
* 2012 – [[Artur Davis]], a former [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] joins the GOP.
* 2013 – [[Tim Scott (politician)|Tim Scott]] (SC) is appointed to the [[United States Senate|US Senate]].
** [[Dwayne Sawyer]] is appointed as [[Indiana State Auditor]]
* 2014 – [[Mia Love]] (UT) and [[Will Hurd]] (TX) elected to US Congress
** [[Boyd Rutherford]] is elected [[Lieutenant Governor of Maryland]]
* 2015 – [[Ben Carson]] sought the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential nomination in [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016]]
** [[Jenean Hampton]] is elected [[Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky]]
* 2016 – [[Curtis Hill]] is elected [[Indiana Attorney General]]
** [[Colin Powell]] receives three electoral votes for President from [[faithless elector]]s
* 2017 – President [[Donald Trump]] appoints the following:
** [[Ben Carson]] as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]
** [[Omarosa Manigault]] as Director of Communications for the [[Office of Public Liaison]]
** [[Jerome Adams]] as [[Surgeon General of the United States]]
** [[Naomi C. Earp]] as Agriculture Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights
** [[Alveda King]] as a member of the Frederick Douglass Bicentennial Commission

== Politicians ==
[[File:Ken Blackwell.jpg|120px|thumb|right|Ken Blackwell]]

===[[Alabama]]===
* [[Juan Chastang]] – Mobile County Commissioner (2005–2008)

===[[Alaska]]===
* [[David S. Wilson]] – Member of the [[Alaska Senate]] (2017–present)
* [[Walt Furnace]] – Member of the [[Alaska House of Representatives]] (1983–1991)

===[[Arizona]]===
* [[Vernon Parker]] – Mayor of [[Paradise Valley, Arizona]] (2008–2010) and U.S. House nominee (2012)

===[[California]] ===
* [[Acquanetta Warren]] – Mayor of [[Fontana, California]] (2010–present)
* [[Damon Dunn]] – [[Secretary of State of California|California Secretary of State]] Nominee ([[California Secretary of State election, 2010|2010]]) and [[Dallas Cowboys]] football player
* [[H. Abram Wilson]] – Mayor of [[San Ramon, California]] (2002–2007)
* [[Ward Connerly]] – [[University of California]] [[Regents of the University of California|Regent]] (1993–2005)
* [[Frederick Madison Roberts]] – State Assemblyman (1919–1934)

===[[Colorado]]===
* [[Darryl Glenn]] – U.S. Senate nominee ([[United States Senate election in Colorado, 2016|2016]]) and member of the [[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] Board of Commissioners (2011–present)
* [[Ryan Frazier]] – Aurora City Councilman (2003–2010) and U.S. House nominee (2010)
* [[Ed Jones (Colorado)|Ed Jones]] – Colorado State Senator (2001–2007)

===[[Connecticut]]===
* [[George Logan (Connecticut politician)|George Logan]] – [[Connecticut Senate|Connecticut State Senator]] (2017–present)
* [[Aundre Bumgardner]] – [[Connecticut House of Representatives|Connecticut State Representative]] (2015-2017)

===[[Delaware]]===
* [[Donald Blakey]] – [[Delaware House of Representatives|Delaware State Representative]] (2007–2015)
* [[William J. Winchester]] – [[Delaware House of Representatives|Delaware State Representative]] (1947–1953)

===[[Florida]]===
* [[Byron Donalds]] – [[Florida House of Representatives|Florida State Representative]] (2017–present)
* [[Mike Hill (politician)|Mike Hill]] – [[Florida House of Representatives|Florida State Representative]] (2013–2017)
* [[Peter Boulware]] – [[Florida House of Representatives]] Nominee (2008) and [[Baltimore Ravens]] football player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voteboulware.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-08-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828042127/http://www.voteboulware.com/ |archivedate=2008-08-28 |df= }}</ref>

===[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]===
* [[Willie Talton]] – [[Georgia House of Representatives|Georgia State Representative]] (2005–2015)
* [[Melvin Everson]] – [[Georgia House of Representatives|Georgia State Representative]] (2005–2011)
* [[Henrietta Canty]] – [[Georgia House of Representatives|Georgia State Representative]] (1990-1998)

===[[Illinois]]===
* [[John D. Anthony]] – [[Illinois House of Representatives|Illinois State Representative]] (2013–2016)
* [[Tony Childress]] – Livingston County Sheriff (2014–present)
* [[Erika Harold]] – [[Miss America]] (2003) and U.S. House candidate (2012/2014)
* [[Archibald Carey, Jr.]] – [[Chicago City Council]] Alderman (1947–1955)
* [[William L. Dawson (politician)|William L. Dawson]] – [[Chicago City Council]] Alderman (1933–1939)
* [[Arthur W. Mitchell]] – Committeeman

===[[Indiana]]===
* [[Roger Brown (basketball, born 1942)|Roger Brown]] – Indianapolis City Councillor (1993–1997) and [[Indiana Pacers]] basketball player

