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| The TigerG3 is a Chinese phone "inspired" by the HTC Hero with {{convert|3.2|in|adj=on}} 240×400 widescreen, dual SIM, 2GB T-flash card as default, 3GP/MP4 full-screen video playback, 1.3&nbsp;MP camera, 900/1800&nbsp;MHz, Wi-Fi. Price {{as of|2009|9|lc=on}} is the equivalent of 140 USD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanzai.com/index.php/bandit-gadgets/phones/243-the-tigerg3-android-for-heroes|title=The TigerG3: Android for Heroes|publisher=Shanzai|author=Song Jiang|date=2009-09-25}}</ref>
| The TigerG3 is a Chinese phone "inspired" by the HTC Hero with {{convert|3.2|in|adj=on}} 240×400 widescreen, dual SIM, 2GB T-flash card as default, 3GP/MP4 full-screen video playback, 1.3&nbsp;MP camera, 900/1800&nbsp;MHz, Wi-Fi. Price {{as of|2009|9|lc=on}} is the equivalent of 140 USD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanzai.com/index.php/bandit-gadgets/phones/243-the-tigerg3-android-for-heroes|title=The TigerG3: Android for Heroes|publisher=Shanzai|author=Song Jiang|date=2009-09-25}}</ref>
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Revision as of 11:49, 21 October 2009

This article is about the mobile operating system. For the type of robot, see Android. For other uses, see Android (disambiguation).
Android
DeveloperOpen Handset Alliance
Working stateCurrent
Source modelFree and open source software
Initial release21 October 2008; 16 years ago (2008-10-21)
Latest release1.6 Release 1 / 15 September 2009; 15 years ago (2009-09-15)[1]
Repository
PlatformsARM, MIPS, Power Architecture, x86
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
LicenseApache 2.0 and GPLv2[2]
Official websiteandroid.com

Android is a mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel. It was initially developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance.[3] It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[4]

The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 48 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[5][6] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.[7]

History

File:Android at google.jpg
Android at Googleplex.

In July 2005, Google acquired Android, Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto, California, USA.[8] Android's co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger[9]), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.[10]), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile[11]), and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV[12]). At the time, little was known about the functions of Android, Inc. other than that they made software for mobile phones.[8] This began rumors that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market, although it was unclear what function it might perform in that market.[citation needed]

At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system.[citation needed] It was reported that Google had already lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[13][14][15] More speculation that Google would be entering the mobile-phone market came in December 2006.[16] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[17] More speculation followed reporting that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. As many as 30 prototype phones were reported to be operating "in the wild."[18]

In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[19][20]

Open Handset Alliance

Main article: Open Handset Alliance

"Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone models."

-Eric Schmidt, Google Chairman/CEO[3]

On 5 November 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Texas Instruments, Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[3] Along with the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[3]

On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the Android project including: ARM Holdings Plc, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[21][22]

Google Chairman and CEO Eric Schmidt took some time in the official press release to dispel all previous rumors and speculation about the existence of a stand-alone Google phone.[3]

Licensing

Since 21 October 2008, Android has been available as open source. Google opened the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks[23]) under an Apache License.[24]

With the Apache License, vendors are free to add proprietary extensions without submitting those back to the open source community.

Features

The Android Emulator default home screen.

Current features and specifications:[25][26][27]

Handset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 1.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.
Storage The Database Software SQLite is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.
Messaging SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging including threaded text messaging.
Web browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit application framework.
Java support Software written in Java can be compiled to be executed in the Dalvik virtual machine, which is a specialized VM implementation designed for mobile device use, although not technically a standard Java Virtual Machine.
Media support Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, OGG Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.[27]
Additional hardware support Android can utilize video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, magnetometers, accelerated 2D bitblits (with hardware orientation,scaling,pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.
Development environment Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE.
Market Similar to the App Store on the iPhone OS, the Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and installed to target hardware over-the-air, without the use of a PC. Originally only freeware applications were supported. Paid-for apps have been available on the Android Market in the United States since 19 February 2009.[28]
Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch but the feature is disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple patents on touch-screen technology[29]). An unofficial mod has been developed that enables multi-touch, but requires superuser access to the device to flash an unsigned kernel.[30]

Update history

File:Android and cupcake.jpg
A cupcake was placed beside Android at Googleplex to commemorate the 1.5 release of Android.

Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base Operating System typically fix bugs and add new features.

On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released.[31][32] There are several new features and UI updates included in the 1.5 update:

  • Ability to record and watch videos with the camcorder mode
  • Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone
  • A new soft keyboard with an "Autocomplete" feature
  • Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a certain distance
  • New widgets and folders that can populate the desktop
  • Animations between screens
  • Expanded ability of Copy and paste to include web pages[33]

On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released.[34][35] Included in the update are:

  • An improved Android Market experience.
  • An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface.
  • Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion.
  • Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration with native applications, including the ability to dial contacts.
  • Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history, contacts, and the web from the home screen.
  • Updated Technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x VPN, Gestures, and a Text-to-speech engine
  • Speed improvements for searching, the camera.[36]

Subsequent versions of the software stack are to be named Eclair (2.0), and Flan.[37]

Hardware products running Android

By the end of 2009 there will be at least 18 phone models using Android worldwide, according to Google.[38] In addition to the mobile devices that ship with Android, some users have been able (with some amount of hacking, and with limited functionality) to install it on mobile devices shipped with other OSes.

Released (preinstalled)

HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1)
Manufacturer Name Carrier Notes Version
Archos Archos 5 Internet Tablet [39][40]
Dell Dell Mini3i [41]
Highscreen PP5420 Formerly Windows Mobile phone, released on 11 July 2009 in Russia.[42]
HTC HTC Dream (also marketed as T-Mobile G1, Era G1 in Poland) T-Mobile USA, T-Mobile UK, Telefónica, T-Mobile Germany, Rogers Communications, Era On sale October 22, 2008 as the first phone on the market to use the Android platform.[43][44] The phone is part of an open standards effort of the Open Handset Alliance.[45] 1.6
HTC Magic/HTC Sapphire (known as the T-Mobile myTouch 3G in the US and the docomo HT-03A in Japan) T-Mobile USA, Vodafone Germany, Vodafone UK, Vodafone Spain, Vodafone Italy, Rogers Communications, SFR, TMN, Orange Polska, Telecom Italia Mobile Similar to the Dream but without the slide-out keyboard, instead using an on-screen keyboard.[46] 1.5
HTC Hero (also marketed as T-Mobile G2 in the UK, The Netherlands and Germany) Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile UK, Orange Mobile, Telecom Italia Mobile Brazil, Play Mobile Similar form factor to the Magic, uses HTC's customized UI called HTC Sense which look considerably different compared to HTC Dream and Magic phones.[47] 1.5
HTC Tattoo (also known as the HTC Click) Bouygues Telecom, Vodafone[48] A lower-end Android phone, includes the HTC Sense UI, similar form factor to the Magic. A 3.2MP camera.[49] 1.6[50]
Huawei T-Mobile Pulse (Huawei U8220) T-Mobile UK [51][52][53]
Lenovo Lenovo OPhone China Mobile First handset to use the OPhone platform developed by China Mobile on Android. It supports the local TD-SCDMA 3G standard.[54]
LG GW620 Etna Vodafone [citation needed]
Motorola Motorola Heron, Motorola Droid Verizon Wireless [55] 2.0
Motorola CLIQ / DEXT T-Mobile USA, Orange UK [56][57]
Qigi i6 (formerly Windows Mobile) device running Android in December 2008.[58] The device is manufactured by Chinese ODM TechFaith.[59]
Samsung Samsung I7500 (Samsung Galaxy), Samsung Moment (aka InstinctQ) Sprint Nextel, Bouygues Telecom, O2 (UK), Telecom Italia Mobile Brazil, O2 Germany, Cellcom Israel, Turkcell Turkey [citation needed] 1.5
? TigerG3 Unlocked The TigerG3 is a Chinese phone "inspired" by the HTC Hero with 3.2-inch (81 mm) 240×400 widescreen, dual SIM, 2GB T-flash card as default, 3GP/MP4 full-screen video playback, 1.3 MP camera, 900/1800 MHz, Wi-Fi. Price as of September 2009 is the equivalent of 140 USD.[60]
Barnes & Noble Nook AT&T and WiFi An e-Ink e-book reading device. AT&T/WiFi for the purpose of downloading content.