===[[Kansas]]===
*[[Tony Barton (politician)|Tony Barton]] – [[Kansas House of Representatives|Kansas State Representative]] (2015-2017)
*[[Willie Dove]] – [[Kansas House of Representatives|Kansas State Representative]] (2013–present)
*[[George W. Haley]] – Kansas State Senator (1964-1968)

===[[Kentucky]]===
* [[Anna Simms Banks]] – Republican Delegate (1920)
* [[Charles W. Anderson]] – Kentucky State Representative (1936–1948)

===[[Louisiana]]===
*[[Elbert Guillory]] – Louisiana State Senator (2009–2015) and candidate for [[Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana]] (2015)

===[[Maryland]]===
* [[Aris T. Allen]] – Maryland State Delegate (1967-1974 & 1991), Lieutenant Governor nominee (1978) and State Senator (1979–1982)

===[[Massachusetts]]===
* [[Frank Cousins (American politician)|Frank Cousins]] – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1996) and [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]] [[List of Sheriffs of Essex County, Massachusetts|Sheriff]] (1996–2018)
* [[Althea Garrison]] – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1995)

===[[Michigan]]===
* [[Larry Deshazor]] – [[Michigan House of Representatives|Michigan State Representative]] (2009–2011)
* [[Paul H. Scott]] – [[Michigan House of Representatives|Michigan State Representative]] (2009–2011)
* [[Bill Hardiman]] – Mayor of [[Kentwood, Michigan]] (1992–2002), [[Michigan Senate|Michigan State Senator]] (2003–2011) and U.S. House candidate (2010)
* [[Keith Butler (Michigan)|Keith Butler]] – Detroit Councilman (1989-1993) and U.S. Senate candidate (2006)
* [[William Lucas (Michigan)]] – [[Wayne County, Michigan]] Sheriff, (1969-1982) and 1986 Republican nominee for Michigan Governor.

===[[Mississippi]]===
* [[Angela McGlowan]] – [[Miss District of Columbia USA]] (1994) and U.S. House candidate (2010)
* [[Yvonne Brown]] – Mayor of [[Tchula, Mississippi]] (2001–2009) and U.S. House nominee (2006)
* [[Nic Lott]] – Chairman for the [[Mississippi]] Young Republicans
* [[Charles Evers]] – Mayor of [[Fayette, Mississippi]] (1969–1981 & 1985–1989)

===[[Missouri]]===
* [[Shamed Dogan]] – [[Missouri House of Representatives|Missouri State Representative]] (2015–present)
* [[Neal E. Boyd]] – 2008 Winner of [[America's Got Talent]] and nominee/candidate for the [[Missouri House of Representatives]] (2012/2014)
* [[Sherman Parker]] – [[Missouri House of Representatives|Missouri State Representative]] (2002–2008)
* [[Carson Ross]] – [[Missouri House of Representatives|Missouri State Representative]] (1989–2002) and [[Mayor]] of [[Blue Springs, Missouri]] (2008–present)

===[[Nebraska]]===
* [[Dinah Abrahamson]] – Nebraska State Central Committeewoman (2005–2013)

===[[Nevada]]===
* [[Niger Innis]] – Director of [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) and U.S. House candidate (2014)
* [[Lynette Boggs]] – [[Miss Oregon]] (1989), [[Las Vegas City Council]] (1999–2004), [[Clark County Commission]] (2004–2006) and U.S. House nominee (2002)
* [[Maurice Washington]] – [[Nevada Senate|Nevada State Senator]] (1994–2010)

===[[New Hampshire]]===
* [[Jim Lawrence (politician)|Jim Lawrence]] – [[New Hampshire House of Representatives|New Hampshire State Representative]] (2004–2010) and U.S. House nominee (2016)

===[[New Jersey]]===
* [[Garry Cobb]] – U.S. House nominee (2014) and [[Dallas Cowboys]] football player
* [[Bruce Harris]] – Mayor of [[Chatham Borough, New Jersey]] (2012–present)
* [[Martin G. Barnes]] – [[Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey]] (1997–2002)
* [[James L. Usry]] – [[List of mayors of Atlantic City, New Jersey|Mayor]] of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] (1984–1990)
* [[Ralph L. Bradley]] – Mayor of [[East Windsor, New Jersey]] (1992–1995)
* [[Matthew G. Carter]] – [[Mayor of Montclair, New Jersey]] (1968–1972)
* [[Walter G. Alexander]] – State Assemblyman (1920–1924) and Speaker of the Assembly (1921)

===[[New Mexico]]===
* [[Jane Powdrell-Culbert]] – [[New Mexico House of Representatives|New Mexico State Representative]] (2002–present)
* [[Conrad James]] – [[New Mexico House of Representatives|New Mexico State Representative]] (2010–2012 & 2014–2016)

===[[New York (state)|New York]]===
* [[Michel Faulkner]] – U.S. House nominee (2010) and [[New York Jets]] football player
* [[James Garner (politician)|James Garner]] – [[Mayor]] of [[Hempstead (village), New York|Hempstead]] (1988–2005) and U.S. House nominee (2004)
* [[Richard E. Jackson]] – [[New York State Department of Motor Vehicles|Commissioner of Motor Vehicles]] (1995–2000)
* [[Edward A. Johnson]] – New York State Assemblyman (1918–1920)