Forthcoming

  • Geeks'Phone announced Geeks'Phone One in June 2009, for sale in November 2009[61][62]
  • Dell is rumoured to be working on Android phones and multimedia devices[63]
  • HKC Pearl, which claims to dual-boot Windows Mobile 6.1 and Android. It is an HTC clone device.[64]
  • HKC Imobile v413, an Android phone which is a clone of the HTC Touch.[65]
  • In September 2008, Motorola confirmed that it was working on hardware products that would run Android.[66]
  • Huawei plans to release a U8230
  • Lenovo is working on an Android-based mobile phone Ophone that supports the Chinese 3G TD-SCDMA standard.[67]
  • Sony Ericsson is waiting for better multimedia support in Android 2.0,[68] and it is rumored that they will offer the Sony Ericsson XPERIA Rachael as an Android-powered phone.[69]
  • GiiNii Movit Mini is a Internet device based on Google's Android operating system.[70]
  • Acer is rumored to be releasing phones called the L1, C1, E1, F1, and A1 (unconfirmed) late in 2009.[71]
  • Acer is releasing Android for the Acer One netbook in Q3 2009.[72]
  • Chinese ODM Yuhua's first Android phone, the dual-SIM DSTL1 will be released under the General Mobile brand in June.[73] The company is planning more Android devices.[74]
  • Skytone, distributor and software developer of the Skytone Alpha-400 announced the release of an Android netbook, the Alpha-680.[75]
  • Zii EGG – Developer Edition[76]
  • INQ announced it is developing phones on the Android platform with a release date in 2010.[77]
  • Samsung is to release the Behold II on T-Mobile in Q4 2009.[78]

Unofficial/Community Ports

Android has appeared on a number of third party devices ported by the members of that device's community rather than being an "official" OS delivered by the manufacturer of the device.


Software development

Early Android device.

The early feedback on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[79] Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issue-tracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[80] In December 2007, MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[81] Despite this, Android-targeted applications began to appear the week after the platform was announced. The first publicly available application was the Snake game.[82][83] The Android Dev Phone is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their apps, some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract device.

Software development kit

The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[84] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include x86-architecture computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.8 or later, Windows XP or Vista. Requirements also include Java Development Kit, Apache Ant, and Python 2.2 or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (3.2 or later) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools to create, build and debug Android applications.

A preview release of the Android software development kit (SDK) was released on 12 November 2007. On 15 July 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all entrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private" download area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and not others (and keeping this arrangement private) has led to widely reported frustration within the Android developer community.[85]

On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provides an updated and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen. Detailed instructions[86] for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release. On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[87] According to the release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added". It also included several API changes from the 0.9 version.

On March 9, 2009, Google released version 1.1 for the android dev phone. While there are a few aesthetic updates, a few crucial updates include support for "search by voice, priced apps, alarm clock fixes, sending gmail freeze fix, fixes mail notifications and refreshing intervals, and now the maps show business reviews". Another important update is that Dev phones can now access paid apps and developers can now see them on the Android Market.[88]

In the middle of May, 2009 Google released version 1.5 (Cupcake) of the Android OS and SDK. This update included many new features including video recording, support for the stereo bluetooth profile, a customizable onscreen keyboard system and voice recognition. This release also opened up the AppWidget framework to third party developers allowing anyone to create their own home screen widgets.[89]

In Spetember 2009 the "Donut" version (1.6) was released which featured better search, battery usage indicator and VPN control applet. New platform technologies included Text to Speech engine (not available on all phones but will hopefully be consistent and on all phones by version 2.0 of Android SDK), Gestures & Accessibility framework.[90]

Android Applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/app folder on the Android OS. The user can run the command adb root to access this folder as only the root has permissions to access this folder.