===[[North Carolina]]===
* [[Thomas Stith]] – Town councilman of [[Durham, NC]] (1999–2007) and [[Governor of North Carolina]] [[Pat McCrory]]'s Chief of Staff (2013–present)
* [[Ada Fisher|Dr. Ada Fisher]] – NC Republican National Committeewoman (2008–present) and U.S. House nominee (2006 & 2008)

===[[Ohio]]===
* [[Robert C. Henry]] – [[Mayor]] of [[Springfield, Ohio]] (1966–1968)

===[[Oklahoma]]===
* [[A. C. Hamlin]] – [[Oklahoma House of Representatives|Oklahoma State Representative]] (1908–1910)
* [[Jerome Holmes]] - United States Circuit Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]]
* [[T.W. Shannon]] – [[Oklahoma House of Representatives|Oklahoma State Representative]] (2007–2015) and [[Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives]] (2013–2014)
* [[J.C. Watts]] - United States Representative representing [[Oklahoma's 4th congressional district]]

===[[Oregon]]===
* [[Jackie Winters]] – [[Oregon Senate|Oregon State Senator]] (2002–present)

===[[Pennsylvania]]===
* [[Harry Lewis (politician)|Harry Lewis Jr.]] – Pennsylvania State Representative (2014–present)
* [[Lynn Swann]] – [[Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, 2006|Governor of Pennsylvania]] Nominee (2006) and [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] football player<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/16/AR2006081601642.html |title=Lynn Swann, Happy to Be on the President's Team |publisher=washingtonpost.com |date= 2006-08-17|accessdate=2011-05-17 |first=Michael A. |last=Fletcher}}</ref>
* [[Renee Amoore]] – Pennsylvania's Republican State Committeewoman (1992–2000)

===[[South Carolina]]===
* [[Samuel Rivers Jr.]] – [[South Carolina House of Representatives|South Carolina State Representative]] (2012–present)
* [[Charmeka Childs]] – Deputy Superintendinent of Education (2010–2014)

===[[Tennessee]]===
* [[Charles Drew (Tennessee politician)|Charles Drew]] – [[Tennessee House of Representatives|Tennessee State Representative]] (1983–1988)

===[[Texas]]===
* [[Scott Turner (politician)|Scott Turner]] – Texas [[Texas House of Representatives|State Representative]] (2013–2017) and [[Denver Broncos]] football player
* [[James White (Texas politician)|James White]] – Texas [[Texas House of Representatives|State Representative]] (2011–present)
* [[Stefani Carter]] – Texas [[Texas House of Representatives|State Representative]] (2011–2015)
* [[Robin Armstrong]] – Vice Chairman of the Republican Party of Texas (2006–2010)
* [[Michael L. Williams]] – Commissioner of the Texas Education Agency (2012–present), Chairman of the [[Texas Railroad Commission]] (1999–2011) and U.S. House candidate (2012)
* [[Ron Givens]] – Texas State Representative (1985–1989)
* [[Clay Smothers]] – Texas [[Texas House of Representatives|State Representative]] (1977–1981)

===[[Utah]]===
* [[Alvin B. Jackson]] – Utah State Senator (2013–2016)
* [[James Evans (Utah politician)|James Evans]] – Utah State Senator (2002–2004) and [[Chairman]] of the [[Utah Republican Party]] (2013–present)
* [[Mia Love]] - U.S. Representative from Utah's 4th Congressional District (2015 - present)

===[[Virginia]]===
* [[E.W. Jackson]] – [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia]] Nominee (2013)
* [[Winsome Sears]] – [[Virginia House of Delegates|Virginia State Delegate]] (2002–2004) and U.S. House nominee (2004)
* [[Paul Clinton Harris]] – [[Virginia House of Delegates|Virginia State Delegate]] (1998–2002)
* [[Noel C. Taylor]] – [[Mayor]] of [[Roanoke, Virginia]] (1975–1992)

===[[Virgin Islands]]===
* [[Roy Innis]] – Chairman of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) & a member of the [[National Rifle Association]]'s governing board.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16324652&ft=1&f=5 |title='Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |accessdate=2007-11-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nrawinningteam.com/bios99/innis.html "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board"], NRAwinningteam.com. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013003459/http://www.nrawinningteam.com/bios99/innis.html |date=October 13, 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Niger Innis]] – Spokesman of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE)

===[[Washington (state)|Washington]]===
* [[Michael Ross (Washington politician)|Michael Ross]] – Washington State Representative (1971–1973)
* [[Charles Stokes (politician)|Charles Stokes]] – Washington State Representative (1951–1959)

===[[West Virginia]]===
* [[Jill Upson]] – West Virginia State Delegate (2014–present)

===[[Wyoming]]===
* [[Lynn Hutchings]] – Wyoming [[Wyoming House of Representatives|State Representative]] (2012–2014)

== Other persons ==

=== United States judges ===
* [[Angela Tucker]] – [[Texas District Courts|Texas District Court Judge]] (2012–present)
* [[Clarence Thomas]] – Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] (1991–present)
* [[Dale Wainwright]] – Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2003–2012)
* [[David W. Williams]] – Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]] (1969–2000)
* [[George C. Hanks, Jr.]] – Justice on the [[Texas Courts of Appeals|First Court of Appeals]] (2010–2015) & Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas]] (2015–present)
* [[Janice Rogers Brown]] – Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of California]] (1996–2005) & [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] (2005–present)
* [[Kevin A. Ross]] – Judge of the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]] (1996–2005) & Judge on [[America's Court with Judge Ross]] (2010–present)
* [[Lynn Toler]] – Arbitrator on the [[court show|court series]] ''[[Divorce Court]]'' (2001–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackamericaweb.com/2012/09/24/judge-lynn-toler-yes-im-republican/|title=Judge Lynn Toler: Yes, I’m Republican|date=24 September 2012|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[Robert P. Young, Jr.]] – [[Michigan Supreme Court|Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court]] (1999–2017) & [[Michigan Supreme Court|Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court]] (2011–2017)
* [[Sarah J. Harper]] – [[Ohio Court of Appeals]] (1990–2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odjfs.state.oh.us/women/halloffame/bio.asp?ID=119|title=ODJFS Online - SEARCH the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[Wallace Jefferson]] – Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2001–2004) & Chief Justice of the [[Texas Supreme Court]] (2004–2013)

=== Ambassadors ===
* [[Edward J. Perkins]] – [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]]
* [[Eric M. Bost]] – [[United States Ambassador to South Africa]]
* [[George Washington Williams]] – [[United States Ambassador to Haiti]]
* [[Mifflin Wistar Gibbs]] – [[American consular authorities|American Consul]] to [[Madagascar]]

=== TV personalities, authors and journalists ===
* [[Amy Holmes]] – News anchor and political contributor on [[CNN]]
* [[Antonia Okafor]] – [[Gun politics in the United States|Gun rights]] activist and contributor for [[Fox News]] and [[TheBlaze]]
* [[Armond White]] – Film critic for ''[[National Review]]'' and ''[[Out Magazine]]''
* [[Armstrong Williams]] – Author of ''Beyond Blame'' and TV host of ''On Point''<ref>
[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_/ai_n13610411 ]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref>
* [[Bishop Larry Gaiters]] – Nationally syndicated radio talk show host of Global Spiritual Revolution Radio in [[New York City, New York]]
* [[Charles Payne (journalist)|Charles Payne]] – [[Fox News]] and [[Fox Business]] journalist
* [[C.L. Bryant]] – TV host
* [[Deneen Borelli]] – Author, columnist, and [[Fox News]] contributor
* [[Deroy Murdock]] – Columnist for [[E. W. Scripps Company]]
* [[George Schuyler]] – Journalist
* [[Hallie Quinn Brown]] – Author
* [[James Golden (radio personality)|James Golden]] – Producer for ''[[The Rush Limbaugh Show]]'' (under the alias "Bo Snerdley")
* Reverend [[Jesse Lee Peterson]] – President of the [[Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050411/blumenthal |title=April 11, 2005 |publisher=The Nation |date= |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Jason Riley (journalist)|Jason Riley]] – Journalist
* [[Katrina Pierson]] – [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]] activist, communications consultant and a regular CNN contributor
* [[Kevin Jackson (political commentator)|Kevin Jackson]] – Political commentator, author, radio talk show host, and [[Fox News]] contributor
* [[Larry Elder]] – Author of ''10 Things You Can't Say in America'' and radio host<ref>{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/columnists/LarryElder/ |title=Larry Elder – Conservative Columnist and Political Commentator2003 Column Archive |publisher=Townhall.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Lenny McAllister]] – Author of ''Diary of a Mad Black PYC (Proud Young Conservative)'' and radio talk-show host from WVON-AM Chicago<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvon.com/personalities |title=WVON 1690 AM – The Talk of Chicago &#124; Weekday Line-up |publisher=Wvon.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024316/http://www.wvon.com/personalities/ |archivedate=2011-07-20 |df= }}</ref>
* [[Lester Holt]] – News anchor at [[NBC News]], a registered Republican since 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/20/494791154/oops-trump-calls-nbc-news-anchor-and-fellow-gop-er-lester-holt-a-democrat|title=Trump Calls NBC News Anchor And Fellow GOP'er Lester Holt A Democrat|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[Michael King (Project 21)|Michael King]] – [[Emmy Award]]-winning television producer
* [[Michelle Bernard]] – Journalist
* [[Nannie Helen Burroughs]] – Author
* [[Raynard Jackson]] – Columnist and TV political analyst
* [[Robert A. George]] – Journalist
* [[Shelby Steele]] – Author
* [[Tamera Mowry|Tamera Mowry-Housley]] – Actress best known for co-starring in the sitcom ''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]]''<ref>White, Chelsea (July 18, 2013). [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2369828/Tamera-Mowry-Housley-reveals-stayed-celibate-marriage.html 'I was a 29-year-old virgin': Sister Sister's Tamera Mowry reveals she has only ever slept with her husband Adam Housley]. ''[[Mail Online]]''. Retrieved July 19, 2013.</ref>
* [[Tommy Sotomayor]] – Radio and internet talk show host, YouTube personality, men's rights activist and film producer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMRvas6ssq8|title=How Democrats & White Liberals Are Destroying The Black American People!|first=Tommy|last=Sotomayor|date=6 August 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Tony Brown (journalist)|Tony Brown]] – Journalist and host of ''[[Tony Brown's Journal]]''
* [[Zora Neale Hurston]] – Novelist