Android Developer Challenge

The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and ADC II.[91][92] ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development.[93][94] It ended in early September with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000 each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each.[95] ADC II was announced on May 27, 2009.[91]

Google applications

Google has also participated in the Android Market by offering several applications for its services. These applications include Google Voice for the Google Voice service, Scoreboard for following sports, Sky Map for watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps Editor for their MyMaps service, Places Directory for their Local Search, Secrets for safely storing passwords and My Tracks, a jogging application. Android phones that include the 'Google Experience' also have Google Search, Google Calendar, Google Maps and Gmail integrated.

Native code

Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[96][97]

Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[98] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[98] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[99] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[100] Skia has backends for both win32 and Cairo, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[101]

Elements Interactive Mobile B.V. have ported their EdgeLib C++ library to Android, and native code executables of their S-Tris2 game (a Tetris clone) and Animate3D technology demo are available for download.[102]

Community-based firmware

There exists a thriving community of open-source enthusiasts that build and share android-based firmware with a number of customizations and additional features, such as FLAC Lossless audio support and the ability to store downloaded apps on the microSD card.[103]

Those firmware packages are updated frequently, incorporate elements of Android functionality that haven't yet been officially released within a carrier-sanctioned firmware, and tend not to have arbitrary limitations. CyanogenMod is one such firmware.

On the 24 September 2009 Google issued a cease and desist letter[104] on the modder Cyanogen, citing issues with the re-distribution of Google's closed source applications[105] within the custom firmware. Even though Android OS is open source, phones come packaged with closed-source Google applications for functionality such as the application store and GPS navigation. Google has asserted that these apps can only be provided through approved distribution channels by licensed distributors. Cyanogen has complied with Google's wishes and is continuing to distribute his mod without the proprietary software. He has provided a method to install Google applications for those who already own a licence to use them.[106]

Marketing

Logos

Typography

See also: Droid (font)

The Droid font family was produced by Ascender Corporation.[107]

Criticism

  • The unrestrictive terms of Android's license have allowed corporations using Android to place restrictions on their own customers. As an example, tethering (PC or laptop internet connectivity via the cell phone) is forbidden by T-Mobile USA, and the Android Market has de-listed such applications for T-Mobile customers.[108] This also means that the apps can be carrier-specific as chosen by Google.[109]. (As a note, users can still download any application that is hosted on the internet whether or not it is in the market).
  • Android uses Linux as its kernel,[110] but according to Google, it is not a conventional Linux distribution. It does not have a native X Window System, nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries like its system libraries (GNU C Library). This specific modification makes it difficult to reuse existing Linux applications or libraries on Android.[111]
  • Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This prevents compatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the full-class libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.[112]
  • Because of potential security issues[113] Android does not officially allow apps to be installed on, nor run from, an SD card. Current Android products such as the HTC Dream and Magic have limited onboard memory and many users feel restricted by this lack of functionality.[114] Several unsupported modifications exist, however, to give the user this capability.[115]
  • Android is criticized for its multitasking abilities and the lack of a significant driver base. For these reasons ARM and Real have expressed doubt that it will gain a major market share as a netbook OS.[116]
  • Responsiveness can be poor due to the limitations of Dalvik's automatic memory management.[117]
  • Developers report that it's difficult to maintain applications working on different versions of Android, because of various compatibility issues between versions 1.5 and 1.6[118].

See also

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Further reading

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