=== Military ===
* [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Frances Rices (republican)|Frances Rice]] – Chairwoman of the [[National Black Republican Association]]
* [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Mary J. Kight]] – [[California Military Department|Adjutant General of California]] (2010–2011)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ng.mil/ngbGomo/library/bio/1711.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-12-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729093106/http://www.ng.mil/ngbgomo/library/bio/1711.htm |archivedate=2009-07-29 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.129rqw.ang.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123188673|title=Governor Schwarzenegger Appoints Brigadier General Mary J. Kight Adjutant General of the California National Guard|first=This story was written by|last=010210|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/01/local/la-me-national-guard2-2010feb02 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Michael | last=Rothfeld | title=Mary J. Kight continues to be a trailblazer | date=2010-02-01}}</ref>
* [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Russel L. Honoré]]<ref>[http://www.bayoubuzz.com/News/Louisiana/Politics/General_Russell_Honore_To_Run_Vs_David_Vitter_In_Louisiana_US_Race__9439.asp General Russell Honore To Run Vs David Vitter In Louisiana US Race?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901105635/http://www.bayoubuzz.com/News/Louisiana/Politics/General_Russell_Honore_To_Run_Vs_David_Vitter_In_Louisiana_US_Race__9439.asp |date=2009-09-01 }}</ref>

=== Columnists ===
* [[Deroy Murdock]] – ''National Review'' columnist
* [[Ken Hamblin]] – Denver Post columnist
* [[Robert A. George (pundit)|Robert A. George]] – Columnist for the [[New York Post]]
* [[Stephen L. Carter]] – ''[[Christianity Today]]'' columnist, author of ''[[The Culture of Disbelief]]''
* [[Sophia A. Nelson]] – Chair of PoliticalIntersection.com and politicalintersection.blogspot.com
* [[Star Parker]] – President of the [[Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education]], columnist & author
* [[Thomas Sowell]] – [[Hoover Institute]] fellow and Author of ''Basic Economics''
* [[Walter E. Williams]] – Author of ''More Liberty Means Less Government''

===Athletes and entertainers===
* [[50 Cent]] – Rapper. Supported [[George W. Bush]] in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1514482/50-cent-bush-gangsta.jhtml |title=For The Record: Quick News On 50 Cent, Kanye West, Irv Gotti, Beyonce, Zack De La Rocha, Alice In Chains & More – Music, Celebrity, Artist News |publisher=MTV |date=2005-11-23 |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref> but switched to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in support of [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2008<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/02/05/50-cent-endorses-hillary-_n_85120.html |title=50 Cent Endorses Hillary Clinton, Fears A Black President Will Be Shot |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 2008-02-05|accessdate=2011-05-17 |first=Patrick |last=Waldo}}</ref>
* [[Bryan Clay]] – Decathlete
* [[Burgess Owens]] – [[New York Jets]] football player
* [[Cowboy Troy]] – Country rapper<ref>{{cite web|last=Washington |first=The |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/17/cowboy-troy/ |title=Q&A With Cowboy Troy |publisher=Washington Times |date=2008-10-17 |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[David Tyree]] – [[New York Giants]] football player
* [[Dennis Rodman]] – Retired professional basketball player
* [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]] – Boxing promoter
* [[Dwayne Johnson]] ("The Rock") – Actor and [[WWE]] wrestler
* [[Ernie Banks]] – [[Chicago Cubs]] baseball player<ref>[http://spectator.org/blog/61650/did-you-know-ernie-banks-was-republican Did you know Ernie Banks was a Republican?]. ''American Spectator''. Retrieved February 1, 2015.</ref>
* [[Herschel Walker]] – [[Dallas Cowboys]] football player
* [[Jackie Robinson]] – [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] baseball player
* [[James Brown]] – Musician. Openly endorsed [[Richard Nixon]] in the 1972 presidential election and named [[Strom Thurmond]] as one of his heroes during a 1999 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|title=James Brown, the ‘Godfather of Soul’, Dies at 73|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/25/arts/music/25cnd-brown.html?pagewanted=all|work=New York Times|accessdate=December 22, 2013|date=December 25, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author1=Hulse, Carl |author2=Loughlin, Sean |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Graham, Clinton agree to agree|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19991220&id=Y1RIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vf0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6561,10663690|work=Lakeland Ledger|date=December 20, 1999|page=A14}}</ref>
* [[Jimmie Walker]] – Actor
* [[Joseph C. Phillips]] – Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2006/06/13/phillips/?refid=0 |title=Minnesota Public Radio |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio |date=2006-06-13 |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Joy Villa]] – Singer. Promoted and supported [[Donald Trump]]'s presidency in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Romaine |first1=Jenna |title=Joy Villa Unveils Donald Trump 'Make America Great Again' Dress on the Grammy Red Carpet |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/grammys/7686250/joy-villa-trump-make-america-great-again-dress |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]] |accessdate=2017-02-12 |date=2017-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Karl Malone]] – Olympic Gold medallist and basketball player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmeat.com/sports_political_donations/Karl_Malone.php |title=NEWSMEAT ▷ Karl Malone's Federal Campaign Contribution Report |publisher=Newsmeat.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622012547/http://www.newsmeat.com/sports_political_donations/Karl_Malone.php |archivedate=2011-06-22 |df= }}</ref>
* [[Kenny Washington (American football)|Kenny Washington]] – First black player to join the [[National Football League]] after it lifted its thirteen-year [[black players in American professional football|ban on black players]] in 1946
* [[Mike Jones (wrestler)|Mike Jones]] – WWF wrestler
* [[Mike Tyson]] – Former professional boxer
* [[Nolan Carroll]] – [[Miami Dolphins]] football player and son of [[Jennifer Carroll]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Florida]]
* [[Ray Charles]] – Musician
* [[Ray Lewis]] – Former [[Baltimore Ravens]] player
* [[Robert Griffin III]] – [[Washington Redskins]] football player
* [[Ronnie Lott]] – [[San Francisco 49ers]] football player
* [[Shaquille O'Neal]] – Olympic Gold medallist and basketball player
* [[Sheryl Underwood]] – Comedian
* [[Stacey Dash]] – Actress
* [[Thurman Thomas]] – [[Buffalo Bills]] football player<ref>Benjamin, Elizabeth (2010-09-16). [http://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2010/09/nfler-carls-no-racist/ NFLer: Carl's no racist]. ''Capitol Tonight''. Retrieved 2010-09-16.</ref>
* [[Wilt Chamberlain]] – [[Los Angeles Lakers]] basketball player

===Education and business===
* [[Alveda King]] – Niece of Dr. [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and senior fellow at the [[Alexis de Tocqueville Institution]]
* [[Arthur Fletcher]] – Academic
* [[Booker T. Washington]] – Academic
* [[George Washington Carver]] – Inventor
* [[George B. Jackson]] – Businessman
* [[Herman Cain]] – Former CEO of [[Godfather's Pizza]], talk show host and one-time [[Herman Cain presidential campaign, 2012|presidential candidate]]
* [[James T. Harris III]] – 9th President of [[Widener University]]
* [[Joshua I. Smith]] – Businessman
* [[Marvin Scott]] – Academic
* [[Michelle Bernard]] – President and CEO of the [[Independent Women's Forum]]
* Dr. [[Mildred Fay Jefferson]] – First African American to graduate from [[Harvard Medical School]]
* [[Samuel B. Fuller]] – Businessman
* [[Stephen N. Lackey]] – Businessman
* [[Vernon Robinson]] – Academic
* [[Thomas Sowell]] – Academic
* [[Vern Williams]] – Member of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel
* [[Ward Connerly]] – [[University of California]] [[Regents of the University of California|Regent]]
* [[Walter E. Williams]] – Academic

===Civil rights, abolitionists and activists===
* [[Eldridge Cleaver]] – Leader of the [[Black Panther Party]] who later became a [[Conservative]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].
* [[James L. Farmer, Jr.]] – Civil rights leader, who served within the [[Nixon]] administration
* [[James Meredith]] – Civil rights campaigner, who served as domestic adviser to [[Jesse Helms]]
* [[James Weldon Johnson]] – Activist, served as treasurer of [[Colored Republican Club]]
* [[Octavius Catto]] – Civil rights activist
* [[Scipio Africanus Jones]] – Activist
* [[Ted Hayes]] – Activist for the homeless
* Dr. [[T. R. M. Howard]] – Leader in the [[Civil Rights Movement]]

== Organizations ==
* [[Abe Lincoln Black Republican Caucus]]
* [https://www.facebook.com/BoldInsights Insight America]
* [https://www.facebook.com/BlackRepublicans Republicans for Black Empowerment]
* [[Congress of Racial Equality]]
* [[American Civil Rights Institute]]
* [[Project 21]]
* [[Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education]]
* [[National Black Republican Association]]

== Blogs ==
* [http://voiceofchid.com/ Chidike Okeem]
* [http://www.bookerrising.net/ BookerRising.net]
* [http://conservativeblackchick.com/ Conservative Black Chick]
* [http://blackconservative360.blogspot.com/ BlackConservative360]
* [http://blacklibertarians.blogspot.com/ The Black Libertarian]
* [http://theblacksphere.net/ The Black Sphere]

==See also==
{{Portal|African American|Conservatism}}
* [[Hip Hop Republican]]
* [[African Americans in the United States Congress]]
* [[List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States]]
* [[Hispanic and Latino Conservatism in the United States]]
* [[The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Ondaatje, Michael, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Black-Conservative-Intellectuals-Modern-America/dp/0812242068 Black Conservative Intellectuals in Modern America]'' (2010)

==External links==
* Murray, Mark. "[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12466213/ GOP diversity aims at a crucial Democratic bloc]." ''[[NBC News]]''. April 25, 2006.
* "[https://archive.is/20130705175629/http://theconnection.wbur.org/2004/06/02/the-new-black-republicans The New Black Republicans]." ''[[WBUR]]'', Boston's [[National Public Radio|NPR]]. June 2, 2004.
;Organizations
* [http://www.alliancegop.com/ Alliance of Black Republicans]
* [http://www.aarlc.org/ African American Republican Leadership Council]
* [http://www.jointcenter.org/ Black Conservative Think Tank]
* [http://www.bampac.org/ Black America's PAC]
* [http://www.core-online.org/ Congress of Racial Equality]
* [http://www.acri.org/ American Civil Rights Institute]
* [http://www.newcoalition.org/ New Coalition for Economic and Social Change]
* [http://www.nationalblackrepublicans.com/ National Black Republican Association]

{{Conservatism footer}}
{{African American topics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Conservatism In The United States}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Conservatism In The United States}}

Revision as of 00:07, 18 March 2018


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Related

Black conservatism in the United States is a political and social movement rooted in communities of African descent that aligns largely with the American conservative movement. Since the Civil Rights Movement, the black community has generally fallen to the left of the right-wing conservative movement, and has predominantly favored itself on the side of liberalism and civil rights progressives. Black conservatism, in contrast, emphasizes traditionalism, strong patriotism, capitalism, free markets, and sometimes strong social conservatism.

Overview

Booker T. Washington

Beliefs

One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above socioeconomic status and institutional racism. In the tradition of African American politics and intellectual life, black conservatives tend to side with Booker T. Washington as contrasted with W. E. B. Du Bois.[1] For many black conservatives, the key mission is to bring repair and success to the Black community by applying the following fundamental principles:

  • The pursuit of educational and professional excellence as a means of advancement within the society;
  • Policies that promote safety and security in the community beyond the typical casting of a criminal as a "victim" of societal racism;
  • Local economic development through free enterprise rather than looking to the federal government for assistance;
  • Empowerment of the individual via self-improvement (virtue), conscience, and supernatural grace.[2]

Black conservatives may find common ground with black nationalists through their common belief in black empowerment and the theory that black people have been duped by the welfare state.

On the other hand, some of the policies advocated by Black conservatives are in conflict with some of the key points in the common social, economic, and political positions that a high percentage of African-Americans favor. For example, black conservatives typically oppose affirmative action, which is supported by the vast majority of African American communities. They tend to argue that efforts to obtain reparations for slavery are either misguided or counter-productive. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of African-American culture which has created poverty and dependency.[3] Moreover, black conservatives – especially black Republicans – are often accused of being Uncle Toms. Ebony in their May 2001 "100+ Most Influential Black Americans" issue, did not include a number of influential African Americans such as Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Armstrong Williams, Walter Williams and, most notably, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. The Economist described the exclusion of Justice Thomas from the list as spiteful.[4] Black conservatives favor integration of African Americans into mainstream America and, consequently, disagree with black nationalism and separatism. Black conservatives are more inclined to support economic policies promoting globalization, free trade and tax cuts.

According to a 2004 study, 13.7% of blacks identified as "Conservative" or "Extremely Conservative"[5] with another 14.4% identifying as slightly conservative. However, the same study indicated less than ten percent identified as Republican or Republican leaning in any fashion. Likewise, a recent[when?] Pew Research Center survey showed that 19% of blacks identify as Religious Right.[6] In 2004, the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of blacks identify as Republican.[7]

Historical basis

From Reconstruction up until the New Deal, the black population tended to vote Republican as the Republican Party, particularly in the Southern United States, was seen as more racially liberal than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of racial segregation and the Republican Party's roots in the abolitionist movement (see Dixiecrats). Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt,[8] whose New Deal particularly benefited economically disadvantaged minority communities and helped forge the New Deal coalition which dominated American politics for the next 30 years, and continued with the election of John F. Kennedy. This shift was also influenced by Herbert Hoover's practice of firing loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to Southern white voters.[9] This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the Southern Strategy.

Religion

Another case study of differences between Black conservatives and Black Republicans is an emphasis on personal empowerment versus theological perspectives. Black Republicans like Colin Powell hold to the social ideas articulated by the early Radical Republicans like Frederick Douglass while at the same time supporting the self-empowerment message of Booker T. Washington. Many social conservatives who are black and Republican hold to a biblically based empowerment although they also appreciate Booker's emphasis on personal accomplishment. Conservatives like the Texas minister T. D. Jakes are evangelical African Americans who support policies more in common but not totally in line with many white Evangelicals.

The African-American church has traditionally been an important element of social and political movements in the Black community. These generally have been identified with persons of the Left or liberalism, like Jesse Jackson, but this is not always true. On issues concerning homosexuality, Black Protestants are more socially conservative than other groups, excepting White Evangelicals.[10] Their view on the issue of homosexual teachers changed less than any other segment based on religion or race.

Timeline of events

Tim Scott
Condoleezza Rice
Colin Powell
Alphonso Jackson
Rod Paige
Clarence Thomas
Mia Love
Allen West
Herman Cain

This is a timeline of significant events in African American history which have shaped the conservative movement in the United States.

1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s

Politicians

File:Ken Blackwell.jpg
Ken Blackwell

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

California

Colorado

  • Darryl Glenn – U.S. Senate nominee (2016) and member of the El Paso County Board of Commissioners (2011–present)
  • Ryan Frazier – Aurora City Councilman (2003–2010) and U.S. House nominee (2010)
  • Ed Jones – Colorado State Senator (2001–2007)

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maryland

  • Aris T. Allen – Maryland State Delegate (1967-1974 & 1991), Lieutenant Governor nominee (1978) and State Senator (1979–1982)

Massachusetts

Michigan

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

  • Jill Upson – West Virginia State Delegate (2014–present)

Wyoming

Other persons

United States judges

Ambassadors

TV personalities, authors and journalists

Military

Columnists

Athletes and entertainers

Education and business

Civil rights, abolitionists and activists

Organizations

Blogs

See also

References

  1. ^ Wright Rigueur, Leah (15 February 2015). "The Forgotten History of Black Republicans". The Daily Beast. New York City. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  2. ^ For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America, (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997)
  3. ^ Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen (23 October 2008). Social History of the United States [10 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-59884-128-2.
  4. ^ "Lexington: The school of very hard knocks". The Economist. 2007-10-04. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  5. ^ "Quick Tables". Sda.berkeley.edu:8080. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  6. ^ Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape Archived April 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "American President: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The American Franchine". Millercenter.org. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  9. ^ Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics.
  10. ^ "Part 8: Religion in American Life: The 2004 Political Landscape". The Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  13. ^ Fletcher, Michael A. (2006-08-17). "Lynn Swann, Happy to Be on the President's Team". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  14. ^ "'Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby". National Public Radio. 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  15. ^ "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board", NRAwinningteam.com. Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "Judge Lynn Toler: Yes, I'm Republican". 24 September 2012.
  17. ^ "ODJFS Online - SEARCH the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame".
  18. ^ [1][dead link]
  19. ^ "April 11, 2005". The Nation. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  20. ^ "Larry Elder – Conservative Columnist and Political Commentator2003 Column Archive". Townhall.com. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  21. ^ "WVON 1690 AM – The Talk of Chicago | Weekday Line-up". Wvon.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-05-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Trump Calls NBC News Anchor And Fellow GOP'er Lester Holt A Democrat".
  23. ^ White, Chelsea (July 18, 2013). 'I was a 29-year-old virgin': Sister Sister's Tamera Mowry reveals she has only ever slept with her husband Adam Housley. Mail Online. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  24. ^ Sotomayor, Tommy (6 August 2015). "How Democrats & White Liberals Are Destroying The Black American People!" – via YouTube.
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  26. ^ 010210, This story was written by. "Governor Schwarzenegger Appoints Brigadier General Mary J. Kight Adjutant General of the California National Guard". {{cite web}}: |last= has numeric name (help)
  27. ^ Rothfeld, Michael (2010-02-01). "Mary J. Kight continues to be a trailblazer". Los Angeles Times.
  28. ^ General Russell Honore To Run Vs David Vitter In Louisiana US Race? Archived 2009-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ "For The Record: Quick News On 50 Cent, Kanye West, Irv Gotti, Beyonce, Zack De La Rocha, Alice In Chains & More – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. 2005-11-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  30. ^ Waldo, Patrick (2008-02-05). "50 Cent Endorses Hillary Clinton, Fears A Black President Will Be Shot". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  31. ^ Washington, The (2008-10-17). "Q&A With Cowboy Troy". Washington Times. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  32. ^ Did you know Ernie Banks was a Republican?. American Spectator. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  33. ^ Pareles, Jon (December 25, 2006). "James Brown, the 'Godfather of Soul', Dies at 73". New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  34. ^ Hulse, Carl; Loughlin, Sean (December 20, 1999), "Graham, Clinton agree to agree", Lakeland Ledger, p. A14 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Minnesota Public Radio". Minnesota Public Radio. 2006-06-13. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  36. ^ Romaine, Jenna (2017-02-12). "Joy Villa Unveils Donald Trump 'Make America Great Again' Dress on the Grammy Red Carpet". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  37. ^ "NEWSMEAT ▷ Karl Malone's Federal Campaign Contribution Report". Newsmeat.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2011-05-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (2010-09-16). NFLer: Carl's no racist. Capitol Tonight. Retrieved 2010-09-16.

Further reading

Organizations
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